chapter 2...organelles a) show the detailed structures of typical plant and animal cells and state...

CHAPTER 2CELL STRUCTURES &

FUNCTIONS BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE

CHAPTER 2

CELL STRUCTURES & FUNCTIONSSUBTOPICS

2.1 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

2.2Structures and Functions : Cell Membrane

and Organelles

2.3 Cells are Grouped Into Tissues

2.4 Cell Transport

BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE

2.1: Prokaryotic and

Eukaryotic Cells

a) State the three principles of cell theory

(C1)

b) Explain the structures of prokaryotic

and eukaryotic cells (C2)

c) Illustrate and compare the structures of

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (plant

and animal cells)(C2)

BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE

2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

a) State the three principles of cell theory (C1)

Principles of Cell Theory

01

02

03

All living things are composed of cells

Cells are the structural &

functional unit of life

All cells come from pre-

existing cells by division

Cell Theory : The Timeline

1663

1676

1838

1839

1858

Robert HookeDiscovered cells in

a piece of cork

Matthias SchleidenGerman Botanist‘All plant parts are made of cells.’

Rudolf VirchowGerman Physician

‘Cell must arise from pre-existing cells’

Theodor Schwann

German Physiologist‘All animal tissues are

composed of cells.’

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

The first to observe and describe magnified living things with

simple microscope.

BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE

2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

b) Explain the structures of prokaryotic and

eukaryotic cells (C2)

DNA is linear.

Eu – true, Karyon – kernel

or nucleus.

DNA is circular and coiled in the nucleoid region.

No membrane-bounded organelles

Pro – before, karyon – kernel or

nucleus.

Str

uc

ture

of

Pro

ka

ryo

tic

& E

uka

ryo

tic C

ell

s

DNA is linear and enclosed

in a nuclear envelope

Many membrane-bounded

organellesPROKARYOTIC CELL

EUKARYOTIC CELL

Structure of a Prokaryotic

Cell

Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell :

Animal Cell

Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell : Plant

Cell

BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE

2.1: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

c) Illustrate and compare the structures of

prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (plant and

animal cells) (C2)

Comparison between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

CellsFEATURE PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL

Genetic Materials • Single circular DNA

• Lack of histone protein

• Lies freely in the cytoplasm

• Linear DNA

• Associated with histone

protein

• Contained in the nucleus

Cell Division • Binary fission

• No spindle fibers

• Mitosis, meiosis or both

• Spindle fibers formed

Cell Wall • Composed of peptidoglycan • Composed of cellulose (in

plant) and chitin (in fungi)

Membrane-bounded

Organelles

• Absent • Present

• (eg: endoplasmic reticulum,

Golgi body , mitochondria)

Comparison between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

CellsFEATURE PROKARYOTIC CELL EUKARYOTIC CELL

Flagella • Simple flagella without

microtubules

• Complex flagella with 9+2

arrangement of

microtubules

Plasmid • Present • Absent

Cellular Respiration • Occur in mesosomes • Occur in mitochondria

Ribosomes • Smaller size: 70s • Larger size: 80s ; smaller

size (70s) in organelles

SIMILARITIES

DNA as genetic material

Presence of ribosomes

Presence of flagella

Presence of cell wall

2.2: Structures and Functions :

Cell Membrane and

Organellesa) Show the detailed structures of typical plant

and animal cells and state the organelles

present (C1).

b) Explain the structures and functions of the

following organelles ; nucleus, rough

endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic

reticulum, Golgi body, lysosome, ribosome,

mitochondria, chloroplast and centriole (C2).

c) Show the structure of plasma membrane

based on Fluid Mosaic Model (C1).

d) Explain the structure of the plasma membrane

and the functions of each of its components

(C2)

BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE

2.2: Structures and Functions :

Cell Membrane and Organelles

a) Show the detailed structures of typical plant

and animal cells and state the organelles

present (C1).

Detailed Structure of a

Eukaryotic Cell : Animal Cell

Detailed Structure of a

Eukaryotic Cell : Plant Cell

BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE

2.2: Structures and Functions :

Cell Membrane and Organelles

b) Explain the structures and functions of

organelles (C2)

Structures & Functions of Organelles

• Site of protein synthesis

• Transport of proteins

• Modification of proteins

• Intracellular digestion

• Autophagy

• Autolysis

• Defense against diseases

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC

RETICULUM

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

GOLGI BODYCENTRIOLE

• Synthesis of lipids

• Detoxification

• Mobilization of glucose from

stored glycogen in the liver

• Form sarcoplasmic reticulum.

• Help to organize mitotic spindle

during animal cell division

• Contains genetic materials

• Controls cell’s activities

• Modification of proteins

• Sorts and package modified

proteins

• Transports protein via transport

vesicles

NUCLEUS

MITOCHONDRIA

• Site of cellular respiration

LYSOSOME

RIBOSOMES

• Site of protein synthesis

IN PLANT CELLS:

CHLOROPLASTSite of Photosynthesis

Nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosome

Golgi Apparatus Lysosome

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Centrioles

BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE

2.2: Structures and Functions :

Cell Membrane and Organelles

c) Show the structure of plasma membrane

based on Fluid Mosaic Model (C1)

Structure of Plasma Membrane‘Fluid Mosaic Model’

Proposed by S.J Singer and

G.L Nicolson in 1972

Arrangement of proteins that are

embedded with the surface of

phospholipids bilayer

‘Mosaic’

Phospholipids and proteins can move

around freely (like liquid)

‘Fluid’

• Plasma membrane acts as BOUNDARY that separates the living cells from its

surroundings.

• Exhibit SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY that permits only certain substances to pass through.

BIOLOGY UNITPERAK MATRICULATION COLLEGE

2.2: Structures and Functions :

Cell Membrane and Organelles

d) Explain the structure of the plasma

membrane and the functions of each of its

components (C2)

‘Fluid Mosaic

Model’

Fluid Mosaic ModelMAIN COMPONENTS

• Amphipathic

molecules.

• Have both

hydrophobic and

hydrophilic region

PROTEINS

1. Integral proteins

- Embedded in the

phospholipid bilayer

2. Peripheral proteins

- Loosely attach to the

membrane surface

CARBOHYDRATE

CHAINS

Make the membrane

less fluid at higher

temperature but more

fluid at lower

temperature

1. Glycolipid =

Carbohydrate chain + Lipids

1. Glycoprotein =

Carbohydrate chain +

Protein

PHOSPHOLIPIDS CHOLESTEROL