CELL ORGANELLES

Structures that perform specific functions within

the cell

I. Plasma (Cell) Membrane

A. Outer layer around cell1. Separates cell from outer

environment

B. Controls what enters and leaves the cell

C. Allows cell to interact with environment

1. Receive messages and get rid of wastes

Hydrophilic – “water-loving”

Hydrophobic – “water-fearing”

PROTEINS

Plasma (Cell) Membrane

D. Phospholipid bilayerE. Three types of Proteins

1. Cell markers2. Receptors3. Transport or channel

NUCLEUS

II. Nucleus

A. Nuclear envelope –double membrane surrounds nucleus

B. Stores DNAC. Nucleolus – dense area of

DNA1. makes ribosomes

MITOCHONDRIA

III. Mitochondria

A. Energy centerB. “Powerhouse” of the cellC. Turns food (glucose) into usable

energy (ATP)D. Site of Cellular Respiration

IV. Ribosomes

A. Roughly sphericalB. Made of RNA and proteinC. Make proteinD. Some are free. Others are

attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum

V. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A. Tubes and sacs called cisternaeB. Transport, “intracellular highway”

• Helps maintain homeostasisC. Rough ER = ribosomes

• Produces phospholipids & proteins

D. Smooth ER = no ribosomes• Builds lipids such as cholesterol

VI. Golgi Apparatus

A. Like a factoryB. Receives sacs from ERC. Processes, packages and

secretes proteinsD. Sends “product” out by

vesicles

VI. Lysosomes

A. Contain digestive enzymesB. Causes organelles or cells that

are not functioning properly to die (autolysis)

C. Some digest material brought into cell

Monomers of four macromolecules

VII. Other Vesicles

A. Peroxisomes – breakdown alcohol and kill bacteria (liver and kidney)

B. Glyoxysomes – convert stored fats to energy in plants

C. Food vacuoles – stores nutrients

VIII. CYTOSKELETON

A. MicrotubulesB. Microfilaments – help in movementC. Cilia and Flagella – hairlike

structures that create movement

D. Centrioles

1. Consists of 2 short cylinders of microtubules

• (hold organelles in place, maintains cell shape)

2. Important during cell division3. Animals only