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"BLACKWOOnS' CLASSICAL TEXTS
General Editor—Yi. W. AUDEN, M.A.
ARRIAN—ANABASIS
BOOKS /., //.
Spectmen
BLACKWOODS' CLASSICAL TEXTS.
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ALEXANDER (Louvre).
ARRIAN—ANABASIS
BOOKS /., //.
BY
H. W. A U D E N, M.A.
ASSISTANT-MASTER AT FETTES COLLEGE;
LATE SCHOLAR OF CHRISt's COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE,
AND bELL UNIVERSITY SCHOLAR
WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONSEDINBURGH AND LONDON
M C M I I r--^- ^«^-.-.-...<-^-.-.^o ..-,..^^ .
.
PRESERVATION
b::
/13"C>2
^^^fpJAN 24 1968
i^S/ry OF TO^A^
PREFACE.
There is, as far as I know, no English edition of Avrian's
Anabasis of Alexander. This in itself would seem sufficient
justification for the present work. Of further recommenda-
tions which Arrian's Anabasis possesses as a reading-book, it
may be enough to mention that it is the history of an expedi-
tion which transformed the world and has had lasting effect on
European civilisation ; it is the history of a great personality,
Alexander as general, statesman, conqueror, scientist ; as a
chapter, too, hi military history no student can neglect it
—
Napoleon at any rate did not. Alexander's generalship is a
thing for all time ; and if there is truth in the old saying that
"every gentleman must know the history of at least one
campaign," we may as well, when we can convey useful and
interesting information by means of Greek, seize the oppor-
tunity and thus combat one of the great objections urged
against Greek studies. It is necessary also to add (for the
benefit of those still dominated by the tyranny of Atticism)
that Arrian's Greek is hardly more un-Attic than that of
Xenophon.
VI PREFACE
I wish to acknowledge gratefully the assistance I have
received from my colleagues, Mr H. R. Pyatt and Mr C. P.
Evers, who kindly read the proofs of the Introduction, and
from Mr A. N. C. Kittermaster of Dulwich College, who
performed a like service in the case of the Appendix on
"Alexander and his Army."
H. W. AUDEN.
Edinbuegh, January 1902.
CONTENTS.
Introduction— pace
I. Alexander ......... xi
Some Results of Alexander's Conquests
—
A. To Greece...,,... xvi
B. Result to Asia and the Eastern World . . xviii
II. Alexander's Expedition against Persia . . . xix
The Persian Empire .... . . xxi
Macedon ......... xxiv
III. Arrian.......... xxvii
Chronological Table xxxiv
Anabasis—Book 1 1
Book II 60
Notes—
Book 1 110
Book II 127
Appendices—A. Alexander and his Army ...... 141
The moi-e important Tactical Terms in Arrian . . 152
B. Alexander in Legend . . . . . . .154c. Arrian's Language and Style ..... 156
D. Greek Particles . . . . . . . .158Index of Proper Names 160
ILLUSTRATIONS.
PAGE
Alexander ...... Frontispiece
From a herm now in the Louvre;probably au early copy of
a portrait-statue by Lysippus, Alexander's contemporary and
companion. Consequently it stands on a very different footing
from the many idealised jiortraits of a later period.
Alexander, from a Statue at Munich . . . xvi
An idealised portrait of late date.
Head of Darius III. (Codomannus) . . . xxiii
From the large tloor-mosaic from Pompeii (now at Naples),
executed probably in the first century a.D. Darius is repre-
sented with a Ttapa fastened under his chin and a o-TpeTrrb? or
twisted neck-chain with two snakes' heads.
Scythed Chariot
Sardis
View near Ephesus
Plan of the Battle op Is.su.s
Greek Trireme
A Mantlet or Pent-house
Plan of Tyre
Greek Peltast
Order of Battle at the Granicus
By permission of Messrs G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Map of Alexander's Empire
xxxvi
34
36
70
109
123
137
143
149
at end of hook
INTEODUCTION.
I. ALEXANDER.
§ 1. It has been said with truth that "no single per-
sonality, excepting the carpenter's son of Nazareth, has
His iin= clone so much to make the world of civilisation
portance. -y^g jiyg jj^ what it is as Alexander of INIacedon."
With him an old epoch of the universe ends and a new
one begins. In the East as well as the West he opened
out a new world, and gave it that shape and impress which,
carefully fostered under Eoman administration, produced the
civilisation on which all European life is based. To Alex-
ander as founder of a neAV epoch few will refuse the praise
he deserves, but as to whether true worth or chance made
him such, opinions will always differ. We may, as Grote ^
does, regard him as a mere phenomenon—a brilliant but
baneful disturber of the Avorld's system ; a half-mad idealist
1 It is now generally admitted that Grote's estimate of Alexander
is biassed. As the avowed historian of Greek democracy, he looks at
Alexander through the eyes of Demosthenes, and regards him as " the
destroyer of Greek freedom "—in reality the dispeller of unthinking
belief in the old-world institutions of petty city states now long past
maturity. As a general, however, Grote does concede to him the
title "Great."
Xll AERIAN.
with Achilles on the brain, always posing for theatrical
effect ; an unthinking opportunist on whom fortune smiled,
over whose ever-restless mind blood-lust and greed and
cruelty held sway. Or we may with more impartial his-
torians look on him as the ideal of a true founder of Empire,
instinct with a desire to do all he can for the welfare of
mankind, whether by spreading Greek culture or by develop-
ing the commerce of a new-found world. The results of
Alexander's life-work are certain ; certain too is it that he
. . is a unique personality not only in Greek history
person- but in the history of the world. It is the personal
^' Alexander who interests us : where he is, there is
history ; in all that he does we see the triumph of mind over
matter.
, § 2. Born in 356 B.C., the child who was destined to mark
a new epoch inherited from both his parents notable charac-
Educa- teristics. From Philip—"taken all in all the
tion, greatest man that Europe has produced," in the
testimony of Theopompus (^flor. B.C. 350)—he inherited that
unswerving determination ever ready for action and that
sound insight into the characters of men, while to Olympias
and her wild Epirot blood was due the passionate, romantic,
generous side of his nature.-^ On his father's side, according
to the national belief, he was descended from Heracles ; on
his mother's, from Achilles. To natural gifts was added a
most careful education. His infant years were watched over
by his mother and by a Macedonian lady of good birth,
Hellanice, the sister of Clitus. In his seventh year he was
entrusted to the Epirot Leonidas, a relation of Olympias,
who maintained strict discipline over his boyish pupil. Up
* It has been justly said, " There was in Alexander a great deal of
the stuff that saints are made of—the power of passionate repentance,
the power of most austere self-denial.
"
INTRODUCTION. XUl
to the age of seventeen his personal wants were attended to
by Lysimachus, an Acarnanian. It was an Acarnanian too
—the physician Philippus—who was responsible for the
boy's health and physical development. But Alexander's
real education lay with Aristotle, to whom, asAristotle.
, . , /,the greatest thinker and scholar of his age, Philip
entrusted his son. Aristotle, in the solitude of a small
Emathian town called Mieza, instructed his royal pupil not
only in philosophy, ethics, and politics, but also in natural
science and medicine. He awoke in him a broad desire for
knowledge, and a love of research and discovery in every
sphere of thought. In rhetoric the young prince received
lessons from Anaximenes of Lampsacus, whilst in music
and poetry he attained to as high a standard as was expected
of the average Athenian gentleman.
§ 3. Alexander began his apprenticeship to government
in his sixteenth year (340 B.C.), when his father, setting
Trainine °^^^ ^'^ ^^^ expedition against Byzantium, left
in state = his SOU as regent ; and during this year the boy-
prince successfully conducted a small campaign
against a rebellious mountain tribe on the upper Strymon.
From this time onwards he shared in all his father's plans
and aspirations. In 338 he fought by his father's side at
Chseronea, but in 337 a slight estrangement gi'ew up between
Philip and Alexander, for Olympias, jealous of a supposed
rival, the Macedonian princess Cleopatra, prompted her
son to champion her cause against his father. In 336 his
father's murder called him to the throne
§ 4. Pound Alexander as king history centres for the
next twelve years. To review briefly the tendencies of
Greek history which made .Alexander the conqueror pos-
sible, and to consider his position in that history—
XIV ARRIAN.
After the Peloponnesian war, Sparta regains her supremacy
in the eastern sphere of Greek life
—
i.e., in Greece proper,
Alex- whilst in the western sphere (Magna Grsecia)
ander's Syracuse attains to the hegemony. The harshposition
1 • p r,
in Greek and arrogant dominion of Sparta proves harderhistory.
|^q -j^g^jj, q^^^ q^q p^^j^ ^^ Athens, and Thebes,
under Epaminondas, breaks the Spartan power ; but all
unity in Hellas is destroyed, and all capability of resisting
a common foe is lost.
Both in the western and eastern centres of Hellenic
life—in Magna Grsecia and in Greece proper
—
Northern
races intervene. In the west they are repulsed ; but in
the east, Philip, the semi - foreign Macedonian monarch,
in spite of Demosthenes' opposition, subdues the whole
peninsula and deprives the petty Greek republics of all
political importance abroad. Greece tends more and more
to become a mere plaything in the hands of the Macedonians,
and by them is led on to a higher destiny. Alexander
conquers an empire for the Greek people, who Hellenise
it from the Euxine to the Nile. In Syria, Asia Minor,
Egypt, the Hellenic race takes possession of every sphere
of activity, and puts its impress on every movement of
thought. In the west the Greek colonies hold their ownagainst Carthage but are subjugated by Eome, who finally
conquers Greece itself, to be conquered in her turn by
the spirit of Athenian Greece, and thus bear the civilisa-
tion of Athens through lands conquered by Greeks and
Macedonians.
§ 5. In estimating Alexander's aims we must carefully
distinguish two stages in their development : (a)
ander's before the battle of Issus, (b) after it. There^""** seems little doubt that his primary designs were
conquest and discovery— conquest, to avenge the injuries
INTRODUCTION. XV
done by Xerxes to the most favoured of nations, the
Greeks ; discovery, which might provide further spheres
of knowledge in which the ever inquisitive Greek mind
might find expansion. But these plans became by force
of circumstances merged in a larger scheme : he had gone
too far for his original objects. The battle of Issus gave
him Syria and Egypt, lands which he could only maintain
in the character of an Eastern potentate. Thus the final
form of his ambition was the foundation of an absolute
empire on the oriental model, tempered and enlightened
by Greek civilisation and Greek ideas of government
—such an empire, but on a far larger scale, as was so
successfully maintained in Egypt by his successors, the
Ptolemies. One thing is certain, that in the earlier stages
of his career neither the king himself nor his political
adviser, Aristotle, had the least suspicion of the magnitude
of the empire he was destined to found. After Issus, it
seems as if urged by policy to adopt the habits of an eastern
king, he gradually became dazzled by the brilliancy of his
almost superhuman success, and more and more played the
part of an oriental monarch. When he saw Darius' tent
at Issus he exclaimed, "Well, this -is something like
royalty " ; and his answer to the conquered Darius was,
" Come to me as Lord of Asia " — two remarks which
sufficiently indicate the trend of his thoughts. However,
that he was not solely bent on conquest or on self-aggrandise-
ment is clearly shown by the importance he attached to
well-organised government, the care he took in founding
new cities in good situations such as Herat and Alexandria,
in establishing better communication between city and city,
the subjugation of brigand tribes, the establishment of newtrade-stations and new sea-routes, and the opening up of
new countries such as Arabia,
XVI AKEIAN.
Some Eesults of Alexander's Conquests.
A. To Greece.
§ 6. That Greece lost her freedom througli Alexander is
true to this extent, that she now absolutely gave up all
Ujd her political importance. The old system of city-
Aiexander state life was played out. There remained still
Greek some hope of strength for such combinations as the
freedom? y5i;tolian and Achaean Leagues ; but urban life
—
the
true Greek life— had now no place in Greece, and we
must seek it in such cities as Ehodes, Alexandria, Antioch,
and Byzantium. But to say that Alexander threatened
Greece with actual servitude is unfair ; hegemony was what
he aimed at—to lead the Greeks, not drive them. Had
Alexander not appeared, it would have been such mercenary
adventurers as Memnon and Mentor who would have been
tyrants of the Greek cities ; and the exploitation of Greece
by Persia (for this was what Den;iosthenes' policy amounted
to) would have continued, and Persian gold would have
caused a civil war between the leading Greek states, Thebes
and Athens. At any rate, the Macedonian conquest of
Persia left the so-called Greek freedom in no worse position
than before, Avhilst it added considerably to the prestige
of the Greek name.
§ 7. The question is often asked how far Alexander was
the representative of Greece. Here was a young, high-souled
Alexandersoldier-king—Achilles in stature and in mind
—
and Greek ready to undertake the war against the hereditaryopinion.
j^^^ ^j Greece, which had long floated before the
imagination of the Greeks as a most righteous war of re-
venge. Alexander ought to have been the favoured champion
ALEXANDER (Munich).
INTRODUCTION. xvii
of Greece, but he was not, much though he longed to really
lead the Greeks to victory. In sentiment the Greeks were
with him ; revenge for the wrongs done by Xerxes had long
been an ideal desire. Isocrates and the best men of Greece
all held this v'lQW. But in reality the Greeks did not wish
Persia to be conquered;
practical men preferred to acquiesce
in the present position. Athens was still strongly re-
publican, whilst Macedon was a typical monarchy. TheGreeks Avere accustomed to Persia and to Persian gold,
and during the Peloponnesian war we see now Athens,
now Sparta, striving for the favour of the Persian king.
There Avere few towns in Greece whose citizens had not
relatives serving in the Persian army ; moreover, practical
Greeks considered the conquest of Persia utterly impossible.
Alexander was certainly elected general against Persia, but
the election had no political significance, he was recog-
nised half-heartedly as leader of the Greeks, whilst in
the meantime the agitation against Macedon grew apace,
fostered by Persian gold. That Alexander himself at the
Difficulties beginning of his reign was in a very difficult
ander's"position most Greeks knew. Among the dangers
position. threatening him from without must be reckoned
the revived hostility of Athens and Sparta, and the revolt
of the Tliracian, Pseonian, and Illyrian tribes ; whilst at
home his rule was menaced by the partisans of Cleopatra
—
Olympias' rival, whom Philip had now married—and by her
uncle Attains, who set himself up as aspirant for the throne.
The position has been well summed ^ up thus :" Alexander,
a genuine Greek himself but a typical monarch, endeavours
to enlist the sympathy of the republican Greeks for his
national aims, but is not successful. To attain tliat object
he has first to conquer Greece, which then holds sulkily
aloof from the war against Persia. After this he has to
1 Holm. Greek Hist. iii. 310.
xviii ARRIAN.
subdue the Asiatic Greeks and the Greek mercenaries of
the Persians into the bargain. AVhen this had been done
Persia falls almost of her own accord."
B. Result to Asia and the Eastern World.
§ 8. As a result of Alexander's conquests Syria, Asia
Minor, and Egypt were thoroughly Hellenised, and remained
Hellenist SO till the fifth century a.d., while over the wholeingof Asia. Eastern world (for a time) Greek civilisation pre-
vailed, which, though short lived, could not but have lasting
effects. This Hellenising meant to Asia better government
and contented subjects, better communication between town
and town, and greater commercial activity, this latter being
especially due to the fact that the accumulated hoards of
Persian gold were put into circulation. But it was especially
by the foundation of cities that the Eastern world was
benefited. The ttoAis of the Greeks is Hellenism in the
concrete. Seventy centres of city-life based on the Greek
system did Alexander plant in the East. In these all that
was good in Greek urban life prevailed, but their citizens
had wider views of life and more appreciation of the equality
of man and man. The Greek language soon became the
lingua franca of the East, not in its pure Attic idiom,
but the universal form (17 Koivrj—sc. BidXeKTos), the parent of
medieval and modern Greek ; and Parthians, even in the
second century a.d., used Greek as their official language.
Thus Alexander was pre-eminently the missionary of
Hellenism, and his short life epitomises the history of Greek
civilisation, just as he himself is a poetical embodiment of
the whole Greek character.
§ 9. What Alexander 77iir/ht have done it is useless to
conjecture ; his untimely death removed the master-hand
INTRODUCTION. XIX
when its work was but just begun. The Asiatic empire
What ^'^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ " transformed ;whether, as some
might authorities are inclined to believe, the tendency
towards orientalism,-^ already discernible in Alex-
ander's character, would have been still further developed
and longer life have found in him only another Darius, Ave
cannot surmise, any more than we can surmise what would
have been the result had Alexander matched his forces
against those of Eome ; but this is certain that his successors
maintained the tolerant Hellenism they learned from Alex-
ander. Thus indirectly was the way prepared for the
armies of Rome, and for the spread of universal religion,
and Gervinus's ^ famous statement must always remain true—"Long before Christ appeared Alexander smoothed the
path for the Christian doctrine of the equality of men by
the way in which he destroyed the prejudices of Greeks
and Macedonians on the subject of the hierarchy of man-
kind, of Hellene and barbarian ; and without the introduction
of Greek civilisation into the East, Christianity could never
have firmly taken root."
II. ALEXANDER'S EXPEDITION AGAINSTPERSIA.
§ 10. As stated above, the era of Alexander saw the death
of tlie old Greece and the birth of the new. How was
Alexander possible in history? Why did the Macedonian
Empire prove a solution of the difiiculties of the time? Thegreat factors in the history of the period are three—Greece,
Macedonia, and Persia : what was the position and relation
of each?
The position of the old Greece may best be summed up^ Cf. § 5. p. XV. ^ History of German Poetry.
XX AREIAN.
by saying that it was " paralysed by the petty narrow life
The old of its small states." Everything in Greece wasGreece, essentially small—small in its area, its cities, its
horizon, and its standard of life. Its states and their in-
stitutions all lost character with enlargement. The in-
dividualism, too, of Greek states is very marked : thus
within a radius of sixteen miles might be found three
flourishing and crowded cities—Dorian Megara, Ionian
Athens, and Thebes, which was chiefly ^olian. Each of
these coummunities diff'ered considerably in customs, in-
stitutions, dress, and language. The petty cantons of old
Greece were mutually isolated.
All this was soon to be changed : Greece enters on her
period of great men ; the political ideas of the fourth
The new Century were of a more sober and practical type
Greece,^j^g^,^ formerly ; we hear less of the old conflict
between aristocracy and democracy. The republics of Greece
still have lofty ideas of "liberty," but their lack of national
inspiration and their mutual animosities entirely prevent
all united action. Autonomous states are now impossible,
and, what is more important, thoughtful Greeks realised
this. Equally impossible was a united Greek empire,
though if the Greeks had, in the spirit of Isocrates, openly
entered into a voluntary alliance with Macedonia, a modified
Greek empire over Asia would have been feasible. The
grouping of Greek civilisation in the fourth century may
be thus divided : Thebes, Athens, the North {i.e., Mace-
donia, Thessaly, and Thrace). Thebes is ambitious and
famous, strong in men, but, as a power, weak, owing to its
non-maritime position and the hostility of Bceotia. Athens
is still republican and strong, though lack of capable generals
and her unwieldy foreign interests impair her strength.
Monarchical Macedonia has still to make its name, but is
rich in men born to rule, strong in its king, who represents
INTRODUCTION. XXI
the national idea, but -without whom its power abroad is
futile : strong, too, in a population of brave fighting men.
Beside these stands Persia, a tottering colossus.^
The Persian Empire.
§ 11. The Persian^ Empire, which Alexander set out to
conquer, was at least fifty times as large as Macedonia.
From east to west its length was about twice asIts size.
.
far as from Paris to St Petersburg, comprising
all the country from the Hellespont to the Punjab, from
Lake Aral to the Nile cataracts.^ In it dwelt men of every
colour and language, communities of the most varied type
held together by merely the law of inertia, and by the one
unifying bond— obedience to one absolutely autocratic despot
who governed this huge tract of country for purely selfish
ends and whose will was law.
The resources of this kingdom were almost inexhaustible.
Thus the land-tax alone, a very small portion of the whole
amount of tribute, yielded nearly £2,000,000'^Resources. j > i
annually. This was a money-tax, but most of
the contributions were in kind. Thus the Arabians annually
furnished 1000 talents of frankincense ; Armenia, 10,000
1 Cf. Holm. Greek Hist. iii. 244.
" The name Persia; Greek Ilepo-ts = old name Parsa (now Pdra or
Fars), applied to both land and people, n6p(ra( = probably originally
n^po-ai, having come through Ionic Greek. The oldest mention of
the name is in Ezekiel xxvii. 10 ; xxxviii. 5. The term Iran, often
applied to Persia, originally =: the whole upland country from Kurdistan
to Afghanistan ; Iran = Sanskrit Arya (cf. Herodt. vii. 62, *Ap(o(), is
used as an old name of the Medes. The word occurs in several Persian
names
—
e.g., 'Apiopa/xi'7)s = Ariyanimna, 'Apio0ap(di'rjs, &c.
^ The Persian Empire extended over about 2,000,000 square miles.
The population was about 50,000,000 souls.
^ 7600 talents.
XXll ARRIAN.
foals ; Egypt, 1 20,000 bushels of wheat ; whilst each satrapy
had to supply its quota of men and supplies for the army.
The vast wealth stored up in the various royal treasuries
may be inferred from the fact that Alexander obtained from
Persepolis £30,000,000, from Susa £12,000,000, and from
Pasargadc^ £1,000,000.
For purposes of administration the empire was divided
into twenty provinces or satrapies (satva-ps = khsathrapdvan,
Govern- protectors of the kingdom). In each of these the
ment. satrap was absolute in power, being responsible
only to the king. To ensure good and loyal government,
the king frequently visited the various satrapies or sent his
confidential commissioner or overseer, whose official title
was " the king's eye." The king also possessed a sort of
private detective force who were known as " the king's ears."
§ 1 2. What surprises us with regard to the Persian Empire
is its cohesion. How did such a vast realm keep together
strong at all 1 This may be partially answered by the
as'an^following considerations. The elements composing
empire, the Persian Empire were so various that a wide
sympathy with each other's wrongs was rare and almost
impossible ; one section of tributaries might revolt, but the
revolt did not spread. The smaller dynasties were by de-
grees extirpated, and the various nations, with oriental
impassivity, considered that the Achaemenides were as good
as any other royal house, especially since they followed the
regular Persian policy, which was to meddle only with
taxation and military service, allowing each nation to follow
its national customs. Moreover, the empire still retained
the impress of the vigour and wisdom of Cyrus and Darius,^
its founders, and the true Persians still maintained their
high level in personal courage and matters of religious belief.
^ Darius = Darajavalus of the Iranian records.
INTRODUCTION. XXIU
§ 13. The weakest spots in the Persian Empire were those
parts of it which touched on other high civilisations
—
e.g.,
Weak the western provinces, Asia Minor and Egypt.points. ]7qj. eighty years these portions had been tending
towards separation. The revolt of Egypt was followed
closely by that of Cyprus, and in 360 all the western
provinces Avere as good as lost to Persia. But in 335 B.C.,
owing to the energy of Ochus, Egypt, Phoenicia, and Cyprus
Head of Darius III. {Codotiiaiiims) sIto~iuiug<TTp(irrhs.
had been again brought back to Persia, whilst in Western
Asia, Mentor and Meninon had restored Persian prestige,
and the Persian Empire was to all appearances in a most
flourishing condition. How, then, came about its dis-
solution at the hands of *' a small body of Greek ad-
venturers " 1 The fatal defects of Persian administration
were these :
—
(i) From a military point of view the Persians were en-
xxiv ARRIAN.
tirely out of date : they had no idea of tactics ; they
still trusted in numbers, in bravery, and in scythe-
chariots. The battle of Cunaxa had taught them
nothing except to hire more Greek mercenaries.
(ii) In war everything depended on the king as general.
Darius was no general ; he knew nothing of strategy,
and was, moreover, a weak-minded coward.
(iii) In everything a master-mind was wanting. There
was no forceful controlling personality to sway the
various elements that made up both empire and army,
§ 14. Darius failed at first to realise that an attack on
his kingdom was actually intended by this boy of twenty-
Darius's two—whose name even he did not know—and
policy. took no special steps to avert it, but merely
pursued his ordinary policy towards Grecian affairs—to
foster internal dissension in Greece by entering into rela-
tions with Greek towns, to send them several large remittances
of money,^ and to strengthen his own forces by enlisting
more Greek mercenaries. That most discontented Greek
towns sided with Persia, and that there was during the
campaign a real danger of Alexander's Greeks deserting to
the Persian side, is shown by Alexander's continual ap-
prehensions on that account,^ and by his persistent efforts
to win over Greek sentiment to his side.
Macedon.
§ 15. The Macedonians were not originally a united state
but rather a congeries of tribes— a collection of petty
1 Diod. xvii. 4 ; Arr. ii, 14 ; Dinarch., p, 91, § 10 ; ^schines, Ctes.
§§ 239, 259.
2 Arr. i. 18. 8 ; ii. 17, 2.
INTRODUCTION. XXV
principalities occupying the tract of territory north of
Extent of Thessaly and Epirus, separated from Thrace by
don'ian^^^^ river Strymon, but possessing no well-defined
Empire, limits towards Illyria and Pseonia on the north
and west. The district may be roughly described as a large
plain shut in on three sides by lofty mountains, traversed
by three rivers, the valleys of which are wide and fertile.
The sea-coast line was small, but afforded greater facilities
for maritime enterprise than did that of the neighbouring
land of Thessaly, the interior of which is only open to the
sea through the narrow vale of Tempe. The land was
such as would naturally produce mountaineers and peasants.
Were the The Macedonians were Greeks in the wide sense
donians °^ ^^^® term;^ their language—a mere patois
—
Greeks? differed little from the ^olic Greek dialect,^ and
the higher classes were all acquainted with Attic Greek.
Their manners and customs, too, were undoubtedly Greek
in spirit, though more primitive than those of the Greeks
proper. It was Demosthenes, in his anti - Macedonian
enthusiasm, who first insisted that all Macedonians were
(3dpj3apoL. To the generality of Greeks they probably repre-
sented the outer rim of the Greek race, the extreme end
of a chain of civilisation, the first link of which was
Athens. As to the claim of the ruling family of the
Argeadse to be considered true Greeks, it was never
doubted, and Alexander was allowed to take part in all
the Greek national festivals without demur.
The people themselves were a vigorous peasant population,
^ Ethnologically, the Macedonian nation contained two elements,
the "Phrygian" or "Pelasgic," dwellers in the hill-country, and the
"Hellenic," inhabitants of the plains on the coast-line.
^ The Macedonian language was apparently never written, and our
knowledge of it is limited to a few words which were adopted by the
Greeks. We know that Greek <I>i'Ai7r7roj= Mac. Bilippos ; Greek ocppvs
= Mac. ahrutes ; ^epei'i/cTj^Mac. Berenice.
XXVI AKRIAN.
passionately devoted to war and hunting, and too frequently
to hard drinking. The Macedonians Avere, as hasPeople*
*^
been often said, Greeks at the Homeric ^ stage
of civilisation
—
-i.e., they clung closely to the older institutions
of kingship and tribal administration ; with them persoiial
authority was everything, written law nothing. The king
can do no wrong ; he is a clan-chieftain, supreme and
absolute.
§ 16. As time went on the various clans of which the
so-called Macedonian State was composed— tlie Elymiots,
History OrestsB, LyncestjB, &c. — were united by the
donia"" i^^f^sterful ability of successive princes, especially
power. Archelaus, by whose instrumentality the leading
family of the Argeadse, who traced their descent from the
Argive Heraclidae, maintained their ascendancy as tlie kingly
family. But it was Philip who really made the Macedonian
nation and gave it a common national ideal. He it was
who first inaugurated an imperial policy and saw the im-
portance of obtaining complete power over the Macedonian
sea-board, which up to his time had been practically in the
hands of the Greek colonies situated there. With the
acquisition of power over the sea-coast, Macedonia becomes
a factor in European history. It was Philip who added
Pseonia and Illyria to his kingdom, though they were even
in Alexander's time unruly vassals ; and it was an overlord-
ship rather than a kingship that he exercised over that part
of his empire, which was, as we often see, a continual source
of anxiety to him. The battle of Chceronea was an outcome
of his policy of imperial expansion, and from that date
^ This may in a way account for Alexander's love for Homer. Hewas used to a " Homeric " civilisation ; he felt at home in the society
Homer describes.
INTRODUCTION. XXVII
(338 B.C.) Philip was lord of Hellas. He then turned his
mind to wider schemes, and wished to win the favour of
Greece, that he might be appointed as the champion of
Hellenism to lead a united Greece against its hereditary
enemy, Persia. Nominally he was successful. The Greeks
appointed him their generalissimo, but it was merely an
extortion of assent, and he received no real support. In
336 he was murdered, and left the fulfilment of his
ambitious schemes to his son Alexander.
III. ARPJAK
§ 17. The course of events is more clearly established for
the history of Alexander than for any section of Greek
history Avith the exception of the periods dealt with by
Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon. This is due in the
main to the work of Arrian, or veos Eevoc^wv, as he was
called. Of his life we know but little. P)Orn about a.d.
Life of 100) ^t Nicomedia in Asia Minor, he first cameArrian. before the public as the editor of the Lectures of
Epictetus, the philosopher, his friend and teacher. In 124
A.D. he attracted the notice of Hadrian, the emperor, during
his journey through Greece, and received from him the gift
of Roman citizenship ; and from this date he used the name
Flavins Arrianus. At Rome Arrian soon attained con-
siderable power.^ In 13G a.d. he was appointed Prefect of
Cappadocia, and successfully repelled, in 137, an invasion of
his province by the Alani or Massagetce. In 146 Arrian
^ Cf. Anab. i. 12. 5, where he states that both he himseK aud the
office he held (dpx'/) were well known to his readers. Cf. Lucian,
Alex. 2, ^Apptavhs 6 tov 'Ettikttjtoi; ixa6r]rr]s avrip 'Pocf^aiwv eV TOis
irpcoTots Ka\ iraiSfia. -nap" t>\ov rhv ^iov avyyevo/xfuos.
xxviii ARRIAN.
was consul. In 150 he retired from public life to his native
town of Nicomedia, where he held the office of priest of
Demeter. It is probable that he used this period of com-
parative leisure for composing his Anabasis and Indica.
The date of his death is uncertain.
§ 18. Aiar/Di^at 'E7rt/<Tr?Tou, Epictetus's lectures, in eight
Arrian's books, four still extant. A most comprehensive
Works, treatise on the Stoic philosophy.
'Ey;(etpi8ioj/ 'Ettlkt-^tov, a handbook, abstract of Stoic
philosophy; extant.
Hepl Tov (3lov 'Ettlkttjtov ; lost.
These philosophical works belong to the earlier period of
Arrian's literary activity.
KwTjycTiKos, a treatise on hunting, intended as a sort of
supplement to Xenophon's Kvi'Tj-ycrtKo?.^
'AvaySao-t? 'AXe^avSpov, in seven books {vide % 20).
Ta 'IvStKct or 'IvSiK?;, a continuation in Ionic dialect of the
Anahasis. Often printed as an eighth book of the Anabasis.
Based on the work of the geographer Eratosthenes of Gyrene
and on the Ila/aaTrXous of Nearchus, Alexander's admiral
{vide § 20), its object was to refute the popular but un-
trustworthy and fabulous account of the East given by
Ctesias of Cnidus in his Indica.
Bi^wtKo, eight books. In this work Arrian gave, inter
alia, an account of his upbringing and education, so that the
loss of it is much to be deplored.
HapdiKa, seventeen books ; lost.
'AXavLKTj LdTopia, a work dealing with Arrian's prefectship
^ Arrian imitated Xenophon not only in his style but in the subjects
of his works. Thus he wrote, as Xenophon did, au 'Ava^affts in seven
books, a TaKTiKh, and a Kvvnyir ik6s. Corresponding to Xenophon's
"EW-qviKo. and 'hirofivrjixovixiixara :S,wKpdTovs, Arrian wrote UapOiicd,
hidvyiaKti, 'AKaviKo., and the Aiarpi^ai 'Ettjkt^tou.
INTEODUCTION. XXIX
of Cappadocia and his repulse of the Alani. Of this only a
fragment is extant, cKrafts Kar 'AXaywv
—
i.e., position of
troops and field-orders in the fight against the Alani.
Te'xi'T; raKTiKTj, handbook of tactics, in fourteen books, of
which fragments remain. This was probably written as a
practical guide to tactics for the use of subordinate officers
in Cappadocia.
§ 19. The materials that were available to Arrian for his
Anabasis, and his method of dealing with them, are dis-
y Jcussed on p. xxxii. His general qualifications as
Arrian' s a historian were many and considerable : strong-«s ory.
]^gjj^(^gj^ practical common-sense, combined with
much experience as a general and as an administrator; sound
judgment and acute* critical power, fostered by his philo-
sophic training in the Stoic schools ; literary power, evidenced
by the ability to describe events accurately and concisely
;
and last, but not least, that element of hero-worship—the
fervid admiration for the central figure of his history which
supplies a semi-poetic strain and picturesqueness of descrip-
tion, without which the narration of even the greatest events
is dull and lifeless. Arrian, though one of the latest his-
torians of Alexander, is the best.
Arrian's avowed object in writing the Anabasis was to give
a straightforward account (a strictly veracious account, as
Aim and distinct from the many fabulous narratives which
A*H*n' were in circulation) of the military exploits of
history. Alexander, whom he held to be the greatest
general and tactician the world had seen.^ In accordance
with the tenets of his Stoic teacher Epictetus, Arrian
probably had also an ethical aim in writing his Anabasis.
History was to be a guide to posterity (vii. 30, ox^tXetas
^ In his accounts of battles and sieges, we recognise Arrian as a
specialist in tactical knowledge—c.*/., i. 14. 20; iii. 10; v. 7. 2,
XXX AKKIAN.
ev€Ka TTJ-; is avOpwirovs), and the study of the virtues of
great men was to inspire emulation in others.^
Of any appreciation of Alexander as the missionary of
civilisation and apostle of Hellenism in the East we find
no trace. He criticises the acts of his hero, but never
analyses their possible result.
§ 20. Alexander, like all the Macedonian kings, arranged
that official records should be kept of every event that
Sources of Occurred in his kingdom.^ These were the ifjit]-
Arrian's ac/Dt'Ses Baa-iXuoi, also called vTro/JivyjixaTa /SacnXLKa,history.
, , - < - t-i•
a i
Official ypajXfxaTa fJLvrjfxoo-vva to)V rjfxepwv. JUuring Alex-
records, ander's expedition these journals were kept by
his chief secretary (apxi.ypafji.fjiaT€v<;), Eumenes, and by
Diodotus of Erythrae. These are made use of by Arriau
(and also Plutarch) only in detailing the last days of
Alexander. Possibly records of the distance covered, and
probably notes on the topography of the country, were
kept by the ftrjixarLarTai (lit., step-measurers), who were the
survey-officers attached to Alexander's suite. It was by
the king's orders, too, that Chares the chamberlain (dcray-
yeXcu's) wrote 7r€/3t *AA.«^av8pov loro/atat, and that I^earchus,
the admiral of Alexander's Indian fleet, wrote an account
of his coasting voyage {TrapaTrXov;) to explore the district
between the mouths of the Indus and Euphrates. This
diary Arrian reproduces in his Indica (ch. xviii. sqtj.)
We have references also to Alexander's letters, of which a
^ Other traces of Stoic influence may be found in his praise of self-
restraint as the basis of all virtues (iv. 9. 1 ; 20. 3 ; vi. 26), in his
recognition of a higher power working in everything and manifesting
its will by signs and oracles and omens (i. 9. 6 ; ii. 6. 6 ; iii. 3. 6 ;
vii. 30. 2).
^ This custom of keeping a court-journal had been borrowed from
Asiatic monarchs. Cf. Herodt. viii. 90, where the Persian king's
ypafifiariaral are mentioned as being present at the battle of Salamis.
INTRODUCTION. XXXI
collection was made. Arrian, however, does not often ^
refer to them, and it is probable that in course of time many
forgeries had been interpolated in them.
Of professed historians who accompanied Alexander's
expedition the number is very large. The most prominent
are :
—
Callisthenes ^ of Olynthus, a cousin of Aristotle. By
his alternate flattery and abuse he made himself so ob-
Rhetoricai noxious to Alexander that he was accused of
historians, r^ pjQJ^ ^q assassinate the king and was put to
death (iv. U. 3).
Anaximenes of Lampsacus, one of Alexander's tutors,
wrote TO. TTcpt 'AXe'^avSpov.
Opesicritus of Astypalsea, dpxi-KvfiepviJTrj? of Alexander's
flagship. According to Gellius (ix. 4. 3) his historical
works were miraculorum fahularumque pleni.
Clitarchus, who in 304 wrote an account of his ex-
periences in the expedition. He wrote for a Greek public
in a bombastic, rhetorical style, with small regard for actual
truth. His narrative forms the basis for the works of
Curtius and Justin. Several passages in Strabo are derived
from him.
All these four wrote rather to amuse than to instruct in
facts, and their accounts are only partially trustworthy.
Practical Two others, however, of Alexander's suite wrotehistorians, reliable narratives—viz. :
Ptolemy, son of Lagus, who afterwards, as King of Egypt,
distinguished himself by his capable administration of his
' Cf. i. 10. 4 ; ii. 14. 4 ; 25. 3 ; vi. 1. 4 ; vii. 23.
^ The works of this Callisthenes must be kept distinct from the
collection of almost miraculous tales about Alexander attributed to
him (usually cited as pseudo-Callisthenes). This collection was madeat a later date in Alexandria. It is extant in a Latin translation, but
is historically valueless.
XXXll ARIUAN.
kingdom and by his enthusiasm for Greek art and literature,
evidenced by his founding of the museum and library at
Alexandria. His work was semi-official, and was devoted
for the most part to military consideration of the campaign.
(Cf. Arrian, Prooemium to Book I.)
Aristobulus of Cassandria, who wrote a practical, un-
pretentious history of the expedition, probably giving special
attention to questions of topography.
Arrian based his Anabasis on the works of these two
historians, probably taking Ptolemy as his authority in
military matters ^ and Aristobulus for the rest." The relative
position and value of materials for Alexander's history is
given in the following table :
—
1 Cf. i. 2. 7 ; ii. 11 ; iii. 3. 5 ; 4. 5 ; 17. 1 ; iv. 3. 14 ; v. 14. 5, &c.
2 Cf. ii. 3. 7 ; iii. 3. 3 ; iv. 3. 5 ; 6. 1 ; v. 14. 3 ; vi. 22. 28.
[Alexander.
p^H
K> 4j
p- m©- "hw <
s
Sr. e
-- s^
XXXIV AKRIAN.
§22. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.
B.C.
336. Philip murdered. Alexander succeeds (Sep-
tember). Anti-Macedonian movement in
Greece suppressed by Alexander, whorapidly marches into Greece. Is ac-
cepted by the Amphictyonic Council and
by Athens. Is appointed, as his father
had been, generalissimo of Greeks against
Persia.
335. Alexander subdues Thracians and Triballi.
Reduces the Illyrians, thus acquiring a
large body of eflBcient cavalry and light-
armed troops. Revolt and destruction of
Thebes.
334. Crosses the Hellespont? in early spring
into Persia with 30,000 infantry and
5000 cavalry.
Conquers the Persian satraps at the Graui-
cus (May) and subdues western Asia
Minor. Most of the Hellenic towns
submit. In these, democracies are estab-
lished. Miletus and Halicarnassus resist.
At Halicarnassus, the centre of Persian
influence, Memnon, the leader of the
Greek mercenaries under Persia, makes
a stubborn resistance, but the city is
finally taken. Alexander wintei's in
Lycia.
333. Alexander marches through Pisidia into
Phrygia. Collects his forces at Gordium.
Successes of Persian fleet in the iEgean
under Memnon, who captures Chios and
Lesbos. Death of Memnon.Alexander marches to the Taurus. Falls
ill at Tarsus. Defeats Darius at Issus
(November). Darius negotiates : pro-
poses to be "friend and ally."
Pint. Al. 10, 11.
y Died. XV i. 91-94.
Cf. Arr. ii. 14, 15.
Arr. i. 1-10.
Plut. Al. 11.
Diod. xvii. 8.
Arr. i. 11-14.
Diod. xvii. 17.
Plut. Al. 15.
Arr. i. 11-29.
y Died. xvii. 17-28.
Plut. Al. 15-18.
Arr. ii. 3-12.
Plut. IS.
Curt. iii.
Polyb. 12. 17-22.
Arr. i. 3.
Arr. ii. 1, 2.
Arr. iv. 7-11
Diod. 31.
Plut. 19.
CHKONOLOGICAL TABLE. XXXV
332. Alexander begins to destroy the Persian
sea -power, and lays siege to Tyre and
Gaza.
Conquest of Syria, Phcenicia, Palestine,
and Egypt. Foundation of Alexandria.
331. Alexander marches through Pha?nicia
;
crosses Tigris ; enters interior of Persian
empire. Battle at Gaugamela near Ar-
bela (October 1).
Darius flees to Media. Overthrow of
Persian Empire. Alexander in Babylon,
Susa, and Persepolis.
Anti-Macedonian revolt at Sparta and Elis
under Agis III. Alexander despatches
a fleet to the Peloponnese.
330. Antipater, Alexander's general in commandin Greece, crushes Spartans and their
allies. Alexander pursues Darius through
Media and Parthia (August). Conspiracy
against Darius, who is murdered by
Bessus. Pursuit of Bessus through Areia
(Herat), Drangiana (Seistan), Arachosia
(Candahar), to Bactria.
329. Subdues Bactria ; captures Bessus ; mas-
sacres the Branchidae. Crossing of the
Jaxartes.
328. War in Sogdiana continued. Army, in
five divisions, march through country,
uniting at Marakanda (Samarcand).
Murder of Clitus.
327. Sogdiana completely subdued. Capture of
the Rock of Oxyartes, whose daughter,
Roxana, Alexander marries. Crosses
Paropomisus (Hindoo Koosh) into India
(June).
326. Crosses Indus (March). Advances to the
Hydaspes (Jhelum).
Battle with Porus. Crosses the Acesines
(Jhenab), Hydraotes (Rawi), to the Hy-pliasis (Sutlej), where he is compelled to
turn back by his discontented army.
Marches back to Hydaspes (September).
Arr. ii. 13-iii. 5.
r Diod. xvii. 40-51.
J Plut. Al. 24-28.
[ Curt. iv. 1-8.
? Arr. iii. 6-15.
IDiod. xvii. 52-61.
1 Curt. iv. 8-16.
[ Plut. Al. 29-33.
r Arr. iii. 16-18.
J Diod. xvii. 64-72.
I
Curt. V. 1-7.
'^ Plut. 34-42.
Arr. ii. 13. 4, 6.
Diod. xvii. 48.
Arr. iii. 6, 3.
^ Diod. xvii. 62, 63.
yEschin. Ctes. §§
133, 165.
Curt. vi. 1.
Arr. iii. 19-22.
Curt. V. 8-13.
Plut. Al. 42, 43.
Diod. xvii. 73.
Arr. iii. 29.
Curt. vii. 5.
Arr. iv. 4, 5.
Arr. iv. 16, 17.
Curt. vii. 10-viii,
3.
Arr. iv. 22-30.
Curt. viii. 9-12.
Diod. xvii. 84, 85.
Arr. V. 3 to end.
I Curt, viii, 12-ix.
3.
XXXVl ARKIAN.
325. Alexander proceeds— partly by water, on
the rivers Hydaspes, Acesines, and In-
dus, partly along their banks— to the
mouth of the Indus (August).
Nearchus, with the fleet, looks for a sea-
road to Persian Gulf, while Alexander
marches through CTedrosia and Carmania
to Persepolis.
324. March to Susa, where the fleet joins the'
army. Attempts at fusion of Persians
and Macedonians by intermarriage. In-
vestigation into conduct of satraps and
generals. Mutiny at Opis. March to
Ecbatana.
323. Alexander commands the Greek towns to
receive back their exiles.
His plans for conquest of Arabia. His
death at Babylon (June 13).
Arr. vi. 120.
Arr. Ind. xviii.,
xix.
Curt. ix. 3-10.
Diod.xvii. 95-104.
Arr. Ind. xxi. to
end.
Arr. vi. 20-30.
Curt. ix. 10-x. i.
Arr. vii. 4-15.
Diod. xvii. 107-
111.
Diod. xvii. 109.
Curt. X. 2, 4.
Scythed chariot as used by the Persians.
APPIANOY
ANABA2EQ2 AAESANAPOY
BIBAION nPfiTON
UroXefxaio? 6 Aci'yoi' koi 'Apicrro^ovXo? 6 'Apiaro- I
povXou ocra /uei^ ravra ajudxo Trep] ^AXe^di^Spov rod
Preface. ^iXittttov ^vv€ypa\j/av, ravra eyu) wg iravrtj
Arrian's '>\ n- ' ' ; f ?' ' ' ' / ^
autho=a\ypt] auaypacpo), ocra oe ov ravra, rovroov ra
TTia-rorepa e/uoi (paivoixeva Kai a/ua afiawr]-
yijrorepa eiriXe^aiuei/og. aXXoi fiev Sr] aXXa virep 2
'A.Xe^auopov aviypa^av, oiy(5' ecrriv virep orov TrXeioveg
5/ a^vjUL(pcov6repoi e? aXX^'jXovg' aAX' efxol TlroXejuLaio^
re KOI 'A|0<crTo'/3ouXo9 Tricrrorepoi eSoPav eg rtjv acbi'jyt]-
(Tiu, o juev on (jwecrrpareva-e ^acriXel ^AXePdvSpo), 'Aot-
aropovXog' IlroXejUiaiog Se irpog rco Pvcrrparevcrai onKai avno pacriXei ovn ala-^porepov // rw aXXw •^eixraa-
6ai t]V anKpo) Se, on rereXevrijKorog i/St] 'AXe^duSpov
^vyypacpovcriv avroig r'j re di'dyKt] Kai 6 /uLicrOog rov
aXX(cg n »/ cog crvvijve-^Or] ^vyypdyjrai uirfji^. ean §e a ^
Kai irpog aXXiov ^vyyeypaju/meva, on Kai avrd a^ia-
(p}]yr]ra re /uoi eSo^e koi ov irdvrt] aTria-ra, Mg Xeyo-
jiieva fjLovov virep 'AXe^dvSpov dveypa^i^a. oang Se
uavjunirerai avO^ orov eiri rocrovroig (Tvyypa(hevcri Kai
efxoi eiri vovv r/XOev ySe /} (Tvyypa<p)'j, rd re eKelvcov
A
2 AAEgANAPOY
TrdvTa Ti? avaXe^dfxevog koi TOicroe Toh >]/uieT€poi?
evTVYcov ovTO) QavixaCeToo.
I.
—
Events in Greece and Macedonia hefore Alexanders
Persian Expedition.
A^iyerai S)] ^lXitttto^ ixev TcXevrtja-ai eiri cip'^^ovrog I.
lilv6oSi']jui.ou 'A.Q)']vy](Tr TrapaXa/Soi'Ta §e Tt]V ^aa-ikeiau
AXePavSpov, TraiSa ovTa ^iXittttov, eg YleXoTTOi'Vijcrov
PhiliD's"TTapekQelv elvai Se rare d/mcpi ra e'lKocriv
death.^^^^ ^AXePaiSpov. evTuvQa ^vvayayouTa Tovg 2
ander's "EXX/Jva? ocToi ei^TO? TleXoTrovv/icrov iicravaccession,
336 B.C. aiTeiv Trap' avTwv Ttjv ^yejuLOViav Trjg eiri
Tovg Ylepuag (Trparidg, ijuTiva ^iXIttttu) tjot]
eSocrav. kuI aiWjcravTa Xa^ecv irap'' cKaa-Tcov ifK^^v
A.aKۤaijULOvicov' A.aKۤaiiuLoiiovg Se aTroKplvacrdai /Ltrj
etvai (Tcbicri iraTpiov UKoXovOetv dXXoig, aXX avTovg
dXXwv epyiyelarQai. vecoTepicrai oe drra Ka\ twv 'A.6r]-
valcov Tt]v TToXip. uXXu 'A.9r}vaiov? ye t?] irpwri] echooip3
'AJ\.e^dvSpov cKTrXayeurag koi irXeiova en twv ^iXitttto)
SoOevTwv 'AXe^di'Spip e/V Tifxtji' ^vy^wptjcrai. cTraveX-
OovTU Se e? ^laKeSoviav ev irapaarKeviJ e'lvai tov eg Tt]V
'Acrmt' (TToXov,
"Afia Se Tw rjpi eXavveiv eiri QpuKfjg, eg Tpi^aXXovg 4
Ka\ ^IXXvpiovg, on re veoorepi^eiv eirvQero ^IXXvpiovg
re Kal Tpi^aXXovg, Ka\ afxa ojJLopovg ovragHis wars '
,, , ,
against qvk eSoKei inroXeiTTecrQai oTi /at] TravTtj Taireivui-the
„ ^ , , ^ , , ^>. ,
Thracian VeVTUg OVTCO /UaKpaV UTTO Trjg oiKeiag (TTeAAo-
fxevov. op/JujOevTa St] e^ ^AfjiCpnroXeoog e^-^
/3aXe?v eg OpaKt^v r>]V twv avTOVo/xwv KaXovfxevociv
ANABASIS I, 1. 3
QpaKwv, ^iXiTTTTOv^ TToXiv ev apicTTepa. e^o^ra Kai tov
"Op^r]\ov TO opo?. Sia/Sa^ §e top NeVcrov ttotu/j-ov
XeyovcTLV on §€KaTaio(; acbiKeTO eir] to opo^ tov AJ/ulov.
Kol evTavda cltti'jvtwv avTW kqtu to. a-Teva Trjg avooou 6
Tr]9 CTt] to OpO<i TWV T€ ejUTTOpOOV 'TToWoi WTrXl(TIJ.eV0l
Kcu ol OpoLKeg oi avTOPO/moi, irapecTKevacr/uievoi eipyeiv
TOV Trpocrw KaTciXtjcpoTe^ Trjv (XKpav tov A^ifxov tov
cTToXoj^, Trap' i]v t)v tm (TTpaTevfj-UTi rj Trapooos. ^vva- y
yayoPTei; Se ajxa^a^ kul irpo/SaXoiuLei'oi irpo crcbcov d/ma
/uev -^apaKL e-^pcovTO Tah ajua^ai? e<? to aTro/mu'^^eaOai
air avTuiv, el ^iaYoLVTO' d/j-a Se ev vw el-^ov eTrachievai
aviovdivf]
aTTOTOjULOOTaTOV TOV opov^ eiri Tt]v cbaXayya
Twv Ma/ce^o'i/(OJ/ Tct? ct/ua^a?. yvdojuijv Se TreTroajvTO oti
0(T(p TTVKUOTepa Trj (paXayyi KaTacbepofxevai crvim/JLi^ova-iv
at djULu^ai, ToawSe /jloXXov ti Siaa-KeSdaovcriu avTrjv /3ia
e/uLirecrovcrai.
^AXe^avSpcp Se /3ov\r] ylyveTai oirm dcrcbaXeaTaTa 8
v7rep(3aXei to opog' Ka\ eireiSr] eSoKei SiaKivSvvevTea, ov
yap ehai dXXr] Trjv irapoSov, irapayyeXXei toi^ oxAiVai?,
OTToVf KaTachepoiVTO kutu. tov opOlov al ajxa^ai ocrois
/mev 6S09 TrXaTeca oucra wapi'^oi Xvcrai Tt]v tu^ii/, tov-
Tovg Se Siaj^ooptjcrai, w? Si^ avTwv eKirecreiv tu^ diud^a^'
ocroi Se irepiKaTaXafxlSdi'Oii'TO, ^vuvevaai'Ta<;, Tov<f Se ku] 9
TrecroPTa'f e? ytjv crvyKXelcrai e? aKpi/Se^ tu^ dtnriSag,
TOV KUT avTwv (pepo/iiei'a<; Tag djua^ag Kai Tt] pvfxri
KUTa TO eiKog VTrepiDjSuxTag d(3Xal3u>9 eTreXOelv. Kai
ovTU) ^vi'ejS)] oTTCog Trapdvecre Te ^AXe^avSpog ku] eiKacrev. lO
ol ixev yap Siecr'voi' ti-jv (paXayya, ai Se virep twv
dcnriSicv eTriKvXicrOeicrai dXiya e^Xa-^aV direQave Se
4 AAESANAPOY
ovSeh VTTO rah afxd^aig. evOa Sr] oi Ma/ce^oVe? Oapinq-
(ravreq, on a^Xa^ei? uvroh, a? jULoXia-ra eSeSieaau, ai
d/ULaPai eyevovro, crvv (SoiJ e? rovg OpaKa? €ve(3a\ov.
'AXePavSpo^ Se rov? ro^ora^ /nev airo rou Se^iov Kepo)? I I
TTOO TtJ9 a.Xkt]9 (paXayyoi, oti ravrt] eviropwrepa tju,
eXOeiP eKcXevcre KOi eKTO^eveiv eg rovg QpaKug OTrrj Trpoa--
(pepoiVTO' avTog §€ avaXa^tou to ayrjfia Kai TOV<s
viraa-ma-Tag Ka\ rovg 'Aypiavag Kara to evihwfxov >/yev.
evOa Sr] oi toPotui ^aWovres rovg TrpoeKOeovrag tcov I 2
OpoLKoov avea-reWov Koi >) (paXay^ -Trpoa-^i^aa-a ov
^aXe-TTCog e^ecocrev eK rtjg X'^P^^avOpwirovg y\n\ovg Kai
KUKoog MirXia-jULevovg ^ap^apovg, uxTre 'AXe^avSpov utto
Tov evMvufxov eirayovra ovkcti eSe^avro, aXXa piy^avreg
ft)? eKOLOTTOig irpovxjJ^peL ra oirXa Kara tov bpovg €<pvyov.
KOI a-rredavov jxlv avTwv eg x^Xiovg koi TrevTaKocrlovg,
ll'wvTeg Se avSpeg fxev oXlyoi eXi'i(pOt](Tav Si' wKVTrjTa Kai
Trig vwpag efHTreipiav, yvvaiKeg Se ocrai ^vvenroi'TO avTOig
edXwcrav iraa-ai, kui to. iraiSapia kui rj Xela irucra eaXu).
AXePavSpog Se Trjv luev Xelav ottlo-w a7re7re/x\|/ei' eg II.
Tag TToXeig Tag eir] OaXdcrcri], Avcravia kui ^iXwto.
TrapaSoug SiaTiOeaOar auTog Se to ciKpov virep-
TMballi ^aXm' irporjei Siu tov A'tjuov eg Tpi(3aXXovg,
retire toJ dSiKveiTai eir] tov Avyivoi' TTOTafxov
Peuce
;
r '
*•'*'''direyei Se ovTog ciiro tov "Iutoov wg eiri tov
defeat. A,, n\ ,
Aljuioi' lovTi aTaO/iiovg Tpeig. 'Zvp^og Se o 2
Twv Tpi^aXXwv ^a<TiXevg, e/c iroXXov TrvvOai'Ofxei'og tov
'AXePdvSpov TOV (TToXov, yvvaiKag fxev Kai iraiSag twv
Tpi^aXXcov n-pov'KeiJ.^ev e-Ki tov "IcrTpov Sia^aiveiv
KeXevaag rof iroTajuov eg vtjcrov Tiva tojv ev tw la-Tpw
ANABA2I2 I, 2. 5
TlevKr) ofOjua rrj injcrip ecTTLV. e? TavT>]v oe Tt]v vtjfrou koi 3
oi QprxKeg ol 7rp6a")^(ii)poi Tot's Tpi^aXXoi'i irpocrayovTO's
AXe^avopou (ru/ui.7re<pev'y6T€g ^crav koi auT09 6 ^vp/xog
e? TavTt]v PvixTrechevyei Pvv toc? a/ixd) avTOV to oe
TToXv TrXyjOog twv lipi^aWwv echvyev ottictoo eir] tov
TTOTafjLov, kvOcvirep t?] irpoTepaia wpixrjOri 'AXi^av-
§po9.
12? de efxaQev aurwj/ Tt-jv 6pixi]v, koll avTos virocrTpe- 4"^a^ TO e/j-iraXiv e7r\ tov^ Tpi^aWov^ ^ye, koi kutu-
Xaju^avei KaTaa-TpaTOireSevovTa^ fjSt]. /cat 01 fikv
KaTa\>](pOei/Te(s irpog tw vaireL T(p irapa tov iroTaiJ.ov
7rap€Taar(TovTO' 'AXe^avSpo? Se koi avTog Tr]v [xkv (pa-
Xayya e? ^aOo? eKTa^a^ eirijye, tov^ to^otu^ Se Kai
TOi/? (TchevooviiTag irpoetcQeovTaii eKeXevaev eKTOpeueiv
T€ Kuc crdyevoovCiv eg Tovg (3apl3dpov9, e't woog irpoKu-
XecraiTO avTov(i eg Ta \^i\a €k tov I'dirovg. ol <5e oog5
evTog /SeXou? eyevovTO, Tratofxei/oi e^eOeov eiri Tovg
To^oTug, OTTO)? eV ^cipag ^v/iijULi^eiav yv/j-volg oixri Toig
To^OTaig, 'AAe^aj/0|009 oe w? irpoi'/yayei^ avTovg e/c
T/79 i^airr]? e^o), ^iXwTau fxeu dvaXa^ovTa TOVi €K t^s
avooQev ^luKeSoulag iTnreag irpocreTaPev e/UL^aXXeiv KaTO.
TO Kepag TO oe^idu, jjirep fxaXiiTTa irpovKe-^wpt'jKerrav ev
Tt] eKopo/uLt] ' }ipaKXeiS>]v Se koi ^coiroXiv Tovg e/c
JjOTTiaiag Te Koi 'A/zc^txoAeco? linreag kutu to
evcovvjiiov Kepag eirayeiu eTu^e. Tr]v ^e (pdXayya Ttov 5
irei^wv Kai Tt]v aXXrju "nnrov irpo Tijg (pdXayyog irapa-
TeLvag KUTU fxecToug eTTfjye. Kai ecTTe fxev aKpo/3oXi(T/uog
Trap' eKUTepcou rjv oi Tpi/3aXXo\ ov fxeiov el-^oW wg Se r)
Te (haXay^ irvKvt] eve/SaXXei' eg avTOvg eppco/JLei^oog koi ol
6 AAESANAPOY
LTTTreig ovk aKOUTiar/uLU) en, aW avToig "iinroi's ooOovvTeg
aWt] Kai aWt] Trpoa-eirnrTOV, t6t€ Srj eToaTrrjcrav Sia
Tov vairov^ e? tov TroTa/mov. Kai airodvuuKova-L /meu 7
Tpia-^iXioi ev T>/ cbvytl, Tw^Te? ^e oXiyoi koi toutcou
€\}](pui]<Tav, oTi vXr] re Sacreia irpo tov iroTafj-ov ^v koll
vv^ €7rlyevojULevt] Tr]v aKpi^eiav r^? Sico^eco^ cKpelXero
T01/9 M.aK€oovag. avTcou §e Ma/cer^oVwi/ TeXeuTtjarai
Xeyet IlToAe^cai09 linriag fx\v evSeKa, TreTov^ Se a/j-dn
Tovg TearcrapaKovTa.
'Atto §e r>jg /Ua^>/9 Tpiraio^ acpiKPetrai 'AXe^av- HI.
OpOS eTTl TOV TTOTaiXOV TOV "IcTTpOV, TTOTafXCOV TWV KUTCl
Campaign '^''^ rjupu)7rr]v fxeyiiTTOV ovTU Koi TrXeia-Ttjv
on the ^ 1 / X „^ , , ,
Danube 7*^^ eTTep-^o/uLcvov Kai evvt] nayjiiXdOTUTa aireip-
aeain tthy^vTa, TO. fX€v TToXXu KeXri/cct, oOev ye koi 2
Getae. ^^ iDjyoi auTO) avLcryov(jiv, wv TeXevTaiov^
K^ouaSovg KOI M-apKOjULuvov^ ' eVi ^e ^avpofxaToov
fxolpav, ia(vya^' ein. ^e FeTa? tov^ ctTraOavaTi^ovTag'
eiri oe ^avpo/xaTa^ TOV<i nroWov^ ' ein ^e ^KvQa<s eVre
e-TTL Ta? CK/SoXag, "iva eKOiSoi kutu irivTe CTTOfxaTa i^
TOV rju^eivov ttovtov. evTavOa KaToXajUL/Bdvei avTio 3
^Kovcra? vavg fxaKpa? e/c Bv^avTiov Sia tov ttovtov tov
tju^eivov KQTa tov TroTajULOv. TavTag ejUirXija-ag
TO^OTwv T€ Kai ottXitwv Tt] vi](TO) eTTeirXei 'iva ol
ipijSaXXoi re Ka). 01 OpaKes ^vfXTredyevyoTe^ Tjcrav, Ka\
eireipaTo ^laYea-Qai Trjv airo^acriv. 01 Se jSdpjSapoi 4
am'jVTwv eiri tov iroTaixov biroi ai vrje^ irpocnriTTToiev
ai oe oXiyai re rjcrav Kai rj (TTpaTia ov TroXXrj i) eir
avTWv, Kai Trjg v)'](tov ra TroXXa airoTO/uLa e? irpoa--
BoX}']v, Kai TO pevfxa tov iroTajuov to Trap avT)'iv, ola
ANABASIS I, 4. 7
Sr] 69 (TTCVOV (TvyKeKXeLrrfievov , o^v kui airopov irpocr-
(pepecrOai.
"Eivda Si] 'AXe^avSpog airayayicv ra? vav9 eyvu) 5
Sia^alveiv tov "la-rpou eir] rovg reVa? tov^ irepav rov
larpov wKiajuevovg, on re avveiXeyfxevovs ewpa iroiX-
Xov^ eirl Ti] o-)(drj tov "larpov, 0)9 e'lp^ovrag, el dia~
^a'lvoL (riaav yap iTnrek fJ^ev eg T€TpaKia-)(iXiovg, Tre^ot
Se TrXeiovg twu /nvplcav) koi dfxa irodog eXa/Sev avrov
eir' €K€iva rov "larpov eXOeiv. roov fxev or] vewv 6
eire^r] avTog' rag Se SicpOepag v(p' ak ecrKyvouv Ttjg
Kapdjijg 7rXt]p(joarag Ka\ oaa fiovo^vXa TrXoia e/c Trjg
Yto)pa9 Pvi^ayaywu (^/v Se Ka\ tovtoov eviropia ttoXX?/,
OTi TOVTOig y^po^vrai ol irpocroiKOi tw ' IcrTpio €<p' aXieia
T€ Til €K TOV "laTpov KUI c'lTTOTe TTup aXX)]Xovg ava
TOV TTOTafjiov (jTeXXoivTO Ka\ XijcrrevovTeg utt' uvtmv
ol TToXXoi) ravTa 0)9 irXelaTa ^vvayaya)i> ^«e/3/|8a^ej/
ctt' auTWi/ T>7? (TTpaTLug oarovg SwaTOV t]v ev T(p
TOKfSe TpoTTM. Ka] ylyvovTai ol Sia^ai'Tcg a^a
^AXePavSpcp iTTireig fxeu eg -^iXiovg Kat irevTaKOcnovg,
ire'Co'i Se eg TeTpaKia-^iXiovg.
Aie^aXou Se Tijg vvKTogf]
X^iov ?;i/ ctltov paOv IV.
Ka] TavTU fxuXXov tl eXaOov 7rpocra")(OVTeg T^ o^a>/.
D tr = ^'^^ ^^ '^^'^ '^^ 'AXe^avSpog Sia tov Xr]iov iiye,
*'*'"it'*l**f^7ra|Oa'y'ye/Xa9 rotg jre^oig irXaylaig Tacg crapia--
the Qetae. ^^^^ eTTiKXlvovTug TOV (TiTov ouTW irpoayeiv
eg TO. ovK epyaaijua. ol oe iTrirelg ecrre p.ev oia tov
X}]iov TT/OO^ef r] (paXay^ e(pei7rovTO' cog oe ck toov 2
epyaa-ijuibov eprjXacrav, Ti]v /nev 'linrov eiri to oe^iov Kepag
avTog 'AXePavSpog irapi'jyaye, t^v (paXayya §e ev
8 AAEi^ANAPOY
irKaia-iw l^iKavopa ayeiv eKeXevcre. koi oi Terai ovSe 3
Tfjv irpwnjv e^l3oXr]u rwv iTrTrecou eSe^avTo' TrapaSo^Of
fxev yap avrot^ >) ToXjua ef^avrj rod 'AXe^av^pov, onevfxapw^ ovTW rov fxeyicrrov rcov TrorajUMP Sie/Se/S/jKei ev
fxia vvKTi Tov 'larpov ov yedyupcoaag top ttoooi/,
(po^epa Se koi t</9 (pdXayyo^ t] ^vyKXeicri^, ^la'ia ^e
t] TMv lirirewv e/x/3oX>/. koi ra [xev irpwra e? rhv iroXiv 4
Karacpevyovcriv, i) Stj aTrei-^ev avTOC(f oaov irapacrayyt^v
TOV ICTTpov w? de e-rrdyovTa elSou cnrovSi] 'AXePavSpov
Trjv fxev cpaKayya irapa tov TroTajULov, ws jutj kvkXco-
oelev TTt] at xe^ol epeSpevcrdvTcop twv VeTMV, tov^
fTTxea? 0€ Kara ^eTw-jrov, Xenrovaiv an Kai ti]v iroXiv
ot Verai kukw? TeTei-^i(Tfxev)]v, dvaXa^ovTeg twv iraiS-
apiwv Kai Tcov yvvaiKwv e-wi Tovg 'lttttov? oaa (hepeiv
ol iTTTTOi ijSvvavTO' rjv Se avTOig rj opjui] w? iroppw-
raTft) d-TTo TOV TroTafxov e? rd eprjfxa. 'AXe^uvSpog §e
TYjv T€ TToXiv Xu^^avci KOI Ttjv Xelau Truerav oa-rjv oi
VeTai vTreXeiTTOVTo. koi ti]v /mev Xeiav MeXedypo) koi
^iXiTrirw €7ravayayeiv SlScocriv' uvto^ Se /faTacr/ca\//-a9 5
Ti]V TToXlV dvei T€ CTt} Trj O^Q}} tov ^'IcTTpOV All
ZjWTrjpL Koi HpUKXei koi aVT(p TW "IcTTpM, OTl OVK
a-rropos avTw eyevcTO, koi eiravdyei avTrjg tjjULepas (twovs
a-vjULTravTa? eiri to a-TpaToireSov.
'^VTavOa dcpiKOVTO Trpea-^ei^ C09 'AXe^avSpov irapd 6
Te TWV aXXcov bcra avrovojua eOvt] irpoaoiKei tw "Icttow
Envoys '^"^ Trapa ^vpjuov TOv Tpi/SaXXSiv ^aa-iXeco^'
sent by „, * ^ IT \ ^ ^' -^ ' < '^ 'T ' '\
TriballiTTupa xveATwi/ de Tu>v ewi Tip Lovlw koXttw
and Celts,(jj^ia^evociv r]KOV lueydXoi ol KeXrol tu
awfxuTa Kai .fxeya iir). acplcri (bpovovvTe^ • TraVre? Se
ANABASIS I, 5. 9
cpiXia^ Trjg 'AXe^avSpov ednefxevoi i]KeLv e(pua-au. koi 7
iracTiv eSbOKe Tricrrei? 'AXe^ai'Spog koi eXa^e' tov^
KeXroi'? oe koI V/peTO o Ti fxaXicrTa oeoiTTeTai aJrofs
Tcov avQpwTTLVoiv, eXirKTa^ otl fxeya oi>o/ui.a to uvtov kui
e^^ KeXTOi/? Koi. en irpoawTepu) i'jKet kul otl avTov
fxaXicrTa iravTcov SeSievat <pr](70V<Ti. tm oe irap eXirioa 8
^vpe(3t] Twv KeXTftJv I] ciTTOKpicrig' ola yap Troppco re
u)KiuiJ.evoL 'AXe^dpSpou km "^oopia SvaTTOpa oiKovuTeg
Kai 'A.Xe^apSpov e? aXXa t>V opjULtju opawTcg ecbacrau
oeoiei'ai jUJiTroTe o ovpavo^ avTOC^ e/j.irea-OL. KUi tov-
Tovi (piXov^ Te ovoiJ.a<Ta<; KUi ^ujufxa-^ov^ Troifja-a/nevoi
OTTicrw a7re7re/Jt.yj/e, touovtov virenruiv otl oXaTove^
KeXrot elcTLv.
Ai/To? ^e eir ^A.ypLuvoov Km Tlaiovwv irpov-^uipeL. V.
evOa ot] ayyeXoL ucHlkovto uvtui J^XeiTOu Te tov Bao-
ovXew acbecTTavai ayyeXXouTeg koi VXavKiai^Revoltof ^
, ' — T^ ^ ' /3Clitusthe irpoa-Ke'^^wprjKevai uvtw tov 1 auAai'TLcov pacTL-
and Aea OL oe kul tovi} JxvTapLaTa^ eirLVijo-ecrvaL
Qlaucias. ,^ v , , ,y
,
^. ^ n.\
avTw KUTa Tt]V TTopeiav e^ijyyeXXov 6)V ot]
eveKa kutu (nrovorjv eooKCi uvai^evyvuiuL. Aayyapo? 2
oe 6 TOW Wypiapcoi' /SafrtXei/? ctl iJ.ev k(xi ^iXiTrTrov
(^wi'TOf acnra^ofJiei'Oif 'A.Xe^fxi'(^poi> 0/7X0? »/i' kul iSla
e-wperr^evcTe Trap' avTOV, TOTe Se Traprjv avTo-' fxeTu twu
vTraairLcrTwv, ocrov^ Te kuXXicttov^ kql evo7rXoTaTOu<f
a^(p' avTOV ei-^e' koi eireiSi] e/naOev v-wep Twv AvTapia- 3
TCOV irvvdavofxevov 'AXe^avSpop o'lTive^ re kul ottoo-ol
elei', ovk e<pr] -^pyjvai ev Xoyw TiOecrOai AvTapiaTa^ •
elvai yap airoXe/uLuiTaTOvg twv TavTrj' kul avTO?
e^lSaXeii/ e? Ttjv yoopav avToou, co? ajUKpl tu crcbeTepa
10 AAESANAPOY
/uL(7X\6v Ti 'i^oiev. Kou KeKeva-avTO^ 'AXe^avopov e/x-
(3aX\€i e? avTovg- /cat eju^aXoov rjye koi ecpepe Tt]v
ywpav avTcov.
Avrapiarai juev St] a/ui(p'i. to. avroov ei^ov • Aay- 4
yapoif Se to. re aXXa eniuyjOi] jULeyaXoag irpog 'AXe^av-
Spov Koi Swpa eXafSev oaa lueyia-ra irapa pacriXel to)
M.aKeS6voov vofxl'teTai' koi rrjv aSeXcpiju Ttjv'AXe^auopov
J^vvav KOI TavTt]v w/xoXoyj/cre Suxreiv avTw HeAXaj/
achiKOjUievo) 'AXe^avSpo^.
'AXXa Adyyapo9 jmeu er/raueXOcov o'lKaoe vocrw 5
ereXevTW^v- 'AXe^avSpog Se irapa rov 'Kpiyoua
TTOTajuiov 7rop€v6/ui.evo9 6? Yli'iXiou TToXiv ea-TeXXeTO.
TavTrjv yap KaTeiXr']<p€i 6 KXe/Vo9 009 6-)(iip(jOTart]v rw
ywpag' Koi Trpog ravTi^v w? }]K€v 'AXe^avSpog, Kara-
(TTpaToireSevcrag ttjOO? tw '^opSa'i'KW iroTa^w tJ]
vurepala eyvcoKei irpocr^dXXeiv tm re/^et. ol §e ufKp] 6
rov KXeiTou to. KVKX(f> rtjg TroXew? opt], VTrepSe^ia re
ovra KOI Saa-ea, Kareiyov, W9 iravToQev eTriTiOea-Oai,
T019 M.aKe§6(Tiv, ei rr] iroXei irpocr^aXXoiev VXavKta^
§e avTCp 6 TMV TavXavTiwv (BaaiXev? outtm irapriv.
'AXePav§p09 /mev St] Tt] iroXei TrpoartjyeV ol Se iroXe- y
fxioi (T&tayiarrdfxevoL TraiSa? rpek KOt Kopag 'laag rov
dpiOnxov Koi. Kpiov? jUiiXavag Tpek, o)pixr]VTO p.ev o)?
Se^ojuevoi e? x^^P^^ '^^^^ MaKcSovag ' 6fJ.ov §e yevo-
juievcov e^eXiTTOv KalroL Kaprepd ovra to. KaT€iXt]fx^em
Trpo? cr<poi)v x^P^^> ^^'^^ '^^'- ''"" o'(pd.yia avTMV Kare-
Xr'jchOt] en Kei/neva.
Tavrrj fxev §h ry ntJ-epa KaraKXeia-a? avrovg e? 8
Ti]v TToXiv Koi a-rparoTreSeva-d/txevos irpos tm t€1)(€1
ANABA2IS I, 5. 11
iyvwKei irepiTeiyj-crixu) aTroKkeiarai avTOv<i ' rrj oe vaTepaia
Traprjv jmera ttoXX^? Swafxeco? TXavKia? 6
before Tcov TavXavTicov jSactXei;?. ev9a orj AXe^av-Pelion, „ , , f^ •, r ,^ ^ „ y\Ciitas' opo? T^v jULeu iroAiv aireyioo eAecv ui^ t,vi^ Trj
Capital. / ^ ' \ A -^ \ , < \ \
Trapovcrr} ovvafxei, iroXAwv fxev e? avrrjv Kai
jULa-vifxcov PufXTrecbevyoTociv, ttoXXoov §e dfxa tw TXavKia
7rpo(TKei(TOfxev(iov, ei avro^ TU) Tetj^ei 'n-po(r^a-)(oiTO.
^ikwrav Se avaXa^ovra twv linrecov 6(tov9 eg 7rpo<pu- g
XuKijv Koi TO. VTTO^vyca T« e/f tou crrpaTOTreSov e?
€7ri(TtTia-/jiov eVe/xxej/. koi 6 TXavKiag fiaOcou tjjj^ op/iitjv
TCOV afJL<pl ^iXoorav ePeXavvei e7r' avTOvg, koi KaraXa/ui.-
^avei TCI kvkXw opt] tov ireolov, oQev ol ^vv ^iXooto.
eTTKriTieicrOai efxeXXov. 'AXe^avSpog Se, eTreiS)] airily- \o
yeXOt] avTM otl KivSvvevoucriv ol re LTrire'ig Km Ta
vTTo'i'vyia, €1 i/vP avTovg /caTaA>7\|/eTaf, avTog /mev ava-
Xa^cov Tovg Te inraa-KicrTag koi tous TO^OTag Kai Tovg
'Ayotava? Koi iirTreag e? TeTpaKOcrlovg e^o/jOei (nrovo}]
'
TO Se aXXo (jTpaTevixa Trpos rf; iroXei aireXnrev, o)? /x>/
airo-)(wp)](javTO<s iravTO^ Tov crTpaTov kui ol e/c t//9
TToXeoos eTTiSpafJLOVTeg Toh a/mtpl TXauKlau ^vfi^l^eiav.
'ivda Si] TXavKlag ttpoorayovta 'AXe^avSpov aiaOo/ne- i i
vog eKXelirei tu oprj ' ol Se ^uu ^iXwTa u<T(paX(Jog ewi
TO (TTpaTOTreSov SieaooOtjcrav. eSoKOVv o eTi tov
'AXePavSpov ev Sua"^wpla aTreiXtjcpeuai ol afxchi tov
K^XeiTOv Koi TXauKiav • to. re yap 6p>] tu virepde^ia
KaTeiYov TToXXoig fxev linrevcri, TroXXolg oe uKovTccrTats
Kul (T(b€vSov7]Taig Ku] oirXiTaig Se ovk oXlyoig, Kai
ol ev Ttj TToXei KaT€iXt]im.iuevoi TrpocrKeKjecrQai airaX-
XaTTOfxivoLg efieXXov • to. re yoopla Si a>u /} 'n-apoSos 12
12 AAESANAPOY
^u TU) 'AXe^ai'Spo) (TTeva koi v\o)Sri e(paiveTO, tj; jmeu
Trpog Tov TTOTU^ov cnreipyojULCva, t>; ^e opof virep-
v\pi]\ov tjv Ka\ Kprjfxvol 7rpo<i tov opovs, coaTe ovSe
CTTi Tecrcrapcov acnrlocov av tw crTpaTevfji.aTi rj irapoSo^
eyeveTO.
EivOa ot] eKTaacrei tov cTTpaTov 'AAe^aj/0009 f? » I.
eKUTOV Kai eiKocri to ^aOoii Tfjg (paXayyo^' eir] to
Kenag oe eKaTepcoOev SiaKocrioug tTTTrea? eiriTapagDefeat of '
, - v v ,
Ciitus and irapt'jyyeWe o-iytj kj(eiv, to irapayyeWofxevovaiaucias. ,>-, « , '
v v , ^ , ,
o^ea)9 oeyofievovg ' kui tu fxev irpwTa e(T7)iuit]V€v 2
opOa avaTelvai Ta oopaTa Tov<i oirXiTag, eweiTa airo
^uvO)j/uLaTO? aTTOTeiuai e? Trpo^oXii'jv, kcu vvv fxev eg to
oe^iov eyKXivai tcov oopuTcoi' Ttjv cruyKXeicriu, avOig oe
CTTL Ta apicTTepa' koi avTi])^ oe Tijv (paXayya eg re to
Trpocro) o^ecog eKivt](T€ kui cttI to. KepaTa aXXoTe aXA>/
irapriyaye. Kai ovtw iroXXag Ta^eig Ta^ag re Kai 3
jueTaKoa-jUi/jcrag ev oXiyw -^povM, kutu to evwvvixov
olov e'lm/BoXov Troirjcrag Tfjg (paXayyog eirriyev ex) Tovg
TToXe/uLLOug. 01 Se TrdXai juev edavixa'Cov ti]V re o^v-
TtjTa opwvTeg kui tov koct/jlov twv cpw^evwv TOTe
^e ITpo(TayovTag >jot] TOvg ajiKp}. ^AXe^avSpov ovk
eoepavTO, aXXa XeiTTOva-i Tovg irpwTOvg Xocbovg. 6 a
§e Ka). eTTaXaXd^ai eKeXeucre Toug Ma/ce^oVa? ku). TOig
Sopacri SouTTtjcrai Trpog Tag dcnrlSug' ol Se TauXavTioi
eTL fxdXXov eKTrXayevTeg irpog T^jg ^o>]g cog Trpog Tt]v
TToXiv CTrav/jyayov (TTrouou tov crTpaTOv.
^'AXePavopog oe Xo(pov Tivag KUTe'^ovTag locov ou 5
TToXXoug Tu>v TToXejuicov, Trap' ov avTO) tj TrapoSog
eyiyveTO, Trapi'iyyeiXe Toig (jo)ixaTO(puXa^L kui tocs
ANABA2I2 I, 6. 13
afjL(p' avTOv era/oot?, avaXa^ovTag ra? ucrTrlSag ava-
(Saivetv eir} Tovg '/ttttoi;? kui €\avv€ii> eiri tov yi'jXo-
(hov CKelae Se e\66vTa<;, el vwojuevoieu ol KareiXfj-
(poTc^ TO ^oopLov, Tov'i rjfxicrea^ KaraTrrjOtjcrai airo twv
"nrlficv KOI avaiJLi-^evTa<; roig 'nnrevcn ire'tovg /«ap^e-
(rdai. 01 §e iroXefxiot rijv opfxtjv rrjv ^AXe^dvSpov 6
loovTeg XeiTTOvcri tov yrjKodiov kcu irapeKKKivovcriv ed)'
eKarepa twu opcov. evOa Si] KaraXa/Sutv 'AXe^a^^iOO?
TOP yrfkocpov <rvv Toh eTalpoi^ Tovq re 'A.ypiavag
jueTaTrejUireTac Ka] Tou<i TOpOTag, ovTag ig oia"^iXiovg'
Tovg Se uiracnrKTTa.'i Sia^a'iveiv tov iroTa/xov CKeXevcre
Ka), eirl TOVTOig Tug Tapei<; twv M.aKeS6vwv ottotc
Se Sia^avT€(; Tu')(^oiev, e7r' acnriSa eKTaa-crea-dai, co?
TTUKvrjv evOv? Sia^dvTWv (baivecrOai Trju (paXayya'
ai'ro? Se ev irpochyXaKij cov diro tov Xocpov ucbecopa
TU)V TToXejuicov Trjv op/uLt'jv. ol Se, opwvTe? Sia^alvov- 7
aav Trjv Suvafxiv, kutu. tu oprj avTeTrijecrav, w? Toh
lULeTU 'AXe^di'Spov eTriOtjorofxevoi TeXevTaioig diro'^w-
povcriv. 6 Se TreXaTovTwv "jSri auro? eKQel avv Toig
ujucp^ avTov, Ka\ rj cpaXay^, o)? Sia tov TTOTafiov
eiriovcra, eTDjXaXa^ev 01 Se iroXejunoi TrdvTWv ein
<T(pd? eXavvovToov eyKXivavTeg echevyov Kai ev tovtu>
cTTijyev ^AXe^avSpog Tovg re 'A.ypuiva'; koi tov^ to^o-
Ta<; Spojjup ft)? exi tov TroTafxov. koi irpooTog fxev 8
avT09 (pOacrag SiajSalvei' Toig TeXevTaioig Se cog etSev
e-jriKeijjLevovg Tovg 'TroXefxiovg eincTTrfcrag eir\ t>; ov0/;
Tag iJL}]-ya.vag e^aKOVTiYeiv wg TroppwTaTW citt' avTcov
eKeXeuaev bcra airo /xrjyftvMv ^eXtj ePaKOVTiteTai' kcu
Tovg To^OTag Se e/c jmea-ou tov TroTuidLov eKTOpeveiv
14 AAE;5?ANAP0Y
€7recr/3avTag Kai tovtov?. kqi ol [xev aiut.(pi tov V\av-
Kiau eicrw /SeXov? TrapeXOeiv ovk eToKfxuiv ol Ma/ce-
^ove^ §e ev tovto) acrdioXot)? CTrepacrav tov TOTajuov,
co(TT€ ouoe]!^ OLTreQavev ev Tt] airo'^oon/jarei avTcov.
TpiTi] Se air' eKeivijg ^/w-epo. KaTafxaOoov 'AXe^av- 9
Spo? KaKOO? auXiTojuevoui roi'? afKp] }^\eiTov koi
YXavKiav, Kat oure (pvXaKag ev Tij ra^ei avTOi?
(pvXaTTOjUieva^ oure -j^apaKa >/ Tacppov 7rpo/3e^X}]iui.evou^,
oia Srj ^uv (po^co OLTrrjXXa-^Oai oio/uevcov 'AXe^avSpov,
e? fjLfJKog oe ovk oxpeXi/mov uTroTeTafjievrjv uvtoi9 Trjv
Ta^iv, VTTO vvKTa eTL XaOoov Sia/Scuvei tov iroTa/JLOv,
TOV9 re u7raor7ri(TTa9 d/na ol aycov Ka\ tov^ 'A.ypia.va^
Kou Tov^ TO^OTa? Kai Tt]v YlepSiKKou Koi. KoiVou
Tu^iv. Kai irpocTTeTaKTO fxev aKoXovOeiv t>]v aXX>]v lo
(TTpaTiav cog §e Kaipov elSev eig e-TrlOecriv, ou irpocr-
fxeLvag ofjLov yevecrOai iravTag edytJKe Tovg TO^oraf
Koi TOV? 'Aypiavag' ol (5e uTrpocrc^OKtjTol re e-KLirea-ov-
T€? Kai (paXayyi KaTU Kepag, fjirep aardevecTTaTOig
avToh KapTepoiTaTf] Tfj e/n^oXr] Trpoar/uLi^eiv ejiieXXov^
Toug fxev eTi ev Taig evvaig KUTeKTeivov, Tovg oe
cbevyovTag ev/Jiapm alpovvTeg, cocrTe iroXXoi /nev avTOv
eyKUTeXi'icbOtjcrav Kai a-ireOavov, iroXXoi oe ev tij utto-
v(jop)j(r€i aTaKTOp Kai (ho^epa yevo/ULevii' ovk oXiyoi
Se KOI rcoi/re? eXycpOrja-av. eyeveTO de r] Sico^ig Toig j i
OLfxcbi 'AXepavopov Me'xP' Trpog ra oprj toov lavXav-
t/oov* ocroi Se kuI aireipvyov avTwv, yvfxvo] toov
ottXoov §iearu)6r](rav. KXetTO? ^e e'? tw ttoXiv to
irpwTOV KaTa(pvya)v ejHTrprjcrag t>]v ttoXiv aTrtjXXayrj
irapa TXavKiav eg TavXavTioug.
ANABASIS I, 7. 15
'Ej/ TOVTCp Se rwv (bvydScov Tivh toh' e/c Qrj^MV V II.
(pevyopTcov TrapeXOovTa vmTo^p h ra? Qijpag eira-
youivwu Tii'MU avTOvg eiri i/ewTepia-fxa) e/c t>]9
Macedo= TToAewf A/ULVVTUV juev Kai 1 ijULoAaoi^ Tcov T>]V
nian rising y^ „ , , , ,n, f r
in Thebes, ]\.adjn.eiav ey(ovT(t)v ovoev VTroTOTrtja-avra^ iro-
XejULiov e^oo Tfjs Ka^/xe/a? vireKTeivav ^vKKa-
jSovTeg • e? <5e Trjv €KK\t](Tiav TrapeXOovre? eTrtjpav Tovg 2
Qt](3aiovs airoa-Ttjvai citto 'AXe^apSpov, eXevOepLUP re
irpoicryoiJievoi kou Trappfjcrlav, TraXaia kul KaXa ovofxara,
Koi. Ttji j3apvTt]TOi Twu Ma/ce^oVtov tjor] irore aTraXXa-
yrjvai. TTiQavwTepoL §e e? to TrXtjOo? ecpaivovTO
TeOvtjKevai 'AXe^avSpou ia")(upi^6/jLepoi ev 'IXXvpioc? '
Koi yap Koi ttoXu? 6 Xoyog ovTog kui irapu ttoXXwv 3
efboira, on re -^ovov (nrrjv ovk oX'tyov kul otl ovoefiia
ayyeXia Trap' avrov a<piKTO, coarre, birep (piXei ev T019
ToioicrSe, ov yii'(i)(TKOPT€? ra bvTa Ta [xuXicrTa kuu
rj^ovt]V (T(i)L(Tiv eiKaTov.
WvQoiJievM §e 'AXe^avSpM to. twv Q>]^aio)v ovSajum 4
eSoKei a/uLeXtjrea ehai, Tt'jv re twv ^A.6r]vaio}v iroXiv 61
uiro^p^ia^ €K TToXXov '^yovTi Ka\ twv Qrjpa'iociv to toX-
fxrijuLa ov (havXov iroiovfxevu), el AaKeSaifMOvioi re iraXai
t'/Srj rah yuwfxaiii oKpecrTrjKOTeg Kai Tiveg kui aXXoi twv
ev UeXoTTOvvi^a-u) Ka). AiTwXol ov ^e/3aioi bvre? crvvein-
Xtjyp^ovrai tov vecorepicrniov roh Or]^atoi9. ayu)v o»; 5
irapa Ttjv 'ISiopSatav re Kot TJ/f '^XifxicoTiv kui irapa ra
T»/9 ^TVfxchala? Ku] Tlapavaia^ OLKpa e^Sojuaio? acpiK-
vetrai 69 TleXlvvav rrjg QeTToXla^. evOev Se 6p/JLi]6et?
€KT}] yjimepa ea-^dXXei eg Tt]v BoicoTiav, cocrTe ov Trpocruev
ol Oi]j3aioi efxaOov e'lcroo TlvXcov TrapeXtjXvOora avrov
16 AAE/E^ANAPOY
Trpiv ev 'Oy)^}](TTcp yevea-Qai ^vv rri (TTparia Tracrr}.
Kui Tore ce ol Trpd^avre? rtjv cnrocrTaa-iv crTpaTevjUia e/c 6MaK€§ovia9 'AvTiirarpov ncpi-^^Oai €(pa(rKov, avrov Se
'AXe^avSpov reOvdvai Sua")Qjpi^oi'TO, Koi rok cnray-
yeXKovariv on ovto^ ai'ro? Trpoadyei 'AXe^avSpog
)(aXe7rft)9 el-^ov aWov yap riva i'lKeiv 'AXe^avSpop tov
'AepOTTOV.
O Se 'AXe^avSpog e^ ^Oyy^rjcrrov apa<s r^] va-repala 7irpoa-tjye irpoq Ti]v iroXiv twv Qt]^a'uov Kara to tov
Alexander i^oXaov re^i€vo<i' ou St] Ka] €crrparoireSev(T€v,
beflTrT^ ej^^i^oi/? en TOig Qtj^aioi? rpi^rjv^ ei fxeray-Thebes. ' » \ . ^ , ,
vovT€9 eirt T019 KaKw<s eyvcoa-fxepoK; irpecr-
/Sevcraii'TO Trap' avrov. ol Se roarovrov eS'etjcrav 8
€vS6(TLiJ.6v ri 7rapaG"^eu' eg ^v/u^aaiv, ware eKQ'eovreg
eK rrjg iroXewg o'l re iTnreig Kai rcou yp^iXwv ovk oXiyoi
ecrre ein. ro crrparoTreSov rjKpo^oXiTovro eg rag
-wpocpvXaKag, kui rivag Kai cnreKreivav ov iroXXoug
rwv MaKeSopcov. Ka\ 'AXe^avSpog eKiri/JLirei rcDv \^iXuii/ qKac ro^orwv, cocrre avrwv avacrrelXai ri]v eKSpo/m^v ' Ka}
ovroi ov -^aXeTTwg dvea-reiXav »'/§}] ru) arrparoTreSu^ avru)
Trpocrcpepojuevovg. rtj Se varrepaia dvaXa^oov rrjv crrpa-
riav irdaav Kai TrepteXOwv Kara rag TrvXag dyepova-ag
eir ^^Xevdepag re Ka\ rrjv 'ArriKi'ju, ovSe rore irpocre-
fxi^e roig rei-^eaiv avrolg, aXX' ea-rparoireSevaev ov
TToXv aire-^Mv rTjg K^aS/uLeiag, cocrre eyyvg eh>at <jo(peXeiav
ru)V ^aKeSovwv rolg rrjV K-aS/melav e-^ovcriv. ol yap jqOrj^aioi rrjv J^aofxelav SnrXu> yapaKL ecbpovpovv citto-
rei-^icravreg, wg /m^re e^wOev riva rolg eyKareiXjjfx-
mevotg SvvacrOai eTTCocpeXeiv, jmt'jre avrovg CKOeovrag
ANABASIS I, 8. 17
^/KOLTTTeiv Ti (T(pag OTTore roh e^o) TroXe/x/ot? 7rpo(T(he-
poivTO. 'A.Xe^ai'Spog oe (en yap roi? Qti/Baioig Sia
(piXiag eXOeiv juaWov ti 5/ Sia kivovvov yOeXe) Sierpi/Se
7rpo9 TT] J^aSfxela KarecrTpaTOTreSevKoog. evOa Srj twv 1
1
0}]^aio)u oi p-ev tu ^iXTicrra e? to koivov yiyvuxTKOVTe^
e^eXOeiv wpjur]i^TO vrao' \AXepavopov Koi evpecrOat crvy-
yvcojixtjv Tip TrXrjOei T(hv Orj/BuLaiv t>]9 cnrocTTacreci)';' ol
(puyaoeg oe koi ocroi TOf? (puydSa'i e-mKeKkruxivoL rjaav,
ovSevog (pi\av9pu>7rou TV)(eiv uv Trap* 'AXe^di'^pov
a^iouvT€9, dWcog re koi (ioiwTapyovvTeii ecrTiv ol avToav,
TravTairacriv evijyov to irXijOog eg tov TroXefxov. 'AXe-
^avopo? oe ouo^ W9 tt] iroXei irpocre^aXev.
'AXAa Xiyei IlToXeyaafof o Kdyov oti JlepSiKKag, VIII.
7rpoTeTayfievo9 Ttjs <^uXa/c^9 tov (TTpaTOTreSov crvv ti]
avTOv TaPei kcu tov yapaKo? twv TroXetxicovThebes
, ,^
, , , , ,razed to ov iroXv a(j)e(TT>]Koc>g, ov 7rpocr/ui.eivag Trap'
ground, AXe^apopov TO 69 T>]v fxa-^i]}/ Pvv6t]iJLa avTO<;335 B.C. „ , }^ o ^ r n ,
TTjOWTO? TTpo(T€fxi^e TM ^(ipuKi Kut omcTTTacra?
avTOv eve/SaXev e? tmv Qrij^aLdov Trjv itpofbvXaKrjv . tovto) 2
oe eTTOjuevo? 'Afxvi^Tag 6 'A^vSpoju-euovg, oti koi PvvTe-
TayfJ.evog Tw ilepoiKKn i]v, eiry'iyaye K<xi avTog tvjv
avTov Ta^iv, (io? el^e tov HepSiKKai/ irpoeXrjXvOoTa e'/crco
TOV ^apa/co?. tuvtu Se iScou ^AXe^avSpog, to? /mr] [xovoi
airoXt^cpdevTeg irpog twv Otj^aicov KivSweva-eiav, eirriye
T>]P aXXtjv (jTpaTiav. kui tov? juev to^otu? ku] tov<; 3
'Aypidvag eKSpajULetv ecrriixrivev e'laio tov y^dpaKog, to
oe dyrjiua re koi Tovg v'jracrTncrTag eTi epw KaTeiyeu.
evOa at] YlepoiKKai^ juev tov oevTepov "^apaKOf e'laoo
TrapeXOelv ^iwCdixevo<i avTog jmeu jSXtjdeh ir'iirTei av-
18 AAEgANAPOY
Tov' KOI airoKOjJ.l'CeTai kukco? e^wv cTn. to (rrpaTOTre-
oov, KOI ^aXeTTCo? oiecrwOi] airo tov TpaufxaTo^' Tovg
/xevTOi Qrj/Satov? eg Tt]v Koi\t]v oSov Tt]v kutu to
'HjOa/cXeioi' (pepovaav ol d/j-a cwtw eicnrea-oi'Teg o/uov
Tolg Trap' ^AXe^ai/Spov TO^OTUig (TUveKXeicrav. Koi ecrre 4
/iX€v eTTi TO Hoa'/cXeiov avayuypovaiv e'nrovTO TOi?
Qt]^aioig' evTevQev Se eTricTTpe^avTwv avOig crvu /3o>;
Tiov Ot]/3aio)u (hvyrj tu)V M.aK€6ovu)v yiyveTai ' kui
EJou/Scora? re o Koj/p TriTTTei 6 Topapyjjg kui avTcov
Tociv TOPoTcov €? epoojuLi'jKoi'Ta' oi o€ Xoiiroi KaTeipvyov
TTjOO? TO ayijjua to tcov ^laKeSopwv Koi. tov? viraa-
TTtlTTa? T0V<S ^acriXlKOVg. KOLV TOVTU) 'AXe^ai'opo9 Tovg 5
/uLev avTov (pevyovTag KaTiScoi^, Tovg Qtj^aiovg oe XeXvK-
OTug €v TiJ Siw^ei T>;r Ta^iv, e/x^dWcL eg avTOvg
crvvT€TayiJ.evri th (paXayyi' oi Se (hOoucri Tovg Orjpaiovg
e'tcrco Tcov irvXcoV kui TOig QijjSatoig eg Toaovoe rj cpvyi]
(po^epa eylyveTO, coaTe Siu twv ttvXcov coOovfxevoi eg
T)]v TToXiv ovK e(pOi]G-av (TvyKXelarai Tug nrvXag' aXXa
crvveia-TriTTTOVcri yap avTocg e'lcrco tov Tei'^oug bcroi toov
Ma/ce^oVtoi' eyyvg (pevyoi/Tuiv e'l^ovTO, aVe Kai twu
Tef)(u)v Sia Tag irpocpvXaKag Tag iroXXag epyj/uoov ovtoov.
KOI 7rapeX96vTeg eig Trjv J^aSfxelau ol fiev eKciOev KaTa 6
TO 'A.iui(p€iov (Tvv Toig KaTe-)(ovari Tr]v J^aofxeiav e^e^aivov
eg Trjv aXXt]v ttoXiv' oi Se KaTO. to. Te'iyrj, e^ofxeva >'jor]
TTOO? TU)V (JvveicrirerTOVTwv TOig (pevyovcrip, vireppavTeg
eg TTjv ayopav SpojUiU) edyepovTO. Ka\ oXlyov /iiev Tiva 7
y^povov e/j-eivav ol TeTayfxevoi toov Qt]^aio)U kutu to
'A.jUL(peiov • u)g Se iravTa-yoOev avToJg ol Ma/ceooj/e?
KCLi *AXe^avSpog aXXoTe aXXt] etricbaivoixevog irpoa-e-
ANABASIS I, 9. 19
KcivTo, ot fxev iTTTreh tuiv 0>;/3a/ci)i/ SieKTrecrouTei; Sia
Tt}9 TToXewg €9 TO ireoiov epeTTLiTTOv, ol oe Tre^oJ (1)9
eKacTTOig irpov-^dopei ecrwCovTO. euOa §>] opyij ovy 8
ovTwg Ti Ol MuKeSoves^ aXka ^cokci^ re kuc IlAaTaie??
Kai OL aXXoi oe aoicoToi ovoe a/uLuvo/uLevov? eTi tov^
Qtj^alovi ovSen koctjulw eKTeivov, tovs /xev ev xacs
oiKiaL's eTreKTiriTrTovTe^, oi/? Se Koi, e? aXKtjv reT/oa/x-
/ixevov^, TOff oe kui tt^oo? lepoig iKerevovra^, ouTe yvvai-
KMv OUT6 iraiowv (heioofxevoi.
Ka< iraBoi} tovto tjWrjviKov fieyeOei t€ Trj^ IX..
aXoucr;/9 TroXeo)? Km 6^vti]ti tov epyou, oi'^ iJKiuTa
oe Kai TO) irapaXoyui e? re Toixi TraQovra^ kuiDigre8=
, , ' ' '
^
sion. TOL'9 opacravTa^, ov [xeiov ti toi'9 aWov<iReflections,^
„ r , v ,
on the rjWrjvaii i} Kai avTOvg tov? jUi.€Tua"voi'Ta? tovdisaster. „ '>-'>, >- ^ ' ^ ^ V ^' oepyou e^e7rA>/^e. ra fxev yap irepi Z^iKeXiav 2
A.0i}vaLOi? ^vveve-^QevTa, ei Ka\ irXyOei tcou a7roXofJt.epwv
ou jueiova Ttjv ^u/ii(popav t>/ iroXei ijveyKev, aXXa tw re
TToppo) airo T^9 oiKeiag SiaipOaptjvai avToi? tov crTpaTOv,
Kai TOV TToXvv ^ufJifxa-^^^iKov fiaXXov i] oiKeiov ovTa, koi tm
Tfjv TToXiv avTOi? 7repiX€i(hO>]vai, w? koi e? vcxTepov cttI
TToXu TM TToXe/ucp avTia")(eiv AaKeSaifxovioig re Ka} toc9
^u^^a-)^oi9 Ka\ fxeydXcp ^acriXei TroXeimovvTag, ouTe av-
Tofp T019 Tradovcriv 'irrrjv Tt]v a'laOijcriv tw ^vjudjopa?
irpoorevtjKev, ovTe To?g aXXoi? "EXXrjcri tijv tTrl t^o
irauei cKirXtj^iv oiuolav Trapea-^e. Kai to ev A.iy6? 3
TTOTaixol? avOig 'A^Orjvaiwv TTTaicfxa vqvtikov Te Tjv
Kai ri TToXi? ovoev aXXo oti fxtj toov /maKpwv Teivwv
KaOaipea-ei koi veiev twv ttoXXmv TrapaSoa-ei koc
a-Teg^a-ei Tijg ap^rjg is TaireivoTtjTa cKpiKO/nevt] to tc
20 AAESANAPOY
a-^yj/iia to iruTOiov oiulco<? ecbvXape KOi Tr]v ovvafxtv ov
Sia fiaKpou T>]v TToXai aveXa^ev, o)? tu t€ fxaKpu
Tei-^r] eKTeiyj.crai Koi tJ;? OaAacrcrj;? av6L<s eiriKpaTtjcrai
KOI T0U9 Tore (po/Sepovg a-ipicri Aa/ceoat/jtoj'iou? koi
Trap oXiyov eXOovTai; acbapicrai Ttjv ttoXiv uvtov^ ev
TU) juepei CK TU)v ecr-^drow klv^vvuiv SiacnocracrOai.
A.aKeoaiiu.oi'icov re au to kutu AeuKTpa koi Maj'r/- 4
veiav TTTaicTiJLa rw irapaXoyw /ncxXXou ti t>]9 ^u/JL(popa?
5; T(p 7rXj/0et toov ye aTroXofxevoov Tovg A^aKeSainioviov^
e^eirXri^ev' ij re ^vv '^7rafX€ivu>p§n Boiootwp koi
'A.pKaooi)v yevofxei'r] irpocr^oXt] ttjOO? Ttjv ^7rapTi]V kou
avTt] T(p aijOeL T'/? oy^eiog /JiuXXov r] Trj aKpi(3eia tcov
Kiv^vvwv avTOiiis T6 Tovg A^aKeSai/movLOVs koi tov^
^vfXjueTaa-^ovTa? avTotg twv t6t€ Trpay/uaTcov ecpolBrj-
(T€V. }] Se Si] YLXaTai€(t)v dXuxris t»/9 iroXecog tJ] (tjuli- 5
KpoTfjTi T(tiv eyKUTaXyjCpOevTcov, oti ol iroXXoi avTcov
6LUTre(hevye<jav iraXai fs Tag 'AO)yra?, ov jueya Tra-
6>]/uLa ey'eveTO' Kai tj JAL/Aof koi ^Kiwvt]^ aXcocri^,
vr]<Tiu)TiKa Te TroAicriULaTa >/v Kai toi<^ apua-auiv aia-^v-
vriv /nuXXov tl Trpocrk/SaXev 5/ eg to PviJ-irav YjXX}]vikov
fxeyav tov irapaXoyov irapecr'^e.
Q}j/3a[oi9 Se TU T>7? dwocrTacrewg o^ea kui ^uv 6
ovoevl Xoyiarfxip yepofxeva, kui rj dXcocrig oi oXiyou
Te KOI ov Pvv irovu) Twu eXovTwv PweveyQelaa, Kai
6 (povo? TToXug, ola or] ep 6/ui.o(pvXu)u Te kui TraXacag
aire-^Oela? CTre^toPTcov, Kai 6 Tt]9 TroXeoog -wavTeXtj^
avopairoSicrixoii, Svva.fJ.ei Te Ka\ S6^>] e? to. TroXejuia
Tu>p TOTe 7rpoe-^ov(Tr]g ev TOi? ''rjXXrjcriv, ovk e^oo tov
eiKOTog eig juLT]nv t>]u airo tov Oeiov apr]ve-^6t], cog 7
ANABASIS I, 9. 21
T^9 T€ ev TO} Mj/ot/co) TToXejuw Trpooocria^ tou' EXX)/i/ft)i'
Skx fxaKOOv TavTr]v oiKtjv CKTiaavTa^ Qf](3aiovi}, Ka]
T>]<i HXaraiMu ev re Tah crirovoal^ KaraXyj^ewq kou
rod iravTeXov? avdpa7rooi(T/ut.ov r//? iroXewg, koI t^?
Twv irapaSovTOiV <T(pa^ \aKeSaifJ.0VL0is oi'^ EiX\t]PiK>]^
yevoiJ.evri<i ^la Qt]l3aiovg a-cpaytjg, kui tou ^(wpLOv r^?
ept}iJ.w(Teu)<s ev oto) ol ' EXA»/i^e? TrapaTaPajuevoi Mr'jSoig
(iTTcoa-avTO tij? EAXaoo9 Tov kIvouvov, ku] otl 'A^Otj-
vaiou^ avTOi Ttj \^)'i(p(p uttcoWvov oVe virep avSpa-
TTooccr/uiov ri/f TToAewf yvwjut] irpovTeOrj ev toi? Aa«:e-
oaijULOvlcov ^v/uLfxa-^oi?. eTre). koc irpo r^? Pvfx(popa9 8
TToWa airo tov Oetov eTTKDjjm.yjvai eXeyeTO, a SI] ev
fxev TW irapavTiKa >]/ULe\i'i6>], vcrTepov Se tj luv/i/ut]
avTu e? \oyi(TiJ.ov tov e/c iraXai ein Toh ^uveve-vOela-i
7rpo(Tt]/txavOt]vai av/jveyKe.
A Oi"? oe ixeTaar-yovcn tov epyov Pvhixw^ok;, oh S}j 9
KOI €7reTpe\^ev AXe^avopof tu kutu Tug Gj//3a9 Sia-
Oeivai, T)]v fxev K.aS/uLeiav (ppovpa KaTe-^eiv
of the eSo^e^ Ttjv ttoXiv Se KaTacrKCxy^ai e<V eSachog, kolThebans.
, , _ . ^ , „ ,
T}]v yQjopav KaTaveijuai to/? pvjujui.a-^oig oat] fx)]
iepa avTrjii' iralSag Se koI yvvaiKa? Koi. oaoi VTreXelirovTO
yyijpaicoVj 7rXr]v tmv lepewv re K(xt lepetcov Ka\ ocroi Pevoi
^iXiTTTTOu 5/ 'AXe^dvSpov >] ocroi Trpo^evoi Ma/ce^o-
vcov eyevovTO, avSpairoSicrai. koi t'jv TLivSapov Se lO
TOV TTOll^TOV OLKLUV KUL TOVg UTTOyOVOVg TOV illV-
vapov Xeyovcnv otl SiecbvXa^ev 'A.Xe^avSpog aiSoi
Ttj WivSapov. ein TOVTOig 'Op-^ojixevov re Kcii ITXa-
Tuias avacTTtjcrai re koi Tef^icrui ol ^vfj-jxa'^OL eyvco-
aav.
22 AAES/ANAPOY
E? oe Tovi a'AXof? "EXAj/i^a? w? €^}}yye\0i] tu)v X.
Qt]paio)i> TO 7ra6o9, 'A^pKaSef fxev ocroi ^Oi]6}]<Toi'Tei
Qijf^aioig airo Ttjg oiKeia? copiurjOtjcrav OdvuTOv
Greece. KaT€\lrt](hi<TavTO Twv eirapavTwv (j(ha<i e? TtivArcadians, ' ' ' '
Aetoiians, (3o>]0eiai/. 'HXeioi Se Toi'9 (pvyaSag achwv
Athenians KUTeoePavTO, OTL eTTiTrjSeioi 'AXepavSoM ijaav.send en=
* r, ^ \
voys to AtrcoXoi oe 7riOecr/3em9 crcbuiv kutu eOvt] Treju.- 2Alexander,
, - '5'\|/a^Te? i^vyyvco/jDjii TV^eiv eoeovTO, OTi kui
avTol Ti irpos Tu irapu rwu QtjjSalwv cnrayyeXdevTa
evewTepicrav 'A.6t]vaioi Se, [Jiva-Tyjplwv twv jmeydXcov
ayoixevwv (09 riKOv Tive^ twv Qtj/Saicov eP avTOV Tov epyov,
TCI ixev fxvcTTi'jpia eKirXayeuTeg e^eXnrov, e/c ^e tcov aypciov
€<TKeuayu)yovi/ eg Trju iroXii/. 6 (5^/j109 ^e e? eKKXrjcriap 3
(TuveXOoov At]jui.aoov ypa.\j/avT09 SeKa 7rpe(Tf3ei<; e/c TravToou
Toov ^A.Br,valwv eTTiXe^d/iLePog Tre/XTrei irapa 'AXe^avSpov
ovcTTivag €7nTr}0€ioTaTOug 'AXePavopo) eyiyvaxTKOv, otl re
(TWO? ep ^IXXupLwv KOI TpiSaXXwi' eTrautiXOe -^aipeiv tov
Stjfiov Toov ^ AQi]vai(av ovk ev KUipco dTTuyyeXovvTag
Kol OTi Ot]/3aiou? TOV i'ecoT€pi(TjULOU eTi/Jicopi'icraTO. 6 4
Se TO. ixev dXXa (piXavOpwwu)? Trpog t>]v irpeal^eLav
cnreKplvaTO, eincrToXfjv Se ypdylra? Trpos tov SP]juov
ePiJTei T0V9 dfi(p) ArjfxoaOevrjv KUi AvKOvpyov Kat
'YTrepeiStjv oe ^PflTei kcCl YVoXvevKTOV kcu XaprjTa Koi
^api§t]fjLov Kol 'lSi(piaXTi]v Kat AioTifxov koi Moipo-
KXea' TOVTOv? yap aiTiov? eivai T>J9 re ev J^aipo)- 5
veia ^ufxcpopd? Tij TroXei yevojuevt]? Kai t(ov ucTTepov
eiri Tt] ^iXiTTTTOV TeXevTU 'TrXijfJLjui.eXtjOevTCOV e? re av-
Tov KOI eg ^IXiTTTrov • Ka\ Orj/Saioig oe Ttjg dirocTTa-
aeoog cnrecbaivev aiTiovg ov fxelov 17 Tovg avToiv Ot]-
ANABA2I2 I, 11. 23
^ai(jov veu>Tepl(TavTa<i. 'A.9t]vaioi Se tov<s fj.ev ai'Spag 6
OVK isPeSocrav, TrpeaBevoi/Tai Se au6i9 Trapa
willingly IxAeto.i'opou, acpeivai oeo/uevoi Tf]v opyr]i> toisreconciled ,y ^ ^ J ^ ' A ^ '>- 5 '^- ^ '
with e^aiT>]u€i(Tf Kui AAei^ai'opoi a(pt]Ke, Tv^op /nevAthens. ;^ . „ ,, , „, n^ „ , ,
atoof T/;? TToAewf, tv^ov oe mrovorj tov e? r;;!/
AcTiav cTToAof, ou/f eOeXoov ovSev vttotttov eu TOtg"EX-
\t](Tiv inroXe'nrea-Bai. ^apiSijjULOi' [xivTOi, p.6vov Tchv epai-
TrjOei^TOiV Te Koi ov ooOevTwv (pevyeiv cKeXeucre' Koi cfyevyei
^aplSrjfxog eg t>]v 'Acr/ai/ Trapu ^acriXea Aapeiov.
II.
—
Bvents in Macedonia and Asia Minor before the
tattle of the Granicus.
LavTa 06 mairpa^ajxevog eTravtjXdev eh Ma/ce^ow'ai/" XI.
KCiLi TO) re At) Tw 'OXvjuLTriw Trjv Ovcriav Tr]v cnr 'A.p-^eXa.ov
€Ti KaQecTTfJocTav eOvrre kui tov ay(t)va evCrossingof
\ i ~ <^ in ^ t^ / , <\\ \
theHelles° A^iyoig oieurjKe Tu 'OXvjULTria' ol oe kui Taig
Alexander Movcraig XeyovcTiv oTi aywva eTroLtjae. kui ev 2at Troy. , , , ' '{^ a.' - r»"TOVTO) ayyeAAerai to l/offieco? tov \Jiaypou
TOV QpoiKog ayaXfjia to ev YlieplSi iSpuxrai ^vveyo}^
'
Kai aXXoi aXXa eireOeia^ov twv juavTecov, 'ApiaTavvpo?
§e, avrip leXjULicrcrevg, luavTig, Oappelv eKeXeucrev AXe^-
avSpov orjXova-Oai yap oTi TTOiijTah eTToov re koi jueXwu
Kai ocroL a/uLcbi mojjv e'vovcri ttoXi/? ttoj/o? ecTTai iroielv Te
Koi aSeiv 'AXe^avSpov Kai ra 'AXe^dvopov epya.
"Ajua §e Tw ijpi npyoixevui ePeXavvei e(p^ rjXX}](nrovTOv, 3
TO. /mev KUTo. ^laKeSoviav tc koi tol'? "EXX»;i/a9 'Ai'Ti-
iraTpip eTTiTpeyp^a^, avTog Se aycov "TreZovg /xeu
334 B.C. »i-\- * >»' ' ^^'"^'(Tvv \yiXoig Te Kai to^otui? ov ttoAAu) TrAeiovs
Twv Tpiarjuvpiwv, iTTTreag oe inrep rof? irevTaKia'^i-
24 AAE^ANAPOY
Xiov?. T]v Se avTO) 6 crroXog irapa Ttjv Xijuvtjv tyjv
It^eoKivlTLv 0)9 ex' 'AjuLdn'iroXiv koI tov ^Tpvp.6vo<s
TTorajuou tu^ cK^oXa^. Sia/Sui Se tov XTpufj-ora 4
irapu/uei^e to Udyyaiov opo? TW to? ex' "A^Stjpa koi
M.apoov€iav, iroXeii 'EiXXjjvlSag iir) daXaa-crri wKia-fxe-
va<i. evQev Se eiii tov "K/Spoi' iroTaixov cKpiKO^evos
Sia/Balvei koc tov "^(3pov evTrcTwg. eKecOev §e §ia
ri/? YlaiTiKfjg exi tov Me'Xava iroTafXov epyeTai. oia- 5
^ag Se KOI TOV Me'Xava e? ^ijcttov cKpiKveiTUi ev
eiKOcri Tai? -TrdcTCug t'l/nepai^ airo ri?? oiKoOev ^^op-
/j.7](Te(i09. eXOoov Se e? '^XaiovvTa Ovei TLpwTeo-iXcup
ex< TU) TCKpu) TOV Y\p(joTeaiXdov, oti koi WpoiTccriXao^
7rpu)T09 eSoKei eK^tjvai e? Trjv 'A^crlav twv EXX>)i'wv twv
d/ma 'A.yafJi€iUivovi e? ' IXiov (TTpaTeucrdvTCOv. Kai o vou^
Tt]9 Oucrias ^v ewLTV^ecrTepav ol yevecrOai >/ YlpcoTea-iXaco
Tt]v ciTTo^aaiv.
YlapfMevloov /nev Sr] tu>v ireX^wv TOf? xoXXoi;? Kai 6
Trjv 'iTTTTOV Sia^i(3d(rai CTaydt] e/c 2>;(TTOi7 e? A.^voov'
Kol Sie^ijaav Tpn'jpecri /mev ckutov koi e^}'iKovTa, ttXoioi?
Se aXXoi^ TToXXoh CTTpoyyvXaig. 'AXe^avSpov Se
€p ^^XaiovvT09 e? tov 'A^atwi' Xifxeva KUTupai 6
xXe/cDi/ Xoyog KUTej^ei, Koi avTov re Ku^epvcovTU t>]v
crTpaTi]yL§a vavv Sia^dXXeiv koi e'xeio^ kutu /j-ecrov
TOV iropov Tou ' ^XXi](J7r6vTOV eyeveTo, aCpa^avTa tuv-
pov TW Tlo(T€iS(iovL KOI l^i]pi]i(Ti (TTrevSeiv e/c yjpva-'n'i
(bidXri^ e? TOV -ttovtov. Xeyovui Se Koi TrpooTOv e/c t>79 y
j^eo)? (Tvv Toh oirXoig eK^rjvai avTOV e? ti]v y)]v Tt]V
'Acriav KOI iScojuiov? iSpva-aa-Qai oOev re ea-ToXt] ck rJy?
EujO(ox»?9 KOI OTTOv e^e^Tj Tr)<i 'Ao-i'a? Ai09 ciTToBa-
ANABASIS I, 12. 25
Trjolou Koi 'A.6t]va? Ka\ HpuKXeov^' ai/eXOovTa oe
eg "IXiov TT] T€ 'A9t]va Oucrai ri; 'IXiaSi, koi t>]v
TravoTrXlav rrjv avrov avaQe'ivai eg tov vem', kui KaOeXeiv
cii't] TavTt]9 TMV teocov TLva oirXcov en ck tov ipwiKov
epyov (TM^OjULeva. koi TavTa Xeyovaiv on ol viroaTricrTai 8
ecbepov irpo avrov eg Tag ixayag. Ovcrai oe avTov kui
Y[pia/u(p eir] tov (Sconiov tov Aiog TOv'l^pKeiov Xoyog
KaTeyeL, ixrjviv YipLaiJ.ov TrapaiTOVfxevov tu> NeoTTToXejuov
yevei, o St] eg avTOV KaQrjKev,
'A.vi6vTa S' avTOV eg "IXiov ^leuoinog re o Kvj3ep- XII,
vijTfjg Ypvcrw crTedydvcp ecrTecpdvcocre koi eir] tovtm ji.apt]g
6 'A.6}]uaiog €K ^lyeiov eXOwv km Tiueg kuiAlexander ^^
^ , ^^ , <\\ , , ' ^^atAchilles' aXXoi, OL fj-ev ' EjXXriveg, ol oe e-Kiyoopioi ' o oetomb
;
, , ^ ^ ' A \ ^ ' " ' ^compario KUI avTog TOV Ap^iAAew? apa Tacpov ecTTe-son of the
, 'rr > > ?' \ ' "two cpavcocrev' ti(pai(TTio)i'a oe Aeyoveriv oti tovheroes. t-t / ^ ^ ' j: ' j^ ' ^
liaTpoKXov TOV Tucpov e(jTe(pav(idcre' Kai
evSaifiovicrev apa, wg Xoyog, 'AXe^auopog 'A^tXXea, oti
'O/n^pov KYjpvKOg eg Ttjv eireiTa iui.vijjur]v eri/^e. kui 2
/mevTOi Ka\ ^/v 'AXe^avSpo) ov-^ t'jKKTTa tovtov eveKa
evSaijULOvicTTeog 'A.-^iXXevg, oti avTCf ye 'JiXe^avopo), ov
KaTO. TW dXXtjv eTTiTv^iav, to -^(apiov tovto eKXnreg
Pvve^t] ovSe ePt]ve-^t] eg avOpwirovg to. ^AXe^avopov epya
eiraploog' ovt ovv KaTaXoydStjv ovTe Tig ev jueTpo)
ewo'irja-ev, «XX' ovSe ev ixeXei fjcrOt] 'AXe^avopog, ev
OTU) 'Iepo)v Te Ka\ TeXcov koi Qi'jpeov Kai iroXXoi aXXoi
ovSev Ti 'AXePdvSpcp eireoiKOTeg, wcttc ttoXv ^eiov
yiyvwoTKeTai to. ^AXe^dvSpov rj to. (pavXoTUTU tu)v
TrdXai epyoov ' oiroTe koi y] twv /xvpiuiv crvv K.vptp 3
uvoSog ein /SacnXea 'ApTa^ep^rjv Kai to. KXeap^ou re
26 AAE^ANAPOY
Koi Tu>v dfxa avT(p aXovrwv TraOrnnaTa koli t] Kard-
l3a(Tts avTwu CKeivwv, i]v t^evocbcov avTov^ Kax/jyaye,
TToXu TL eTTKpavecTTepa e? av6pu)-7rov9 AeuodicopTO'i
ei'eKO. ecTTiv >/ 'AXe^avSpo^ re koi to. 'AXe^avSpov
epya. kultol 'AXe^a^ooo? ouTe Pvu oXXm ecTTpoiTev- 4crei', ovT€ (pevyMv /ueyav /Saa-iXea tov? ti] KaOoSid ti]
eTTt OaXarrav ejuirooMV yiyvoiJ-ivov^ eKparrjcrev aXX'
ovK ecTTLV ocrTi9 dWo? ei? av}]p Tocravra >} TtjXiKavTa
epya kutu irXTjOog "ij jueyeOo? ev ' EiWrja-iv rj ^ap/3a-
poig uTreSel^aro. evOeu koi auTog opiJLrjBrjval chtjfxi
69 TrjuSe T)]v ^uyypa<p7]v, ovk aTra^icocrag efxauTov
(pavepa KaTacrri'icreiv e? avOpwirovg to. 'AXe^dvSpov
epya. oari? oe &v ravra virep e/J-avTov yiyvocxTKW, 5
TO ixev ovofxa ovSeu Seofxai uvaypa^ai, ovSe yap
ovSe dyvuxTTOv e? dvOpwirov^ ecmv, ovSe iraTpiSa
7JT19 jULOL ecTiv ov^e yevo<} to efxov, ovSe ei §)'] Tiva
dp-^v €v Tt} efxavTOu >/p^o,' aW eiceivo dvaypd(pa),
on e/ULol Trarpig re kui yevo^ Kai ap^ai o'lbe 01 \oyoi
eiari T€ Kai diro ueov eTi eyevovTO. Kai eiri Tcpoe
OVK dirapiw efiavTOV tcov 7rpu)T(i)v Toov ev r/; (pcovij
Tij 'EXXa^t e'lTrep ouv Koi ^AXe^avSpog twv ev rois
oTrXoi?.
'EiP 'IXlov Se e? 'A.pia/3i]i' ijKev, ov irucra >j ovva- 6
IULI<; avTM oia^e^rjKvIa tov rjWi'jcnrovTov ecTTpaToire-
SevKei, KOI Tij vcTTepaia e? llepKWTrjV tij oePrelimm= v. ,, * r ,
'
'
> 1 ^ - tt
ments , ' ;, , ,„ „ ,, ' , ^againstthe Tio) TTOTajiio) e(TTpaT07reoev(Tev, OS pewv e/c tcovPersians. ,^ ^,yn, '??-'/! '^ '
opcov tcov ioaicov eKOiooi eg uaAacrcrav tvjv
fxeTu^v TOV 'EXXtjcnrovTOV re koi tov rjv^eivou
ANABA2I2 I, 12. 27
TTOVTOV. evQev oe eg'rjOfxwToi' acpiKeTo, KoXcova? ttoXiv
7rapa^ei\y^a9. (Tkottoi oe avTcp e-Trefj-TrovTO irpo tou
(TToaTev/jiaTO^ kui tovtwv tiyejuniov jjv J\fxvvTag o /
'Appa/Salou, k'-^oou tcoi/ re eraipoov Trjv 'iXrjv Tr]v e^
'A^TToWcoviag, rjg iXap-^)]? ?]v ^ooKparrj? 6 SaOcoi/o?, ko.)
Twv irpoopoiJ.wv KaXovfxiviov 'ika<; Tecra-apag. Kara oe
Trjv irapooov YiplaTTOV iroXiu efSoOeicrau irpog twv
evoiKovvTwv Tovg 7rapa\r]\p^ojui.ei/ovg aTrecTTeiXe aw liavr]-
yopip TO) A^UKayopov, eu] tcov kralpoov.
iLepcrociv oe crTpaTijyol Tjcrav 'A-pa-aixtj^ kol Peo- °
fxiOprjg KUi TleTiVijs KOI NicbdTtjg kui Pvv TOVTOig Stt^-
Theircom^ OpiSarrjg 6 AvStag Kol 'Iceviag aarpairrig koi
manders. ' A ' t ^ \ fT7^^ ' /T\ '
J\p(TiT}]g o Tt]g irpog hiXXijcnrovTUi ^pvyiag
inrap-^og. ovtol oe irpog ZeXvla iroXei KaTecrTparo-
TreSevKore? i'lcrau ^vu tj; 'Itttto) re r^ ^ap^aptKt) koi Totg
"EXX>;crf TO/"? juiaOocpopoig. jSovXevojuevoig Se avTocg 9
VTrep TMV irapovTiav, eireiorj 'AXe^auSpog Sia^e^ijKwg
ijyyeXXeTO, v/LejULiwv 6 Po'oto? Traptjvei fxij Sia kivSuvov
Levat irpog Tovg Ma/ce^oVa?, too re Trerw ttoXvAlemnon's
, ^ \ > ^ '\' w
policy ireoLOVTag (Tcbcov Kai avTOV 'AXepavopov ira-relected.
poi^Tog, avTOi<s oe airovTog Lsapeiov ' irpoiovTas
oe TOU re -^iXov acpai/lteiv KaTairaTovvTag t>/ 'Ittttm Kai
TOP ev Trj yij Kapirov efxirnrpdvai, fXijSe tcop TroXeoou
avTwv (peiSofxevoug. ov yap fxeve'iv ev tij X'^P9 '-A-Xe^-
avopov aTTopia tmv eiriTJjSeiwv. 'ApaiTtjv Se XeyeTai iq
enreiv ev tw (jvXXoycp twv JJepcrwv OTi ovk av irepuSoi
fiiav oiKiav efjLTrprja-Oeia-av twv vtto at TeTay/xevcov dv-
Qpunrodv Kou Tovg YVepa-ag ^Apa-iTi] irpocrOecrdai, oti
Kai viroTTTOv Ti avT0i9 tjv eV tov ^le/xvova, Tpi^ds
28 aae;e?anapoy
e/JLTTOie'iv €KOVTa T(p TroXefjLM Tr}9 eK (SacrtXecog Tifxtjg
evGKa.
'Ef TOVTU) §e ^AXe^auSpog 7rpov-)^u)pei eir). rov Ypa- XIII
viKov TTOTajj-ov (jVVTeTayiJ.evu) tw crToaTco, onrXfji^ fxev
Trjv (pdXayya twv ottXitcov rct^a?, tov9 Se
Par- t ' ^ V , ,r r , /
menion iTTTrea? KUTU Tu KepuTu aywv, ra <JKevo(popa
delaT-** *^^ /caroTTiv eTTiTCt^a? eTrecrOai • rovg Se irpo-
AlexanderKaTao-Key^ofxevovg TO. Toov TToXejULicov ^yev aivTO)
rl-yeAo^o?, iinreag juLev c-^wu Tovg rrapLcrao-
<p6pov9, TOOV oe y^iXcop e? irevTaKoalovg. kol AXeP- 2
avopo? re ov ttoXv airei-^e rov TroTa/moO tov VpauiKOV
Kai ol airo toov (tkottoov cnrovoij eXavvovTei^ airi'iyyeXXov
eiTL TOO LpaviKM irepav Toug lleocra? e(be<TTavai TeTay-
jmevovg oog ef fxa-^rjv. evOa S>] 'AXePavSpoi; juev Trjv
(TTpaTiav TTucrav crvveTaTTev (09 lua-^^oufxevoug ' Ylap-
fxevloiv §e irpocreXOoov Xeyei ^AXe^avSpo) TaSe. 'EyuoJ 3
ooKei, ^aaiXeu, ayaOov elvai ev tw irapovTi KUTaa-
TpcxTOireoevaai eiri tov TroTa/uLou Tt] ovOiJ oog e^ofxev.
Tous yap TToXe/uLiovg ov ooKoo ToXjur'jcreiv ttoXv tm ireYw
XeiTro/mevovi TrXrjmov ^/uloov avXi(r6i]vai, kui TavTt] irape-
Peiv eooOev ev7r€T00<; tm crTpaTW ma^aXelv tov iropov
'
VTTOOpOacro/uiev yap avToi irepacravTeg irpiv CKeivovg eg
Ta^iv KaOla-TacrOai. vvv Se ovk aKivSvvooq [jloi SoKovjuev 4eTTf^eiprirreLV Tip epyw, oti oJy oiov re ev /ULeTooTrcp oia
TOV TTOTajULov ayeiv tov (TTpuTOv. TToXXa fjLev yap
avToO opoLTai ^aOea, at §e oy^Oai avTai opag oti virep-
vyp^}]Xoi KOi KpfjjUivdoSeig eicr}v at avToov aTOLKToog re ovv 5
Kai KUTa Kepag, ijirep aa6eve<TTaTOV, eK^aivovcriv eiriKe'i-
(TovTai e? (paXayya crvvTeTay/uievoi toov iroXefxicov ol
ANABA2I2 I, 14. 29
tTTxef? • Koi TO TTOWTOV (T(pa\jut.a 69 Te Tu irapovTa
"vaXeirov. koli e? r^i/ virep iravTOS tov iroXefiou Kpicriv
(TCpaXepov.
*A\e^av§po9 Se, ravra fiev, €(pt], & Tlapiuei^Lwv, 6
yiyvocxTKW ' aia")(yvofxai Se, el tov yueV hiWija-Troi'TOV
Si€^}]v euTrero)?, tovto Se, aixiKpov pev/na (ovtco tw
ovo/xuTi TOV VpavLKov eK(pav\i(Tag), eip^ei ^^a? tov
fX)] ov Sia^tjvaL co? e-^^ofxev. koi tovto ovtc ttjOO? Maice- 7
SoVCOV TrJ9 S6^l]9 OVT€ TTjOO? Trj^ ejut.tj(; e? tou? Kivovvovg
opvTrjTO? TTOiovfxai ' avaOapprjcreiv tc ookm Tovg YLepcra?
ft)? a^iojud-^ovg ^laKeSocriv ovtu^, oti ovoav a^iov tov
a<pMv Seovg ev tw irapavTiKa eiraOov.
III.
—
Battle of the Graniens, May, 334 B.C.
TavTU eiTTcou Tlapfxevioova /mev eiri to eueovv/mov XIVKepa^ iri/JLirei ^yijcroiuLevov, ai'ro? oe eir} to oe^iov
iviace°irapt'^ev. 7rpoeTa')(9t]crau Se avTw tov [J-ev
order of^e^lOV ^tXftJTa? 6 T\.apiX€VlWVO^, €)((MU TOl'9
battle. ' ' \ t r \ \ y ' ^
cTaipovg TOl'9 tTTTrea? Kat tov^ to^otg^ kui
Tov^ Aypiauag Tovg ukovticttcU ' 'A-juvvTWi §e 6 'A.ppa-
/Baiov Touif T€ (Tapi(Tcro(b6poug iinriaq e'^wv ^iKwTa
eireTa-yBt] kui tov^ Ylaiova(} koi Tt]v 'cXrjv Trjv zlcoKpa- 2
TOV?. eyofievoi ^e tovtwv eTa-vOijcrav ol viracnricTTai
TMU CTUipWV, OJU riyeiTO ^IKUVCOp 6 TlapjU€Vl(lOV09 ' fTrJ
oe TOVToi^ rj TlepSiKKov tov 'OpovTOV (paXay^ ' eiri oe
1] Ko/j'ou TOV T\o\eiJ.OKpaTOV<i ' e7r< oe ^ J^puTepov 3
TOV 'AXe^dvSpov fTTi §e tj 'Ajuvvtov tov ^A.vSpo-
juevovs • eTTt ^e wv ^iXnnrog 6 'A.ij.vvtov vp'X^- tov
30 AAESANAPOY
§€ evcovvjULOv TTOMTOi jitev ol OerraXo] iTTTreig eTa-)(9tjcrav
&v riyeiro KaXa? 6 'Ap-TraXov ' eir) §e rovroi? ol ^f/x-
fxayoi tTTTrer?, mv ^px^ ^iXnrTro^ 6 ^lei/eXaou • eiri Se
rovTOi? ol Ooa/ce?, u)V vpyev ^A^yaOiav ' e-)(Ofxe o ce
TOVTcoy -TreTo) ?/' re J^parepov (paXay^ Kai rj ^leXeaypov
KOL r] ^iXi-TTTrov ecrre eirl to jmeaou rtj? ^v^ira(ri]<i
Uepacov Se linrei? ixev ?]crav eg Sicrfivpiov?, ^evoi 4
^e ire'^oi /uLicrOocpopoi oXiyov airoSeoi'Teg Sicr-
Persian. fxvplwv * era^Qyjcrav §e Ti]V fxev 'iinrov irapa-
reivaureg tm TrorajUM Kara r)]v o-^Qi]v e-rri (paXayya
[xaKpav, TOW Se 'TreYoixs KaTOiriv tmv tTnrecov • kui yap
virepSePia rjv Ta virep rhv o-)(Ot]v ^wpla. j] ce 'AXe^av-
Spov avTov KuOewpoov {SriXo(i yap i)v rwv tc ottXmv Trj
XajuLTrpoTrjTi Kai Twv a.jui.(p' avTov rr] arvv eKirXt'i^ei Oepa-
nrela) Kara ro evoovu/nov crcpwu e7re)(ovra, ravnj irvKvas
ewe'raPav nj o-)(OiJ rag iXag rcov iTnreoov.
Xoo'voi' imep St] OLjucporepa ra crrparevixara eir ^
OLKpou rod TTora/iiou ecpea-rwreg viro rod ro fxeXXov
OKveiv rja-uviau fjyov Kai aiyr] tjv ttoAA*/ a(p
^tth*"''^*^' '^K^OL'^^P^^- ot yap Tiepa-ai Trpocreixevov rovg
head of his Ma/ce^oVa?, OTToVe ecrB/ja-ovrai eg rov ttooov,cavalry, ' ' '
crosses the ^^ ciriKeKToaevoL eKBaivova-iV 'AXefavSpog Se 6river. ^ '
a.va7r>]Sr]crag exi rou 'nrirov Kai roig afiip
avrov eyKeXevcrdjULevog eirearOal re Ka\ avSpag ayaQovg
yivecrOai, roug /mei^ TrpoSpofxovg lirireag Kai fxtjv Kai
Tovg Haiovag Trpoe/m^aXXei eig rov irorafiov e-)(ovra
Afxvvrav rov ^Appa/Saiov Ka] ru)v ire^wv fxiav ra^iv,
KOI irpo rovroov r>]v ^lOKpdrovg 'iXtjv YiroXe/naiov rov
ANABA2I2 I, 15. 31
^iXiTTTTOv ayovra, i] Sh koi eTvy)(uv€ tIjv /jye/xoviav
rod iTTTTiKov TravTO? e-)(ovcra eKehyj Ttj I'mipa • avro? Se '
aycov TO Se^iov Kepas viro craXTnyywv re Kai ro)
'Ej/vaX/w aXaXcc^oi'Ta? eju^aii^ei e? rof -wopov, \o^i]V
aei Trapareivwv rhv ra^ivfj
TrapeiXKe to peCfxa, 'Iva Stj
fxt] cK^alvovTL avTM ol Tiepa-ai KaTO. Kepag irpocnrlir-
Toiev, aXka Kai avTog m avvaTOV rt] (paXayyi irpocr-
Ot Se Tiepaai rj Trpwroi ot a/iKpl 'Ajuvvrav koi XV.
'ZcoKpdrrjv Trpoarecrxpv T?] ox^lh TavTi] koc avTo] avuiQev
ej3aWov, ol /iiev avrosv airo t»/9 o^0>;9 e^Descrip-
, « ^, , > r , ;^tionofthe vTrepde^iov e? Tov ttotu/ulov ecraKOVTii^ovTeg,battle.
, n, > < n ^ ' 1 ^ V » %
Ot oe Kara tu yva/JiaKcjOTepa avT>]? ecTTe eiri
TO vScop KUTu^alvovTe^. KOi >;i/ twu re iTnrtwv (i)6i(Tp.og, 2
Tbov ixev eK^aiveiv €K tov iroTafxov, twu S' e'lpyeiv t>]v
eK^afTLv, Ktti ttoXtmv uiro jxev rwv Ylepa-wv toXXi]
a(f)ecn9, oi MaKre^oVe? ^e ^vv Toh ^opaaiv e^ayovTO.
aXXa Tw re 7rX?/0et ttoXv eXaTTovfxevoi IVIa/ceooVe?
€KaKo-TraOovv ev t>) TrpwTr] TTjOotr/SoX?/ kui uvtol e^
a^e^aiov Te kui d/ua KUTwOev e/c tov TroTajuov afxuvo-
fxevoi, 01 Se Hepcrai e^ inrepSe^lov t^9 o-)(6>]? ' aXXwp
re Koi. TO KpcxTirrTOu rJyf Ylepa-iKfj? 'iirirov tuvtu eire-
TeTUKTO, Ol T€ ^lefjivovoif TraiSe? koi avro? 6 Mefx-
vu)v fxeTci TOVTCov €KivSvveve. Kai ol fxev irpwTOi toov 3
M-aKeSovMv Pvixfj-ipavTet; Toh Tlepcrai? KUTeKOTrrjcrav
irpoq avTOOv, avSpeg ayaOo) yei^o/mevoi, brroi ye /arj irpog
'AXepapSpov TreXa^ovTU aireKkivav avTwv. 'AXe^av-
Spo^ yap '/jSi] irKrja-LOV rjv, dixa oi aywv to Kepa?
TO Se^iop, KOt e/x/3dXXei eg Tovg Tlepa-ag TrpwTog 'iva
32 aae;e;anapoy
TO irav G-Ti(bo^ T^9 'iTTTTou KOI uvTOL oi ^yefxoveg twv
TVepa-wv Terayfji.evoi ^jaav ' kqi irepi avTOv ^vveia-T)']K€i
jjia-^ri KaoTepa ' Koi. ev tovto) aWai eir aWai^ tmv 4
rdpewv T019 Ma.fe^ocrt Sie^aivov ov ^aAexco9 '>'/or]. koc
^v /UL€V airo tcov "iinruiv tj jmax'], Tre^Oyua^/rt 6e fX(7\\ov
Ti ewKei. ^vve-)(OjULevoi yap "nnroL re "nnroi<s koi ai/Spe^
ai'Spacriv tjycovi^oi'TO, 01 /xei/ e^wa-ai eig cIttuv airo r^?
OY0>/9 Koi e? TO TreSlov (Biaa-aa-Oai rovg Hepcra^, 01
Ma/ce^oi^e?, oi 8e elp^ai re avTwv rrjv eK^aaiv, 01 5
Ileoo-at, Kai eg rov iroTuiJ.ov avOig aTruxracrdai. Km e/c
Tovrov eirXeoveKTOuv tjSr] oi crvv 'AXe^aySpcp ttj re
aWi] poo/JLH Koi efXTreipla koi on ^vcrro'ig Kpave'ivoig
irpog ttoXtu ejjLayovTO.
"^vda St] Kai 'AXe^avSpo} ^uvrpi^erai to Sopv ev 6
Til jui.u-)(i]• 6 (5e "ApeTiv ijTci Sopv erepov, ava^oXea
Twv ^aaiXiKCOv ' T(p Se koi uvtw Trovovp-evcp crvvTe-
Tpifiinevov TO Sopv TjV, 6 §e tuj I'lfiiaei KeKXaa-^evov
Tov SopaTog ovK a(pav(ag e^ict^ero, koi tovto Sei^ag
'AXe^avSpo) ciXXov aheiv eKeXeve • A>]^apaTog Se,
avr}p K.opivOiog, tmu afxcp' avTov eTaipwv, SiSwcriv
auTw TO avTOv Sopv. koi og avaXa^wv koi lowvy
M-idpiSoLTijp TOV Aapeiov ya/u.0p6v iroXv irpo tmv
aXXcov Trpo'i-mrevovTa Kai eirayovTa cifxa oi loa-rrep
e/j-l^oXov Twv iinrewv, e^eXavvei Ka). avTog nrpo twv
aXXcov Ka\ ira'.a-ag e? to Trpoa-WKOV tw oopaTi KUTa-
^dXXei TOV MiOpioaTt]v. ev Se tovtm 'Pozcra/o/? ^ev
iireXavvei tm 'AXe^dvSpo) Kai Truiei ^AXe^dvSpou Trjv
Ke(paXt]v T)] KOTTiSi • Ka\ tov fxev Kpdvovg ti uTreOpavcre, 8
T>]v 7rX}]yi]v Se ecr^e to Kpdvog. Ka] «:aTa/3aXXet /cat
ANABASIS I, 16. 33
TOVTOV ^AXe^avSpo? Traicra? tw ^vcttw Sia tov QwpaKo<s
eg TO (TTepvov. ^TriOpwaTt]? Se avereTUTO fxev t'l^t]
e-TT 'AXe^auSpov oincrOev rrju KoiriSa, vTrocbOaaag ^e
avTOV KXeFro? o ApcDTrcoou Tralei Kara tov to/nov kui
onroKOTTTei top oo/ulou tov ^TriOpiSaTov ^vv Ti] kottISi
KUi ev TOVTM eireK^aivovTeis aei twu 'nnreeov ocroig irpov-
"Xj^pei KUTu TOV TTOTaixov irpoaeytyvovTO TOts ci/nd)'
'AXe^avopoi^.
Ka< 01 Ylepa-ai Traiofxevoi re '7ravTa-)(oQev ijSi] e? XVITu TTOOcooTra avToi tc kul 'ittttoi Tot9 ^vcTToig Koi irpo
Defeat and'''^^ iTTirewv e^wOovjuei'Oi, ttoWcc Se Koi irpoi
o"the'*'^^'^ ^i\(iov ui'afX€jui.iy/j.ep(t)v Toh tTTTreucri /BXaTT-
Perslans.TOfxevoi eyKKlvovari tuvtij TrpwTou
f]'AXeTai/-
Spog TrpoeKivSvveveu. cog Se to /j-icrov eveSeScoKei avTOig,
irapeppy'iyvvTO St] Koi tu e(p' cKUTepa Ttjg "iirirov, kou T]v
Srj (pvyt-j KapTepd. toou fxev St] iinreMv twv Yiepaoov 2
aireQavov eg yp^'iovg. ov yap iroWt] i] Slcopig eyeveTO,
OTi e^eTpairr] 'AXe^avSpog eiri Tovg ^evovg Tovg- julict-
6o(popovg ' wv TO CTTtcpogf]
to irpooTOv eTOL-^Ot] e/c-
TrXr'j^ei juclWov ti tov irapaXoyov i] Xoyicrfxo) jSe^aiu)
efieve. kui TovToig ti'iv re (paXayya e-Kayayoav kcu
Tovg iTTTreag TravTt] irpocnreaelv KeXevaag ev fxecrM Si'
oXiyov KaTUKOTTTei avTvvg, cocrTe Sie(pvye /j.ev ovSeig,
OTi jilt] SieXaOe Tig ev Tolg veKpoIg, e^ooypi'jOtjtrav Se
a/xcpi Tovg Sia-^^iXiovg, eirecrov Se kou ^ye/n6veg tcov 3
Tlepa-cov r^i(paTr]g re kqi Tl€Tivt]g koi ^TriOpiSciTrjg
6 AvSiag aaTpaTrrjg^ koI 6 tcov K.a7nraSoK(Jov virap-yog
M.iOpo^ov^dvt]g Koi Mi6piSdTr]g 6 Aapeiov yaju^pog
Kui 'A.p^ov'7raXt]g 6 Aapeiov tov 'A.pTa^ep^ov iraig koi
C
34 AAESANAPOY
^apvaKi]9, aSeXipo? ouro^ rtjg Aapeiou yvvatKO?, Kai
6 Twv Pevwv t'lyejULiov 'Qjmdpyjg. 'A.p(TLT)}? Se €k fxev t^?
M^X*?^ d)eJ'yei e? ^pvyiav, CKei Se aTToOvijcTKei avTO^
TTOo? avTOV, w? Xoyo?, on a'lTiog eSoKei Hepcrais ye-
vecrOai tov ev tm tots irTaLortxaTO^.
Ma/ce^oi/ft)j/ ^e tuiv jiiev eTaipoov a/mcpi tov^ eiKOcri 4
KaL irevTe ev tti irpwru Trpou^oXri aireQavov ' Kai
TOVTiav ^aXKoi eiKOves ev Aiw ecTTucriv, 'AXe^-The losses
A ' - c/
on both avopov KeAevuavTO^ Ivvcrnnrov Troiijaai, ocnrep
Koi 'AXe^avSpov fiovog irpoKpiOeh eiroLei ' twv
Se aXkwv iTTirewv virep Tovg €^)}KOVTa, Tre^ot oe eg
Toug TpiOLKOVTa. KOI TOVTOvg Tt] vcTTepaia. e6a\j/-€v 'AXf^- 5
avopog ^uv Toig ottXoi? T€ Kai aXXcp KOcrfXM yovevcri oe
auraiv koi Traicrl twv re /cara Tt]v -^wpav ciTeXeiav eocoKC
Koi ocrai aXXai i'j tcd (Tw/uaTi Xeirovpyiai v kutu tu?
KTri(TeL<i eKaarcov eicrcpopal. kui twv TeTpcofx^vcov oe
TToXXfjv Trpovoiav ecryev, eireXOcov re avTog eKacrTOvg
Koi TO. Tpavfiara iSwv Koi ottco? rt? eTpoodt] epofxevo?
Koi o Ti irpoTTUiv elirelv re kou aXaCovevcracrOai ol
Trapacr-vwv. 6 oe Kai twv TIepcrwv Tovg ^ye/movag 6
e9a\bev ' eOay^e §e kui tov? fxicrOocbopovs "niXXrjvas
dl Pvv Totg TToXe/JLioig crTpaTevovTe? aireOavov ' bcrovg
Se avTwv ai')(^fxaXwTOvg eXa^e, TOVTOug oe S/jaag ev
TriSaig e? Ma/ceoowav aTreTre/xxp-ei/ epya^ecrOai, OTi
Trapa to. KOivt] So^avTa T019 "EXX>7cr<i/ "EXXj/i'e? bvTeg
evavTia tJj 'EXXct^i VTrep twv ^ap(3apwv eixa-^ovTO.
aTTOTrijUTrei §e koi eig 'A0?)i/a? TpiaKoa-la? TravoTrXlm 7
Wep<TiKa<; avdOtjiixa etvai t»/ 'A.6r]va ev iroXei • koi
eiriypa/Ji/jia eTriypacp^vai eKeXeue ToSe ' 'A.Xe^av6po9
ANABA2I2 I, 17. 35
^iXiTTirov /cat oi "EAX>;i/e9 xX>;i/ AaKeSaifxo-
vLwv OLTTO Twv ^apJBdpoov Twv Tt]v ^AcTLav KarOLK-
ovvrwv.
IV.
—
Settlement of the Conquered Districts. Further
Conquests m Western and South- Western Asia
Minor, up to the Occiqjation of Phrygia.
KaraiTT^/cra? 3e KaXaj/ aarpaTreveiv rjg ^ApcrtTtjg XVII.
>/oYe Koi Tovg (popovi tou? avTOvg airo(pepeiv ra^a?
oucnrep Aapeto) ecpepou, ocroi /xev twv ^ap-
in Sardis. f^dpwv KUTiovTc^ €K Twv opoov eve-^eipiX^ov
(T(pa9, TOVTOu^ juev airaXXuTTecrOai ctti ra avrcov cKaa-
Tovg eKeXeve • TteXeira? Se acprJKe rJy? airia^, on irpo^ 2
^iav 'iyvw crvcrTpaTevarai Tol'i ^ap^apot? ' AuctkvXiov
Se irapaXijyl/OjULei'ov TLapnievlcoia eKire/m-Trei ' kui Trapa-
Xa/Ji^dvei Aaa-KvXiou Tlapfxevlwi' eKXnrovTwv twv
(ppoupwv.
Auto? ^e eir). ^apSecov irpov-^copei ' Kai aire-^ovTog 3
avTOv o(Tov e/BSojUiijKOVTa crTaoioug ^dpSecov yJKOv irap
avTov MiOpLi'r]^ T€ 6 (ppovpap-^og rtj^ a/CjOOTroXeco?
T^9 ev ^dpSecri Koi ^apSiavwv oi SuvaTcoTUTOi, ei'oi-
Sovre^ 01 ixev Ttjv ttoXiv, 6 Se M.i6piv}]^ rtjv UKpav Kai
Tu -yjirnJiaTa. ^AXe^avSpo? §e avrog /nev KarecTTpa- 4
TOTreSevcrev eirl tw "^pfxco iroTa/uw ' diri'^ei oe 6
"EliO/jto? OLTTO ^dpSewv CTTaSiovg ocrov e'lKOcriv ' ^AjuvPTav
Se Tov 'AvSpojuevovg Tt]V aicpav TrapaXtjyp^ofJLevov e/c-
irejULTTei eg ^dpSeig • koi MiOpivtjv juev ev Tifxi] d/ua oi
^lye, ^apSiavoug Se koi Tovg aXXoug AvSovg T019 vofxoi^
36 AAESANAPOY
re T019 TrdXai Auowj/ -^p^crOai eScoKC koi eXevOepov^
elvai achtJKev. avPjXOe §e koi avT6<; eig Trju oLKoav, "iva c
TO (bpovpiov i)v Twv LLepaoov • Kai eooPev avTw ovvpov
TO -yuiplov • virepvy^tikov re yap ?/f kou airoTOfiop TravT*]
Kai TpnrXS) Tei-^ei Trecppayfxevov • auro? oe ext t>j UKpa
vaov re oiKoSojui-tjcrai Ato? 'OXv/xttIov eirevoei kou ^doixov
cSpvaacrOai. (tkottovvtl oe avTU) t^? UKpa^ OTrep ctti- 6
TrjSeioTaTov ^wplov copa eTOv^ e^aicjyut]? "^eiiuLoov eTriyiy-
veTai Kai ^povTai crKXrjpa] Kai uScop ep ovpavov wiirTei
ou Ta Twv Auocoi/ pacnXeia ' Ka\ evTevOev 'AXepav-
Spia eoo^ev e/c Qeov cnjjUiavOrjuai "iva "^pri oiKoSofj-eiaOai
Tw Ati Tov veoov, Ka\ ovToog eKeXevae. KUTeXiTre Se 7
T/y? juev aKpa^ t^9 ^dpSewu einiJ.eXr]Ti]^ Wavcravlav
Twv CTaipcov, Twv §e (popoov Trj^ a-WTOL^ew^ re koi
ciTTOcpopa^ NiKiav, "A.crai/Spov Se tov ^iXcoTa Au^/as
Kai T^9 aXXrjg r^? ^TriOpiSaTOv ctp-^Pjg, Sovg avTia
iTTTreag re koi \|/-iXoi)p oaoi iKavol vrpo^ to. irapovTa
eSoKOVV. KaXav Se koi 'AXe^avSpov tov 'AeooTTOU eir). 8
Tf]v -^oopav Tt]v Mefivovo? cKTrefXTrei, ayovTag Tovg re
lleXo'7rovvt](TLovg Kai twv aXXcov ^ufxjui.a'vcov tov? TroXXoug
ttX*?!/ ^Apyeicov • ovtoi Se iv ^dpSea-i KaTeXeiCpOtjcrav
Trjv cLKpav (pvXaTTeiv.
'El/ TOVTO) §e cog ra inrep Ttjg iTTTroyua^ta? ^^vy- 9
yiXOrj, 01 T€ Tr]v "^(pecrov (ppovpovvTcg fxicrOocpopoi
M-^ovTO (peuyovTeg, §vo Tpirjpeig tcov '^(pecriwv Xa-
jSovTeg, KOI ^vv avToig 'A/avvTag 6 'Ai/Tto^ou, og
edtvyev e/c ^UKcSoviag 'AXe^avopov, iraOoov fiev ovoev
Trpog 'AXePdvSpov, Sucrvoia Se Tt] irpog 'AXe^avopov
Kai avTog cnra^idocrag ti iraQeiv Trpog avTOv ay(apL
ANABA2I2 I, 18. 37
TerapTrj Se tj/w-epa eg "^(pecrov oKpiKO/uiei/og Tovg jOre (pvydSag ocroi Si* avTOV e^eirecrov Ttjg TroAew?
Ephesus KUTr'jyaye kui rrjv oKiyapyiav KaraXvcrag
occupied.SrijuoKpaTiav Karea-rrjae • roug Se (bopovs
bcroug Totg (Sap^dpoig direcpepov rr] 'Apre/niSi PvvTe-
Xetv cKeXevcrev. 6 oe ^tjfxog 6 tcov 'Ed)ecr/coi', w? 1
1
acpijpeOi] avToig 6 airo Twv oKiywv (p6/3o9, tov? re
Me/xvofa eirayayofxei/oug koi toi/? to lepov cruX?/-
craj/Tttf T^9 'ApTe/uiSo9 koi tov9 rtjv eiKova Ttjv ^iXnr-
TTOV rrjv ev tw lepw KarajSaXovTag Koi tov Ta.(pov e/c
Ttjg ayopdg avopv^avTag tov HpoirvOov tov eXeu-
OepuxraPTog Trjv ttoXiv wpixrjarav cnroKTeivat. Kai ^vp- j 2
(paKU ixev Kai tov TraiSa avTOV IleXdyovTa koi Tovg
TMv aoeX(pwv tov Z^vpcbaKog TraiSag €k tov lepov
e^ayayovTeg KUTeXevcrav • Tovg ^e uXXovg SieKwXvcrev
'AXe^aj/0j0O9 TrpocrooTepo} eTriTtjTeiv koi TifxoopeicrOai,
yVOVg OTL OfXOV TOig aiTlOi? KOI OV ^VV SlKiJ Ttm?, T01/9
fxev KUT e-^6pav, Tovg §e KaTo. dpTrayhv ')(j3)]/j.dTOov
diroKTevel, ^vy^coptjOev avTw, 6 OfJiui.og. koi el §>] tw
aXXcp, KOI TOi"? ev 'E^eVw irpa-^elaiv ^AXe^avSpog
ev TW TOTe evaoKifxei.
'El/ TovTW Se eK Mayi/^/fTta? re koi x paXXewv Trap' XVII
1
avTov tJkov evSiSovTeg Tug iroXeig ' kol 09 Tre/uTrei Tlap-
Surrender fJ^^vloiVa, Sovg aVTW Sia"^lXiOVg KUl TreVTU-
of Mag=Kocriovg Tre^ovg twu ^evwv koI Ma/cec^oVa?
Tralles.irapaTrXi^crlovi, iinreag Se twv eTaipwv eg
SiaKoariovg. A.vcriiJ.a'^ov oe tov 'A.yaQoKXeovg eiri ra?
J^ioXi^ag re iroXeig Pvv ovvafxei ovk eXuTTOVi e^eTrejuyp-e
Koi oaai 'IcoviKol viro Toig /3ap/3apois en ^crav. Kai 2
38 AAES^ANAPOY
Tu^ /xej/ o\iyap-)(ia? Travra-)(ov KaraXveiv cKekeva-ey
ot]fXoicpaTiag Se eyKaQia-ravai koi Tovg vofioug tou?
(Tcpcov €Kaa-Toi9 cnroSovvai, Kal tovs (popovg aveivai
cxTovs TOig (Bap^dpoig airecpepov. avrog Se VTrofxeipai}
eV ^Ecpearcp Qvalav re eOvcre rrj 'ApTefxiSi koi ttoix-jtyiv
eireix^e ^ov rrj cTTparia. Trctcr?; unrXicrix€V}j re Koi w? e?
fxayriv ^vvTeTayjuei'iJ.
If] S^ va-repaia avaXaj^uiv twv re 7rer<i)i/ Tovg \oi- 3
TTOug Kal Toug To^OTQ? Ktti T0V9 'A^ypiaua^ koi tovs Opa-
Kag tTTTrea? Kai twv cTalpcov Trjv re BacriXtKrjvAlexander
^^ \ \ / ,
before 'iXt]v Kai TTOo? TUVTn Toei? otAAa? err} MiX/fTOV
eorreAAeTO Kai ti]v fxev e^co KaKov/xevrjv iroXiv
€^ ecpoSov eXa/Bev eKXnrovcri]^ rtjg (pvXaKfj?, ei/ravOa Se
KaTacTTpaTOTredeucrag eyvco cnroTef^^il^eiv t^v e'lcrw tto-
Xiv. tiy)](Ti(rTpaT09 yap, otm t) cppovpu 1) MiXtjo-loou 4e/c ^acriXeco? eirereTpaTrro, Trpoa-dev ypafxiJ-ara trap
^AXe^avSpov eire/uLTrev evSiSoug Tt]u M/A^roi' • TOTe
oe ai'aOapprjcrag eir). Tip Tiepawv crrpaTU) ov juaKpau
ovTL Siacrco'^eiu Toig Tlepcraig CTrevoei rrjv ttoXlv. Ni-
Kaucop Se TO EiXX}]vik6u vuvtikov ayoov vTrocpOdvei
Tolig Ylepcrag Tpiah rjixepai<} irpoTepog KaTa-TrXevcraq
»; Tu M<X?/T(w Toi)? Yiepa-ag 7rpo<Ta")^eiv, Ka] opinlTeTai
vavcriv e^)'iKOi>Ta Kai ckutov ev tu vi'jcnp Ttj AdSt]
'
KeiTai Se avrtj eTrJ r/; MiA>/TW. ai Se tmv Wepawv 5
i/iye? vcrTepr'icracTai, e'^eiS)] ejuaOov 01 vavap-^oi Toav dixdn
Occupa= ^iKUVopa Trjv ev Tt] AdStj irpoKaTaywyriv,tion of the ^ "
T\/r '\ ^ v ' ' t\ <
island''^po'i T^ Mi//caA»; Tip opei wpfiiaOijcrai'. t)]v
Lade.^^^ AdStjv Trjv vrjcrov TrpoKaTeiXi'iipei 'AAe-
^avSpos, ov Tutv vewv [xovov t^ eyKaOopiJ-icrei, dXXd koi
ANABASIS I, 18. 39
Tou^ QpaKU? Koi. TU)v aXXoov ^evoov e? TeTpaKta")(^i\iov9
Sia^i^daai e? avr^v. ^crai/ Se tvov ^ap^apaov ai v/Je?
a/AC^i ra? rerpaKoalas.
TLap/ixevLWU fxev Srj KOt W9 TrapfjveL 'AXe^apSpcp vav- 6
iuia-)(€cv, TO. re aWa Kparweiv tw vavriKw rov'i"^Wt]vaq
ParmenU eTTeXTr/^coi/ Kal Ti Kai Oeiou aveireidev avrou,
toinack^' ^"^^ oLCTog co(p6}] Ka6}jfX€P09 eir\ rod aiyiaXov
fleet *re=^"/cara TrpvjULvav rwv 'AXe^dvSpov veoov. Koi
iected. ^^ „ ^^ viKr}(TavTa^ fxev jueyaXa ooCpeXfjOrjcreaOai
eg TO. oXa' viKijOelcri Se ov Trapd fxeya ecrecrOai to irTai-
a-fxa' Koi. &g yap OaXaTTOKpure'iv tov<; Ylep(Ta<i. kui
avTOi Se e(btj eTri/Stivai eOeXeiv twv vewv /cat rov kivSvvov
ixerey^eiv. ^AXe^avSpog Se tJ) re yvwfxrj dfiapraieiv y
€(pr] JJap/meviooua Koi Tov a-t^fxelov T)] ov Kara to eiKog
Pvjtxl3\}'i<T€f oXlyaig re yap vavcr] irpog ttoXXw TrXetou?
Pvi> ovSevl \oyi(TfX(t) vav/J-o^creiv kul ov juefxeXeTtjKOTi
TU> (TCpcoU VaVTlKW TTpOS WKtJfJI-ei'OV TO TWV V^VITpLO)V
re Ka\ ^oivikoov Trjv re cjUiTreipiav twv M a/ceo oi^wj/ 8
Ka\ Trjv ToXfxav ev d^e^auo "Xoopio) ovk eOeXeiv irapa-
Sovvai T019 ^ap^dpoi?- Kal ^TTt]6ei(Ti Tr] vavfxa-)(Ja
ov lULiKpav Tnv (SXd/Srjv eaeaOai eV tov TroXefiov Trjv
irpooTrjv SoPav, to. re aXXa Ka\ Tovg "EiXXtjvag I'ecore-
pietv TTiOO? TOV vavTtKOv TTTaia-fxaTos Tt]v e^ayyeXiav
eirap6ei>Ta<s. TavTa /nev tw Xoyiafxo) ^vvTiOeig ovk g
ev Kaipo) airecpaive vavixayeiv ' to Oeiov Se avTog
dXXr] eprjyelaQar etvai fieu yap ttjOO? avTOv tov
deTov, gXa' oti eir) -yw? KaOijjuevog ecjyaivcTO, SoKeiv
oi ludXXov Ti a-rjfjLaiveiv otl e/c 'y/79 KpuTyjaei tov Yiepauiv
VaVTlKOV,
40 AAESANAPOY
Kat €v TOVTcp rXawiTTXOf, avrjp twv Sokijuoou ev XIX.
MfAj/T6d, eKireixcpQeii; irapa 'AXe^avSpov irapa tov o/hulov
Si e f^^ '^^^ "^^^ ^evcov Twv /micrOoCpopoov, oh fJ-aXXov
Miletus ' ' ' '^ ' ' "^
eOtXeii' Tovg MtX>/cr/ou9 /caJ tou? Xijueua? irape'^eiv koi-
povs 'AXePdvSpcp KOI TLepcraig' Koi. Ttjv irokiopKLav eiri
TOVTOL^ Xveiv rj^iov. ^AXe^avSpo^ Se YXauKiTnra) /uev 2
irpo^TacrcreL aTraXXaTTecrOai kutu raj^og eg t)]v ttoXiu
Koi MtX>/o-iot9 eirayyeXXeiv irapacTKeva'CecrQaL wg fxa^^ou-
[xevovg ecoOev. avTog S' eirio'Tijcrag rw rel-^ei ixtjyavag,
Kcu TO. fxkv KaTajSaXwv ot oXiyov twv rei^ajf, to. oe
KaTacreLuag eir't ttoXv Trpocrtjye Ttjv arpaTiav cb? eiri-
/Brjcro/uieuovsfj
KaTeprjpnrTO >? ecrecraXevTO to Tetyog,
ecbojuLapTovvTcov kui /jlovov ov Oewjuevcov tcov Ylepcrwv
airo Trjg Mi//caA>;9 TroXiopKovfxevovs Tovg (plXovg cr(pu)v
Kol ^vixixa-^ovg.
'El/ TOVTM §e Koi ol aiUL(p] ISiKavopa airo r^? Aao>/9 3
Tf]v opfxr]]/ TUiv ^vv 'AXe^avopu) KanSoPTeg e? tov Xifxeva
itscao-exeTrXeoi' toov ^liXtja-icov irapa yrjv Ty'jv eipealav
TTOioufxevoi, KM KUTa TO (TTOixa Tou Ai/m-euog
ll'TTep (TTevoTaTOV rjv avTiTrpdpovg ^v^tju Tag Tpiripeig
opfxlcravTeg aTroKeKXeiKecrav tw jxev Y\.ep(nK(a vavTiKw
TOV Xifieva, Toig ISliXtjcrioig oe Tt]v €k toov Yieprrwv
<jo(peXeiav. evOa ol MiXtjcrioi Te Koi ol ixicrQocpopoi 4iravTa'^oOev i/St] TrpoaKeifxeucou (rfpicn twv Ma/ce^oVwi'
ol fxev avTcov pnrTOVVTeg <T<pag ev tu OaXaara-rj ctti
TCOV a(T7rL§oov vtttkjov eg vrjaioa Tiva avcovufxov Tr]
TToXei eTTiKeLixevi'iv Sievrj-^ovTO ' 01 Se eg KeXr]Tia
e/n/SaivovTeg koi eTreiyo/uievoi virodtOacrai Tag Tpirjpeii
ANABA2I2 I, 19. 41
Tu>u MaKeoovcov eyKaTeKrjcpOrjcrav ev T(p (TTOfxaTi tov
\i/uL€V09 Trpo^ TU>v TOifjooov' ol Se TToWol ev aVTl] Tt]
TToXei aTTwWvvTO.
'AXe^avSpoi Se e-^oixevrji; tjSr] Tt]9 TroXew? ext 5
TOf? eg Tfjv vt](Tov KarairecpevyoTas exeTrXet avTOS,
/cAiytta/ca? (pepeiv eiri Tag Trpcopag tcov rpirjpuiv Ke\ev-
aag, cog kqtu ra aTroTOjua ryjg vijcrov, KaOairep irpog
Tei-^og, eK tcov vecov Trjv a-nol^acnv Troirja-ojuevog. cog Q
oe oiaKiPovveveiv eOeXovTag Tovg ev t^ vr'ia-w ecopa,
olKTog Xaju/Bavei avTov tcov avSpcov, oti yevvaiol re
Kai TTia-Toi avTU) e<paivovTO, koi inrevSeTai irpog av-
Tovg eiTL Twoe cog avTW pva-TpaTeveiv tjcrav §e ovtol
lj.i(Tuo(popoL ' ^Xkriveg eg TpiaKocrlovg. avTOvg Se ]VLX>/cr/-
ovg, ocroi firj ev tii /faTaX)/\|yet r^? ttoXcco? eirecrov,
aiptJKe Km eXevOepovg elvai eScoKev.
(Ji ce pap^apoi airo Ttjg Mu/caX?;? opfxco/xevoi Toig y
fiev >]fxepaig eTreirXeov to) 'EXX»;w/fco vavTiKw, irpoKa-
XecrairOai eg vavfxa^iav eXirlTovTeg ' Tag Se vvKTag
irpog Ti] MuKoXt] ovk ev KaXw wpixtCovTo, oti vSpev-
ecrOai airo tov ^aiavSpov TroTajuov tcov ck^oXcov Sia
/xaKpov ^vayKaXpvTO. 'AXe^avSpog §e Taig juev vavcr] 8
tov Xifxeva e(pvXaTT€ tcov M.iXr]cri(i}V, cog /mr] ^la-
craivTO ot ^ap/3apoi tov ecTrXouv, eKTrefXTrei (5' eg
Tt]v }S/lvKaXt]v ^iXcoTav, ayovTa Tovg T€ iTnreag Ka\
TU)V irei^cov Ta^eig Tpeig, irapayyelXag e'lpyeiv Tijg
airopdaecog Tovg airo twv vecov. ol Se, vSaTog re
cnravei Kai twv oKXwv eTriTrjoeicov ovoev aXXo otl fxr]
TroXiopKov/uevoi ev Taig vavcriv, eg ^afxav UTreTrXev-
crav eKeWev 8e eTna-iTi(ja./j.evoi aiiOig eireTrXeov t/}
42 AAESANAPOY
MtAj^Tft). Kai Tag fxev TroXXa? twv ueooi/ rrrpo tov g
Xifxepog €v fxeTCwpo) irapeTa^av, ei Trrj CKKoXea-aivTO
is TO TreXayo? Tovg ^aiceSovag' Trivre Se avTwv
eia-iTrXevcrav eig tov jxeTa^ Trjs re Aao?;? Pi]aou koi
TOV (TToaTOTreSou Xijueva, eXTricrauTeg Kevm KaTa-
X)7\|/-e(T0a£ Tct? 'AXe^dvSpov vaOg, oTi Tovs vavTag
aTroa-KeSdvpva-Qai to ttoXv cnro tcov fewv tov? fxev
€70. (ppvyavicrfxu), TOf? oe eir] ^vyKOfxiStj Twv eiriTri-
Selcov, Tovs Se koi e? irpovofiag TUTTOjULevovs, ireTrvcr-
juevoi rj(Tav. aXXa /xepos juev rt aTTtjv tcov vavTaiv
e/c ^e TU)v TrapovTcov ^vjULTrXtjpoocrag ^AXe^uvopos oe'/ca
vavs, «9 TrpocnrXeovcras Tag irevTe tcov Tiepcrwv kut- IO
€?^e, Tre/x'Trei ctt' avTag kuto. (nrovoijv, e/m^aXXeiv
avTnrpwpovg KeXevarag. oi Se ev Tais irevTe vavcri
Twp Tlepcrwv, wg Trap' eXTriSa avayofxevovg tov? Ma-
KeSovas ex< (T(pa.g eioov, virocrTpiy^avTeg e/c ttoXXov
ecbeuyov irpos to aXXo vavTiKov. Kai rj fxev xacrcreodv I I
vavs dXi(TK€Tai avToig dvopacriv ev Tt] (pvyij, ov Tayv-
vavTOvcra' at Se Tecrcrapei ecpOaaav KaTa<pvyetv eig tus
oiKeias Tpii'ipeis. ovtoo fxev Sr] d-KeTcXevcrav airpaKTOi €K
M(X?/TOU oi Ylepcrai.
'AXePavSpog Se KaToXvcrai eyvw to vavTiKOv XP^~ XX°
jULUTCov re ev tm TOTe dirop'ia Ka\ afxa ovk a^iofxayxiv
opwv TO avTOv vavTiKov TO) YlepariKW, oukovvSiege of ,«^ , y '^
Haiicar= eoeXcciv ovo€ juepei Tivi T>]9 (TTpaTias KIV-nassus. <\ t "^ ^ ' ' ' v ^ '-
ovveveiv. aWuis re eirevoei, KaTe-ywv »idt] tw
TreYip Ttjv 'A^crtav, oti ouTe vovtikov eTi SeoiTO, Tag re
'TrapaXiovg TVoXeig Xa^cou KaTaXvcrei to Tlepcrcov vauTi-
Kov, ouTe OTToQev Ta? VTrrjpecrLai avfXTrXtjpwcroviTiu ovTe
ANABA2I2 I, 20. 43
07r>; Tij? 'Acrrn? Trpocre^ovaiv e^oi/ra?. kul tov aerov
TuvTi] (jwe^aWev on ecn']fJi.r]V€v avTW ck t>/9 <y^s
KpaT)](T€iv Toov vewv.
Tavra Se SiaTrpa^djULei^o? eTrJ Ka^Oia? ecrTeXXcTO, 2
on ev 'AXiKapvacrcrcp cruvecrTtjKevai ov (pavXrjv §vva-
IJi.iv Tcov T€ ^ap^dpu>u Koi ^evwv e^j/yyeXXcro. bcrai
Se ev /necrct) Tro'Xet? MiXj/TOu re koi AXiKapvaacrov,
TauTa^ €p ecboSov Xa^oliv KaTa<7TpaTOireoevei irpo?
'AXiKapvaarcru}, aTre^cov ri;? TroXeto? e? Trevre /naXicTTa
(TTaSlov^, o)? ctt] -^povlo) TToXiopKia. i] T€ yap (pvai? 3
TOV voopiov oyupov eiroiei avTO Kai birr} tl evoecv cog
TTpog d(T(pd\eiav ecpaivero, ^vfJLTravTa ravra ^le/uLvcov
T€ ai/ro? irapcov, I'/St] cnrooeoeiyfxevos Trpo's Aapeiou
T^9 T€ KUTW 'Aa/a? KOI TOV VUVTIKOV TTUVTO'i ijyefXODVy
€K TToWov TrapecTKevaKei, kul (TTpaTicoTaL iroWoi /mev
pevoi juicrOocbopoi ev Tt] iroXei eyKaTeXeKpOrjarav, ttoXXoi
Se KOI YiepcTcov avTcov al re Tpa'/peig ecpcop/j-ovv tu>
Xifievi, cos Kai otto tcov vuvtcov iroXXtjv co(peXeiav
yiyvecrOai e? Ta epya.
Tt] /jLev St] TrpcoTij I'lfxepa TrpocrdyovTog 'AXe^avopov tm 4
Tel-yei kutu Ta? e-wi MiyXacra (pepoiKrag TruXa? eKopo/n}']
re ytyveTai tcov e/c t>;? TroXeco? koi uKpopoXicr^og '
KOi TOVTOu? ov '^aXcTTcog avecTTeiXav Te ol Trap AXe-
^dvSpov dvTeKSpajULOvTeg Kai eg Tt]v iroXiv KaTeKXeiaav.
Ov TToXXaF? ^e vcrTepov ^/uepaig ^AXe^avopos ava- 5
Xa3cov Tovg Te viracnrLcrTag Kai Trjv tcov eTUipcov 'ittttov
Failure of Kai n]v 'AjuvvTOv Te Koi YlepSiKKOv Kaiattempton ,^ , ,^ , y ,
Myndus. IMeAeaypov tu^^iv Trjv ireiiKJ^v Kai irpog
TOVTO19 Tovg ToPoTag Kai Tovs 'Aypidvag TrepirjXde
44 AAE^ANAPOY
T»7? TToAeo)? €9 TO TTjOo? Mw^ou fxcpos, TO Te Teryo9
/caroxp-o/jiei'o?, et ravTU eirifxayjloTepov Tuy^dvet 6v e?
T»;i/ Trpoa-fSoXtji' koi djiia ei Ttjv ^IviSov eP eTriSpo/mtj^
ovvaiTO \a6u)v KaTacryeiv • eaecrBai yap ov cr/ULiKpav
Tt]v ociCpeXeiav e? t^jv Tt]9 AXiKapvaaaov iroXiopKiav
rt]v ^IvfSov oiKCiav yevofxevtjv ' kul tl koi ei^eSiSoTO
avTW €K Twv ^Ivv^ioov, el XdOoi vvkt6(; irpocreXBwv. 6
avTO^ IJ.ev §r] Kara rd crvyKei/meva dfJi<p\ /mecra^ vvktus
irpocrriXOe tm re^^et * wg Se ovSev eveSlSoTO cnro twv
evoov, al re iMt^-^avai koi al KXl/ixaKes avTcp ov irap-
tjcrav, ola ot] ovk ctt] iroXiopKiav (TToXevTi, dXX'.cos ctt)
Trpooocrui epoioo/uevfj^ r//? TroXew?, Trpoa/iyaye koi w?
TMU MuKeoopcou T)]v (poXayya, v-iropiiTTeiv KeXevcrag
TO T€i-)^os. KOI eVa ye irvpyov KUTe^aXov ol Ma/ce-
ooveg • ov [xevToi eyvfxvuxre ye to Ter^o? Trecrcov ' koc yol eK Tr\<i TToAeo)? a'yua evpcocTTwg ajULvvojULevoi koi e/c Tt]9
AXiKapvacrcrov kutu OaXacrcrav it6XXo\ V/St] irapa^e-
^otjOtjKOTeg airopov eirolriaav tu) *A.XePai>Spo) tijv avTO-
cr^eojoj/ Te koi e^ eTTtSpomtj? KaTuXrjyp-iv Trjg MvfSou,
ovToo imeu o»/ eiravepyeTai 'A.Xe^auSpo9 ovoeu irpapag
wv eveKa wpjuyjOtj, kui tu iroXiopKia t^s A.XiKapi>acr<TOv
abOig TTpocrelye.
Ka/ Ta TrpwTu /mev Tf]u Tacppov i} irpo t>79 TroXecoc 8
opcopvKTO avToh, 7rXaT09 juev TpiaKovTa /ULoXicrTa
TTJ/p^ecoi/, jSaOog oe eg TrevTCKalSeKa, eywvvve, tov paSlav
elvai Trjv Trpocrayooyiju tcov Te irvpycov a<p' wv ejueXXe
Tovg aKpo/SoXta-fiovg eg Tovg 7rpofxa-)^o/ut.ei'ovg tov Tel-^ovg
iroielcrQai Kai twv dXXwv fxt^yavwv aig KaTaa-eieiv eirevoei
TO Tel-^og. KOLL i] Te TOLCppog avTw e-^wa-Qt] ov y^aXeiroos
Koi 01* Trxftyoi Trpocn'fyoiTO vt^ij. »>i At eV t>k 'A\(m«^»- q
ItlCTTtM" MvmW tVt^^VlUOJXeV. «V e7«T^)»}vTtu TOl'v T«f
jn'pyoi'i Kyu tvcm< «T\\ai )ii»/;Yn»xu "x-fwatfy/nttin 1/ tn'
TTOpLW ToC' TpocTtiyi^^m tfcray^ viro rwr t^vXuKm- t*
ayt^if. *«/ axe(\iit>» uiTftM iTXXoi t*' ev (pvo/niiKoiTii lo
vaJ eicaTo» (ful NeoTTi>\t7ioc /> ' Aftpaf^aiov, rof 'A/ii'»-
Tov a^eXtpO'f, Tft'i -rrapa Ad^ft'ot' (uVo/ioXi^mxft'i' '
TU'J' (^ *A\f^rt>t^pOl' CrTf.HlTlWTttH- llTt'f^dlOr )Utl' t\ tK-KlU-
SeKii, Toai'UiiTuii iV t-yti i)»TO rv' TptaKO<Tnn>'i, <it/ e«'
»v/cT/ yerojuf'^/'? T'ti eKrpo/xi}^ mpvXiiKTOTepoi t-<c to
TtTpiiyTKea^iU tta-av.
Oi' T-oWar? Ae t)ij.ef>aii varrepof At'o rau' J\I«i«:f- XXSoiwr OTrXtTai fK T»K Ilf^inVA-VOl' Ttl^tWi ^V<TKt}lOVlTt'^
Severe''^ *^"' ^'^*' ^t'/UXMOlTfS- (HTtU' Tt" Kill T«l tUToi'
be(ore"the^'^^'Tepog exl MC'yix TO) Xo'yco »}^e»'. tiOa tV/ (^j-
AoTJ/Uiu Tf t^iT—jxTfi aiTO/s". ^t^ rt Kat o onof
iVft^t'iiiuanej', uxTTe o—Xicru/xti ot ai'To< ex/ cti^om irpoa-
/3aXXoi'<7i T(v Teiy^ei Kara Tt]i' aKpai' Ttji' Trpo^ ^lv\a<Ta
/uoXiOTa T€Tpa/n/UL€n]i'. u'? eTTioti^ii' TVs" (xc^aw pa'yU';9
/xaXXo'j' T< »; xoo? xoXe/u/oi'f /xeT(t /cu'oui'oi' Tor (cyforo
Tronjao/Meioi. Kiii toi'toi'? K-oTi^o'iT-fs- Tn-e? Ta>i' eV 2
T*/? ~o'Xea>9 oi/o Te 01-709 ^'ol 01' ^vi \oyi(T/J.(o Trpoa-
(pepo/neiov^ Tw Te/^et eTreKOeoiKTiv. 01 ce tou? /uLcr
fyyyf xeXaVavra? axe/fTen'oi', x^oo? ce Tovg a(^fcrT>/-
vo'to? >jKpo^o\i(^oiTO, -TrXeovetcTovfJLevoi to) Te xX»/0e/
\'«) Tov \uwiou Tj] •^aXeTTOTtp'i, oTi €^ inrepoe^iov TOii
TToXefxioig t] cTTiSpo/JLy'i T€ KOI 6 a/c"yOOj8oX/(7/U09 e'ytyi'eTO.
46 AAEgANAPOY
Koi ep TOVTO) avTeKOeovcri Tiveg Km aXkoi tcov tov 3
TlepSiKKOv (TToaTUOTUiu, Koi airo Trjg AXiKapvacrcrov
aWoi Kai ^ujUTTiTTTei fxa^t] Kaprepa Trpo? tw tcl-^^ci'
Kcu KaraKke'iovTai avdiq ttjOO? rcov ^laKe^ovoov eicroo
Twv TTvXcov ol e7reKSpajui.6vT€<f. Trap* oklyov §e t]\de kuc 4
aXcouai r] ttoX/?. Ta re yap Tei^>/ ev Tcp tot€ ovk ev
ciKpi^ei (pvXaKt] rjv Koi ^vo irvpyoi Kai ixecroirvpyiov e?
eSacbo9 KaTaireirTOOKOTa ov ^aXeTrrjv civ too crTparev-
juuTi, et dirav irpocrii'j^aro tov epyov, rtjv e? to Tecy^og
irapoSou irapecT'^e, Kai 6 Tjo/to? irvpyo<s KaTacrecreicr-
jiievos ovSe ovto? ^aXeTrw? uv ^peKpOt] vTropvcrcrojuevog '
aWa e(p6>]iTav yap avTi tov TreTrrco/coTO? Tei^oi/?
earuiOev irX'ivBivov /xt]VoeiSe9 avTOiKoSoiui.t]aafjL€uoi ov X"^^"
TTto? i'tto TToXv^eipia?.
Kai TOVTO) eirtjye Trj vcTTepaia Tag fxrj-^avag 'A\e'^av- 5
Spog ' Kai eKSpofj.)] avOig yivcTai tcov ck Tt]9 TroXeto? eiri
Tip e/uLirprjcrai Tag fxriyavag. Kai juepog jj-ev ti
the be- Toov ir\t](Tiov TOV Teiyovg yeppwv Kai evog tmvsieged.
, ^ y ^, ,^ ^ 5< "WTTvpywv Tcov i^vAivwv KaTCKavui], Ta oe aAAa
Sie(pv\apav ol Trep] ^iXooTav re koi 'EiWapiKov, oh ^
(pvXaK)] avTcov eireTeTpaiTTO ' &)? oe kou 'AXe^avSpog
eTrecbai/)] ev tij eKSpofxr], Tag re oaoag ouag e'-^ovTcg
€K^e^or]Qi']Ke(Tav acpevTcg Kai Ta owXa ol iroXXoi av-
T03V pi^avTeg e'laro) tov Teij^ovg ecpevyov. kuitoi tu 6
ye irpcoTa t»/ cpvcrei re tov ywpiov, virepoe^iov ovTog,
eireKpaTOvv Ka\ ov KaTo. jueTcoTrov juovov tJKpo^oXi-
Toi/TO eg Tovg TrpofJ.a'^oiJ.evovg toov jurj-^aviov, aWaKa] eK TU)V -wvpywv, 01 Srj eKaTepooOev tov eprjpijui/uievov
Tel-^oug avTol viroXeXeiju/uievoi e/c TrXayiov re Kai fxovov
ANABASIS I, 22. 47
ov Kara vmtov irapeiyov aKpo^oXll^ecrOai e? TOvg tus
aPTU)KodojULi]jui.€vo) Telj^ei Trpo(TayovTa<i.
Ov TToWaig Se vcrrepov ^juepai^ eirayovTo^ avOi^ XXII.
'AXe^aiopov Tag jurj-^ai^a.'s tm ttXivOIi'm tw ej^ro? re/vet
Second "•"' «'^TOi' ecpecTTtjKOTog T(p epyu), eKSpo/uLT] yly-
the be-J^fTtti 7ravot]juei €k Ttj^ TroAeco? tcov juev kutu to
sieged.epj^pijujULevov Tei-)(^og,
fi avTog 'AXe^avSpo? eVe-
TeTUKTO, TWV 0€ KUTU TO TpiTTvXoV,f]
OvSe irClVV TL
Trpocroe-^ojULeuoig Toh MaKcSotriv ^v. koI at /mep SoSdg re 2
Taig ^tjy^ai^ah ei/e^aWov Koi ocra aWa e? to epd^ai t€
(pXoya Kai ein jueya TrpoKoXea-acrOai • T(Jov Se d/UL(p'
'AXe^avopov avTwv t6 €/uL^aW6vTu>v eg avTOvg eppoojue-
1/0)9 Kai Tolg iJ.rjyavai<i diro twv irvpywv XiOcoi/ t€ fxeyd-
Xoov acjyie/iieuwv Kai ^eXoou e^UKOVTiTojiievo^u ov -vaXeTrcog
airearTpaipricrav re Ka\ ecpvyov eg Ttjv iroXiv. Ka\ (ho- 3
vog TovTrj ovK oXiyog eyeveTO, ocrw TrXeioveg re ku]
^vv jiiel^ovi TYj ToXjut] e^eSpafxov. 01 fxev yap eig ye'ip-
ag eXOovTeg Totg M a/ceo oVii' airedavoi', oi Se cifxch]
Tftj Tei^et Tft) KaTaTreTTTCOKOTi, (JTevoTcpag re t} kutu
TO TrXrjOog avTwv Ttjg irapoSov ovcrtjg Ka\ twv kutc-
ptjpijuiuei'wu Tov Tei-^ovg ^aXeTrhf Ttjv virep/Saa-iv avTOig
irapeyovTociv.
Loig Se /caret to Tp'nrvXov eK§pa/uLov(nv dir^vTa Wto- a
Xefiaiog o a-oo/maTocpvXa^ 6 jSacriXtKog, t-i']v re 'A.SSaiov
Kai iiaavopov daa ol tclPiv aycov Ka\ ecrTiv
ins: at the ovg Tcov \jriAwv' Kai ovTOi ovoe avTOt ^aAeTrwf
eTpi-^avTO Tovg ck Ttjg iroXewg. ^vve^t] Se ku] e
TOVTOig ei> Ti] aTroyii}pr](Tei KaTa (TTevrjv yi(hvpav Ttjv
CTTi Trjg Ta(ppov TreTroitjim.evtjV (pevyovai Tr]v re yecbv-
48 AAE^sTANAPOY
pav avTTjv VTTO irXyOou? ^vi'TOiyj/^ai kui TroXXofs
avTOiv e? Tr]V TaCppov eixirecrovTas Tovg fiev v-tto crcpcov
KaTairaTtjOei/Ta? SiacpOapiji/ai, tov? oe /cat avwOev
VTTO Twu ^UKeSovcov ^aXkofiivov^. 6 TrXercrro? oe 6
(pouo? Treot ra/"? Tri/Xai? aiyrai"? ^vve^tj, on ^ ^^7'
KXeia-ig Tcov TTvXoov (po^epd re Koi irpo tov Kaipov
yevofi-evrj, Seicravrcov M'? cruveicnrearoiev rols (pevyov-
(TLV e-vofxevoi avToiiv ol Ma/ce^Ofe?, ttoXXoi'? Kai toov
(biXiwv tJ/? eicroSov aireKKeKjev, ovq 7rpo9 avTOi^ toi^
Telvecriv ol Ma/ce^ove? SiecpOeipav. kui irap' oXiyov y
riKev aXwvai rj TroXcg, ei fxij 'AXe^avSpog apeKoXecraro
TO a-rparevixa, en Siacrcocrai edeXcov Ttjv A.XiKapva(r-
(Tov, i'i Ti (plXiov euSoOelt] ck tcou AXiKapvacraeiov.
aireBavov Se tcou fiev e'/c t^? TroXewg eg -^iXiovg, rwv
§e Pvv 'A-XePavSpo) aiJ.(p\ rovg TecraapaKovra, kui ev
rovToig JlToXejUialog re 6 crw/uLaTocpvXa^ Koi. KXeajO^o?
o TOpap-)(r]<; koi 'A.SSaiog, -^^iXiap-^og ovrog, koi aXXoi
TU)v ovK rjixeXriixivwv Ma/ceooi/CDi/.
"Ei'Oa (5^ PvveXOovTeg ol riye/moueg rwv TLepa-cov, 'Opov- XXIIl
TO^drt]? re koi ^lefxi^oou, koi €k tu>v irapovToov yvovTcg
crcbdg Te ov Svpafievoug eiri iroXv avTeyeiv t>/
Destruc-, y ^ , , ,
tionof "TToXlOpKiU KUI TOV TCf^OVg TO [JLeV TL KUTUTTe-thecity. x vw » '> v n^ x /
TTTCOKog t]ori opoovTeg, TO 06 Kai KaTUcrecreicrfxe-
vov, TToXXovg Se Twv (TTpaTicoTWV ev Toig eKopo/iiatg Tovg
fxev SiecpOapinevovg, Toijg Se Koi inro tov TeTpwaOai airo- 2
/xd-vovg ovTag, TavTa ev vw Xa/SovTeg ctjULCp). oevTepav
(bvXuKrjV T^f VVKTOg TOV T€ ^vXlVOV TTVpyOV OV OVTOl
dvTCpKoSofxrjcrav TOig fj.tj'^^avaig twv TToXe/uLioov eixTrnrpam
KOLi Tct? (TTOa? ev oug Tu /3eX>7 avTOis onreKeiTO. eve^a-
ANABASIS I, 23. 49
\ov oe KOI Tai? oiKiai^ irvp Taf? TrXtjcrlov tov rei-^ovg '
3
Tcov oe Kai 'irnoa"))^aTO rj (h\oP citto T€ twv cttovov kui
TOV TTvpyov TToWrj eireve'^eicra kul n Kai tov ave/j-ov
TUVTrj ewKpepouTO? ' avTCOP Se ol fxeu e? Ttjv CLKpav
Tt]v ev T}] vi](TM air6'vci)pr]rrav, 01 oe e? t»/v 2aA^ca/cioa
ovTU) KaXovjULeuijp. 'AXePai^Spo) Se co, ePiiyyeXOt] 4
TaVTa TTjOOf Tll'dOV aVT0IJL0\t](TaVT0iV €K TOV epyOV KUl
TO TTVp TToXv KuOewpU aVTO^, KULTOl UfXCpl TTOV IJ.€CTa<S
vvKTaq y)v TO yiyvofxevov, 6 ^e Koi wg e^ayayoov Tovg
MuKeoova? tovs fxev eTi ejUL7ri7rpa.uTa<i Tt]u ttoXiv
CKTcifev • 0(Toi oe ev Taig otKLUi? KUTaXajUL^dvoii'TO toop
AXiKapvacrcrecov, tovtov? Se a-wTeiv TraprjyyeiKev.
' Ho;; re eco? V7re(paive koi KaTtSioi/ Tag uKpag a? 5
o'l Te YLep(Tai koi ol fjnaOofpopoi KaTeiXycbecrav, TavTag
ixev UTreyvw iroXiopKetv, Tpi/St'iu Te eirivowvPrincess
, , , ^^ , , , , , x ^ ,
Adaap° ovK oXcyyjv eaecrOat ol ajucb avTug Ty (bvcreipointed to ^ , , , , ^ ^ ,y ^ ,
govern TCOV ywpLwv KUL ov Trapa jueya eivai epeXovTi
ol T>]v ToXiv t'/St] TTucruv. Od^l/ag Se Tovg 6
airouayovTag ev tij vvkti Tag fxev iiirj-^avag eg ipaX-
Xeig ayrayayeiv eKeXevcre Tovg eir avTotg TCTay/uLevovg
'
avTog oe ti]v ttoXiv eig eoacbog KaTa<TKa\^ag avTrjg
Te TavTt]g Kai Trjg aXXtjg K^aplag (pvXaKtjv ey-
KaToXnrwv ^evovg jmev ire^ovg Tpia"viXiovg, linreag
oe eg oiaKO(novg kul \\ToXeiJ.a2ov t^yefxova avTcov
em ^pvyiag ecrTeXXeTO. Ttjg oe l^apiag ^v/jLTrdcrrjg y(TaTpaireveiv eTa^ev "A.§av, OvyuTepa fxev 'E/ca-
TOfxvov, yvvaiKa Se ISpiecog, og Ka). dSeX(p6g avTii
cov KUTa vo/uov TCOV l^apwv ^vvwKei. kcu 6 fxev
ISptevg TeXevTcov TavTU e7reTj0e\|/-e to. irpdyjuaTa,
D
50 aae;5?anapoy
vevo^LCTfxevov ev rr} 'Acria en airo ^ejuepafieo)? koi
yvvaiKa'i ap-^eiv avSpwv. Ui^coSapo^ Se t>]v jmeu
eKpaWei rtj? ap-)(rjg, avTO? Se KaT€i-)(e to. Trpayfxara.
Te\evT)'jcravT09 oe TLi^coSdpou 'OpovTo/BaTt]!} Trjv Ka- 8
pS)V apyriv €K /SacriXecD? TrejucpOeh^^X^' 7«y"/3i0O9 cov
ili^cooapov. 'Ada oe "AXii/Sa jjlovov /care/'ye, -vuipiov
T^9 Ka^om? ev roig 6-)(yp(joraTOV, koI ea^aXovri 'AXe^-
avopo) e? Kapiav aTri'iura, to. re "AXiv^a ii^SiSovcra
KOi TraiSa oi TiOejuevij 'AXe^avSpov. koi 'AXe^avSpog to.
T€ AXivoa avTu eTrirpe-^e kcu to ovojua tov ttqiSos ovk
a'7rt]^icocr€, koi eTreiSij A\iKapva(Tcr6v re ePeiXe koi t»7?
aXA//9 Ka|0m9 eTreKpuTtjcreu, avTij apyeiv aTrdcrt]? eSooKe.
T(cu M.aKۤ6i^(iov Se t'cTTiv dl avvecTTpaTevfxevoi 'AXeP- XXI^avopcp fjcrav vecocrTi irpo T>]g (TTpaTeia^ yeya/mrjKOTes'
Kai TOVTcou eyi^to ovk d/uLeXijTea eivai 01 'AXeT-Furlough n '\\''' ^ •> ^ > 17- r
granted . avopo?, aAA eKTrefXTTei yap avTOVs e/c JVa/xa?to newly ' ' AT 'J ' "
married OLa-)(eiij.a(TOVTa^ ev MaKeoovia afxa Tatg yv-
donians. vai^iP, eTTiTu^ag avToig YlToXe/naiov re tou
^eXevKOV, eva twv aco/ULaTO(f)v\dKO)v tcov /3a-
<Ti\iKU>v, KUi TWV aTpuTijywv K^oivov re tov YIoXe/ULO-
KpaTOvg Koi ^leXeaypov tov NeoTTToXe/iiov, oti koi 2
avTOi TCOV veoyaiuLwv i/crav, Irpoa-Tupa^, eTreiSdv avTo'i re
eTravicocri Ka\ tovs jueTu a-(pMv cKTrefxcbOevTag eir-
avayayoxTi, KUToXe^ai iTnreas re Kal Tre^ovg ck tw^oopas bcrovi TrXeicrTovg. Kat tw epyip TwSe, e'lTrep
Tivl aXXft), evooKiiJirjcre irapd Ma/ce^ocrii/ 'AXe^avSpog.
eireix^e oe kcu J^Xeavopov tov TloXefxoKpdTovg ext
^vXXoy^ CTTpaTiMTOov e<V TleXoTrovvtjcrov.
Ylapfxevloova oe TrejuLTrei ctt) "^apSecov, oov^ ovtm tcov 3
AXABA2I2 I, 25. 51
re eraipuiv 'nrirap-^iav Kai Tovg GerraXoff Linrea^
Alexander "^"^ '^^^'^ oXXov? ^vfifxa-^ovq Koi Taq a/ixa^a?
in Lycia ayetv KOI Ke\ev€i irpo'iivai cnro ^apoecov ctt]and Pani= / ' '
phylia. ^pvylav. uvTOS Se eirl Au/c/a? re koc TLafx-
(pvXiag I'jei, o)? Tfj? TrapaXiov Kpar/jcras ay^pelov kutu-
(TTricraL rot's TroXejULioig to vavriKov. kui TrpcoTov 4
juev ev irapoScp "Yirapva, ywpiov o-^vpov, cpuXaKtjv
evov ^evovs fxicrOocbopoug, e^ e(p6oov e\a(iev' ol €K
Trj? aKpa<} PtvoL vTTOcnrovooi e^rjXOov. eireiTa eia-
^aXwv eg AvKiav TeXfjuacrea? [xev ojULoXoyui TrpotTijya-
ycTO' irepdcrag Se tov '^avdov TTOTafxov llivapa kui
'iEavdov Tt]V TToXiu KOI YluTapa evooQivTa eXa^ev kui
aXXa eXaTTO) -TroXia-juaTa ey TpiUKOVTa.
Tavra KaraTrpd^u's ev cikjuli] >'jS}] tov -^^eifiocivog eg Tt]v 5
MiXua^a KaXovfievrju -yuipav ecrfSaXXei, // kcTTi /mev Tijg
Winter lJ.eydXt]g ^pvyiag, ^vveTeXei oe eg T)]V AuKtau
334=333- Tore, ovTcog e/c (SaaiXecog jueyaXou TCTayixevov.
Kai evTavQa ^acniXiTwv irpecr^eig tJkov irepi (piXtag Te
Koi ypvcrcp (jTe(havM cTTefbavoicraL ^AXe^avopov kui
virep TMV avTayv eTriKijpvKevojuevoi eTrpecr/Seuou Aukiwu
Twv KUTU) OL TToXXoi. AXe^avSpog Se ^acrtjXiTag Te 6
Ka] AuAc/ou? TrapaSovvai Tag TrdXeig Toig eiri tovtw crreX-
XofJievoLg eKeXevcre' Koi irapeooQrja-av ^v/ULTracrai. avTog
Se oXiyov vaTepov eg Trjv ^acrrfXloa Trapayevo/uievog
(Tvvepaipei avTOig (ppovpiov o-^pov, eiriTeTef^^icrjULevov Ttj
vwoa Trpog Tlicri^wv, oQev op/uLcoiuei'oi 01 ^dppapoi
TToXXa e/SXaTTTOu twv ^acnjXiTwv Tovg tvjv yrju epya-
iojiievovg.
"EiTi Se avTw irepi Tr]v ^acrtjXlSa ovtl e^ayyeXXerai XXV.
52 AAESANAPOY
'AXe^avSpov tov ^Aepoirov eiri^ouXeveiv, to. re aWa
Treachery'''^^ eratpcov OVTa KOI €V TM TOTS QecTcraXwv
of Alexan= -^ rr v "5" ' ?^ ' ' A \ '>- ?
der son of''"''^ LTnvov ap-^ovTU. i]v [xev orj o JxAe^ai'dpos
Aeropus; ouTog aSeXcpog 'Upojuievovi re Koi 'Appa^aiov
Twv ^uveiTiXa^oi'TMU Tij? crcpaytj? Ttj? ^tXiTnroV Kai 2
Tore aiTiav o-^ovtu avTov 'AXe^avSpo^ cKptiKev, on ev
TrpcoToig T€ a(piK€TO Tcciv (piXwv Trap avrov, e-TreiSf]
^iXiTTTTO? ereXevTijcre, koi tov OcopaKU ei'Svg avvtjKO-
XovOr]cr€v avT(p eig to. ^acrlXeia' vcTTepov Se Koi ev Ti/mrj
afxcp avTOv elye, UTparriyov re eTTi QpaKrjg (jTeiXai} koi
e-Treiot] KaAa? o Twv QeTToXwv ''nnrap-^o^ exJ craTpa-
ireia e^eTrefx<pO>], avTOv uTreSei^ev ap-^eiv t^? Oecrcra-
XiKij? 'iTrirov. TO. Se Ttjg cTri^ovX^^ ePriyyiXOri &Se.
Aapelog, eTreiot] 'A./xvvTa^ avTOixoXria-a'S irap avTov 3
Xoyov<i T€ Tivag kui ypa/ULfxaTa irapa tov ^AXe^avSpov
TOVTOv eKOjuicre, /caraTre'yaTrei eir) OaXaarcrav ^la-ivrjv,
avopa T\.ep(Tt}v twv u/jL<p' avTov ttkttov, 7rp6(pa(Tiv /nev
irapa ^AvTiXvyjv tov ^pvyiag aaTponrrjv, th Se aXijOeia
Tcp AXe^avopM TOVTtp crvvecrofxevov koi Tr/crret? owcrovTa,
€1 airoKTe'iveie /BacriXea 'AXe^avSpov, avTov j^acnXea
KaTacTTrjcreiv Ma/ce^ow'a? kou -^pva-iov ToXavTa ttoo? t//
^acriXela eTTiSdcreiv ^/Ata. o Se ^i(TLvtj<; aXov<i 7rpo9 4YlapfievlcDVO^ Xeyei Trpo? Tlapfjieviwva a}v eveKa aTrecr-
ToXr] ' Kai TOVTOV avTiKa ev (pvXuKi] irejUTrei Tlap-
fxevlcov Trap' 'AXe^avSpov, koi TrvvOaierai tovtu Trap'
avTOv 'AXe^avSpog. crvvayaywv Se tov^ (piXovi jSovXrjv
TrpovTiOei o TL -^pt] vTTep 'AXe^avSpov yvcovai. koi eSoKei
T019 €Taipoi9 iJit'jTe TraXai ev ^e^ovXevardai to KpuTicr- 5
TOV tov iTTTTiKOv uvopi ov TTiCTTCi) eTnTpe\l/a9, vvv Te
AXABA2I2 I, 25. 63
vprivai avTOv kutu TctYO? cKTroowv TToietcruai, irpiv Kai
eiriTri^eioTepov yevofxevov Tol<s ©eTraXor? ^vv avToh
TL veuiTeplarai. koll tl Km Oeiov ecpo/Sei avTOug. eVi 6
yap TToXiopKOvvTO'i cwTov 'AXe^dvopou AXiKapvacrarov
avairavecrdai /mev ev fxea-tjiulSpla, -^eXiooi'a §e Trepiire-
Tea-Qai inrep t//? K€(pa\>jg TpvC^ovaav /neyaXa Kai t^?
€vv>J9 aXXt] KOI aX\}] eTTiKaOl^eiv, Oopv^cooecrTepov »/
Kara to eicoOo^ a^ovcrav. tov Se vtto Ka/marou eyep- J
Orjvai fxev aSvi'drco? e^cLV €K tov vttiou, evo-^^Xovfxei/ov
Se irpog T^9 (poovtj? Trj X^'P' ^^ ^apeco? airocro^ricraL
Tijv "^eki^ova • Ttjv Se toctovtou apa Setjcrai cnrocpvyeiu
irKrjyelcrav wcTTe ein T^? KecbaXtj? avTyj? tov 'AXe^az/-
Spov KaBt]fj.evrjv jxt] TrpoaOev aveivai irpiv TravTeXwg
ePeyepQrivaL ^AXePavopov. Kai 'AXe^avooo? ov (pavXov g
TTOirjcrafxevo^ to t^9 j^eXioovo? aveKoivuxrev 'A.pt(TTav-
Spip Tw TeXfXLcraei, fxafTei ' ^A^pluTavSpov oe e7ri/3ovX}]V
fxiu eK TOV Twv (piXcov a-rjixaivecrOaL avTcp enrelv ' atjimai-
vecrOai Se koI oti KaTa(pavt]g ecTTai. Trjv yap j^eXidova
(TvvTpocbou T€ clvai bpi'iOa kui evvovv avOpwiroi^ Kai
XdXov fidXXou r] aXXijv opviOa.
'VavTO. T€ ovv Kai Ta airo tov Ylepcrov PvpQei^ g
irifJiTrei w? Tlapimei'iooua 'A.iuL<poT€pov tov 'AXe^dpSpov
fxeu iraiSa, ddeX(pov oe J^paTepov. Kai pvjj.-
hisarrest, , ^ ^ ^ , , , ,5,,
by Par= TTe/ATret avTW Toov llepyaioov Tiva^ Ttjv ooovmenio.
, ,
'
^ ' » A ^ ' \
'
t]yt]<TO/ixevov^. Kai o J\/uL<poTepos aToAtju
ivSvg eiri'^wpiov, wg ixt] yvcopijuo? elvai KUTa Tt]v ooov.
XavOavei dipiKOiuevog irapd Tlap/uLevicova ' Kai ypa/a- 10
IxaTa fxev ov Kojui'^ei irap AXe^avopov ' ov yap eoo^e
ypdSeiv virep ovSevos toiovtov is to ifxcpaves • to, oe
54 AAE^ANAPOY
ayro yXwcrarjg oi evTeTaXjuei'a e^/jyyeiXe. Kai outoo
^vX\aju(3av€Tac 6 'AXe^ai^^oo? ovrog koi ev (pvXaK}] fjv.
'AXe^apopo? oe apag e/c ^acrtjXlSo? juepos [xev Ti XXVT>7? (TTpaTiag oia tcou opcov Trefjurei eTn Ylepy>]^,
//
wSoTTeTTOirjKea-av avTio ol Gyoa/ce? '^(aXeirriv
army cross aWo)^ Kcti juaKpav oucrav Tr]v irapoSov ' aJro?
Taurus, §€ iraoa Triv OaXacrcrav via tou aiyiaXov vyethe other,
^ , , , -, „ «, / , ,nx '
under Tov<; a/ud)^ avTOV. ecTTi oe tuvtij >] 600^ ovkAlexander,
,, „ , /^ , , ,, ,'
,
,march to aWcog OTL /ULt] Tiou UTT fipKTOU avejULcov irveov-the coast.
, «, , , , , V ^> >
Twv • ei oe voroi KUTeyoiev, airopoog e^ei oia
Tov aiytaXov ooonropeiv. Tore e/c i^otwv crKXtjpcov 2
(^opeai e'7rnrvev(javT€<s, ovk avev tou Oelov, &>? ai'ro? re
Kac oi aju<p^ avTOV e^rjyovvTO^ evjuaptj Km Tayeiav Trjv
Trapooov irapicryov. €k llepy)]^ Se co? irporjet, evTvy^a-
vovariv avT(p Kara rrjv oSou 7rpe(T^ei^ 'A-cnrev^idov avTO'
KpaTope?, Trjv ixev iroKiv ei^SiSovreg, (ppovpau oe fxrj
ela-ayeiv Seofxevoi. kqI irepX [xev t>7? (ppovpau Trpa^ai/reg 3
airtjXOoif ocra ij^lovv • irePTriKOVTa §e toXuptu /ceXeJet
Tt] (TTpaTia Sovvai avToi? e? juktOov koi tov^ txTroi;? ovg
oaa-fMov ^acriXei erpecpou. ol Se virep re tou apyv-
pLov KOL T0U9 'iTTTTOus TTapaScocTeiu ^uvOe/jLevoL cnrrjXOov.
'AXe^avSpog Se eTTi 2/^//? ^ei. eicr\ Se oi ^iStJTai 4
KuyOtttiOf €K K.VfXt]^ T^9 A.loX[Sog ' KOI OVTOl XiyOVCTlV
„ . virep (TCpcov TOvSe tou Xoyov, otl ic<s KaTfjpav
of Side. ^g ^y ^^j, y^^, eKelvrjv oi irpcoTOi e/c J^ujutjg
CTTaXevTes koi cttJ oiKia-fxa) e^e^tjcrav, avTiKa Trjv jxev
'EXXa^a y\oi(T(7av e^eXaOovTo, evOug §e ^ap^apov
(pwvijv 'iecrav, Koi ovSe twu irpocr'^wpcov ^ap^apwv, aXXa
iSlav adfiou o'uttco irpoaQev ovaav Ttjv (poovijv ' Kai e/c
ANABASIS I, 27. 55
TOTe ov KUTa TOf? aWovg Trpoa-^wpovg ^lorJTaL e^ap-
^apuCov. KaToXiTTcov Se (ppovpau eV 2/^>/ Trporjei eTrJ 5
SuXXtoJ/, yuipiov oyvpov Kai (ppovpav e^^ov ^evcov juicr-
6o(p6po)V KOI avTCov TMV CTTi'^wpiMV ^ap^dpcou. aXX
ouTe TO ^vWiov i^ €(p6oov avToa-yeoLOv rjovvifirj Xa-
jSefv, eirei re ^yyeXOt] avTio kutu Tt]v oooi' Tovg^
A^<t-
TrevSiov^ OTi ovSev rcov ^vyKei/u.ei'cou Trpa^ai edeXoiev,
ovTe Tou^ 'iTTTTOU? TTapaoovvai Toh TrejUiCpOeicnv ovtc
a7rapi6fji.t]iTai to. ^^/jjuara , Kai tu ck Ttjg ywpm on
ava(TK€vacraiJ.evoL e? Trjv ttoXiv tu? tc TrcXa? airoKC-
KXeiKaari T0I9 irap 'AXe^avSpov Koi ra Te'iyri oirrj
TreTTOvrjKOTa tjv eiricTKevaCovaL, tuvtu irvdo^evo'S enri
'A.cnrei'Sov aveZevyvvev.
"QiKicTTai Se T^? 'A^airei/oov tu fxei/ iroWu cttI a.Kpa XX'ovypa KOI aTTOTOjULW koi Trap' avrrjv t)]V UKpau 6 EJjOU-
/ULeSwu TTOTajuo? pel' ijcrav Se avTOi^ Kcii irep\Aspeiidus ^ ,, , - n /- » 1 / 1 ,
besieged, T>; «Acoa €v Tip -^uafjiaXu) ovK oXiyai oiKJjaeigsurrenders ', I
'
n ' o^'
? - ? /
under hard Kai T€i-^09 irepiepepAfjTO avTai^ ov /meya.
TO fxev §i] re/p^o? evOv? w? irpocrayoPTa 'AXe^- 2
avopov eyvuicrav, eKKeiirovcriv bcroi eircpKovv Kai Ta<s
oiKiag o(ja<i ev tw ^Oa/uaXw (fKia-jULevag ovk eSoKOVv
oiacpuXa^ai up SuvaaOai ' avTol oe e? Ttjv aKpav ^ufxcpev-
yovaiv. 'AXe^avSpog Se cog ucpiKeTO ^vv t?/ omajmei, e'lcro)
Tov eprjfxov Tei-you? irapeXOinv KaTea-TpaTOirioeuaev ev
Taig oiKiaig TaU KaTaXeXeijUfxevaig ttjOO? tmv ^AcnrevSiwv.
OL (5e 'A.aTrev§ioi co? elSov avTov re 'A.XePavopov irap 3
eXirioa iJKouTa Ka\ to (TTpaTOireoov ev kvkXw arcpaw
TravTrj, TrejUf^avTeg Trpea-^eig eSeovTO e<p' oIcT'Trep to
TTpoTepov ^v/ulSijvai. koi 'AXe^avSpog to re "voopiov
56 aae;h^anapoy
o'^^vpov iStov Koi avTO^ W9 om ex: y^poviov TroXiopKiav
TrapeaKevacriiJi.evog eir). Toh avToIg ixev ovoe cog ^vue/Si]
TTOOf avTOvg ' ojurjpovg Se Sovpai a(poov Tovg owaroTa- 4
Toug eKeXevcre koi tou? "nrirovg ovg irpocrQev w^oXo-
yijG-av Kal eKUTOv raXavTa uvti tCov irevrriKOVTa, Kai
TreiOecrOai tu> craTpaTrri tm inr 'AXe^avopov rayOevTi
Kcu (popoug airocpepeiv ocra ert] Ma/ceoocrf, koi virep Ttjg
^oopag SiaKpiOtjuai i]v twv '7rpocr)^wp(jov ovcrav (3ia. Kare-
^eiv ev aiTia ijcrav.
Qg Se iravTa ol eire'^wptjcrav, aveTev^ev eg Tlepy>]v, S
KaKelQev eg ^pvylav wp/uajTO • >]v §e avrw rj iropela
irapa Tep/Mrjuarov ttoXiv. oi Se avQpwTroi
Aexap er^j^^^ ^^ ^^j^ yevog Ilitr/^at etcri /BdplSapoi,
Si *ff^*TYt^J/OiOJ/ oe oiKOV(Tiv virepuyjrriXov kolI iravTrj
Termes= aTTOTO/uov ' Koi rj oSog irapa Ttjv ttoXii'
j^aXeTTJ/. Ka9)']Kei yap e/c Ttjg TroXecog bpog 6
eirre e-rn rrjv 686v, Kai tovto /mev auTOu ev t^ 68(p
airoTraveTai ' avTiiropov 8e avTcc aXXo opog ecrTiv ou
fxelov UTTOTO/Jiov. Kai TavTa tu opt] (oairep TruXag
TTOiel eir). td oSw, Ka\ ecTTiv oXiyrj (puXaKu KartyovTag
TO. opt] Tavra airopov iroieiv Tr]u irapooov. koi roTe
ol Tep/j-rja-crelg iravSijfji.e] eK^e^otjQi^KOTeg ajucporepa to.
opt] KaTeiyov. Tavra Sij iSci)v ^AXe^avopog arpaTO- 7
TreSevea-Oai avTOV oirwg eiyov cKeXeue Tovg MaKeoovag,
yvovg on ov fxevovai Travotjime] oi lep/xtjcrcrelg avXi-
X^ojaivovg a(bag l^ovreg, a\X' a'7royMpi)(Jov(TLv eg Trjv
TToXiu 7rXt](Tiov ovcrav ol ttoXXol avTu>i>, ocrov (pvXaKrjv
KaraXiirovTeg eTrl roig opecri. Ka\ ^vve/Bt] oirccg e'lKaXev*
Ol /xei/ yap ttoXXoi avTcou aTrijXOou, at (pvXaKai Se
ANABA2I2 I, 28. 57
eyKare/jLeivav. Kai eiri TOVTOvg evOu^ avaXa^oov Tovi 8
re > o^oTai; kqi to? tcov aKOVTKTTwv Ta^eK koi twv
oirXiTwv o<Toi KovcpOTepoi eTnjyayev. oi §e om eiJ-eivav
paXko/J.evoi, aWa eXtTrov to "^(ap'iov * kul 'A.Xi^av-
opo? v7rep^aXu)u tu crTevu ttoo? t^ iroXei Karearpa-
TOTreSevcre.
Ka< eirravOa acpiKVOvpTai Trap' avTOv ^eXyecov irpecr- XX\'
peif. 01 oe eiai Kai avTol Tlia-iSai l3dp(3apoi koi -ttoXiv
Negotia-lJi€yaXi]v oIkovctl kol avTo\ iJ.a.'^iiJ.oi eicriv ' oTi
th'e"*^'**'(5e TToXefJiioi T019 Tep/uLtjcra-evacv €K iraXaiov
Seigians.eTvy)(^avov, VTTep (piXla^ 7rpo<s 'AXe^avSov
7re7rpecrl3€v/j.evoi ijcrav. Kai Trpog rovTOvg airevSeTai
AXe^avSpo^, Kai eK tovtov iriaTo'i^ e? diravTa ej(jpri(raTO. 2
ntv l€pfjLrj(Taou oe aireyuo) eXelv dv ev oXlyw -^povw,
uXX cTTi ZiuyaXaacrov ecneXXcTO. ^v oe Kai avTtj ov
fiiKpa TToX/f • TLiarloai koi TavTtjv wkovv, koi cSokovu
iravTiav Y\.i(ti8u)V iJ.ayliJ.wv ovtcou avrol eivai ol jut-ayi-
fxwTarot ' Kai Tore rov Xocpov tov irpo tw TroXewg,
OTi Kai ovTO? ov jueiov tov Telyovg 6yypo9 ef to
airofiayecrOai t/v, KaTeiXtjCpOTe^ irpocreixevov. 'AXiP- 3
ai>opo9 oe Tr]v jueu (paXayya twv Ma/ce^oj/wi/ tclttci
Moe. eiri [xev tov oe^iov Kepcog, 'iva koi avTOi eireTe-
TaKTO, TOi;? VTraa-TTia-Tug eiyev, eyofxevov^ Se tovtwv
TOf? ireCeTaipovq ecTTe eiri to evcovvfiov irapaTeiva^,
to? eKa(TT0i9 TWV CTTpaTrjywv >/ tjyefxovia Tt]9 ra^eto?
ej' Ti] Tore ^fxepa t/v, eirl Se rw evoovvjULW eireTaPev 4I'lyejuova ^A/uLvvTav tov 'Appa^alov. TrpoeTa-yOijaav
oe avTU) TOV /mev Se^iov Kepcoi o'l re TOpOTai Ka\ 01
'Aypiave^ ' tov Se evoovujuiov 01 aKOVTKTTai ol Qp^Kes,
58 AAE£?ANAPOY
S)V rjyeLTO ^itoXk?]? ' ol yup linre'i^ avTO) ovk wCpeXifioi
ev "ij §vo-)(0)pca rjcrav. roh TLnTiSai^ Se koi Tep/mtja-creig
7rpo(T^el3o>)6i]KOT€? ^vvera^avTO.
"HSi] Se ol a/uLCp' 'AXe^avSpov Trpocr^e/SXtjKOTeg tw opei 5
oirep KaTelyov ol T\.i(jL^ai Kar avTO to airoTOixwraTOV
T^? avoSov ijcrav, kou ev tovtio eiriTiQevTaiDefeat of
•> - , q ' o ^ ' - '
the Pisi= avTOi<i Ol pappapoi Ao-^oig KUTu Kepag eKare-dians, cap= -Pi' \ > ^ ' ^tureofSa= poi' t] ar(pt(Ti fxev evTrpocroocoTaTOV >]v, T019galassus. n ' ^^^ x ' ' ' o '
TToAejULioif oe ^^aAeTrwrar/y // irpocrjDacn^. Kai
Toy? yotef TO^OTng, ola Srj ouTe UKpi^wg coTrXicr/uLevov^ Kai
TT/OcoTOU? TreXdcrai'Tag, erpi^avTO ' ol Se 'Aypiave^ 6
efieivav. e'y'yi'9 yap tj^t] Kai t) (paXay^ toov Ma/ceOoi'toi/
Trpocrrjye Kai irpo avrrj^ ^AXe^avSpog ecpaivero. w? oe
ev -vepariv t] ixayj] eyevero, yvfxvoi re ol ^ap^apoi bvres
oirXiTai^ TrpoaecpepovTO Kai iravTi] KaraTiTpcoG-KOfxevoi
eiriTTTOv, evTavOa St] eyKXivovcri. Ka). aireOavov avTwv 7
eg TrevraKOcriovg. Kovipoi yap bvreg Kai e/HTreipoi twv
vcopicov ov p^aXeTTWS aTreywpovv ' Ka\ ol M.aKed6ve<;
Sia ^apvTtjra twv ottXwv Kai aireipiav tcov oowv ov
OappaXeoi e? to SiwKeiv Tjarav. 'AXe^avSpo? oe e-^o- g
fxevog TWV (pevyovTcov Trjv iroXiv avTwv aipei KaTa
KpoLTog. TLov Se ^vv avTip J^Xeavopog re o a-TpaTtjyog
TWV TOpOTWV airoQvfia-Kei km twv aXXwv a/ji(j)i tov^
e'lKOCTiv, 'AXe^avSpog §e ewl Tovg aXXoug Tlicrioag
//ye * Ka) to, /mev Tiva twv (ppovpiwv ^la e^eiXe, tu oe
ojuoXoyia irpoarjyayeTO.
^^VTevdev §e fiei eTrt ^pvylag Trapa T>yi/ Xlfxvtjvf] XXIX.
ovofxa ^AcTKavia, ev rj d'Xe? mjyvvvTai avTop.aToi, Kai
TovToig -^wvTai ol enri'^wpioi ovoe 6aXa(7<rt]s ti ctti
ANABA2I2 I, 29. 59
TouTw SeoPTQi KOI. (KpiKveLTUi eg KeXa/m? TrejuLTTTaioi.
ev oe raU ll^eXaivalg aKoa i]v iravTr] airoTOfio^,Surrender
^ ^ ^ ^ , ^ r
of Kai TavTt]v (pvXaK)] Karei-^ev ck tou craTpairov
T'/? <P|Oi"yia? KajOe? ^aei/ j^iXiot, iLWrjveg oe
fj.LcrQo(popoL eKaTOv. kui ovtol irpea^evovTai Trap 2
'AXe^auopou, eirayyeWoixevoi, el jur] aCpiKoiTO acpicri
BoijOeia ev ^ilJ-epa f]^vueKeiTO, (ppacravreg Ti)v }]fj.epav,
OTi TrapaScocrovcri to -^uipiov. koL e^oPe Tavra 'AXeP-
duSpw (jo(peXijui.ooTepa 5/ TroXiop.celv airopov iravTt]
Trpocrcpepea-Oai Ttju aKpav. irpog fxev Si] raig KeAat- 3
I'aig (pjXaKtjv KaTaXenrei (TTpaTiooTag eg -yCXiovg /cat
wevTaKocrlovg. fxelvag oe avrov ^/uepag oeKa koi
(TaTpdirrju dTTOoe'ipug ^puyiag 'A.i'Tiyoi/ov top ^iXitt-
TTOV, eTTt oe Tovg uvixfjid'^ovg dvT eKecvov aTpaTi]yov
l^aXaKpov Tov 'A/jlvvtov eiriTa^ag, avTog eiri TopSlou
eaTeXXeTO. kui liapixevLwvi eirea-TeiXev, dyovTa a/na
ol Trjv SvvafjLiv eKelue cnravTciv ' koi cnnjVTa PvvJunction - 5 ' n ' ^ , / ^^ ' awith Tn ovva/j-ei llapfxeuiwv. Kai oi veoya/J-OL oe oi 4
ctt) Ma/ceoov/a? CTToXevTeg elg YopSiou tjkov
Kai pvv avToig aXXt] uTpaTLu. KaToXeyQelcra, j/V ^ye
WToXejialog re 6 ^eXevKOv kcu Kotw? o TVoXeixoKpd-
Tovg KCU MeXeayoo? 6 NeoxToXeyUou, '7re'Co\ fxeu Ma/ce-
ooveg Tpig-^iXioi l-mrelg <5e h TpiaKocrlovg kui OecrcraXcov
iTTTreig SiaKocrioi, 'JiXeuou §e maTOV koi 'jrevTi]K0VTa, wv
rjyeLTO 'AXKiag 6 'HXeiog.
To ^e VopSiov ecTTc fxev Trjg ^pvyiag Trjg e(p' 'EXXj?- 5
(TTTOVTOV, KeiTai Se eTrJ too ^ayyapio) Trora/Uw • tov oe
^ayyapiov at fxev 7rt]yai e/c ^pvyiag elcrlv ' avTog oe
Sia Ttjg OpoiKoov tcov BiOvvwu ^((jopas ePlt](Tii' eis tov
60 AAE;e7ANAP0Y
rju^eivov TTOVTOv. evravOa koi ^A.Or]vaioov Trpe<r^ela Trap*
'AXepavSpov ad)iKeTO, Seoaevoi ^AXepdvSoovAlexander , . , , , , ,, , %before achelvuL <j(bi(jL Tovg m-v/uLoXdoTov^ o'l €7r\ Vpa-Qordium: ' ^ -'^j^jAn r v
viKw TTOTa/xo) e\ij<p9r](Tav ' A.ut]vai(iov PvcrrpaT-
evojuevoi Tocg TLepcrais koi rore ev M.aKe§ovia Pvv Toh
Sia")(^i\[oLg SeSefxevoi ?]aav' koi inrep avTwv airpaKTOi 6ev TO) Tore a-irrjKBov. ov yap eSoKei aa-cpaXh etvai
'AXe^dvSpip en crvvecrTcoTog tov ttoo? top Ylepa-}]v
TToXe/uLov dvelval tl tov (po^ov Tolq "^Wt]<jiv ocroi
evavTia t>/ 'EXAcic^t (TTpaTevea-Qai vrrep twv ^apBdpoov
ovK aTrrj^maav' aXX' diroKptveTai, e-TreiSdv to. irapovTa
KaXwg yev>]Tai, TOTe iJKeiv virep twv avTiov Trpea-^euofxi-
vovs
BIBAION AEYTEPON.
I.
—
Persian operations in the jEgcan (1-2).
'E/c oe TOVTOV ^eiJLVwv tov re vavTiKov Trai'TO? tjye- I.
ixwv e'/c ^acriXecog Aapeiov Ka6eaTt]K(jog Kal tw TrapaXiov
^v/uL7racrr]g, wg e? MaKeSovlav re koi tvjv 'EX-Memnon's . , « , ,
,, ,. ^
,
,
attack on Aaoa a7ro(TTpe\j/cov tov TroAejULOv, J^lov iulcv
\ajUL(3avei irpooocrla evSoOeicrav • evOev Se eTTi
Aecr^ou TrXeJcra?, ws ov irpoaeiyov avTw 01 ^iTvXtjvaioi,
Tag aXXap TroXei? r^? Aecr/3ou irpocrrjyayeTO. TavTas 2
Se irapacTTrjcrdixevoi; Ka\ ttpoa-a-^wv Tt] M.iTvX)]vr] r^j/
fxev TToXiv -^apaKi onrXfp e/c OaXaTTtjg e? OaXaTTav
direTe'f^ia-e, a-TpaTOireSa §e irevTe eTroiKoSofJDja-dfJLevos
Ttjg yrjs cKpaTei ov j^aXeiru)?. /cat [xepog jxev Ti Twv
pecou TOV Xijj.eva aOrwi/ e(pvXa(T(T€, Tctj Se eVJ Tt]v
ANABASIS II, 1. 61
OLKoav T»J? AeVjSou to ^lypiov, "iva t] Trpocr^oX)] fxa-
\i(TTa ecTTi rah cnro re X/oi' koi YepaicrTOV kqi
MaXea? oXkolo-iu, cnrocrreLXag tov Trapaifkovv ev
(pvXaKr] et-^ei', cog jul-)} Tiva wcpeXeiav Kara OoXarrav
ylyveadat Tolg ^liTvXtjuaioig. Kai ev tovtw ?Hisdeath. '/, , , . ^ , „ "^^
avTog ixev vocrw TeAeura, Kai eiTrep n aAAo
KOI TOVTO ev TU) TOTe e^Xay^^e tu ^acriXewg irpay-
fiara. A.VTod>paSaTr]g Se koi ^apva^a^og 6 ^A^pTU-
/Sd^ov, OTIC Kcti CTrerpey^e reXevTcov 6 ^lejuvcov Trjv avrov
o.p-^]v ecrre Aapeiov ti virep avryj^ yvwvai, aveXcpiow
avTOV ovTi, ouTOL Trj TToXiopKia ovK appu)(TT0)9 TTpocre-
Keivro. KciL ol ISlLnvXrivaloi Trjg re y>J9 elpyojxevoi Kai a
airo 6aXaTTr]g TroXXaig vavcriv e(popixov(raig (ppovpov-
fjLevoi 7re/i\|/ai/Te9 irapd tov ^apva(3a^ov ofxo-
surrenders ^^'y/a? eTron'icravTO, Tovg fxev ^evovg rovg Trap
'AXe^avSpou crcplcri Kara crvix[xayj.av {jKovrag
aTreXOeiv, MiTuX //va/ou? oe KuOeXeiv /nev raf
TTjOO? 'A-Xe^avSpov crcbicn yevo/nevag crTyXag,
Pvixfj-dyovi oe eivai Aapeiov Kara t>]V eipyvrjv Ttjv eir
'A-vtoXkiSov yevofxevriv irpog ^acriXea Aapeiov, Tovg
(bvyaoag oe avTcov Kanevai eir'i Toig rifxicreai tu)v totc
ovTcov OT€ €(pvyov. 67ri TOVTOig fxev or] rj ^vfxpacrig c
To'iq ^lLTvXt]vaioi<i TTpog Touf Tiepuag ^vve/Sr]. ^apva-
j3a'(^og Se /cat AvTO(ppaSaTt]g, wg TraprjXOov aira^ e'lcrco riyy
TToXeo)?, (ppovpav re eg ovTtjv eicnjyayov Kai (ppovpapyov
eir avTii A.VKOiuySt]v 'IPoSiov, Ka) Tvpavvov eyKaT€aTf]<rav
Ttj TToXei Aioyevtjv, eva toov (pvydSicv ' ^?//xaTa re
eia-eirpapav Tovg ^liTvXrjvaiovg ra ixev /3ia a<peXo-
fxevoi Tovg e-^ovrag, to. Se ep to koivov eiri^aXovTe^,
to his
successorPharna='bazus.
62 AAESANAPOY
TavTa §e SiaTrpa^ajULevoi ^apvd^aTog fxev eirXei II.
eTrJ Au/c/a? aywv tov<s fxicrOocpopov^ • A^vTOCppaSdrrj^
The ^^ ^""^ "^"^ aXXa? vrjcrovs. Kai ev rovrto Kara-
ca'tm-e*TreyUTTei Aapeio? Ou/xoovSau tov Me^rooo?,
Tenedos;cty-j-oj/ ^ev Tot)? ^eVou? TrajOa ^appa/Sai^ov
iraprtXtj^oixevov kou dvaPovTa irapa /BacriXea, ^apva-
(^aOp Se epovvTU ap-^eiv ocrcov ^Icjuivcav VpX^* ''•'^' ^
TrapaSoug tovtu) Tovg ^evovg ^apvd^a^og eirXei irap^
AvTocppa^oLTt^v eTTi Ta<s uavg. w? ^e ofxou eyevovTO,
ScKU fJLev vaCg CTTeXXovcriv exi Tag Ku/cXa^a? vi'jcrovg
AaTafJLrjv avSpa Ylepcrijv ayovTa, avToi Se vavrnv
CKUTOv e-jri TeveSou eTrXevaav • KaTaKOjumrOei'Teg Se
Trig TeveSov €ig tov Bopeiov KoXovjULevou Xijueva Trefx-
TTovcri irapa Tovg leveoiovg Kai KeXevovcri Tag (JTr]Xag
Tag irpog 'AXe^apopov Ka\ Tovg "cjXXtjvag yevofxeuag
(TCpicri, TavTag [xev KaOeXeiv, irpog Aapeiov Se ayeiv
Ti']v eipr]vi]v ijv e7r/ 'A^VTaXKiSov Aapeio) crvveOevTO.
TeueSioig Se to. fxev Trjg evvolag eg 'AXe^avSpov re 3
KOI TOvg "^XXfjvag CTroiei fX(xXXov ' iu Se tw irapovTi
airopov aXXcog eSoKCi oti /xlj irporr-^wpricravTag Tolg
Y\ep(Taig crcoi'ea'Sai " eirei ovoe HyeXo^w, oTcp irpocre-
TeTUKTO VTT 'AXc^avopov avQig ^vvayayelv ^vva/xiv
vavTiKi]v, Toa-avTt] ^ui'tiy/uLen] t}v wg oi oXiyov irpocr-
SoKUp ecrecrOai av a(picri irap avTov Tiva wcpeXeiav.
ouTCi) jULev 07] OL dfxipi ^apva^aYov Tovg xeveSlovg
(ho^u) fxaXXov t] eOeXovTug irapecTTrjcravTO.
'Ej/ ^e TovTip llpcoTeag 6 'A.p§pouLKOV eTvy^ave 4
fxev ^I'va'va'ya)!/ e^ Eu/So/a? re Kai WeXoiroviiy'ia-ov
vavg ixaKpag vtto ^AvTiiraTpov TeTayixevog, wg elvai
ANABASIS II, 3. 63
Tiva Tah T€ vr](T0i9 (puXaKijv koi avrij Tij EiXXaoi, et, ku-
OoiTrep iprjyyeWero, eTrnrXeoiev ol ^ap^apoi'
defeated TrvOojULCvog Se AaTOLfji.rji' 7rep\ ^i<pvov op/xeivina8ea=
, -, \ ,f rn ^
fight off de/ca vavaiv, avrog e-^^wv irevreKaideKa vvkto^SiphnOS. 1 r 1 \ "V" ^'\^ - '^ "T?''
avayexai airo Ji.aAKioos t>]S ctti tu) HivptTrui
KOI TTjOocrcr^wj/ ecoOev J^vOpm rt] v^aru> Tf]V jxev rjjj.epav 5
avTOV avXiCerai, co? cracpea-repov re SiaTTvOeaOai ra irepi
Toov SeKa vewv kou dixa ev vvktl (po/Bepwrepov irpocnrecrelv
TOi? ^OLViPiu • a»? ^e efxaOe cracpoog tov AaTajurjv ^vv
Tai9 vau(jh ev 2/d)V6t) opjuovvra, exfTrXeJcra? ert puk-
TO? VTT avTt]i' Tiju eft) Koi aTTpotrooK^TOi? eirnrecrcov
o/CTO) /iiev i'av<; avroig avSpacriv eAape * Aara/x;/? oe
jULexa Svoiv Tpirjpolv ev T>; irpwT}] Trpoa-fxt^ei twv cifxa
YlpcoTea vewv uTreKCpuyoov aTrea-coOt] Trpog to aX\o
II.
—
Alexander's movements in Central and South-East
Asia Minor (ch. 4—5), in Northern Asia Minor
(6-12), in So2ith Syria, as far as Gaza
(13-27).
'AXe^avSpo? Se ft)9 eg VopSiov TrapyjXOe, TroOog HIXaix^avei avrov aveXOovra eg Tf]v cifcpav, 'iva Kai ra
(iaa-lXeia ^v tu YopSiov Ka] tov 'Traioog avTOV
Continuao^yj/^^^^ ^^j^ djua^av iSeiV TOV TopSiOV KOC TOV
narrative, y^yov Ttjg diui.apr]g TOV SecTfxov. \oyog oe irepi 2
at Gor= -j-^j afxdptjg eKeiv}]g irapa T019 irpoa-^wpoig
TToXvg KaTeiye, YopSiov elvai twv TraXai <P^u-
ycSv avSpa TrevrjTa koi oXiyrjv eivai avTip yrjv epyai^ea-uai
KOI ^evyr] jSocov Sua' /cat tw /xev apoTpidv, tw oe afxa-
64 AAESANAPOY
^eveiv Tov YopSiov. Kot irore apovvTog avrov eTrcTTTrjvai 3
exl TOV ^uyou aerou KOi eTrifxeh'ai 'icTTe €ir\ ^ovXvtov
KaOij/ULevov TOV oe eicifkayevTa t// o^ei levai KOivtocrovTa
virep TOV Oelov irapa tou^ TeA/xtcrcrea? tov^ /navTeig'
elvai yap Tovg TeX^ttcrcrea? a-ocpoug Ta Oeia e^i^yeicrOai
Kal cTCpKTiv airo yevovg SeSocrOai avTOig Koi yvvai^l koI
iraicrl Tr]v fxavTeiav. TrpocrdyovTa Se Kdofxr] tivI tcov 4
TeXfxicrcreoov evTvyelv irapOevu) vSpeuofxevi] Koi Trpog
TauTrjv eiTTSiv ottoo^ ol to tov clctov ecry^e' Tt]V Se,
elvai yap Kai avTtjv tov fxavTiKOV yevovs, dveiv
KeXevcrai rw Ait T(p (BacriXei, eiraveXOovTa eis TOV
TOTTOV avTOV. /ctti Set]6>]vai yap avTfji YopSiov,
Trjv Ovcriav ^vveTTKTTrofievtjv ol avTtjv e^tjyijcraa-Oai,
Ovaal T€ OTTO)? eKeivrj vTreTiOcTO tov Yopoiov koi
^vyyevecrOai cttI ydfxo) Tf] TraiSl koi yevecrOai avToiv
TraiSa ^liSav ovofia. r/St] re uvSpa etvai tov ^liSav 5
KaXov Kai yevvacov Kai ev tovtw crTaaei TieCeo'Oai
€v (rcbia-L Tovg ^pvyag, Kai yevecrOai avToig y^prjcriJ.ov
OTi d/iia^a a^ei avToIs ^aaiXea koi oti ovto9 auTOig
KaTaTravaei t>]v crTaariv. eTi Se irepi avToov tovtwv
^ovXevofxevoig eXOeiv tov M/<5av ojulov tw iruTpl koi
Tt] fJLtjTpi Kai eiricTTrivai tjj eKKXtjcria avTn dfj-apri.
Tov<i Se, ^vfx/SaXovTas to /aavTeiov tovtov ckcIvov 6
yvwvai ovTa ovTiva 6 6eog avToIs ichpa'i^ev oti a^ei
>) d/j-a^a' Kai KaTacrTtjcrai juev avTOvg (BacriXea tov
^liSav, M/(5aj/ Se avToh Ttjv (jTaa-iv KaTairavcrai^
Kai Trjv (Ifxa^av tov TraTpog ev th aKpa avaOeivat
yapicTTijpia Tip A« Tw ^acriXei eiri tov aeTOv t^
TTO/XTTiJ. irpog Se St] TOVTOig KOI ToSe irep\ tJ/? d/md^rji
ANABASIS II, 4. 65
e/uLvOevero, 0(tti? Xvcreie tov X}>'yov rtj? ajma^t]? rov
Searfxou, TOVTOV -^tjvac ap^ai rn? ^^crla^. iju oe 6 7
SecrfMog eK cbXoiov Kpaveia^; kul tovtov oure reXo?
ouTe cipvr] echalvero. 'AXe^auSpog §e co? airopwg fxev
ei-veu epevpdv Xvcriv rod Sea-fJiou, akvTOv oe irepaoelv
ovK //0eAe, fj./]Tiva kol tovto e? Tov<i ttoWovs kivi]-
criv epydcrtjrai, oi [xev Xeyovcriu on Traia-ag rw ^LCpeL
§ieKoy\/-e rov Secrfxov koi XeXvcrOai eipr] • ^Apiaro/^ovXos
Se Xeyei e^ekovra tov earropa rov pvfxoO, b? »}v TfXoy
()\a/3e/3A///xeVo9 Sia rov pvfxov Siafxira^, ^vve-^oov tov
Sea-fjiov, e^eXKua-ai e^o) tov pvfxov top (^vyov. ottoj? g
/j.'ev Sr] eirpayOt] to. ajucpl tw Sea-fxco tovtw 'AXe^av-
Sp(p OVK eyw la-^plcraa-Bai. airijWayrj o ovv airo
Tt]<; a/uLaPtj^ avTog re Koi ol a/mcp avrov co? tov
Xoyiov TOV e7r< Ttj Xvcrei tov Searjaov ^i//x/3ej8///coT09.
KOI yap KUi rm vvkto? eKelvrjg ^povTui re Kat creAa?
€p ovpavov eirecn'jiJ.tivav ' Kai eiri tovtoi? eOve t>/
vaTepaia 'AXe^avSpog TOt? (p/jvaai Oeoig tu re (Dj^ela
Koi TOV oecTjULOv Ttjv Xvcriv.
AuTOi' Se T}] vcTTepaia eir ^AyKvpm t»79 TaXaTiKri<i jy^
€<TTeXXeTO • KUKel avTw Trpea-jSeia ucpiKveiTai IlacpXa-
y6vo)v, TO re eOvog evSiSovTwv kui eg o/uoXo-March
' >- O ' , ^^ ^ / ^^ ^through yiav ^vfxpaivoi'TOOV ' eg oe Ti]V ywpav ^vv Ttj
Qalatia „ , < ' /O ^ - '?' ' ' ^'and Cap- duvafxei firj ecrpaXeiv edeovTO. TOVTOig fJ-ev dt] 2padocia. , < \ x '>- ? ' ' T^ '^
Trpoa-Taa-crei AXet^avopog viraKOveiv J\aAa tw
a-aTpaTTt] T^jg ^puyiag. avrog Se eir] KaTTTrado/c/a?
eXda-ag ^vfXTraa-av t>]v evTog "AXvog TroTafxov irpocrriya-
yeTO KOL €Ti virep tov "AXi'i' iroXX^jv • /caTatrTJ/cra? oe
J^aTTTraSoKccv Ha^iKTUV (raTpdirrjv avTog iroorjyev eiri
£
66 aae;e;anapoy
Ta? TTuXag ra^ KtXma?. koi a(piK6/ui.evog ctt] to KJoou 3
Tov ^uv fL,evo(pU)VTi aTparoTreSov, cos KaTeyofievai^ ra?
wvXas (pvXaKUig icr-^upah elSe, Tlapjuevioova fxeu
avTOv KaToXenrei cvv Taig Ta^eari twv ireCHi'V ocroi
^apvTepov ooTrXiCTjULivoi rjcrav • avrog Se a/uipl irpoirriv
(pvXaKtjv avaXa^wv tov? re viracnrKJTa? Kai tov?
TO^OTU? KUi Tovg 'A.ypiu.va<i Trpotjye Ttj? vvKTog eirl
ra? TTvXa?, ws ov TrpoaSe-^ofxevoL? toI? (pvXa^iv eirnre-
creiu. Kai irpoaaydov fxev ovk eXaOeu, e? 'laov Se 4
avTO) KaTecTT)] tj toXjulq. oi yap cpvXaKe? aicrOofxevoi
'AXe^avopov avTov TrpocrayovTa Xittoi^tc? Trju (pvXa-
Ktjv wyovTO (pevyovTe?. t^ Se vcTTepala ajma T?} eco
^vv T>7 ovi/a/uL€i iracnj vTrep/SaXoov ra? Tri'Xa? kutc-
jiaivev e? Ttjv J^iXiKiav. koi evTovBa ayyeXXcTai 5
avTU) 'A.p(raiuLi]9 oti irpoaBev fxev eirevoei Siaa-w^eiv
Ylepaaig Tf]v Tapaou, co? Se VTrep^efSXtjKOTa ijSi] tcis
TTvXas CTTvOeTO 'AXe^avSpov eKXiireiv ev vw ej(eiv t>]V
ttoXlv ' SeSievaL ovv tov? Tapcrea? fxr] ed)' ap7ray>)v
Tpairei? ovtco Ttju airoXeiyp^iv r*/? Tapcrov TroirjcrfjTai.
TavTa aKOvcra? Spojucp ijyev eirl tijv Tapcrov tov? re 6
iTTTrea? Kai tcov y^iXcov ocroi KOvcboTaToi, cocrre 6
'Apa-a/mr]? juaOcov avTOV Trjv opjurjv cnrovStj (pevyei e/c Ttjs
lapcrov Trapa ^acriXea Aapeiov ovSev /3Xa\|/a9 Tt]v ttoXcv.
'AXe^avSpog Se, ws fiev 'A.pi(TTO^ovX(p XeXeKTai, vtto 7
KafxaTOV evoQ-tjcrev ' 01 Se etg tov J\.vSvov iroTa/xov Xe-
Alexan=i 'yofCTi pty^avTa vij^aaOai, eTnOv/nycravTa tov
nessatvoaTO?, idpwvTa Kai KavfxaTi e-^ofxevov. o oe
Tarsus; K^vSvog pel Sio. fjiecrrjg ri/f iroXecog ' ola Se ck
TOV lavpov 6pov9 Twt' TTtjycov oi avLa-^ovawv kuI Sia
ANABASIS II, 5. 67
ywpov KaOapov peo)V, y^v^o? re ecrrt koi to vocop KuOa-
p6<s ' cnracr/HM re ovv eyecrQai 'AXe^ai^Spov koi Oepfxai^ 8
la-yvpaig koi aypvirvia ^vve-^ei. Kai Tovg /mev aXXovg
laTpovg ovK o'leaOai elvai jSicocri/mov ' ^iXnrTrov oe
'A.Kapva.va, larpov, ^vvovtu 'AXe^avSpo) koi ra re
aixctn iaTpcKt]V e? Ta fxdXia-ra Triarrevo/J.evoi' kui ra
aXka OVK aSoKifiou ev tw crTpaTU) ovTa, KaOrjpac
eOeXeiu 'AXiPavSpov (papfiaKcp ' kui tov KeKeveiv
KaOtjpai. TOV fxev St] irapaa-KevaCeiv rrjv kvXiku '
g
ev TOVTO) oe 'AXe^avopw ooOtjvai cTncrToXijv irapa
TlapiuLevLcovo? (pvXa^aadai ^cXittttov ' aKoveiv yup
SiecbOdpOai VTTO Aapeiou yjpi]ixa(nv wcrre cpapfxaKCp
diroKTeivai ^AXe^avSpov. tov Se, avwyvovTa Trjv
eTTLarToXrjv Koi eTi jueTa -^^eipa? eyovTU avrov jxev
Xa^eiv Trjv KvXiKa ev ^ >jv to (papfxaKOV Tt]v extcrro-
Xr]V Se T(t) ^iXiTTTrii) Sovvai dvayvoovai. kuI ojuou i q
TOV Te 'A-Xe^avSpov Triveiv koi tov ^[Xnnrov ava-
yivw(TK€iv Tu Trapa tov Tlapjuevlwvog. ^iXtirTrov Se
evOvi ev§t]Xov yevecrOai otl kuXw? oi e'y^et Ta tov
(bapixuKOV • ov yap eKTrXaytjvai irpo^ Ttjv CTTiaToXyv,
uXXd Toaovoe [xovov irapaKoXecraL 'AXe^avopov, kuI
e? TO, aXAa ol TreiOecrOai baa eirayyeXXoiTO ' crooui]-
aecrOai yap TreiOofxevov. Kal tov fxev KaOapOtjvai i j
his re='''^ "-^^^ paicrai avTU) to voo-rj/ma ' ^iXnrTro) oe
covery.eTTiSei^ai otl TricrTO^ ecTTiv avTw cpiXo^ Kat
T019 aXXoif Se Toig d/ixcp' avTov oti avTOis Te T019
<piXoig /3e^aio'i e/V to dvuiroTTTOv Tvy^aveL cov Kai irpog
TO airoOaveiv eppoci/uevo?.
'EiK Se TovTov riapjULevlcova fxev irefxirei eiri ra? V.
68 AAESANAPOY
aXXag TrvXa?, m Srj 6plTov(Ti t^v J^ikiKoov re Kai Acrcrv-
picou ywoav, TrpoKaraXaBeiv kui cbuXaa-creivParmenio ^, // C^ ^ -^ -^ y '
sent to Tnv Trapooov, oou^ avrco tcov re yv^fxa-vwv''*'"'**'^
^ {. , , ,,,j.' . nA.'
Syrian Tou? TreZov; Kai TOL'9 hiAArjva? Tovg fxiauocpo-Passes.
, ^ Q - 1^ ^ '\ ' -pov? Kai Tou? ppaKa<i, cov Zi iraAKrjg tjyeiTO,
KOI TOi)? iTTTTea? Se Toi'9 OeTToXovs. auTog oe vcrTcpo^ 2
a.pa? €K TaptTOv rr] fxeu 7rpu)T>] ei? 'A.y^iaXov iroXiv
acpiKi'eiTai. TavTi]v 5e ^ap^avairctkov KTicrai tou
'A.cr(rvpiov Xoyo? ' Ka\ tm irepi/SoXcp §e Ka) Toig Oe/ixe-
Xioig Twv Teij^wu S/jXi] €(ttI jueyaXt] re ttoXis KTia-Qelcra
Kai eTTi fxeya eXOovcra Swajaecog. Kai to firtjiua rov 3
^ap^avairaXov e^'vi'? ijv tmv Tciwii^v twuAlexander
, .^ ,. ^ ' ^ ' . > ^ , , -
at the J\yviaAou ' Kai avTO? e(hei<TTi)Kei eir avT(p
Sardana= ^apSavoLTTaXo? (TvjuL^e^X)]Km ra? -^eipag aXX?/-
Xaig o)? jmaXicTTa e? KpoTov a-vju/SaXXovTai,
Kai eTriypafj-fxa eireyeypaiTTO avrco Jxcrcrupia ypafx-
fiUTa ' oi fxeu 'A.<T(Tvpioi kuI jueTpou €<pacrKOV eireivai 4
Tw eTTiypdfXfxaTi, 6 §e vov? i)v avTco ov ecppa'^e ra
eTTij, OTi ^apSavdiraXoi} 6 ^A^vaKUvoapa^ov irah
'A^y^iaXov Kai Tapaov ev ^/mepn fxia eoeifxaTO.
cru Se, CO ^€ve, eaOie Kai irlve Kai iraiX^e, a»9
TaXXa Ta duOpwiriva ouk ovTa tovtov a^ia'
Tov ^6(bov aivicrcrofxevo? bvirep al ^eipe? eiri tm KpoT'p
TTOiovcri ' Kai ro irai^e paSioupyorepoi/ eyyeypacjiOai
€(pa(Tau Toj 'A.cr(TvpiM opOjuaTi.
'E/c Se T>/? 'A.yy^idXou eg ^oXoug d<piK€TO ' koI5
(bpovpav eai'fyayev eg 2oAof? Kai eTre/SaXev auTOcg
ToXaura dpyuptou SiaKOcria "Qj/j-'iav, on -wpog Toug
Tiepcrag juaXXov ti tov vovv ei'^ou. evQev oe ava- 5
ANABA2I2 11, 6. 69
Xa/Sm' Tcov jULev ire^wu toov ^laKeoouwv Tpe1<; Tu^eig,
Toi)? TOpoTai; Se Traura? koc tou? 'A.ypiavagCapture of ,,,,,,, , ^.
,
Soli and epeAavvei e-TTi Tovg ra op>] KaTexovTai; JVzA</ca?.
Mallus. ^,, , , , ; , , , ,
KUL €v cTTTa Tui? Traarai<; r]iJiepai<i tou? jj-cv
^la ePeXm', tov^ Se ojuoXoyia Trapaa-Tijcrajii.ei'og eira-
vrjKcv e? Tou? 2oXoi'9. Kai evTavOa jxavOavei xItoXc- j
fxalov Koi A.aai'Spoi' oTi eKpaTrjirav 'Opovro(3aTOV tov
Tlepcrov, o? ryv re uKpav r^f AXiKapvacra-ov e(pv-
Xacra-e koi ^IwSov koi J^avi/ou Koi. Qijpap koi KaXXi-
iroXiv Karel-^e ' irpo^rjKTO ^e koi Kw koi Tpioinov. tov-
Tov r]TTrj(jQai eypacbov tJ-O-YJj McyaX?; • Kai airoQavelv fxev
TMv ajULCp^ avTOv Tre^oi)? e? eiTTaKocrlov^ kou iTnreag e? ttcv-
Tt'jKOvra, aXiovai Se ovk eXdrTOug twv -^^iXioov. 'AXe^- 8
apSpog Se €v '^joXoi^ Ovcra? re tco 'Acr/cX^Trfft) Kai
TrojULirevcra^ avro? Te koi rj arTparia iracra kou Xafxiraoa
eiTLTeXecra^ kou ayuiva oiaQeiis yvjULviKOu Kai juouctikou
^oXevcri /uev StjjULOKpaTeicrOai eSooKeu ' avTw^ §e ava-
X^evpai; eig lapcroi' tou^ julcu 'nrirea^ UTrecTTeiXe ^iXcoto.
Sou<i ayeiu Sia tov 'AXtjiov TreSiou eTrJ tov TroTajULov
TOV Tlvpafxov • avTO^ Se crvv Toig ire^oi^ koi T{] 'iXu t// 9
jBaa-iXiKi] 69 Mayapcrov }JKe koi t^ 'A.Otji'n ti] MayapcriSi
eOvcrev. evTevOev Se e? MaXXov a(piK€T0 Kai 'A.ju(pi-
Xo^o) ocra }'jp(i}i evtjyia-e ' koI (TTaa-iaYovraii KaTaXapoov
Tt}u cTTacriv avTOi^ KUTeiravcre ' Kai Toug (popov? oug
l^acriXei Aapeuc aireipepov avrjKW, oTi ^A-pyeicov fiev
MaXXcoTtti airoiKOL tjcrav, avTog Se air' "Apyovg TtJov
xipaKXeiScov elvai }}^iov.
"EiTi Se ev MaXXcD ovTi avTui ayyeXXcTai Aapeiov VI.
eu 2(o^oi? ^vv Ti] iracrr} Swa/mei crTpaTOTreoeveii'. 6
70 AAE/E7ANAP0Y
oe "^^Mpo? ouTO(; e<TTi fxev t»}? 'A.crcrvpiag 'yJ/9, aire-^ei
be TCOV TTvXwV TCOV ^A<T(TUpL(jOV 6? QUO fiaXirTTaAlexander n\ v/^(n\v i \ t r
encamps (TTau/JLOv^. evua at] Pvi'ayaywv tov^ eTaipov^before
, „ , ,^ A ' ' ' AlVlyrian= (ppaCei avToig Tu epijyyeAfxei'a virep Hapeiovdrus. , ^ - - A ' ' ?'
T€ Kai Tt]^ (TTpaTiag T>]g l\apeiou. oi oe
avToBev o)? elyev ayeiv eKeXevov. 6 oe totc fxev ex- 2
aivecra9 avrovg SieXvcre tov ^uWoyov ' tj; Se vcrTepala
Trpotjyev co? ctt) Aapecov re koi tou? Ylepcra^. Seure-
paios oe VTreppaXuiv Ta? TrcAa? ecrTpaTOTreoevcre ttoo?
ISlvpiavopo) TToXei ' koi Trjg vvkto9 "^^eifxiou eTriyiyverai
crKXr]po9 Kat vocop re e^ ovpavov Kai irvev/j-a ^laiov '
TovTO KUTea-^ev ev tw crTpaTOTreou) 'AXe^avSpov.
Aapeiog oe Tew? fxev ^vv ti] (TTpaTia Sierpi^ev, 3
eiriXe^ajuLeuog Ttjg 'A.crcrupia's yijg ireSiou TravTi] ava-
'TreTTTa/ui.ei'OV kui tw re irX/jOei t>79 crrjoaria? eTrt-Darius,
^ ,', ^ ^^
'^
againstthe T}'io€iov Kui eviTrTracTacrOai t?} 'nrirco Pv/iicbopoi'.advice of
, ^ , ' y O '\ ' V - ^
Amyntas, KUl TOVTO TO "^COpiOV i^VVepovXeV(r€V aVTft) fMt]
marches .>./ ,A' '.A ' ' »
to meet aTTOAenreiv JxfxvvTa^ o Avtio-^ov, o Trap
'AXe^avopov avTOjuoXog ' eivai yap Tt]v evpv-
"^coplav Trpog tov 7rX?/0ou9 re ku] Ttjg crKev>]g twv Tiepcruiv.
KCti efxeve Aapelo?. w? ^e ^AXe^avSpo) ttoXXj] fxev ev 4
lapcrw Tpi/3r] ein. Trj voctm eylyveTO, ovk oXlyt] Se ev
2oAoi9, "iva eQve re kui eTrojUTreve, Kai eirl tov^ opeivovg
K/Xt/ca9 SieTpiyp^ev e^eXacrag, tovto ecr<pt]Xe Aapeiov
Trjq yvo)fxt](; • kou auro? re o t'l irep {/oicttov tjv So^acr-
Oev, e9 TOVTO ovk aKOVcrlcog vinj'^Otj Kai viro tmv KaO
t]Sovi]v ^vvovTwv re koi ^vveaofxevcov ex/ KaKw T019
a.e\ ^acriXevovaiv eTraipo/xevo? eyvoo /mrjKeTi 'AXe^av-
vpov eOeXeiv irpo'iivai tov irpocrco ' aX\' OKveiv yap e
Plan of the
BATTLE OF ISSUSOlympic Stadia
5°
English Miles
Walkt-r^euLkcrclU
ANABASIS II, 7. 71
TTvi'Oai'Ofxei/op on avro? irporrayoi • Kara'Trari'icreiv re
T>; '/tttto) to)v ^laKeoovwv t>]u cnpariav liXXog aXXoOev
avrip eiraipovTe^ eXeyov ' ku'ltol ye 'Ajuvura? j'jPeiv 6
T€ 'AXe^avSpou la-^vpi^ero oirov uv irvO^irai Aapeiov
oi'Tci, Kai avTOV irpoa-fxeveiv eKeXevev. aXXd to. Ye/iOft>
fj.aXXov, on kui ei> tu) irapavTiKa t'jSio) UKOvcrai >)^, eireiOe •
Kai TL Kai daijjLoviov tv^ou tjyev avTou ei^ eKeivou tou
^u>pov ov ya?/T6 e/c ri/? 'iTrTrou 7roXX>; codyeXeia avrw
eyevero, fxr'jTe e/c rev 7rX/i6oug avrov tmv re avOpwirwv
KUi TCOV aKOVTMV TC KOI T0^€VfXCXTOiV ,/HrjS'e Ti]V XufXTTp-
onjra avmv rrjg arpana^ eTriSet^ai }]8vvi'jQ>], aXXa
'AXe^avSpo) re kol rolg a/ucp' avrov evfxapu)? rrju vik)]v
irapeScoKeu. e-^ptjp yap t/Stj koc Hepcra^ Trpog Ma/ce- y
SovMu cKpaipeOtjiai Ttjg 'Ao-Za? t»V OLp-^Z/u, KaOdirep ovv
MrjdOL fiev irpo? YVepcrCnv ucpi]peQi}<Tav, irpo^ ]VL;(^wj/ ^t]
en e/JLTTpocrQev 'A(Tcrvpioi.
III.
—
Battle of Issus (7-17).
iTrep/SaXiov St] to opo9 Aapeio? ro Kara rag Tri'Aa? VII.
Tag 'AfxaviKa^ KaXov/nevag co? cttJ 'Icrcrov -Trpotjye ' koi
Darius at^yevero KaTOTTiv 'AXe^di'Spov XaOcou. t>]p Se
ssus.IcrcTov KaTarrywv, ocrovg Sid vocrov viroXeXei/x-
ixevovs avTov twv ^laKeSovwv KUTeXa^e, tovtov^ -^aXe-
TTcog aiKicra/uLevo? aTreKTeivev ' eg Se Tf]v vcrTepaiau irpov-
^ft)|Oei eiri rov TroTa/mov tov Wlvapov. kul WXe^avSpog 2
wg ijKOva-ev ev tco binaOev avTOv ovTa Aapeiov, eirei
ov irifTTog avTcp o Xoyog ecpaiveTO, dvafti/Sdcra? eis
TptaKovTopov Toov eraipcov nvag aTTOTrefXTrei o-k'lctoo ein
72 AAESANAPOY
'Icrcrov, KaTaa-Ke^i^oixevovi; ei tu oi^Ta e^ayyeWeTai.
ol Se ciuaTrXeucravTeg rt] rpiaKOVTopcp, oti koXttcoS)]'}
T]v rj TavTtj OaXaarcra, fxaXXov ti einrerw's KUTejiiaOov
avTou (TTpaToire^evovTa^ Tovq TUpcra^ ' Kai airayyeX-
Xovcriv 'AXe^avSpo) ev yepcriv etvai. Aapetov.
'O Se (TuyKaXecra^ a-Tpartjyov^ re kui iXap'^ag Kai twv^
PojUjULU'vcov Touif ^ye/xoj^a? nrapeKaXei Oappelv julcv e/c twv
tjSrj (rcbicri KaXu)g KeKivovvevfievcov Kui on irpo'sAlexander
, , •, \ , , - vaddresses veviKrjfxevov^ o ayu3v veviKTjKOcriv avT0i<5 earaihis troops.
^ ,r , /^ \ r < , -> - VKai OTI o ueos vrrep acpcov crrpaTtjyei ajmeivov,
€7n vovv Aapelw ayaytov KuOelp^ai Tt]v Swafxiv ck
Ttjg evpvyiepla^ e? to. crTevoiropa, 'iva cripicn fxev ^v/x-
/nerpov TO ^oopiov avaTTTv^ai Ttjv (paXayya, Toh oe
a-^eiov TO irXtjOog oti ecTTai th fJi-aX]], ouTe Ta aw-
IJLaTa ovTe Tag yi'w/ui.ag TrapairXija-ioig. Ma/ceooj'a? T€ a
yap Jlepcraig Koi M^rjSoig, e/c Travy ttoXXov Tpvcjicocriv,
avTOvg ev Toig irovoig Tolg iroXejunKoig TraXai >ja>]
jULCTo. Kii'Svvcov a(TKOv/j.evovg, aXXco? tg Kai oovXoig
avOpMTTOig eXeuOepovg, e? -^eipa? y^eiv ' ocroi re
"EXXz/t'e? "EXA/^cTii', ov-^ vTTep Twu avTCOv ixa-^eiaQai,
uXXa Tovg fxev Pvv AapeiM e-jr). fxicrOu) koi ovoe tovtm
ttoXXm KipSvvevovTag • Tovg oe ^vv (npicriv, virep
T>/9 'EXAa^09 eKOVTag afivvofxevovg • ^ap^apwv re au c
QpaKa? Ka\ Tlalovag Kai 'IXXvpiov? koi A^ypiavag
TOVg evpUXTTOTaTOVg Te TOOV KaTO. TtJU nivpMTTijv Kai
jua-vijULCoTaTOug Trpog Ta cnrovcoTaTa re Kai /naXaKooTaTa
T^9 'Acr/a? -yei'j; uvTiTaPecrOai ' e7r< ^e 'AXe^avopov
avTtcrTpaT>]yeiv Aapeio). TauTa fxev ovv eg irXeove^iav 5
Tov aywvog e7re^//ei. Ta ^e aOXa oti fxeyaXa ecTTai
ANABASIS II, 7. 73
(TCpicri Tov Kii'duvov eireoeiKvvev. ov y^f-P Tovg cra-
T/0«7ra? TOV? Aapetov ev tm Tore KpaTT/'](Teiv, ovoe Ti]V
"iTTTrov Tr]v eVi VpaviKW raj^delcrav, ov^e rovg Sktiulv-
nioug Pevovi; Toug juia-Oocpopov?, aWa ilepacov re 6
Tt Trep ocbeXoii Koi ^Ir'jSwu Koi ocra aWa eQvi] TlejO-
craL<i KOI Mj/^oi? v7r)]Koa eiroiKel tjjv 'A^criau Kai avTOV
fxeyav [iacriKia Trapovra, koi co? ovoev v7ro\€i(p6)'i-
(Teral crdncriv eirl TwSe rep aycovi on /uLrj Kparelv T//9
'A.(Tiag Pv/jLiracrrjis kul irepag toi? iroWoh Trovoig eiri-
Oelvai. eTTi tovtol? oe tcov re ei"? to koivov ^uv 7
XafXTrpoTtjTi tjSij Treirpayixevwv V7r€fj.ifj.v}j(TKe Kai ei
Si'i T(p iSlo. tl SiaTTpeTTeg 69 KaWo9 T€To\jui.t]juLevov,
ovo/Jia<TTi eKUCTTOV eiri Tea epyp avuKaXwp. Kai to
avTOu ovK uKivSuvov ev rac? /xa^at? to? cti'eTra^-
OecTTara eire^ijei. XeyeTai §e koi 'iEevocpcovTog koc twv 8
OLfia ^evocbwvTL juvpicou e? fxvi'uxrjv eXOeiv, 0)9 ovoev
Tt OUT6 KUTa TrXtjOo? OUT€ KUTU T}]V aX\7]V apiocKTiv
(T<pl(Tiv €7reoiKOT€g, ovoe iiTTreoov avToig TrapovTcov
QecrcraXwv, ovSe Boicotmv tj TLeXoTroi'i'tjcricov, ovSe
^laKeSovMU r] QpciKcov, ovo' ocrrj aWt] (T(pi(riv 'iTnrog
PvvTeTaKTai, ov^e to^otoou 5; acpevSovtjTwu, on /j.r]
K.p)]Twi' t] xoocwv oXiycov, Kai tovtcou ev tco kivouvw
VTTO '^evo(pu)VT09 avToa-^eSiacrOevTcov, ol Se ^acriXea gT€ ^uv iracru td Swafxei Trpo? Jia/SvXwvi avru erpe-
"yavTO Kai eOvi] ocra kutiovtcov et? tov Evpeivov
TTOVTOV KaO' oScv (TCptcTiv eireyevcTO viKcovres evriyX-
60V • ocra re aXArt ev tu) ToiwSe irpo twv kivSvvoov
eg 7rapa.K\t]fTiv avSpacriv ayaOoig e^ ayaOov ijye-
fxovog irapaivelcrOai eiKog. 01 Se aXXog aWoOev SePiov-
74 AAE/E^ANAPOY
jiievoi T€ Tov ^auikia kcu tm Xoyco eTralpoi'Teg ayeiv
tjo>] CKeXeuov.
O oe roTe juei/ SenrvoTroieicrOat 'TrapayyeWei • irpo- VIII.
xe/XTret oe (o? eiri Ta^ irvXag twv tc iirirewv oXcyov^ koi
Toov TOpoTUiv 7rpoKaTatTKe\L-ou.6vov9 Tm' oSovMacedo-
, , , ^ , ^ ^ ^ ,
nian order TfJV OTTICTCO ' KUl OUTO'S Tl]9 VVKTOS avaXaj^MVof battle. , , ^ „ , - TA
Trjv (TTpaTiav Tracrau ijei^ w? KaTua-^eiv avuig
Tag TTivXa?. w? oe ajucpi imea-a? vvKTag eKpciTtjo-ev avOig 2
Twv irapoScov, ave-rrave Ttjv (TTpaTiav to Xonrof tJ/9
PVKTog auTOV €7rc TMV TreTpcov, irpocpvXaKa? aKpi^eig
KaTacrTi](TafX€i>09. inro Se T)]V eco KaTtjei cltto tcov
irvXwv KUTa t>]v ooov ' Ka) ecog juev iravTij (TTevoTropa
i)v Ta yjMpia, eir) Kepcog Tjyev ' to? Se Sie-)(cop€i eg
TrXaro?, aveTTTva-crev aei to Kepag eg (pdXayya, aXXtju
Kai aXXtjv TOOV ottXitmv Ta^iv irapaywv, t>; ixev wg
enri TO bpog, ev apicTTepa ^e to? exl Trjv 6aXa(Tcrav.
ol oe LTTTreig avTM Tecog fxev kutottlv twv Tre^wv 3
TeTay^evoi i/crav, wg Se eg t>]v evpv^capiav irpoijecrav,
(TuveTacrcrev t'wrj Ti]V CTTpaTiav wg eg iJ.a-^}]v, irpcoTOvg
fxev CTTi TOV Se^iov Kepoog irpog tw opei twv Tre^wj/
TO Ts ayrinia Kai Tovg VTraanricrTag, u>v ^y lto Nikcc-
vwp 6 Tlapfxeviwvog, e-^ofxevrjv Se tovtoov t'jv J^olvou
Ta^iv, eiri oe TovTOig t>]v UepSlKKOv. outoi juev ecrTe
eiri TO fj.e(Tov tcov ottXitcov cltto tov Sepiov upPa-
fj.ev(p TeTayjixevoi >]crav. eiri §e tov evwi'v/jLov TrpwTij 4
fxev }] A^vvTov Tci^ig }jv, iir} §e t] IlToXejuaiov, eyo-
fiev>] Oe TavTt]g rj ^leXeaypov. tov Se evwvvjuov Toig
TTe^oig fiev K^paTepog eTrerera/cro ap-^eiv, tov Se Pv/ul-
iravTog evcovvjmov TLapfxeviwv tjyeiTO ' koi irapy'jyyeXTO
ANABASIS II, 8. 75
avTO) /jLi] airoXeiireiv T}]v OaXaarcrav, (o? jur] KVKXooOeieu
CK Tu>u /3ap(3ap(iov, otl Travrr] vTrepcpaXayyija-eiv avTcoi'
Sia 7r\rjOo9 efxeXXov.
Aapeios Se, eTreiSi] e^rjyyiXOtj auro) 'Trpocraycov "jorj 5
^AXePav^poi; co? e? jud-^ijv, TtJov fxev lirTrewv oia/Bi/Ba^ei
That of 'Jrepav rod Trora/xov too TLivapov e? rpia-jULup-
arius.^^^^ judXiaTa TOV apiOlXOV Koi /J.€Ta TOVTUlU
Tcov -^ikwv e? Sicrfiupiovs, otto)? t>]u Xonrtju ^vvajxiv
KaO' ri(jV)Q.av arvvTa^eie, Kou TrpcoTovg iJ.ev tov ottXi- 6
TiKOv TOL'9 "EWj/t^a? Toug fxi(76o(pdpoug era^ev e?
Tpiarjuvplov? KUTU Trjv (paXayya toov Ma/ceooi'Wi/ *
eiTt Se T0UT0<9 Twv J^apSuKcov KoXovjULei'cov 'ivQev
Koi euOeu eg e^aKia-juvplovg ' ottXitui Se ijaav koli
ovTOi. TOcrovTOvg yap ein (paXayyog dirXrjs eoe'^eTO
TO "^(joplov 'Iva eracrcrovTO. eireTU^e oe Kai tw opei J
T(p ev dpiCTTepa crcpcou /cara to 'AXe^avopov oe^iou
eV SicTjuvplovg ' Kai tovtuiv e<JTiv o'c kutu. vcotou eye-
vovTO T>J9 'AXe^auSpou CTTpaTiug. to yap opog 'Iva
eTreTavOrjcrav Trtj fxev ole^^iop€l e? ^aOog Kut /coXTro-oe?
Ti avTOV uxTTrep ev OaXaa-cr}] eyiveTO ' eireiTa e? eiri-
KafXTTtjv irpoXov rof? eiri Toig vTriopeiaig TeTay/j-evovg
KaTOTTLV TOV Se^iou Kepcog TOV 'AXe^avSpov eiroiei. to 8
^e aXXo TrX^Oog avTov y^iXcov re koi ottXitwv, kutu
edvi] awTeTayjuevov eg ^aOog ovk cocpeXi/mov, OTriaOev
f]v Tcov EiXX}]i^cov Tcov fxicrOoCpopcov Kcu TOV e-TTi (paXay-
yog TeTayixivov ^ap^apiKOV. eXeyeTO yap /} Trdaa rj
Pvv Aapeup aTpaTid /xaXicTTa eg e^/jKOVTa fjLvpcaSag
fxa-^ijULovg elvai.
^AXePavSpog Se, u)g avTco irpocroo iovtl to "^wpiov g
76 AAESANAPOY
Siea"^€v oklyov e? TrXaro?, Tvapi'jyaje Toug iTTTrea?;
Tovs Te eTalpou? KaXou/ULevoug Kai tov^ OecrcraXof?
Koi Tou? Ma/ce^oVa?. Koi tovtov; [xev eiri Tip de^iw
Kepa cifxa ol era^e' tol'? ^e eV lleXoTrovWicrou kui
TO aXXo TO crv/uLjuLa-)(iK6u ex< to evcovvfxov ire^irei w?
Yl.apiJ.evL(jciva.
Aapeio? Se, m crvvTeTayixevrj fjSr] tjv avTu> rj (pa- lO
Aay^, TOL'9 tTTTrea? ovcrTii/a? irpo tov iroTajmov eiri
TwSe irpoTeTayei otto)? acrchaXw? avTcp rj cKTa^ig r^f
CTTpaTia<i yevoiTO, aveKuXeuev airo ^uv6)]jui.aTog. Kai
TOVTMv Tovg jxev TToWov^ eTTt TO) o€^iu> Kepci TTpog
Tt] daXaacri] kuto. Tlapfxencoi^a cTu^ev, otl TavTrj
maWov Ti i7nrd(njui.a ijv ' fxepo? Se Ti avTWV ku\ eiri
TO evdowniov TTpos TCI opt] Trapi'iyayev. w? ^e u-^^peloi I I
evTavQa Sici CTTevoTrjTa tcov ^(jctpiwv e<paivovTO, kuc
TOVTcov Tovg TToWov^ 7rapi7r7r€v<Tat ein to oe^iou
Kepag (TCpcov eKeXeva-ev. auTog Se Aapeiog to fietrov
t^S 'Tra.crr]^ TaPewg 67re<"^e, KaOairep vojuog toii} llep-
(TMV jSacriXevcri T€Ta-)(Qar kul tov vovv Ttj? ra^ew?
TavTt]9 'iE!,€vo(p(ov 6 tov TpuXXou avayeypa(pev.
'Ej^ tovto) Se ^AXc^avSpog kutiSoov oXlyov iracrav IX.
Thv T(Jov Tlepcrwv 'Ittttov jueTaKe-^wptjKviav eiri to evcopvp-ou
TO eavTov w; irpog Ttjv UaAacrcrav, avTw de
der'sman- TOi)? IIeXo7roi'^>;cr/of9 fxovovg kcu Tovg aXXovsceuvres. ^ v ' » ' ' '
TCOV fufxju.a-^a)v nnreag TavTt] TCTayfxevov?
,
nvkix-Kei KaTci Td-)(og TOU9 Qea-craXovg linreag eiri to
evwvvfxov, KeXevcrag ju.}] irpo tov fxeTicirov Tijg irautj^
Ta^ecog Trapnnreva-ai, tov ixi] KUTacpavel'i To'i^ iroXe-
ixloig yeveaOai /xeTaj^copouvTU?, aXXa KaTOimv Tijs
ANABA2I2 II, 9. 77
(paXayyo'} acpavcog oi€\Oeii>. irpoeTa^e Se twv jxev 2
iTTTrecou KaTU to oe^ioi' tov? Trpoopo/uLov}, wv rjyeiTO
YlpcoTOfxa-^os, Koc Tovg ilaloua^, cov tjyeiTO 'Ao/crrcov •
Toov (5e ireCoov tov<s TO^OTa<i, <Sv^'jpx^^
^A.VTLoyo9
'
Tov<s §e ^A.ypiava<;, ojv vpx^^ "ArTaXo?, koi toov
l-mreoov Tivag kcu twv to^otoov e? eiriKajULTr)]}/ ttoo?
TO opo? TO KaTU vdiTOv eTa^ev, wcTTe kutci to SePiov
avTip Tr]u (paXayya e? Svo KcpaTa Sieyova-av TeTay^
6ai, TO juei/ CO? ttoo? Aapeiou t€ koi Toug irepav tov
'TTOTajuov Tou$ TTttVTa^ TLepcTa? ' TO Se cos ttoo? tous
CTTC T(p bpei KaTa vwtov crcboov TeTayjuevovs. tov
oe evcovvjULov TrpoeTa-^Otjcrav tvov TreCoov oi re K/oJ/re? 3
TO^OTUL Kai ol OpriKes, cov rjyecTO SiraX/o;? • 7rp6
TOVTCov oe ^ '/tttto? ^ KaTU TO evcowjULOv. ol §e fxicrOo-
(popoi ^evoi 7ru(Tiv eireTa'^Otjaav. eirei Se ouTe irvKvti
avTw rj (paXay^ kutu to Sepiov to eavTOv ecpaii'eTO,
TToXu T€ TavTf] v'7r€p<p(xKayyi](T€iv ol Wepcrai eSoKouu,
e/c TOO fxecrou e/ceXeutre Svo '/Xaf toov eTaipcov, t}]v re
^AvOejUovQ-lav, ?/9 iXap'ytjs t'lv TLepoiSas 6 ^levecrOecos,
Kai T>]v iVevyalav KoXovfMevtjv, rjs 'jyecTo TLavTopSavos
6 KXeaifSpov, e-jrl to Se^iov a(pavu)s TrapeXOeiv. koi 4Tou? TO^OTas oe koi fxepos toov 'A.ypia.voov koi toov
hjXXyvoov fJiiaOocpopoov ecTTiv ovs kuto. to SePiov to
uvTov eiTL fjL€T007rov TTupayayuiv eteTeivev virep to
TMv llepcroov Kepas Ttjv (pdXayya. eirei yap ol virep
TOV opovs TCTay/uevoi ovTe KaT^ecrau, cKSpojULtjg re eir'
avTOvs TOOV 'A.ypiavoov Koi toov toPotoov oXiyoov kuto.
TTpocTTa^iv 'AXe^avSpov yevofxevt]? paSioos cltto t/Js
VTToopelas avacrToXevTes e? to OLKpov avicpvyov, eyvco
78 aae;e?anapoy
Kai roig kut avrov^ Terayixivoi^ SvvaTov ov y^pija-acrBai
€s ava7r\i']pui(Tiv t^? (boKayyo^ ' CKeivoL^ oe lirirea^ Toia-
KOCTLOus eirira^ai e^y'jpKecrev.
OuTCi) §}] TeTayjuevovg y^povov /utev Tipa Trpofjyev X.
avairavcov, cocrTe koi iravv eoo^e a-yoXaia yevicrdaL
avTwv f] TTOOcrooo?. roi)? 'yap jSapBapov?,Alexander ^, ^ ^ ' ' /> , / , ,.
drives in oTTft)? Tu TTOcora eTavutio-av, ovKen avTeirtjyethe Per- ^ , , , , ^ ^ - „ /^sian left Aapeio?, aW CTTi Tov TTOTafxov Tais o-^uai^,wing.
-V -v ^ ^ ' / V V \> ^
TToAAa^j? fxev aTTOKpyj/mvoig oucrai^, eari oe
OTTOV Kai "yapaKQ Trapareiva? avrah, 'ii^a evecpo'
SdoTepa ecpau'eTO, outoo? ejueve. koi TavT)] evOug SyjXos
eyeveTO Toig afxcp' 'AXe^apSpou Tt] yvwixrj SeSovXw-
fjLevo?. cog Se 6/ulov tj^rj ^v ra crTparoTreSa, evravOa 2
irapiTTTrevcov iravrt] AXe^avSpog TrapcKoXei avSpag aya-
Oovg yiyvecrOai, ov tcov ijye/novcov jjlovov tu ovojuaTa
^up TO} irpeirovTL koo-julw a.vaKoXcoi', aWa koi. iXdp-^ag
KOI Xo-^ayoug ovofxaa-ri koc tcov ^eucov toov fxicrOoipo-
poov bcroi KQT a^LuxTLV 1} Tiva apeTt]v yvcopLjULoorepoi
^crav Kai avTcp iravTa-^oQev ^orj eyiyuero fxt] Siarpl^eiu,
aXXa ecrpaXXeci/ eg Tovg TroXejuious. 6 oe tjyev ev TtxPei 3
GTi, ra fxev irpwra, Kalirep ev cnroTrro) »jSrj e-^wv t>]u
Aapeiov ovvafj.iv, ^aSrjv, tov jur] Siaa-TracrOijval tl ev
T(p ^uvTOvcoTepa irope'ia eKKv/uLtjvav Trjg (paXayyog • wg
oe evTog /BeXovg eylyvovTO, TrpcoTOi St] oi kut 'AXer-
avopov Ka\ avTog 'AXe^avSpog eirl tov Se^iov TeTay-
[xevog opojucp eg tov TTOTajuov eve/SaXov, tog tv} T€
o^vT}]Ti Tijg ecpooov eKTrXrj^ai Tovg Tlepcrag Kai tov
Qacrarov eg yeipag eXOovTcg oXiya irpog tu)v to^otwv
^XaTTTeaOai. Kai ^vve^>] oircog e'lKaaev 'A.Xe^avSpog.
ANABA3I2 II, 11 79
€v6d? yap (*)? eV yepcriv t) /mayj] eyeveTO, TpiirovTca 4
Tov YlepcTLKOv (TTpaTevfxaTO? oi tco apicrrepw Kepa
eTTLTeTayixivoL ' kcu TavTtj jxev XafXTrpwg eviKa 'AXe^-
avSpo^ re kox ol ajucp' avTov. 01 Se "EXAz/fe?Indecisive
, ' ^ A ' '^ S '
fighting: in Ot fXlCTUOCpopOl Oi <TVV llapeiM,f]
Oieo-^e TOOV
Ma/ce^oVcov ^ (paXay^ cog eir). to Se^iov Kepag
irapappayelcra, otl 'AXe^avopog fxeu o-ttovo}] eg tov 5
TTOTajj-ov ejUL^aXoou kuc ev yepcri Tt]V [J.a')(t]v Troirjcrag
epcoOei t/Stj Toug tuvtu TCTayjuevovg twv T\ep(Twv, oi 8e
KUTo. [xeaov tQ>v Ma/ceooVojv ovTe t^ 'laij airovSn {jyp^avTO
TOV epyou koi TroWa'^t] Kptjuxvoooecri Toig (y^aig evTuy-
ydvovTeg TO /kieTOOTTOV Ttjg (paXayyog ov ovvaTOi eye-
vovTO ev T>] auTi] Ta^ei Siaa-cocracrOai, TavTtj efx/SaX-
Xovaiv oi "EXX^/i^e? Toig Ma/feooVti/ // jULoXicrTa Siecr-
Traarjuevtjv avToig t>/j^ (paXayya KaTeioov. koi to 6
epyov evTavOa KupTepov t/v, twv jxev eg tov itotu-
jULov awcacraa-Oai Tovg ^luKeSovag Kai Ttjv viKfjv TOig
i'lSrj (pevyoucriv avTwv avacrcoa-aa-Oai ' twv Ma/ce^o-
voov §e Trjg re 'AXe^avopov t]Ot] (paivofxevt]g einrpayiag
/j.i] Xei(p6>jvai Koi ti]v oo^av Ttjg (paXayyog, cog aixayov
St] eg TO TOTe Sia^e/3o>j/uL€vr]g, fitj a(pavi(rai. Kal tl
Kai Tolg yeve(Ti tw re ^XXtjviKw Koi tw ^laKeSoviKw 7
d)iXoTi/ui.Lag eveirearev eg aXXi'jXovg. kul evTuvOa iriTTTei
llToXejuaiog re 6 2eXei//cou, avtjp ayaOog yevo/mevog, Kai
aXXo. eg eiKoari fxaXiuTa Kal ckutov twv ouk tj/ueXtj/uLtvcov
Ma/ceooVwv.
'Ev TOVTCp Se ai airo tov Se^iov Kepeog TU^etg, TeT- XI.
pafifxevovg >/Srj Tovg kutu ar(pag tmv TLepcruiv opcovTeg,
iirl Tovg Pivoug re tov? fxicrBocpopovg TOvg Aapeiov
F
80 AAEgANAPOY
KOI TO TTOvovixevov (T(pu)v eTTiKajiiyp-avTeg airo Te tov
TTOTajuou airuxravTO avTOv^, kui Kara to irapep-Rout of , ^ ^ , » I
thePer= owyo^ TOV llepcTiKov (TTpaTeviuLaTO^ VTrepcpa-
Xayy/jcrai'Te^ e? Tct TrXayia efx^e^XtjKOTe^ t'/Si]
eKOTTTOv Tovg p€vov9 ' Koi ol iTTTreis 0€ ol TOiv Vlepa-wv 2
Kara tou9 OeTToXovs TCTayjuevoi ovk e/meivav ei^ro? tov
TTOTUfJiov iv avTcp TU) epyM, aW eirioia^avTe^ evpw-
(TTcog ei^e^aWov €19 tu^ 'IXag tcov QeTToXwv. kux
TavTi] PvvicTTi] iVxoytxa^/a KupTcpa ' ouSe irpocrOev
eveKkivav ol JYepa-ai 7rp\v Aapeiov' re TrecpevyoTU
^crOovTO Koi 7rp\u aTroppaytjvai cr(pwv tovs /jlictOo-
(popovg (TvyK0TrivTa<i xnro Ttj^ (pdXayyo^. totc §e 3
>jSr] Xaixirpa Te koi e/c iravTCOv rj (pvyi] eyiyvero
'
Koi o'i re twv YVepcrwv 'Ittttoi ev Trj avaywpijCTei. cku-
KOiraOovv, ^apecog (oTrAicr/xevou? rot;? a/uL/BuTa^ (r(pwv
cbepovTe^, KOi avTo] ol tVTrei"? kutu crTei/a^ ooous
xA>/0ei re ttoXXo). kui 'Treipo^ijiut.evcos (Juv uTa^ia airo-
ywpovvTeg ov jmetov vtt' aXXyXwu KaTaTraTOUjULeuoi
t] TTOO? TWU ^IWKOVTWV IToXefJ-lcOV e/SXaiTTOl'TO. Kac
ol QeTTaXo\ evpwcTTco^ avToig eireKeivTO, cocTTe ov
fxeiov t] Toov Trert^i^ cpouo? ev Tt] (pvyij twv iTTTrecou
eyiyveTO.
Aapeio^ Se, ' w? avTW to irpcoTOv vtt 'AXe^avopov 4
ecbolSi'iOt] TO Kepag to evcovv/mov Kai TavTr] airoppriy-
Flieht ofvv/xevov KUTelSe tov aXXov CTTpaTOireoov,
Darius. '/^' »"? ^^-^f/ \ -evvv<s w<s €L~^ev eiri tov apiuLUTog aw T019
TrpwTOi? €(pevy€. koi t'crre yuej/ o/naXoh )(^ct)pioi9 ev t'i] 5
cbvyii eveTvyyavev, ein tov dp/uaTog Sieaw^eTO' w? ^e
(papay^i Te koi aXXaig SvcT^coplaig eueKvpcre, to fxev
ANABA2:i2 II, 11. 81
dWa uTToXeiTrei cwtoO koc tijv acnrlSa KOi tov Kavovv
ckSv^' 6 §e Koi TO To^ov ciTToXenrei ctti tov apixaTO^'
auTos Se "lttttov eiri^a^ ecpevye' koi rj vv^ ov oia juaKpou
€7nj€vofX€i^>] acpelXeTO avTov to irpo^ 'AXe^avopov
aX(t)J^ai. 'AXe^avSpos yap eaTe fxev (pao^ >]V ava 6
KpaTog €§iu)K€U' a»9 ^e crvpeaKOTa^e re tjorj Kai tu
irpo iroScov a(pavt} i/v, eg to 'iixiraXiv aTreTpeireTO wg
exi TO CTTpaTO'TreSoi', to /xcvtoi cipina to Aapeiov
eXajSe koi Trjv acnriSa eir avTco kou tov Kavovv Kai
to TOpov. /cat yap Kai rj Sico^ig ^paSvTepa avTu> j
eyeyovei, OTi ev tu irpcoTt] irapappij^ei Trjg (paXayyog
eiricTTpi^ag Ka\ avTog ov irpocrQev eg to SidoKeiv eTpair~
€T0 irp\v Tovg re fxicrOocpopovg Tovg ^evovg Kai to tmv
Tiepaociv LiririKOv uiro tov iroTa/mov aircoaOevTag KaTeloe.
Twv §e TLepcrwv cnreOavov 'ApcrdjUD^g fxev Kai Peo- 8
fxiOpijg Kai 'ATirw/9 Twv eTrl TpaviKcp ^yrjrrajuevcov tov
linriKOv' ciTroOvi'icTKei Se Kai Zju^aKrjg 6 Aiyvir-Casualties. , ^ T) /3 ' ^ , t
TOV (TaTpairrjg Kai iDovpaKTjg t(jov evTijucov
Tleparwv to Se aXXo TrXtjOog eig oeKa /maXiaTa jxvpiaoag
Kai ev TovTOig iirireig virep Tovg fxvpiovg, coaTe Aeyet
TlToXe/iiaiog 6 Adyov, ^vveTricnro/uievog TOTe 'AXe^avopo),
Tovg ixeTCi cr<pMu SicoKOVTag Aapeiov, cog eiri (papayyi
Tivi ev Tii Si(iop€i eyevovTO, eirl twv veKpwv oia^rjiai t)]v
(pdpayya. to re crTpaTOTreSov to Aapeiov evOvg e^ g
ecboSov edXo) koi >) IJ-^'iTr]p Kai t) yvvi], avTrj Ce Kai
Capture dSeXcpi] Aapeiov, Kai vlog Aapeiov v)']-7riog' Kai
cam^Tnd ^vyaTepeg Svo edXwcrav kuI aXXai dfxCpi'
princesses,^^^^jj lieporwv Twv o/noTiimcov yvvaiKeg ov
TToXXai ol ydp dXXoi Yiepcrai Tag yvvaiKag crcbwv
82 AAESANAPOY
Pvv Tij aWij Karaa-Kevr] eg Aajuaa-Kov 'irvyov e(TTa\Kore<f'
CTrei KOI Aapeiog riJov re y^pyjixarMv tu ttoWu kui oaa lO
aXka jiieydXco ^aa-iXei eg -TroXvTeXtj SlaiTav Koi crrparevo-
/xem ofxwg crvveTreraL TreTTOjULCpei eg Aa^aa-Kov, ware ev
TU) (TTpaTeufxari ou irXelova ?/ rpicrj^iXia raXavra eaXw.
aXXa Koi. ra ev Aa/macTKcp -ypijiJ-aTa oXijov ucrTepov
eaXw UTTO Uapfievioovog 67r' avro tovto crTaXevTog.
TOUTO TO reXog rii iJ-ayj] eKelut] eyevero eiri apyovTog
'A6>]vaioig NiKOKparovg jmtjvog MaijULaKTrjpiwvog.
Ti] Se v(Trepaia, Kalirep reTpoojUievog rov ^tjpov ^Kpei XII.
'AXe^avSpog, 6 Se Tovg Tpavixarlag eirtiXOe, kui rovg
Alexan- veKpovg ^uvayayvDV eOay^e ixeyaXoirpeirm crvv
foV'thr'* T^ SwdjuLei Trdcnj eKrerayixevi] XafiTrporaTa wg
wounded;^^ -jroXejULov ' KOI Xoyw re eTreKOcr/nrja-ev ocroig ri
Siairpe-Treg epyov ev TiJ ixd^j "h avTog ^vveyvui eipya-
(T/xevov »/ dKO?] crvfxcpMvoviuLevov efxaOe • kui ^(^ptjuaTMv
eTTiSoaei wg eKacTTOvg cruv rij a^in eTifitjcre. koi KiXiKiag 2
fiev ciTToSeiKVvei (raTpdirtiv BdXaKpov tov NiKdvopog,
eva Toov (rcoiu.aTO(puXdK(ji)v rwv /Baa-iXiKwv avri
wards for ^e rovTov eg Toug (roci/n.aro(pvXaKag KareXe^e
Mev>]Ta TOV Aiovvcriov ' dvTi Se IlroXe-
fxaiov rod HeXeuKOU rov cnrodavovrog ev rt] fJ.a-)(r]
HoXva-Trepxovra rov Zijufxiou dpyetv diriSei^e r^g
eKeivov rd^eoog. kol 'ZoXevcri rd re irevrriKOvra
rdXavra d en evSed fjv e/c rcov eTn^XrjQevruiv (r<pi(Ti
vptjindrwv dv>]Ke koi rovg ofxi'ipovg d-TreSwKev.
'O Se ovSe rng /mtjrpog r?]g Aapelov ov^e r^g yvvaiKog 3
'ti tSjv ira'i^wv tjfJLeXrja-ev. dXXd Xeyovcri Ttve? ru)V rd
AXePdvSpov ypay^dvr(»v, rTjg vvKTog avTijgfj
utto rPjg
ANABAi:i2 II, 12. 83
Sioo^ews T^9 Aaoetoi; eTraviJKev e? t>]U crKrji/yjv TrapeXO-
ovTa avTOV TrjV Aapeiov, {/ti? uvtco €pt)pi]-his kind
, ^ , ^ ^ , , \ ,7treatment ixevrj rjv, UKOVcrai yvvaiKwv oijULwyrju Kai aXXouof the Per- „ n> O ' '
sian royal TOIOVTOV VOpvpOV OV TTOppO) T//9 CTKtJVt]^'
ladies., f ,r - '>•'/>'" ^TTVuecroai ovv aiTive^ yvvaiKe^ kui avu otov 4
ovTU)<i eyyv^ irapaa-Krjvovcrai ' kui Tiva e^ayyeiXai, on,
th /BacriXev, rj /uDjTtjp re Kai t] yvvi] Aapeiov Kat oi
TraiSe?, cog ePrjyyeXBi] auTai? otl to toPov re to
Aapeiov e'-^eig Koi tov kuuSvu rov ^acriXiKOV nai t)
acriris otl KeKOfXKTTai oTria-w )) Aapeiov d)? eiri TeOv- 5
ecoTi Aapeio) avoi/mw^ova-i. Tavra aKovcravra 'AXe'^-
avSpov Tre/xvp-at irpog avrag A^eovvaTov, eva twv
eTaipcov, evTeiXaixevov (ppacrai otl(^ij
Aapeio? • Ta
Se oirXa koi tov Kavovv otl (pevycov a-weXiirev eiri
T(p iip/ULaTi KOL TavTa otl jmova e>^ei 'AXe^avSpo?. koi
A^eouvaTOP irapeXQovTa e? Trjv arKtjuriv Ta Te Trent
Aapeiov elireiv Kai otl Tt-jV Qepaireiav auTaig ^^y-
X.uypel 'AXe^avopo? Trjv /BacriXiKrjv Ka\ tov aXXov
Kocrfxov KOLL KuXeiaOai jSaa-iXlcrcra?, CTrei ovSe KaTu.
k'^Qpav ol yevecrOai tov iroXe^iov irpoq Aapeiov, aXX'
virep Tfjf ap-^^tji} T>j<f 'Aalag SiaireTroXejULrjaOaL evvofx-
(09. TavTa fxev TlToXejuaiog ku). 'ApiaTo/SovXoi
Xeyovcri ' Xoyog oe e^et Kai avrou 'AXepavopov tu 6
vcTTepaia TrapeXOeiv e'larco Puv H(bai(TTlcovi /novo) tcov
eTaipwv • KUi TrjV imtjTepa T})v Aapeiov, ajudyiyvoija-aaav
ocTTig 6 ^acriXevg eoj avToiv, ecrToXOai yap afxcpo) tw
avTo) Koa-fici), Tt]v Se 'YLfhaKTTLwvi irpocreXQeiv kcu
TrpoarKvvrja-ai, otl jULei^wv avTrj ecpdvt] eKeivog. cog oe 6 7
HipaKTTlcov Te OTrlact) vire-^wptjcre Kai Tig tcov ajuid)'
84 AAEgANAPOY
avWjv, Tov ^AXi^avSpov ^e/^a?, eKeivov €(p>] elvai
'AXi^avSpov, Tt)v ixev KaraiSecrOeicrav tij oiajnapTLa
vTToyuipeiv, ^AXe^avSpov Se ou (pavai auTt]V ajuapTeh' '
KOI yap KOI eKeivov eivai 'AXe^avSpov. kcli ravra eyoo 8
o^O' C09 aX}]6^ oure wg iravTt] cnria-Ta aveypa^a. aXk
e'lTe oi/Tto)? eirpayOt] eiraivu) ^AXe^avSpov T»/? re e? ra?
yvvaiKa<i KaToiKTiueoog Kai Tt]9 eig tov eraipov iria-Tewg
Kcil TifJLiji ' e'lre TriOavo<i SoKei Toig ^vyypa-Yacriv AXe^-
avSpo? o)? Kal TavTa av Troa^a? Kai eiTroov Kai eiri Tu>oe
eiraivw 'AXe^avSpov.
Aapeios Se t^v fxev vvKTa ^vv oXiyoig Totg a^cp XIII.
avTov €<puye, t7] Se 'iimepa avaXaju^avwv aei tu>v tc
Darius'TLepcTcov TOV? SiaorcoQevTai eK r^? />iaX''^ '^"'
the'eu"^^'^Twf ^evcov Twv jui(r6o(p6piDv, e? TeTpaKicry^iXiovi
phrates.e-)((jov Toi'9 TTctj/ra?, 009 €7rl Oayp^aKov re iroXtv
Kcii TOV J^u(ppaTi]v TTOTajULOv cnrovSi] '/jXavvev, wg Ta^icTTa
/xecrov avTov re koll 'AXe^avSpou tov ^u(ppaT}]V iroiyjcrai.
'AyUi/vra? (5e 6'
Avtlo-^ov kol OujUidovSag 6 IS/levTopog 2
The Mace- "^"^ ^ApicTTOjui'iStjg 6 ^epaiog Ka'i liiavcDp 6
deserters'AKapvav, ^vjuLTravTes ovToi avTOfxoXoi, fxeTa
fetrfat to '^^j>'^ ^^f^Tri olis
'^*^'' ^"-l^fp aVTOV<; (TTpaTlCOTCOV O)? OKTUKKT-
andthento^^X/^^,/ ^yQyg ^g TeTayfxevoi ijcrav KttTa TU
and Egypt. ^',^ (pevyovTeg cKpUovTO eg TpiTToXiv t>/9
^oiviKrjg ' Kai evTavOa KaTaXa^ovTcg Ta? vavg vevecoXK- 3
r]/jLevag ed)^ wv irpoaOev ck Aecr/Sou oiaKeKOfJ.C(T/uLevoi
^crav, TOVToov ocrai jxev iKaval (T(pi(Tiv eg Ttjv kojuio>jv
eSoKOvv, TavTag KaOeXKvcravTeg, Tag oe aXXag av-
Tov ev Tolg vecopioig KaTaKavcravTeg, cog yu;/ irapaar-
^eiv Ta-^elav crcboov TtjV Sioo^iv, eiri }\.v7rpov ecpeuyov
ANABA2I2; II, 13. 85
KOI €KeiOev eiV A'lyvTTTOv, 'ivairep oXiyov vcrrepov
iroXvirpayixoviJov ri 'Ajuvvrag air06 Wia-Ket. v-wo twv
eyvcopicov.
^apm^a^oi Se kol AvTO(ppaSaT>]9 reco? /nev irepi 4
Trjv ^lov §i€Tpi(3ov ' KaraaWiaavreg Se (ppovpav Tt]?
X/ou Tct? fJLev Tiva<; twv vewv e? Kw Kai AXi-
Negotia=Kaovacrcrov ecrreiXau ' avrol Se ckutov vavcri
tions be= rtween ^^-^ apicrra TrXeovcraig avayo/nevoi e? ^i(ppov
of Sparta, KaTeavov. KOI. Trap avTOvg iKpiKvelrai" Ayis
Persian q ^^i^ KaKeSaiiioviwv BacriXevg cttI fxiag Tpo]-admirals. ^ \ , , ,
oof?, ^^pr'ifxaTa re aiWjcrwv e? tou TroXefxov
Koi. SuvajULiv vavTLKt]v re Koi 7re^</c>/j/ ocrijv TrXeKTTtjv
aPiUKTCov (TVixireix-^aL oi e? Tt-jv \\e\oTrovvi]crov. Kai 5
ev TOVTO) ayyeXla avToh e^^erat Tri<; fJ-a-^t]^ r^? Trpo^
'Icrcrw yevojUieu}]<;. eKirkayevre^ oe irpo's tu e^ayyeX-
Oivra ^apva.^aCo<i [xev crvv ScoSeKa rpajpecn Kai tmv
/micrOocbopcov Pevcov ^vv -^iXioi? Kai irevTaKoa-ioi? eiri
^lov ecTTaX}], Seicra? M'/ f' Trpo? Tt]V ayyeXiav r*/?
rJTTt]9 01 Xiot vewTepia-uxTiv. "Ayi<i Se irap' Avto- 6
(bpaSarov rdXavra apyvpiov Xaj3u)u rpiaKovra Kai Tpir'jp-
€19 SeKa, Tavra? fxev 'iTnriau a^ovTa uTrocrTeXXei
irapa tov aSeXcbov tov uvtov ^AyrjcriXaov eiri 1 ai-
vapov. Ka\ TrapayyeXXeiv eKeXevcrev 'AyrjcriXacp, di-
Sovra TO?? vavraig epreXij tov /hictOov irXelv rr^v Ta-^i-
crrrjv €Tr\ K.p}]Tt]9, (09 ra eKei KaTacrT>](TOiuLevov. avTO<i
Se Tore jmev avroO ev Taig vi'ja-oig virefxevev, uaTepov
Se eig' AXiKapvacrcrov Trap AvrocppaSarrjv a(piKeTO.
'AXe^avSpo? Se craTpaTrtjv fxev ^vpia r^ noiXij /
M.evcova tov Ke|0^//x/xa e-rreTa^e, Sov(} avTco eig (pvXaKt]v
86 AAE;h7ANAP0Y
Ttjg ^(ooa? T0U9 toov avfx/xayjav iTnreag. avrog §e eir)
^oiviKr]^ ijei. KOI airavTa avTu> Kara rrjvOccupa= '?^ v^ ' » ri ' - -'A 5tion of ooov Z^Tparcov o 1 }]po(7TpaTov 7ra<9 tov xxpao-Phoenician , ^-^A'? ' O \ ' .
towns by fWJ' Tc Kui Twv JxpaoM TTpouoiKCiov pacTiAecogAlexander. , «> y-, , , \ > a ' ^ ? '
o 06 i >]pO(TTpaT09 avTo? /H€T J\vro<ppaoaTOv
eirXei eir). Tm> veoov, Koi ol aWoi dl re roiiv ^oiviKoav
Kai ol Twv J^VTrpicov ^acriXeii koi avToi A.vTO(ppaSaT>j
^vvcTrXeoi'. ^Tpdrcou Se 'AXe^dvSpw evrv^wv are- 8
(pavoi -^pucra) crTecbavo) avTOi^, kuI Ti'/v Te "A.paoov
avT(o Tt]v vrjaov Koi Tt]v ^lapaQov Trjv KaTavTiKpv t^?
'A^paoou ev th tjireipu) wKi(Tjuev>]v ttoXiv, ixeyaXt^v Kcti
evSaifxova, koi ^lywva koI ^lapidfxfxyjv ttoXiv koi raXXa
bcra T*;? (xcpihv eiriKpaTeia^ euSlSoocriu.
"EiTi Se €v IS/IapdOo) 'AXe^duSpou oj/to? d(piKOVTO XIV.
irapa Aapelov irpia-^ei^, eiria-ToXriv re koijliCovt€<s
j^apetov Kol avTOi cnro y\co(Tcrr](; oetjcro/ULevoiDarius'
, . . , , , , ,
letter to a(peh'aL Aapeui) Tt]v jurjrepa kqi Ttjv yvvaiKUAlexander.
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o>, , , ^ , ,,
Kai Tovg TTO^oa?. ediiAov ve rj eTTiaToAi], on 2
^iXnnro) re irpog 'A^pra^epPrju (biXia Koi avjULjuay^ia
eyepero. koi eTreiSt] "A^paij^ 6 V169 'Apra^ep^ov e/Sacrl-
Xevcrep, otl ^iXnnro^ dSiKia^ irpwro^ 69 jiaaikea "A^pcrriv
rip^ev ovoev ay^api eK TLepcrwv iraQwv. i^ ov oe avToi;
parriXeuei Tlepcrwi', oure 7re/>c\|/a< Tim 'AXe^auSpov
"Trap avTov e^ ^e^aicocriv Tfjg iruXai ova-r]^ (piXlag T€
Kai (TVjULjua-^ia<!, SiajSijvai tc ^uv (TTpana eg Ttjv 'A^a-'iav
Kai TToXXu KUKu epyacrafrOai Ueptrag. tovtov eveKa 3
KaTa/Srji'ai avTog tjj yjjopa ajmvvMv Kai Ttjv ap-^rjv Tt]v
TraTpwav dvacrooG-oov. rrjv jxev St] imd-^tjv wg Oecov tm
eoo^ev, ovTU) KpiOtjvac ' avrog Se ^acriXevg irapd /SacriX-
ANABASIS II, 14. 87
eft)9 yvvaiKa ts Tr]U avTOv aireiv Kai fxtjTepa Kai TraiSa^
TOU5 a\6vTa9, Kai (piXiav eOeXeiv Tron'jcraa-Oai ttjOo?
'AXe^avSpov Koi ^v/x/ma-^o^ eivai ^AXe^avSpco ' Koi virep
TOVTWV ire/HTTeiv ^^lov 'AXe^avSpov Trap' avTOV ^vv
M.en(TKO) re koi ^A.pcrijui.a Tocg ayyeXoi? Tocg e/c Ylepcrcov
i'fKovari Tovg TO. TTicTTa. X>/\|/o/jiej/oi'9 re koi virep 'AXe^-
av^pov Swcroi'Tai}.
TLpo? ravra avTiypdcpei ^AXe^avSpog koi ^vixire/j.-irei 4
TO?? irapa Aapeiou eXOovcri Qeprrnnrov, TrapayyeiXag
T>]v eTricTToXtji' §ovvai Aapeiw, avTov oe fir]
der's SiaXeyecrOaL virep /xtjoevog. f] oe eiricrToXt]
answer., a ^ >- ' ? ^? v n' ' ' '
AXefapopov code e^e<. \Jl v/uLerepoi irpoyovoL
eXOovTeg eig ^laKeSopiav Kai eig Trjv a.XXr]u EiXXaoa
KaKCog eiro'iricrav rjfxag ovoeu TrpoijSiKrj/xei^oi ' eyu> oe
Twv 'EXXj/j'wi/ rjyeixuiv Karaa-TaOeig Kai Ti/j-copycr-
aaOai ^ovXofjievog Tlepcrag SiejSrjv et'? rrjv 'Acriav,
virapPavTuiv v/ncov. Ka). yap TLepivOloig e^otjOijarare, 5
0*1 Tov ejULOV irarepa rjSiKOVu, Kai eig QpriKrjv, 7)9
i]IJ.e2<s '//p-^ojuev, Svvafxiv eirefx^eu 'Q^o?. tov oe irar-
po<i aTToOai'oi'TOi} viro tu)V eTri^ovXeva-avroov, 01)9
vfie'ig (TweraPaTe, C09 avroi ev Taig eiria-ToXah irpog
airavTag eKOfXTraa-are, Ka) "Aparrjv airoKTeipavTOi
(TOV jueru Baywov, /cat rijv apyj]V KaTaa")(ovT09 ov
SiKaiwg ovSe Kara tov TIepcrwv vojuoi/, aXXa aoi-
KOVVT09 Jlepcrag, Kai virep e/j.ov irpog Tovg ' EXX>;i'a9
ypd/uLfxaTa ovk eiriTijSeia ireiJ.irovTO<;, o7rw9 irpo<i fxe 6
iroXeixoxTi^ koa. •^prfjJi.aTa diro(TTeXXovTO<; irpog Aa/ce-
SaijULOvlovg koi aXXov} Tivdg tcov 'KXXrjvwv, Kai
Twv jxev aXXwv iroXewv ovSe/midg Se-)(oiuLevy]9, Aa/ce-
88 AAEgANAPOY
SaijULOvlcov Se XajSouTcou, kqi tmv irapa rrov TrefKp'-
QevTwv Tovg ijiioug chiXov? StacpOeipavrcov koi Tt]v
eioijvtjv rjv TOig "EXX>;(Tt /carecr/cei/acra oiaXveiv eiri-
yeipovvToov ecrToaTeucra eiri ere virap^avTog arov Ttjg
e-^Opa^. eireiSr] Se jui.a)(ti vepiKtjKa irporepov fiev Toug 7
croy? (TTpaTtjyoug koi craTpaTra^, vvv Se ere Kai
Ttjv fxera aov Suva/miu, koi t>]V j^wpav e-)(o), toov
Oeu)v jULoi SouTcav, o(tol tcov fxera croO Trapara^a/uievcov
fxtj ev Ti] fJia-^Qj aireOavov, aXXa Trap e/xe KaTedyuyov,
TOVTCdv €7nfJL€\ojut.aL Kat ovK UKOUTeg Trap* efxoi eicriv,
aWa avTol €k6vt€9 ^vcTTpaTevovTai /xer' efxov. wg 8
ovv efiov T^9 'A.(riag aTrao-j;? Kvpiov ovto? rJK€ irpog
efxe. €1 oe (bo^t] jui>] eXOcov TraOijg tl eP efxov a-^api,
Tre/XTre Tivag tmv (plXoiu to. iricrTa Xrjyjrojuivovg. eXOcov
Se irpog fxe rhv juLtjTepa koi t}]v yuvaiKa koi Tovg
TraiSa? koi ei aXXo tl eOeXei? airei koI Xdfx/Baue. o
Tl yap dv ireiOng e/xe ecTTai croi. Kai toO Xoittov oTav 9
TrejUTrrjg, Trap' e/xe cog ^acriXea Trjg 'A^criag TrefiTre, fxtjSe
a (SovXei eP \crov eTTKTTeXXe, aW cog KvpiM ovTi
TravTcov twv (toov cbpaTe ei Toy 067; • el Se /x)/, eyco
^ovXev(TOfxai Trep\ crou cog aSiKovi/Tog. ei §e avTi-
Xeyeig Trepi Ttjg /3acriXeiag, VTTOfxeivag eTi aycovicrai
irepi avTtjg kui /mrj (pevye, cog eyco ctti ere Tropevcrojuai ov
dvijg.
IT009 fJLev Aapetov TavTa eTrecTTeiXev. cTrei oe e'fxaOe XV.
Tct re ^p7]/uLaTa oa-a arvv }^co(privi tm ^A.pTa^aYov utto-
TreTTO/iKpei eg AajmacrKov Aapeiog oti eaAw/ce, Kai ocroi
Tlepcrcov aju(p' avTU eyKaTeXeKpdtjcrav crvv Ttj aXXri
(BacriXiKi] KaTaa-Keu}] oti Kai ovtoi eaXcocrav, TavTa fxev
ANABASIS II, 15. 89
OTTia-M KoixiaavTa e? Aajuaa-Kov TIapfxevicova (puXdcrcreiv
eKeXeve. Tovg Se Trpecr^eiif twv ^Wi'jvoov dl 2A1exan°
\ » . \ ^ r •> /
der'5 TTOOf Aapelov Trpo T»y? MCf^^;9 acbiy/uLcvoLtreatment ^ , , x , ' ^ ' v /v
of the tjcrav, eirei Kai tovtov^ eaAcoKepai efxaoe,Greek en= , r ^ / » /^ * ?< TT" '/lvoysto Trap avTOV Trefiireiv eKeAevev. rjcrav oe iLtvuv-
Darius. ^^ ^ ^ , r\ \' 5 'T/cA/;9 iJ.ev ZjirapTiaTt]^, xjearcraAicrKog oe la-jUi]-
vlov Kuc AiopvaoScopo? '0\vjinrioviKi]g,0)]l3aiot, I(piKpaT>]9
Se 6 ^IcpiKpoLTOvg Tou (TTpaTijyov, 'A.6r]vat09. Kai 3
ovToi 0)9 -ijKov Trap 'AXe^avSpou, QecrcraXicrKov fxev
/cat AiovucroSoopov, KaiTrep 0}]/3aiov^ ovra^, evOw!
cKptJKe, TO juev Ti KaTOiKTiaei tcov Otj/Swi', to oe
OTi (TvyyvuxTTa SeSpaKei'ai ecpatvovTO, tjvopaTrooicr-
juevt]'? viro ^laKeSofwv r^? TraTplSog acbicriv re iji/Ttva
ijSvvavTO cocbeXeiav evpicTKOfxevoi koI ei o;/ Tiva Kai
Tt] TraTplSi eK Tlepcrcov Kai Aapeiov, Tavxa /xeu virep
ajULCpoiv eTTieiKt] evdvixriQei<i, iSia Se QecrcraXicrKOV fxev 4
aiSoi TOU yeuov? acpievai elTrev^ otl tu>v eTrKpavcou
Qtj^aicov ^jv, AiovvcroScopov Se eTrJ tJ] vlkd tmv 'OXv/h-
TTioov. 'I(piKpaTt]v ^e (piXia re r/y? 'A.6t]vai(ji)v TroXew?
Ka] lULmjfAi] T>j<; So^ijg tov TraTpo? Ttoj/ra re a/xcj)' avTOV
e-^oov e? TO. jxaXiaTa eTifit^are Kai vocrcp TeXevTtjcravTog
TO. ocTTo. e? Ta9 'A.6t]va? Tolg Trpo? yevoug aireTrefx^ev.
^vQvKXea Se, A^aKeSaiixoviov re ovTa, TroXeco? Trepi- ^
d)avM<i 6-^6pag ev T(2 TOTe, KOi avTOv ovoeu loia evpKTKO-
ixevov e? Puyyvwixrjv o ti Kat Xoyov a^iov, Ta juep
TTotoTa ev (puXaKij aSea-fxo) ei-^ev. vcrTepov oe e-wei
[xeyaXa evTuyei, Kai tovtov acprJKev.
'Ek: MaociOou ^e 6p/ui]6eh Bv^Xov re Xa/u/Savei 6
6/j.oXoyia €vSo6ei(Tav, Ka] "SliSwua avTwv Zlicwnwv
90 AAE^ANAPOY
eTTiKoXea-afievcov /caret ro e-^Bo? to Tiepawv koi
Aapeiov. evTevQev Se Trpovyjipei w? eiri
Capture T' '. ^ ' ' "> " ^ ^
of the Ivpov Kai €iiTuyya.vov(TLV avTw Kara t/;i'
Phoenician '^^ ' O T^ ' '^ - '' ^towns ooov irpecrpeig 1 upiwu airo Tou koivov ecrraA-
excent r r i > rr\ t > f/ «
Tyre.ixevoi (0? eyviiiKOTWV 1 vpiodv irpacrtjeiv o Tt av
€TrayyeX\t} 'AXe^avopo?. 6 Se rtjv re ttoXiu
eTraivecras kui toi/? irpecr^ei^ (koi yap rjcrav rwv eiri- y
(pavwv ev Tvpw dl re uXXoi koi 6 tov ^acriXeco? twu
Tvp'mv Tra'iq. avrog Se 6 jSacriXev? 'A^e/ixtXKo? fxer
AvTocppaSdrov eVXet) CKeXevcreu e7raveX66i'ra<i (hpaaai
ivpiotg on iOeXei irapeXOvov e? t>]v -woXlv Qvcrai tw
UpaKXei.
' hj<TTi yap ev Tvpo) lepov 'UpaicXeov? iraXaiOTarov XVI.
(bv fxv}'ifx}] avOpcoirivrj Siacrcoi^^eTai, ov tov 'Ao-ye/ou
npaKXeoug tov t^? 'AXKfjLrjvrj^ ' iroXXak yapsion. The yeueaig irpoTepov TijmuTai ev TvpM 'Hoa/cAJ;?
Heracles 5; K^ao/ixov CK ^onuKt}^ op/ULijOeVTU Qi'Sagat Tyre.
. \ , n ,
KaTaa"^etv kui t>]V Tratoa J^aSjuo) tijv 2e/xeA»/i/
yevearOai, e^ yg kuI 6 tov Aiog Aiovvcrog y'lyveTai.
Aiovvcros fJ-ev Stj Tp'tTog av airo Kci^/xou e'lrj^ kuto. 2
Aa^SuKOv TOV IloXvSwpov TOv HdSjULou TratSa •
sipaKXtjg oe 6 ^Apyeio? kut OiSiTroSa [xdXia-Ta tov
Aa'iov. (Te^ovai §e Kai AlyvirTioi aXXov 'lUpaKXea, ovv
ovirep Tvpioi tj "lSiXXt]veg, dXXd Xeyei ' JipoSoTog oti 3
T(t)v ooooeKa ueuiv H^a/cAta ayovaiv AiyuTTTioi, KaOdirep
Kai ^AOrjva'ioi Aiovvcrov tov A/09 Ka\ Ko'oj/? a-e/Sov-
(TiVy aXXov TOVTOV Aiovvcrov • kcu 6 "\aK-^og 6 julv(ttiko9
TOVTU) Tu> Aiovvcrw, ov-^i TM Or]^ai(p, CTraSeTai. wg 4
TOV ye ev liapTr](T(TU) irpog ^I^tjpwv TijULOofxevov 'Upa-
ANABA2:i2 II, 16. 91
kXcu, "iva KUi arriXaL Tive<i 'UpaKXeou^ awofxaafxevai
ei(Ti, SoKco e-yo) rov Tvpiov elvai 'HpuKXea, on ^oi-
viKcou KTicriULa »/ TapTt}(T(TO<; kui tm ^oivikwv pojixm
o T€ V€0)^ TreiroltjTai too npaKXel to) ckci kui ai
Oua-iai duouTUi. Ttjpvoi/rju Se, €(p' ovTiva 6 'Apyeios 5
'UpaKXrji ecrrdXi] tt/Oo? lE^upvcrOewg Tuy (Bovg aTreXacrai
Tu? Trjpvovov KOi ayayeiv e? ISlvK^jvaf, ovSev ti irpoa--
r]K€iv Til yi] Twv 'I(3)'ipoi}v '^Karaio? 6 Xoyoiroios Xeyei . 6
ovSe eTTi vijcrop Tiva 'l^pvOeiav e^w Ttj? fX€yaXt]<; OaXaa-art]^
(jTaXrivai 'HpuKXea, uXXa t^9 tjireipou rrjg irepl 'A/a-
^paKiav re Koi 'A/ac^zAo'^oi/? ^aaiXea yeveaOai Vijpvovi]V
Koi T^? €p rjirelpov tuvti]^ aireXaaraL 'UpaKXea tu?
/3oi'9, ovSe TOVTov (pavXov aOXov riOeixevov. oioa oe 7
e-yo) KUI el<i tovto en eujSoTov T>]v t/ireipov ravrrju
KOI ^ou^ Tpe(bovcrav KaXXiara^ ' kul h ^vpvaOea toov
jULeu e^ 'Hirelpou ^owv kXgo^ a<pc-^6ai koi rod ^acri-
Xewg T^9 'HTre/oou to ovofxa tov Vtjpvovrjv ovk e^w
TOO et'/coTO? TiOefxai • tmu Se la-^UTOov TrJ9 EujOWXJ??
'l/Bi'ipoov OUT dv TOV /SaaiXeco? to ovofia yiPOOCTKeiv
Kupva-Oea, ouTe el ^ovg KoXai ev Tf] X^j^*? TavTi]
I'efxoi/Tai, €1 /ill} Tf? Tijv "Upav T011T019 eTraycov, w?
avn/v ruvTa 'HpuKXei Si l^upvcrOeuxi CTrayyeXXovaav,
TO ov TricTTov TOV Xoyov airoKpuTTTeiv eueXoi no
fj-vdu).
To(^T6t) Tw 'HpuKXei T(p Tvpup e(pr] eOeXeiv Ovaai 8
^AXePavSpog. ft)? ^e aTDjyyeXOt] tovtu irpog twv
irpecr/Becou eig Tt]v TJoov, to. fxev aXXa eoo^e acpicri
iToieiv o Tt Treo eirayyeXXei 'AXe^avopog, €19 oe
Tt}v iroXiv fXi'iTe Tfva llepawv MTe MaKedoVcoi/
,<92 AAESANAPOY
SiyeaOai, w? toOto eV re to, irapovra tw Xoycc ev-
TToeTrecrrarov kcu e? tov TroXefXov Ttjv Kpiaiv,
AlexanoaS,]\ov eri oucrav, acrcpaXea-rarov (T(pi(Ti yevi]-
questto croaevov • 0)9 ^e ePnyyeXOr} ^AXePdvSpw tu gsacrifice to *5 ' ' -a i •
^
Heracles p/f '^^jg Tuoov, Tovg jui€v 'TrpecT^eig irpogrefused. ^
^ , , , , , > «, y-
op'y>]V OTTiao) aTreTre/A-y-ev. afro? oe ^yva-
'ya'vwi/ Toi;? re eTa'ipovs Kai Tovg tjye/j.oi'ag Ttjg
arpaTias Koi. Ta^iap-)(a9 koi iXdp-^ag eXe^ev &oe.
IV.
—
Sief/e of Tyre (17-24).
"A.vSp€i cbiXoi KOI ^vjj.jj.a'^oi, tjiua' oure ti]v eir XVII.
AlyviTTOv TTopelav aa-cjyaXtj opco OaXacrcroKpaTOvvTbiV
Weparwv, Aapelov re SicoKeiv viroXenroiJ.ivov^
Thecoun-aJ-y-jyi/ 7-^ OTTlCrO) Tf]V TCOV Tvpibov TToXlV djULCpl-
Alexander ^q\qi/ ^ai A'tyvTrTOV KOI ii.v7rpou eyoixevag
capture of ttoo? WepcTwv, ovoe TOVTO dcrcbaXeg eg re rd
dXXa Koi. jULoXiCTTa §»] eg to. 'EXXtjuCKU irpay-
IxaTa, [xi] iroT dpa eiriKpaTtja-avreg auOig tcov ein 2
6aXd(T(r>] ywp'iwv ol Ylepcrai, 'Kpo')(<jcipriordvTwv ^julcov ^vv
rj] Swdjuei cog eTTi Ba/SuXwj/a re koi Aapeiov, avroi ^vv
irXelovi (TToXu) fxeTayayoiev tov TroXejuov eg Ttjv rSKXaoa,
AaKeSaifxovicov [xev €k tov evOeog tjiJ-lv TroXejULOvvTcov, Ttjg
Se 'A^6t]va[o)v TToXecog (po^M /naXXov ti >; evvoia t>; irpog
^fxdg TToo? TO irapov KaTeyofxevrig. e^aipe6ei<Tt]g ve 3
Tvpou >/ re ^oti'iKt] eyoiTO dv Trucra kui to vavTiKOv
oirep TrXeccTTOP re kox KpdTKTTOV tov TiepcriKov, to ^oiv-
iKcov, Trap' rj/xag jueTa-^iopijcreiv eiKog • ov yap due^-
ovrat ovT€ ol eoeVai ovTe ol eTri^uTai ^oiviKeg i^o^evwv
ANABA3;i2 II, 17. 93
a-(pi(Ti Twv TToXedov avToi virep aXXcov TrXeoi're? kiv-
Svi/eveiv ' Ki/XiOO? oe ew) TwSe tj ov "^aXeTroog rj/juv
-Trpoa-vcopijcrei r] e^ eTrnrXov evjuapw? \i](pQy']creTai. Kai 4
Tai^ re e/c Ma/ce^ow'a? vavcri koi Tai9 ^oiplcrcraig TrXeoV-
Tcov rjixoov Trjv OdXacrcrau Kal KJttjOou cijiia irpocr'yei'o-
lJ.ivri<i OaXacraoKpaTolfJiiv re av ^ejSaim koi 6 e? A'tyv-rr-
Tov (TToXo? ev/m-apcos rjfxiv ev tuvtm yiyveTai. AHyvirrov
Se 7rapa(TTf]ijafjLevoi9 virep re r^? EXXat^o? koi Tfjs
oiKeiag ovSev eVi uttotttov VTroXenreTac, top Te eiri
J^a^v\wvo<s (TToXov yuera tov e? ra oikol ucrcpaXovs kui
Pvv fxeiYovi afxa a^iwcrei irotrjcrojuLeOa airoTeT[J-rj/J-evoL Ti'jv
T€ Oakacrcrav Ylepaticiv ^v/xiracrav kul Ttjv e-Ki raoe tov '
Eivcpparou yrjv.
Tavra Xeyoov ov ^aXeTrw? eireiOev eiriyeipeiv rr] Tvpo) ' XVII
Kai Ti Kai Belov aveireiOev avTOV, otl ivvTrnou avTijg
eKeLvr}<i t>]9 H'/cto9 eSoKei ai;T09 /w-eu tm Telyei
der's irpocrayeiv twv Tvpicou, tov Se H^a/cXe'a
dei^iovauai re ovtov Kai avayeiv eg Trjv iroAiv.
Kai TovTO e^rjyeiTO 'A^picrTavSpog co? ^vv ttovo) aXaxro-
fX€vt]v Ttjv Tvpov, oTi Ka\ TO. TOV 'HoaKXeov? epya
^vv TTOj/ft) eyeveTO. Kai yap kou fxeya epyov Ttjg
ivpov r] TToXiopKia e(paiveTO. vtjcrog re yap avTolg rj 2
Siege of 'Tr6Xi<i tjv Kai Teiyecriv v\^>]Xoh iravTrj w'^upo^TO •
^ ' Kai Ta airo OaXaara-t]'} ttoo? tmv ivpioov jmaXXov
Ti €v Tip TOT€ ecpaiveTo, Tcov T€ TLepacov €Ti OaXacr-
(TOKpaTovvTcov Kai avTOig Toig Tvpioiif veoov €Tl TToXXcov
Trepiova-oov.
12? oe TavTa ojucog eKpaTtjcre, ^Mf/.a eyvco -^covvv- 3
vai €K T»79 "jireipov co? eVi t>]v ttoXiv. ecrTi Se TropOfxos
94 AAEgANAPOY
revaycoSt]^ to yjapiov • koi ra fxev irpo^ rt} tj-weipM rtjg
9a\a(Ta-t]<s ^pa-^ea kul TrtjXdoSt] aurou, to. SeConstrue^
, , ^ ^ , „ ^ Q n'tion of a TTOOf aUTU TU TTOAei, tva TO paVVTaTOV TOOmolefrom „ , ^ ^ ,^ , ^ ^ Q 'amainland diaTTAov, Tpioop /ULaAiCTTa opyviwv TO paUof.
aWa XiOcov re ttoXXcov aipOona rjv kui vXrjg,
ijVTiva TOig \i9oi9 (ivcoOev eirecpopovv • ^(apaKeg re ou
^aXeTTw? KaTeTrrjyvuvTO ev rco injXo) Kai avTO^ o 7r>;Ao9
^uvSea-fiog toI^ XiOoi^ e? to iirifxeveiv eyiyveTO. kui 4
TrpoOujULia TMv Ma/ce^oVwi/ e<V to epyov Kai AXe^av-
Spov TToWr] yjv irapovTO^ Te auTOu Kai eKaa-Ta €^r]~
youjuei'ov koi to. /nev \6yu> eiralpoPTO?, tu oe kui
-^vfj-acri T0V9 tl eKirpeTrea-Tepov kut apeTijv ttouov-
lxivov<s €7riKOV(pi^ovTog. aXX' IcrTe fiev to irpo? t//
rjireipu) e-^wvvuTO, ov ^aXeTTW? irpovywpei to epyov,
eiri ^dOo? T€ oXlyov -^iovvvjULevov Koi ovdepo? e^eip-
yovTog. wg Se tm Te (BaduTepcp "j^t] eireXaCov kui 5
djma Tt] TToXei avTt] e'y'yf9 eyiyvovTO, airo Te twv
TeLywv, u\l/r]Xwv ovTwv, jSaXXofxei/oi eKaKOTraOovu,
OLTe Ka\ eir epyama muXXov Ti tj cog e? f/.a)(>]V uKpi-
^w? ea-TuXjUiei'oi, Koi Taig Tpiripecnv aXXt] kui aXXij
Tov ywjj.UTog eTrnrXeoi'Teg ol Tvpioi, (iVe ot] daXacrcro-
KpaTOvvTeg eTi, airopov TroXXa^^ Trjv irpocryuxTiv Tolg
MaKeSocrii/ eTroiovv. koi ol MuKeSoveg irvpyovg 6
eiravti) tov yw/J-UTog, 6 tl irep 7rpoKe-)(wp}'iKeL avToig
eirl TToXv Ttjg OaXdara-t]';, eireaTricTav ^vo kui ixiiyavag
eiTL To'ig TTupyoig. TrpoKaXv/ii/jLaTa Sh Seppei? kul
SicpOepaL auToIg r/arav, cog /h^tc 7rvp(p6poLS (BeXecriu
CLTTO TOV Te'i-yovg ^oXXeaOai, T019 Te epyaXoixevoig
TrpojSoXrjv ev t(o avTM etvai irpog Ta To^evfxaTa ' a/Aa
AXABA2I2 II, 19. 95
re bcroL Trpo(T7r\eovTe<i toov Tvp'uov e^XaiTTOv rovg
)(U)VwvTa<i , awo twv irvpyoov /BaXXojuevoi ov vaXeTrcog
avaaTaXi'ja-ecrdaL ejueWou.
Ot oe Tvpiot irpof ravra avrijULrj-^avcovTai TOiouSe. XIX.
vavv LTncayoiyov KXtjfJLarcoi' re ^rjpwu Koi. aAA>/? vXtjg
ev(p\eKTOu e/uirXijcravTeg ovo icttov? iirl Tt]
Tyrians irputpa KaraTrtjyvvoucn Kai ev kvkXm TrepKppdcrcr-
the mole, ov(jiv e? bcTov jULUKpoTaTov, o)? (popuTou re
artillery TavTj] Kai SaSa^ oaa^ TrXe/crra? Se^acrOai •
on it.' '
S' ' ' ^ a ~ ^ " -AA '
irpog de in(7(jav re Kai ueiov Kai oaa aWa e?
TO TrapaKaXea-ai /neyaXijv (pXoya eir] ravrt] eirecpopi]-
auv. TTapereivav Se Ka\ Kepaiav SnrXtji' eir] Toh Icttois 2
afX(poTepoL<f, Ka\ airo ravTtjg i^/jprtja-au h Xe/Srjcriv ocra
eiTi-)(u6ePTa ;; €7ri/3Xi]6euTa eir]. fxeya Ttjv cbXoya e^dyLeiu
e^eXXeu. ep/j-ara re e? rhv Trpvjuvav eveQecrav, rod epapai
e/9 v^o<i Tr}v irpcppav Trie^ojueiftjii Kara irpv/jLvav Trjs
I'eco?. eireiTa ave/JLOV T}]prja-aPTe^ wg tiri to )((ojuLa 3
tTTKpepovTa e^a\^avTe9 Tpnjpeai ti}P vavv KaT ovpdv
cIXkov. o)? de eTreXa^ov >}§t] tu> re ^to/xaxi Ka\ toi?
TTvpyoi^, TTvp efxlSaXovTe? eig Tt]u uXijv Kai co? (3iai6-
TaTa ajua Tal^ Tpo'/pecriv eTraveXKvcrai'Tei t^jp vavv
ev(T€LOV(Tiv (iKpw Tw -^^wjULaTi ' avTOi Se ol ev tij vrfi
Kaiojueuu tjotj e^evi'/^avTO ov -^aXeTru)?. koi ev tovtw rj 4
Te CpXo^ TToXXtj eveTTiTTTe Tof? TTvpyoi^ Kai ai Kepaiai
irepiKXacruelcrai e^ey^eav eg to irvp ocra h e^a\|/^/i/ t»/9
(pXoyog TrapefTKevacr/ueia t)v. ol Se diro tmv Tpitjpcov
7rXr](Tiov Tov -^M/uaTO? aj'a/fw^ei/o^re? eTO^evov e?
Tovi^ irvpyovg, w? /ul}] acrCpaXeg eivai ireXacrai otroi
(T^ecTTiipiov TL Tt] (pXoy} eirecpepov. Kai ev tovtw 5
G
96 AAESANAPOY
Kareyoixevcav f}S>] ck tov irvpo? roop irvpyiav eK^pa-
fjLOVTe^ €K Ti]? TToAeo)? TToWot KUi c? KeX/jTia eju/Sdv-
re? aWt] Kai aWt] eiroKeLXauTe^ tov "^cojuaro^ tov
T€ yapaKa ov ;^^aXe7^co? Siecnracrav tov irpo avTov
7rpo^€^\rjjU€vov Kai tu? /mrj-^ava^ ^vjULTraa-a^ KUTecbXe-
^av ocra^ /nr] to airo Tij? vecog irvp eTrecryev. 'AXt^av- 6
Spo<i Se TO re ^w/xa airo r/y? rjirelpov ap^aiuevovg
ifKaTVTepov '^oovvvvai, wg irXeovag Se^acrOai irvpyovg,
Koi Toug jULtj-^avoTTOiovg [xij-^avag aWag KaTaa-Kevateiv
CKeXeucrev. wg oe TavTa irapecTKevaCeTO, avTog Tovg
VTracnrKTTag avaXa^oov Kai Tovg 'A^ypiuvag ctt] 2<^w-
vog ecTTaXt], cog aOpoKTWv cKec ocrai >jSt] ^jcrav avTW
Tpiijpeig, OTL a-TTOpcoTepa tu Ttjg TroXiopKiag icbacveTO
OaXacrcroKpaT0VVT(t)v tmv Tupiwv.
'Ej^ tovto) oe YijpocTTpaTog re o 'ApdSov /SacriXevg XKai "EvuXog 6 Bu/SXov wg ejuaOov Tag iroXeig crcbociv
Alexander^"^^ 'AXe^avSpov eyofxevag, cnroXiTTOVTeg Av-
ens^hfs*° TocppaSoLTijv T€ Kul Tag ^uv avTM veag Trap*
fleet. ^AXe^avSpov cruv Tw vavTiKW tm crcbeTepcp
a<piKOVTO KOI at tcov ^iSmvuov Tpn'ipeig crvv avTocg, wcrre
^oiviKwi fxev vtjeg oySoi'jKovTa fiaXicTTa avTtpTrapeyevovTO.
rJKOV oe ej^ to?? avTaig tj/mepaig Ka\ e'/c PoSov Tpn'/peig 2
)'/' T€ irepiTToXog KaXoufievrj Kai Pvv TavTU aXXai evvea,
Kai €K ^oXwv Ka) AvKiag SeKa, eK Ma/ce^ow'a? ^e irevTr]
KOVTopog, e(p' TJg TIpMTeag 6 'AvopoviKou eweTrXei. ov 3
TToXXw §' vaTepov Kai ol Tijg J^vTrpov ^aaiXelg eg Ttjv
^iSoova KaTcaryov vava-'iv ckutov judXicrTa koi eiKoa-iv,
eireiSr] tyjv T€ rjartrav Ttjv /car' 'Icrcrov Aapeiov eirvOovTO
Kul tj ^oiviKf] Trdaa eyo/mevr] t}§rj vir ^AXe^dvSpou
ANABASIS II, 20. 97
€(p6/3ei avTOV'i. Kai TOUTOi? iracriv eScoKCU 'AXe^avSpo?
aoeiav tcov nrpocrOev, oti vtt avayKtjg /xaXXoV ti >] kutu
yvwjULtjv T)]V (T<pu)v eSoKOUu PvvTa'^yjvai T019 Tlepcraig eg
TO VaVTlKOV.
'Ej/ 5) §€ al T€ ixiiyavaL uvtm PvveTrt'jyvvvTo kul at 4
vt]eg (0? elg e-KniKovv t€ kui vavij.a-^iag airoireipav
€p)]pTVOVTO, ev TOVTM Se avaXa^oov tmu re linriwv
Wag ecTiv a? Kai Tovg ^Aypiavag re kui Toug TO^OTag
eir 'A.pa^Lag crTeWeTai etg tov^
A-VtiKl^civov koXou-
fxevov TO opog ' Koi tu /nev ^la toov TavTt] e^eXoJv, tu 5
^e ofioXoyia irapaa-Ti^craiJ.evog eV ^e'/ca ^juepatg eirav-
riyev eig Tt]v ^iSwva, Koi. KaToXajUi/Sauei J^XeavSpov
TOV JIoXejiioKpaTOug €k TleXoTrovvi'irrou {jkoptu koi ^vv
avTM /ijt.i(T0od)6poug"J^WT]vag eg TeTpaKig-)(^i\lovg.
'Qg §e (TVi'eTeTaKTO avTM to vavTiKOu, eiri/Si^aa-ag 6
Toig KaTa(TTpu)/j.aG-i toou viraa-iTKTTMv ocroi Ikuioi eoo-
He offers'^'^^^ ^^ '^^ epyou, €1 jULi] SieKirXoig fxaXXov ti j?
battle • the ' ^ ' ' ' sr i ~Ddiuc, iiic^^ yepcriv }] vav/j-ayia ytyvoiTO, apag eK T//9
refuse."ZiiSowog fTTeVXet T>; Tvpo) ^vvTeTayixevaig
vav(Tiv avTog fxev kutu to Se^iov Kepag, o orj eg to
ireXayog avTw avei-)^e, Ka\ ^vv avTW o"i re }\v7rpiu)v
jSaariXeig Kai ocroi ^oivikoov, 7r\t]v TLvuTayopov. ovTog
Se Kai J^puTepog to evdofu/ULOv Kepag el-^ov Ttjg Tracrtjg
Tafewg. Tolg Se Tvploig irpoTcpov juev vavixayelv 7
eyvcocrjuLevov t)v, ei kutu OaXaTTav eTmrXeoi acpicriv
'AXe^avSpog. totc Se 7rXt]6og vewv ttoXv airpocrooKr]-
Tcog KaTiSovTeg (ou yap irco ireirvcrtxevoi tja-av Tag
re J^iiTrplcov vavg koi Tag ^oivlkwv ^vjULiracrag 'AXe^-
avSpov eyovTo) Kai d/na ^vvTeTayiui.evcog tov eTrnrXov 8
98 aae;e?anapoy
yiyvofxevov (oAt-yoi yap irpLv Trpocra-^eiv t^ iroXei
aveKwyevaav en ireXayiai al ^vv 'AXe^ai/opco i^Tje?,
e'l TTW? apa eg vavixa-^iav roi/? ivpiovg irpoKoXea-aivTO,
eirena ovtu) PvvTaPaiJ.evoi, w? ovk avTavriyovTO, ttoXXm
TU) poOup exeVXeoi') raura opcovTeg oi ivpioi vav-
ixa-^e'iv fj.ev aireyvcocrav' Tpn'/pecri oe ocrag tmu Xi/xevuiv
TO. (TTOfxaTa e^eyovTO ^\j(r]v tov eo'irXovv (j)pa^a/ui.evoi
ecbuXacrcroi', w? jur] eg twv Xijuefoou Tiva eyKaOop/miaOrjvat
TtJOV TToXejULUOV TOV (TToXoV.
'AXePavSpog ^e, wg ovk avTavi'^yovro ol ivpioi, 9
eTreirXei tyj iroXei kui eg fxev tov Xijiieva Tov
TToog ^lOMVog BaxCea-Qai aireyvo) oiu <TTev-The / „ , ^ „blockade oT)]Ta TOV (TTOjULaTog Kui cijua avTiTrpo)-by sea , ^ . . , ^ , ,
nowestab= poig Tpojpem TToXXuig opo)v irecppayfievovlished. X ., , - 5, X ,^ . , ,
TOV ecrirXovv * Tpeig oe Tag e^wTaro) ecpop-
fjLovcrag T>p (TTOfxaTi Tpn'jpeig irpomrearovTeg ol ^olviKeg
Koi avTiTrpcopoi eju/SaXovTeg KaTaSvovcrtv ' ol Se ev
Taig vavcr}v ov "^aXeiraig UTrevi'i^avTO eg tvjv ytjv,
(piXiav ovaav ' TOTe fxev 6>] ov iroppu) tov ttoiijtov I
O
vcojuaTog kcitu tov aiyiaXov, \va cr/cex?; tcjov avefxwv
echaiveTO, ol avv 'AXe^avSpo) wp/ULicravTO. Tt] oe
va-Tepaln Tovg juev Ki/xjo/of? ^vv Taig crcbeTepaig
vavcr] Kai ^Avopo/u.a'^w tw vavap'^co kutu tov Xifxeva
TOV e/c ^locovog (pepovTU cKeXeucrev ediop/meiv t>/
TToXei, Tovg Se ^oiviKug kutu tov e7r' CKeiva tov
^dojuaTog TOV irpog AHyvTTTOv ave-^ovTa, "iva kol avTw
ij (TK>]vrj ijv.
"H^^/ (5e Km iui.}]j(avo7roicov avT(p iroXXwv e/c re Ki'vr- XXI,
pov Koi ^oiviKijg diracDjg crvXXeXeyfxevwv ju>]-^avai TroXXai
AXABASIS II, 21. 99
(TviuTreTnj'yjULevai i/crap, ai fxep eiri too -^oo/JLaTO?, ai
Alexan^ 06 CTTl TU)V CTTTrCiywywU Vecou, U9 €K 2iOWI'09
der's new " ?'' fn\i\-^ ^ rr
g.^ ^afxa OL eKOjuicrei', at oe eiri twv Toajpcov oarac
engines. avTwu ou Ta^vavToduai ijcrav. d'? (5e irapecr- 2
KevacTTO fjot] PvjuiravTa, irpocrriyov ra? /x>/^a^a9 kutu
T€ TO TTOliJTOV ^(^WfXa KUl UTTO TWV V€WV CtW}] KUl
aXXij Tou Te/^ouf TrporropixiCotxivoov re /caJ uTroTreipoo-
IXeVWV TOO T€l-)(OV^.
Ot de Tiyyotof eirl re rwi^ eTrdXPeoov twv Kara to 3
"X^M/uLa TTvpyovi ^uXn'ov? €7re(TTt]crai', w? WTrojULa-^ecrOai utt'
avT(>n>, KUl e'l tt)] aXXt] at jj.ri'vavai Trpoa/jyovTO,Ingenious
' a. / /
defensive l^eXem re tjjULVi'oi^TO Ka] 7rvp<p6poi9 oicTTOigmeasures ^^ ^^ ^ ^ „ rn '
of tiie epaXXov avTu^ Tag vavg, waTe (bopov irape'^eivbesieged. - iv r 5" ' ><^ -- i •? cv>
TOi? MaKeoocri TreXareiu tm Tei-^ei. ijv oe 4
avTOtg Kai ra Teivi] KaTU to VM/uLa to tc v\j/og ei?
irevTr'i ra koi eKUTOv niaXicrTa iroSa? ku] e? TrXarop
^vjujucTpov XiOoi? fxeydXoig ev yvy^co Keifxevoig ^vjulttc-
irrjyoTa. Talg Se linrayooyoig T€ koi Taig Tpii'ipecri tmu
MaKeoovcov, ocrai Tag jmij-^avag Trpocrtjyov Tip Tei-^ei, koi
TavTij ovK euTTopov eyiyveTO xeXaTeiv Tt] TroXei, OTi
XiOot TToXXo] eg TO ireXayog irpo^e^Xruxivoi e^eipyov
avTwv Trjv eyyvg 7rpocrl3oXi']V. Ka\ TOVTOug ^AXe^avS- 5
pog eyvM f^eXKvcrai e/c Trjg OaXaacrtjg ' rjuveTO oe
-^aXeTTCvg tovto to epyov, ola ci] airo I'ccoi' koi ovk
UTTO ytjg jSe^alou yipojuevov, aXXcog Te Kai oi Tvpioi
I'avg KUTachpu^auTeg wapa Tag ayKvpag eTrrjyov Tcou
Tpitjpcov Kai vTTOTefxvovTeg Tag a-^olvovg tociv ayKV-
p(jdv airopov Ti]v TrporropiJ.KTiv Talg iroXejjLiaig vavcriv
eiroLovv. ^AXe^ai'Spog Se TpiaKOVTopovg TroXXag eg tov 5
100 aae;57Anapoy
avTOV TpoTTOv (ppai^a^ eTrecrTtjcreu eyKapaiaii irpo tcov
Alexan° ayKupcou, CO? VTT avToov avacTTeWeaOai tovder sue- ''^ '^ " '^^^ ^.^ » i \ceedsin eTnirXovv Twv vecov. aWa Kai w? vmaAoi
8hfps"up'to'^oXufx^tjrai. rag a"^oli'ov9 avroig virereixvov.
the walls. '?''\' '^ ' ' \i/ot oe a/Kvcrecriv uvri cryoLvwv eig rag ayKupa^
yjpwixevoi, ol Ma/ce^oVe?, Kadiecrav, cocrTe /uLijSeu en irXeov
To'is Ko\vfx(3>]Taig yiyvecrOai. e^uTTTOvreg ovi/ /Bpo^ov? 7Tuiv XiOcov airo too ybjfxaro^ avea-irwv avrov? 'iPw Tfj?
daXacra-r}^ • eireira fxrj-^auak /merewpLcravTe? Kara BaQov<s
a(pieaav, "iva omeri 7rpo^€^\t]ij.'evoi /3\a\|/e<v ejmeXXov.
OTTOv oe KaQapov Treiro'ojTO tcov 'rrpo^oXcou to reivo?, ov
^aXeTTUxf tjot] TauTrj at I'Tjeg wpocrei-vov.
Ot oe ivpLoc, Trai'Tr] uiropoi yiypo/xevoi, eyvcocrai/ eir't- 8
irXow TroojcracrOai Tats K^vTrpiaig vavcriv, at kuto. tov
Attack Xifieva ecpwp/jiovv tov e? St^w^a TeTpa/ujuevoVby the ' ^^"5' ' ^ \ ' ^
Tyrians ^'^ TToAAov d>] KaTa7r€TacravT€9 tov Xifxevog toon the r f r \ \ J ^ I r\ -^
Cyprian ^-'rofj.a i(TTLOL<s, TOV fxr] KaTamavt] yevecruai tcov
fleet ^ ^ "X' ^J^' * f
blockading '^P^'lpo^v 'Tnv -TrXjjpwa-iv, afxcpi fxecrov rjfxepas,
the '' '' ^ ?\\i .5RSidoni n
OTTOTe OL T€ VaVTQl CTTl TU uvayKGia CCTKeda-
harbour.(j-fxevoi ^crav Kai ^AXe^avSpog ev tovtm fxd-
XicTTa airo tov eifi OaTepa T>]f Tro'Aeco? vuvtckov exJ
Triv (TKtjvtjv UTre-^copei, TrArjpioaavTei TrevT^ipeig /mev Tpeig o
Kai TeTpi'jpeig 'icra?, Tpn'/petg Se eirTO. C09 aKpi/Bea-TaTOis
T€ Tolg 7rXt]pu)fxa(Ti ku] toI^ utto twv KaTacrTpcojuL-
UTWV fx-a-^ecrOai /aeXXovcriv evoirXoTaToi^ koi d/ma Kai
evdapcrecTTaTois e? tov? vavTiKov(; aym>va?, to. fxev
TrpwTa aTpe^a t^ etpea-la eirl /uliu? vece? i^evrXeov avev
KeXevcTTWv tu? KCOTra? 7rapa<pepovTeg * w? Se eir-
ecTTpecpov tjd>] eir] tov? K.v7rpiovg Kai ey-yL/? tov Kado-
ANABA2I2 II, 22. 101
pacrOai ^](Tav, Tore Si] ^vv /3or] re TroWt] Kai eyKe\ev(Tfia)
e? aAX>/Xou9 KOI d/ma t?/ eipecria ^uvrovui eirecpepovro.
^vve^r] §e eKeiuij juev rrj rj/jiepa 'AXe^apSpov axo^o)- XXII,
prja-ai eirl ri]V crKrjv^v, ov Siarpi^^avra Se Kara ro
Successful€^(^^og, Si oXiyov e-TTL ra's vav^ eTraveXOecv. ot 2
th"b''.^^e Tvpioi Trpoa-Trea-ovre? cnrpocrSoKj'iro)? raig
sieged,vavaii^ 6p/Jiov(rai^, Ka] rah iJ-ev iraprt] Kevaig
€Tnrvv6vre<s^ rwv S' vir avr>]v T^v (3or]v Kai rov eiri-
TrXovu YaXe7r«9 ck roov irapovreov 7rXt]pou/u.ei/ct)v, rrjv
re TLvvrayopov rov /Sao-iXew? Trevry'jpt] evOv^ viro rrj
Trpcorf] efj.^o\i] Kar'eSvcrav /cal rijv 'Aj^djOO/cXeou? rov
'AjuaOova-lov Ka] rrjv Tlaa-iKpdrov? rov J^ovpiews, rag
Se aXXa? eg rov aiyiaXov e^coOovvreg eKOirrov.
'AXePavSpog Se cog fjcrOero rov cKirXovv rwv Tvp'iwv 3
rpitjpSiv, rag jmev TroXXug rwv ^vv avrw vecov, oirwg
eKaarrr] TrXrjpcoOeir], eir'i ro' crro^ari rovbut
^ , / V >» ' » ^ ""\ ^Alexander Xifievog avaKwyeveiv era^ev, to? ^xt] Kai aAAaiintercepts , , '^ rr^ r - , \ n\
their eKTrXevcreiav rwv i vpiwv vrieg * avrog oe irev-
vessels. xc,, ''•'\/0^ \^njpeig re rag p^v avru> avaAapoov Kai rwv
rpirjpwv eg irevre fxdXicrra, ocrai eipOrjaav avrw Kara
rd-vog TrXfjpwOeicrai, TrepieirXei r>]V ttoXiv wg eiri rovg
eKireirXevKorag rcov Tvpicav. oi oe airo rov rei-^ovg, 4
rov re eiriTrXouv rwv TroXejULicov Karioovreg Kai AXe^avo-
pov avrov ewi rcov vetov, /3o^ re eiravdyeiv eveKeXevovro
roig eK rcov (rcherepcov vecov Kai cog ovk e^aKOVcr-
rov >jv v-TTO Bopv^ov ^vve-^ojxevoov ev rw epyo), atj^ieioig
dXXoig Kai aXXoig eireKoXovv eg rt]V dva-)(y}pt](Tiv.
oi Se 6\^e -wore aiaOoiuLevoi rov eirnrXovv rwv afxcp
AX'e^avSpov virocrrpe-^avreg elg rov Xi/J.eva ecpevyov. 5
102 AAESANAPOY
Kai oXiyai juev twu vecov (bOavoucriv vTreKdyvyovcrai, Tai9
Se TrXeiocriv ept-jSaXoCa-ai ai Pvv ^AXe^dvSpcp ra? fiev
avTwv cnrXov? eTTonjcrav, TrevTypt]'! Se T19 Kai Terp^prj^
avTioi^ eir uvtm tco cTTOjuaTi Tov Xi/nevog eXy'jcbOija-ai'.
cpovog o€ Twv cTTi^aTcov ov TToiXv? cyeveTO. fa)? y^P
IjcrOovTO ej^Ojueva^ Tag vav? UTrei'tj^avTO ov ^aXe'Trwg e?
TOV Xijuei'a.
Q? oe ovoejiiia cti TOig Tvpioi? e/c twu vecov uxpeXeia 6
^v, eTtrjyov i/or] ol Ma/ceoot/e? Ta<; jULij-^avag tw Te[-)(ei
avTCO. KUTO. uev S>] to ycoixa TrpoarayoaevaiHe brings „ , \ , ^ , V'nx „ „ >
his.artiN Via l(T'^V TOV TCf^OVg OVOeV ijVVOV 6 Tt KUlleryto ,
, , ,
bearonthe Aoyov a^lOV ' OL oe KttTa TO TTpog 2^tOft)l'a
walls. , „ ,. ^ ^ ^TeTpaju/nevov r/;? TroXeai? tcov vecov Tivag tcov
IULt]-^avo<popcov irpocTijyov. oog §e ovSe tuvtij >jvvev, e? 7
TO irpo? voTOV au ave/mov kui irpo's AHyvwTov aveyov
Teiyo<i fj-eTyei, iravTt] airoireiptafxevog tov epyov. Kai
evTavOa irpociTOv KaTea-eiaOij re to tci-^o? eiri jueya
Kai Ti Kai KaT}]pei<p6t] avTOv Trapappayev. TOTe /nev
St] bcrov e7ri(3aX(.ov yecbvpa? ij eptmiiTTO tov Teiyov^,
aTreTreipaOi] e? oXlyov Tijg irpoalSoXtjg • /cat oi Tvpioi
ov ^aXeTTcog aireKpovcravTO tovi; M a/ce(5oj/a9.
TpiTU ^^ ^'^^ TaiJT>]? t]iJ-epa V)]ve/uLiav Te (puXa^ag XXIII
Kat TrapaKaXea-a? tov? i'jye/movag twv TU^ewv e? to
Tyre epyov ewtjye tvj iroXei eiri twv veS)v Tag/^'/X'^"
cantured. ' \ '^ i / ^ t^vag, Kai irpooTa fiev KaTea-eicre tov Tei-^ovg
eirl ixeya. to? ^e airoyjpiiiv eh irXaTog e(pavt] to irapep-
prjyfxevov, Ta9 fJ-ev fxyj-^avocpopovg vavg eiravayeiv eKeXev-
crev 6 Se §vo aXXag eirrjyev, d\ Tag yed)vpag avTW 2
ecbepov, a? Si] eTri^dXXeiv eirevoei Tip KaT€pp}]yiuLev(p tov
ANABASIS II, 23. 103
Tei-^ovg. Kai Trjv fxev [xiav tuiv vewv oi viraa-maTai
eAa/3ov, 1} eireTeTaKTO ' A.6/ut]T0g, TrjV eTepav oe >/
KotVou Ta^i<i 01 ireXeraipoi KoXovjULevoi koI avro^
^uu Toi? VTracnricTTaig eTTi^Jja-ecrOai tou Tclj^ovg ij ira-
pe'iKOL e/xeWe, tvl^ Tpujpet? oe rug fxev eTrnrXeiu Kara. 3 •
Toug Xifj.ei'ag ajiicboTepovg cKeXevireu, ei ircog irpog (T(hug
TeTpajUfxevoov tu>u Tvpiwv ^idcrawTO tou ecnrKovv ' ocrai
oe avTwu /3eX>7 utto /mtj'^avMv /SaXXo/xera .el'^ov 5/ ocrai
To^ora? eTTi twv KaTacrTpcojiiaTwu efpepov, ravTug Se
€KeXev(T€v ev kvkXco TrepiTrXeova-a? to rei-^o? CTroKeXXeiu
T€ oiri] irapeiKOi Km avaKco'^eveiv evTO? /BeXovg, ecTTe to
cTTOKeiXai airopov yiyvoiTO, co? iravTa-^oOev /SaXXofie-
vovg TOUi Tvpioug ev tw oeivui ajUL(pi/36Xovg ylyvea-dai.
'ii? oe OLL re vrjeg at ^vv 'AXe^auopo) wpoaecryov 4
Tu TToXet Kai at yecpvpai eTre^XijOtjcrav rw Tei-vei air'
avTcou, evTUvOa oi vTracnricTTai evpwcrTws Kara Tav-
ra? avej^aivov e7r) to t€1-^o<;^ o Te yap "A.S/UDjTog avljp
ayaOog ev tm totc eyeveTO Kai u/ua AXe^afooo? e7-
TreTO avTOig, tou Te epyou avTov KcipTepcog uTTTOjue-
vog Kai OeaTrjg twv aXXcov otw ti XajUTrpov kut
apeTrjv ev tm kivSvvo eToXjxaTO. Ka\ Tai^T?; TrpcoTOV
I)eireTeTaKTO 'AXe^avSpog eX/jCpOi] to Tfi-)(^og, ov 5
yaXeTTW? uTroKpovcrOevTMv aTr' avTOv tmv lupiwv,
eireiSi] irpooTOV (3e^aup Te koi Ujua ov TravTr] airoTOfxu)
Til irpocr^acrei e-^prfo-avTO oi Mafce^oVe?. /cat ' Ao/xj/to?
fxev, TrpwTog eTTi/Sug tov TeiYovg Kai Toh ajud) avTov
eyKeXevo/xevog eiri^alveiv, l3Xt]6elg ^oy^>] airoOvijcTKei
avTOu ' eTTi Se avT(o ^AXe^avSpog «rp(e to Tel-^og ^vv g
TOf9 eTaipoig. wg Se ei'^ovTO uutm irvpyoi Te ecTTiv oz
104 AAEgAXAPOY
KOI fxeraTTunyia, avrog /uev irapyjei Sia toov eiroX^euiv w^
€70. TO. ^arrlXeta, on Tavry eviropwTepa ecpacvero 69
Tfjv TToXiv rj KaOooog.
Oi ^e eirl toou vewv, o'l re ^olviKe? Kara rov X//xeva XXIV.
Tov TTOOi A.iyvTTTOu, KuO^ oviTep Kai eipopmovuTeg ervy-
Massacre X^^^^' ^^(^'^^^l^^^oi Koi TO. KXeiOpa oiaonracrav-
bv the *' ' /-''>-\f ^ \
j^ 2 ^ Tf? eKOTTTOv Tai; I'cwg ev tu> Aifxevi, tuis /meu
nians./meTewpoi? e/jt/3a\Xoj'Te9, rag Se eg Tt]v ytjv
epooOoui'Teg, koi 01 K.V7rpioi Kara tov aXXov Xifxeiia
TOV CK '^iSoovog (pepovra, ovSe KXeiOpov tovtov ye
e-vovTa, eicnrXeucravTeg elXov evOug TavTtj Ttjv ttoXiv.
TO Se TrXrjOog tmv Tupicov to /mev Teiyi(og, cog e^o- 2
[xevov elSov, eKXeiTrova-iv. aOpoicrOevTeg oe Kara to
'A.yriv6piov KoXov/xevov eir'ecTTpe^av TavTtj eiri Tovg
^aKeSovag. koi ^AXe^avSpog ^vv Toig vTracnncTTatg
eiri TOVTOug ^cop/jcrag Tovg /mev avrov fxa-^ojuevovg
Sce'cbOeipev auTwv, Toig §e (pevyovcriv e<penr€TO. Kai 3
(hovog >/v TToXvg^ tuiv re airo tov Xifxevog eyovTOiv '>]6y]
Tt]v TToXiv Kai Ttjg K.01VOU TU^ecog TrapeXtjXvOuiag eig
auT)]v. opyij yap ej^wpovv ein ttuv oi Ma/cfdove?, Trjg
re TToXiopKiag Tr] Tpi^r] a-^^Oo/xevoi Ka). oti Xa^ovTeg
Tivag avTuiv 01 Tvpioi irXeovTag eK Zjiowvog eiri to
Tei-vog ava^i^acravTeg, oTrwg cittotttov e'ltj airo tov
crTpaTOTreSov, (rSd^avTeg eppiyp^av elg Tt]v OaXacrcrav.
aireOavov Se twv /mev '^Fvpicov eg oKTaKia-^iXiovg twv 4
^laKeSovcov Se ev ti) TOTe Trpoa-^oXt] ' AS/xtjTog re, 6
irpcoTog eXu)v to Tei-^og, avi]p ayaOog yevofxevog, Kai ^uv
avTM e'lKocri tcov vTraa-TriCTTWv ' ev Se ttj iraa-r] iroXiopKia
/ndXicTTa eg TeTpaKOcriovg.
ANABASIS II, 25. 105
Toig Se eg to lepov tov HpuKXeovg Karacbvyoua-iu 5
(t](Tav Se avTwv re tosv Lvpicav ol juaXicrTa ev reXei Koi
Aiexan- ^ ^acTiXevg 'A^e/iiXKO? Kcu K.ap-)(}]Sov[oov Tiveg
rfficeto*^"Oeiopo] 6? Tifxrjv TOO 'UpaKXeov? Kara Si'} riva
Hercules,i/qixov iraXaiov ei"? T^t]V jutjrpoTroXiv acbiKO/xe-
uoi) TOVTOig PvjULTraa-iv aoeiav olSocxxiv 'AXe^avopo? *
T0V9 Se aXXov<; >]vSpa7r6Si(Te, koi eirpaOrjaav Tvplwv t€
Kai Twv Pevwv ocroi eyKareX/jCpdrjcrav, ixaXicrTa e?
Tpi(Tfxupiov?. 'AXe^avopo? oe Tcp JipaKXei eOvcre re 6
Koi. "Trofxiriju ecTTeiXe ^vv tij ouva/mei wrrXicriJ.evri • km ai
j/^e? ^vveTTOfXTrevcrav tu) 'UpaKXei, kui aywva yvjuviKov
ev Tip lepip Koi. Xa/*xaoa eirolrjcre ' koi tiju [xrj-^avrjv
f]TO Tel'^og KaTecTeicrOr] aveOtjKev eig tov vewv • Kai
Tt]U vavv Trjv Tuplav Tt]u lepav tov Hyoa/cXe'01/9, j'/V-
Tiva ev TM ex/vrXw eXa/Se, kui TavT}]v tw JripaKXei
aveOrjKe Kai eiriypa/UL/uia ctt' clvth, >; avTO'S ironjcrag
>; OTOU St] aXXov 7rot>7(Taj/T09, ovk a^iov /xvijiJit^q to
eiriypaixfia ' Sia tovto koi eyw avTO avaypa^ai
cnnjPiccKTa. Tvpog fxev or} ovtco'^ eaXo) eiri ap-^ovTO?
'A.viK}]TOU ' A.6i']vr](Ti /xrjvog EiKaTOjUL/Saicovog.
"Eri ^e €v T^ TToXiopKia t^? Tvpov ^vve'yoixevov XX
V
'AXepavSpov aCpiKOVTO irapa Aapeiov irpe(T^ei<i ws
avTov, airayyeXXovTeg juvpia /uev TaXavTaAlexander , , ^ , ^ < v , ^
rejects the VTTep T>/? fxtjTpog Te Kui Tt]9 yvvaiKog Kai TWV
posais of"
TraiSwv Souvai eOeXeiv ^AXe^avSpio AapeioV Ttjv
Darius. rn / -- ' ' ^ 'C ' / ' ^de -veopav Tracrav tijv evTog tjvcppaTou TroTafxov
ecTTe eir\ OdXacraav Tfjv '^XXrjviKrjv 'AXe^avSpov eivai •
yi]fxavTa Se t>]V Aapeiou ira'iSa ^AXe^avSpov (piXov tc
eivai Aapeiip Kai Pu/ixjULa-^ov. Ka) tovtoov ev rw ^uXXoyia 2
106 AAE^E^AXAPOY
Toov cTaipoov airayyeXOevTCOv TLaofxevloova niev Xiyoviriv
'A.Xe^ai'opo) elirelv on avTog dp AXe^ai'Ooo? cov eirl
TOVTOi^ }]ya7r>]cre KaToXvcra? top TroXejULOV /uajKeTi ttooctu)
KipSvveveiv ' 'A.\e^apSpov Se TIapiiJ.ei'iwpi airoKplvaa-Qai
OTL Kai avT09 ui', eiTrep TLapjueviwv >)v, ovtco? eirpa^ev,
eirei oe AXe^ai'opo? eaTiv, airoKpLvecrOai Aapei(i) avrep
ot] Kai aireKp'wuTO. e(p)j yap ovre •^pt^ixarruiv SeicrOai 3
irapa Aapeiov ovre Ttj? "^^copa^ \a/3eiv avri r^f irdcrt]^
TO fxepog ' eivai yap ra tc ^jOJ/jUara Kai ti]v yo)pav
avTov irarrav ' ytj/uLal re dv eOeX}] Ttjv Aapeiov iraiSa,
y>]juai dv Kai ov oioovTO? Aapeiov ' cKeXeve re avTov
i'jKeiv, e'l Ti evpea-Qai eOeXoi (piXavOpcoirov 'Trap' avTOv.
Tavra wg '/jKOvcre Aapeio?, Tas [J-ev ^uju^acreig aireyvw tu?
TTjOO? AXe^avopov, ev Trapaa-Kev?] Se tov TroXefxov avOii ijv.
AXe^ai'dpo? oe eir' A^iyvKTOv eyvw Troieia-Oai tov 4
aToXov. Kui t]v avTw tu jxev aXXa ri/? llaXaicrTiV?/?
KoXovueviK Suoia? irpocTKeYbopriKOTa >}S}]. ev-
mines on VOV^og Oe Tl?, W OVOfXa f]V DaTl^, KpaTWV T//?
dition to YaYa'iMV TToXeoo^, ov irpocre2-^ev 'A.Xepavopu>^Egypt. '^^ ^ "A « ' a ' ' '
'^
aAAa Apapag re jjuctvootov^ eTrayofxevo? Kai
(TiTov eK TToXXov TTapecTKevaKM^ oiapKt] e? "vpoi'iov
iToXiopKiav Kai Tip j^aipiw iricTTevijov, fxi'iiroTe dv /3/a
akmai^ eyvm yu>/ oeyerrQai T>] iroXei 'AXe^avoooi'.
'ATre'^ei Se ?/ ^(^^f^ 7"^? /**fi' OaXacra-}]^ e'lKOcri fxuXicTTa XXVI.CTTaoiovg, Ka). eaTi yp^afx/ucoStjg koi jSaOeia e? ai;T>/^ >}
Prepara= CIVOC09 Kai t] OaXaacra }'] KaTU. Tt]V TToXlV
tions for '^ '~ '\ ^' '\ '
the siegeTevayujdt]^ -rracra. /neyaXtj de iroXi? t]
1 a(^a )]v Kai eiri ^co/xaro? v\^>]\ov wkictto
Kai Tei-^o^ 7repiel3e(3X}]TO avTtj o-^vpov. ea-^UTt] Se
AXABASI2 II, 27. 107
wKeiTO cog eir AHyviTTOV e/c ^oipik}]9 lovTi eiri T)] ap-^j
Trjs epriixou.
^AXePauSpog Se cog cKpLKero irpog Tt]v iroXiv, t?] 2
fiev 7rpu)T>j KarecTTpaTOTrkoeva-ev i] ixaXicTTa €7rijua-)^ov
avTW icpalvero to Tel-^og, Kai iJ.j]yavag crvfXTnj'yi^vi^ai
CKeXevcrev. ol §e fxt]-^avOTroiOL yvcofxtji/ cnreoeiKVUvTO
airopov eivat (i'la kXelv to rdj(og oca. u\p^og tov -^cofxaTog.
aXy 'AXePdvSpo) alpereov iooKei ehai ocru) airopcaTepov 3
eK'irXi']PeLv yap Tovg TroXejuiovg to epyov tw irapaXoyo)
CTTZ jui-eya, kul to /xj; tXecv aicry^pov dvm ol Xeyo/nepov eg
Te Toug "rjX\>]vag kqi eg Aapeiou, eooKei St] y^wjua ev
kukXo) T>jg TToXetog -^covvvvai, cog e^ 'ktov citto tov y^coa-
OevTog eTrayecrOai Tag jutj-^avug Totg Tei-^ecn. kuc
eywvvvTO kutu to votlov juaXicTTa Tijg yroXecog Tel-^og,
"wa eTTijj.a'^wTepa ecpalveTO. cog Se eSoicei e^tjpOai ctu/ul- 4
jxeTpcog TO j^coiulu^ /ix)]-^avag eiria-Wjcrai'Teg 01 ^laKeooveg
eirriyov wg eTrJ to Telwog tcov YaCaiuiv. kul
favourable ev TOVTM QvovTi 'AXe^avSpw Koi €(7Te(pa-
vuifj-evw Te Kai KaTap-^^ecruai jueAAoPTi tov' ' ' ^ '
^ j^ '
irpcoTOV lepeiov KaTu vo/ulov tcov Tig crapKOCpaycov
opvlOcov inrepTreTO/uLevog tov (Sco/ulov XiOov efxpaXXei
eg T}]V K€(paXr]v ovTiva toIv vroSoiv ecpepe. Kai
'AXe^avSpog I'ipeTO WplaTavSpov tov juavTiv b Ti vooi
6 oloH'og. 6 Se airoKplveTai OTi, co (iaariXev, Trjv fxev
TToXiv aipyaeig, avTU> Se croi (pvXaKTea eaTiv eiTL Ttjoe
Tt] i]/JLepa.
TavTa ciKOvaag ^A.Xe^avSpog Tecog fxev irpog Taig XX^IJ.)]^avaig ePca ^eXovg avTOV eiy^ev " cog oe eKopo/mi] Te e/c
Tijg TToXecog KupTepa eyiyvcTO Kai irvp Te eireipepov
108 AAE;e7ANAP0Y
rati ixrj-^avah ol "Apa/Beg koi tov? MaKe§6va<i
atxvvofxevovg KUTwOev avroi eP virepSePiov rodA]exan°
^
"3( »a
der vwpiov e/SaXXov T€ KOI coOovv Kara rod 7roi>]rovwounded.
, » -n ,r f ^ i
^wfiarog, euravoa 5? e/ccov aireiQel 'AXe^avSpog
ro) fiavreL rj eKirXayeig ev ru) epyw ovk ifxvrjjuoveucre
rrj<s fiavrelag, aW avaXa^lav roh VTra(xincrra<} irape-
(3o7'i6ei "iva fxakicrra eirie^ovro ol MaKeSoveg. koi 2
rovrovg ^ev eaye rod jULt] ovk aia-^a cpuy?] wcrOPjvac
Kara rod )(U!fxaro9 • avrog Se jSaXXerai KaraireXryi Sia
rijg ucTTTido? Siafx-TTu^ Kal rod OoopaKog e? rov Mfxov. w?
Se eyiw ru u^(p\ ro rpadjua aXrjOevcravra rov ^Api-
a-rai'Spou, e-^apt]^ on Koi rr]u iroXiv Sij alpi'/creiv iSoKci
Apicrravopov evcKU.
Kat avrog fxev ro rpavjxa iOepairevero ;(aAe7rw9 * 3
acpiKVodi/rai S' avrw /meraTrefXTrroi airo OaXda-artjg ai
^}]-^avai ah ivpoi^ elXe. Ka\ ^oiifJ-a "^wi'vvvai
taken by ev kvkXw iravroQev r>]<} TroAeo)? eKeXevcrev,assault. ^ \ , n. f n,
eupog IJ.ev e? dvo aradioug, i/\|/09 Se eg TroSag
Trevrr'jKovra koi SiaKocrlovg. wg Se di re /uLtj-^aval avrw 4€7ron'}6>]<Tau Ka\ eira-^Oela-ai Kara ro X^/"« KareaeicTav
rod rei-^ovg eiri ttoXu, v7rov6fxo)v re ciXXi] Ka\ aXXn opvcr-
crofxepcov Kai rod y^od acpavcog eKcpepo/iievov ro rel-vog
7roXXa)(rj }]pei7rero vfpiCavov Kara ro Kevovfxevov, ro'ig
re jieXecriv eiri iroXu Kare'i-^ov oi Ma/ce^oVe?, avaareX-
Xovreg rovg Trpoiua-^ojuei'ovg e'/c run/ irvpyMv, eg jueu
rpeig irpoa-^oXag ol eV rTjg iroXewg airoOvricrKovrwv
re avrolg ttoXXwi/ /cat rirpwa-Kojuei'cov o/j.009 avrei-vov.
ru rerapnj Se rwv ^laKeSovwv rrjv (bdXayya Trdv- 5
roOev Trpocrayaycov 'AXe^auSpog r^ /xev VTropucrcro-
ANABA3I2 II, 27. 109
fievov TO Teiy'C}? Kura^aXXei, t?] Se iraiofxevov rai?
lj.i]-^avaL? Karaa-elei e7r\ ttoXv, co? jut] -^aXeTnjv raig
KXifia^i rhv 7rpoar^o\t]V Kara ra eptjpimfjieva hSovi'ai.
di re ovv /cAiVa/ce? irpoa-jjyoi^TO tw tgl^ci kui epig 6
TToWt] yjv Twv Ma/ce^oVwi^ octol tl aperyjs [xeTeiroLovvTO
ocTTis TrpwTO? aipi'jcrei to Tei-^o? • koc aipel -TrpwTO^
Neo7rToAeyU09 Twu cTaipcov Tou AiaKiSwu ykvoug '
eirl Se avTw aXXai Koi aWai Tu^eig oixov Toig tjyefxo-
(Tiv av'e^aivov. (o? ^e dira^ TraprjkOov rtfe? evTO<i 7
Telvov^ Tooi' Ma/ce^oVcoi', KaTa(Tyj.(TavTe<; aWag kui
aWag TrvXag, ocrais CKacrTOi e-7reTvy^avoi>, Se-^ouTUi
e'lcro) T>]i^ (TTpuTiav iruG-av. ol ^e VaC^aioL kul Tijg tto-
Xeco? (Tfhicnv »jSt] eyoixevrig ^vveaTijKOTes bfxuig efia-
Used as an X^'^'''^' '^"' CLTTeOavov iravTeg avTOv fxayo^ie-
arsenal^ ^ eKUCTTOl eTaY^W^V • TTaiSug Se KUI
during' A '
the war.>yvi;a'iKag ePtjvSpairo^KTev avTUiv 'AXe^avopog.
Tnv iroXiv Se ^vi'oiKia-ag €K tow irepioiKCOv e-^ptJTO bora
(bpOVp'M e? TOV TToXejULOU.
Greek Trirefne.
NOTES.
BOOK I.
Preface.
§ 1. For Ptolemy and Aristobulus, vide Introd., § 20.
|vv€Ypax|;av dva-ypdcjxi), "they compiled," "I write out,
record." a.vayp6.(pa) refers to the mere recording of facts.
iria-Torfpa, predicate.
€TriX£|dp.€vos, "choosing out." Cf. Herod., passim. On Ar-
rian's historical methods, i^iile IntrocI, 19-
§ 2. v'rrlp = irepi.
irXiCovis- For other authorities used hy Arrian, vide Introd.,
§20.
<rvvr\viyjdr\ = Att. (tvv(^t), " it happened."
§3. cos X£76|X6va jiovov, "mere verbal tradition" opposed to facts
vouched for historically. Alexander's exploits soon passed
into the sphere of legend {vide App. B, "Alexander in
Legend," p. 155.
dva\E^d|X6vos, " when he reads them "; usually dvayiyvwtTKiiv.
Chapter I.
§ 1. 8^, "so then," implying that the subject of Philip has only
been hinted at before, but is now to be discussed.
TeXevTfjcrai. Philip was murdered in 336 B.C. by Pausanias.
'AXe'^avSpov. Change from nom. and infin. to ace. and infin.
§ 2. ^8o(rav, 337 B.C. The Lacedaemonians alone had refused to
grant Philip the hegemony.
NOTES, BOOK I. HI
v(o>ripla-ai= novis rebus studuisse. This was at the instigation
of Demosthenes.
§ 4. ^pt, 335 B.C.
TpiPaWol. On the importance of these tribes as mountedtroops, vide App. A.
8ti (j.-f|= ei fxT), "except."
§ 5. 4>tXnriroi. Vide map at end of book.
§ 6. €|Airopwv, if the reading is rights merchants who, in hugecaravans strongly guarded by mounted men, traded be-
tween the Danube district and the confines of Macedonand Greece.
Tov CTToXov after etpyeiv.
§ 7. ajxd^as •jrpoPaXd|A€Voi. Cf. the formation of a South Africanlaager.
diro[idx€o-0ai, "to fight from a position of advantage."^ with TOV upovs.
diroTO|x«TaTov
—
sc. fjv,'
' at that point of the mountain whichwas most precipitous."
<})dXa-y7i.. Vide App. A, p. 142.
§ 8. tlvai (of Alexander's thouglit), infinitive, governed by generalsense.
§ 9. ircpiKaTaXaiipdvoivTo, "were caught in a narrow place."
^vvv€vo-avTas, " pressing close to each other."
o-vyKXeiorai = (Tu;'acr7n(T^os. FiVZe App. A, p. 153.
TOV . . . €ir€X0€tv, genitive of purjoose.
§ 11. ToloTtts. On the use of bowmen, vide App. A, p. 145.
d-yilK-a. Vide App. A, p. 145.
§ 12. dvecTTeXXov, "drove back."
ws tKdcTTois Trpotix.wp«i, "as best they could," refers to i<pvyov.
Chapter II.
§ 1. rds irdXeis, Neapolis and Eion, the seaports of Philippi andAmphipolis.
IdvTi—sc. Tiv\, " as one goes."
<rTa0|j.ds = in Xen. Anab. "a day's march," lit., a resting-
place, a stage. Roughly speaking it averaged 5 parasangs
= 150 stades = about 18 English miles.
§2. £K TToXXoO, " long before," temporal.
§ 3. ^v|jnr€<{>€v-y€i. No augment. Cf. App. C, " Arrian's Language."rh iroXv) TrXfjGos, "the main body."
§ 4. €S pdOos tKxd^as, so that the front of the fighting line was
11
112 AEEIAN.
deeper than it was broad. The opposite = ex /xrjKos Ta<xai<jQai.
Vide App. A, "Tactical Terms,"' p. 152.
€S TO. \|/tXd, "into the open."
§ 5. iTTireas . . . Kara to Ke'pas ... On Alexander's cavalry
tactics, vide Aj^p. A, p. 148.
Chapter III.
§1. direCp-yovra, "forming the boundar^^ of," an Herodotean ex-
pression.
§ 2. dvi(rxov(ri, intrans., "arise," "have their origin."
KovdSovs, on the Quadi and Marcomanni, really Teutons, not
Celts, vide Index of Proper Names. Arrian is of course
here talking of his own times (100 a.d.)
€7rl Si = di'inde, adverbial.
diraGavaTi^ovTas, "who consider themselves immortal." Cf.
Herod, iv. 94, where these Geta; are said to believe that they
do not die but go to their god Zalmoxis after leaving this
earth. Every five years a messenger is sent to Zalmoxis
—
i.e.
,
a victim is sacrificed.
iTiVTi crT6\iaTa, According to Strabo, seven mouths ; now three.
§ 5. 'iyvti, " detei'mined."
§6. TTJs Kdp<j)iis, "sufficient hay." t^x = the hay which was
necessary.
[xovd^vXa, "dug-outs," "canoes," such -as the Rhine pirates
used (Plin. H. N., 16. 40) and the South Sea islanders still
use.
Chapter IV.
§1. SU^aXov = 5ie$aii'ov.
irXayLais, "with their lances held sideways." For the 15-
foot sarissa, ride App. A, p. 142.
tiriKXCvovras, accusative, though grammatically referring to
§ 2. Iv "irXaKTiw. FtcZe App. A, p. 153.
§4. 8crov, "about."
irapao-dYyTjv = .SO stades = about 3J miles.
rd ?pTi|xa, " the steppes."
§ 5, 67rava-ya-y6iv, " to convey back,"
avTfjs T|p.epas, "before nightfall."
§7. TTio-Tcis, "pledges of friendship," including probably oaths
of alliance, giving of hostages, handshaking, &c.
KOTES, BOOK I. 113
SeSiTTSTat, "what in this world inspired them most withfear ?
"
§ S. €S dXAa ri[v 6pp.-f|v, " that A. was intent on other conquests"
—
i.e., they felt they might be rude with impunity.
d\atov€s, "braggarts." a\aCwv = simulator, opp. to e'(pocv=dissimulator.
Chapter V.
§ 1. KXtiTos. Vide Index of Proper Names.dva^evyvwai, " to break up camp," "to start."
§ 3. d|j.(J>£ TO, o-(J>€'T«pa, " so that they might have their own businessto mind," "might have something to do at home." A col-
loquial expression.
§ 6. (OS . . . €TriT^9€o-0ai, "intending to surround and fall upon."§ 7. irpoo-fj-yev
—
sc. rh (Trpa.T(Vfxa.
KaiToi, with participle = Kai7rep in pure Attic.
§ 8. dire'Tvw eXeiv dv, in or. rert. =ovk du eAoi^ui.
§ 10. Ki.v8vv€vovcri, KaTaXT)v|/£Tat. Indicative of or. red. retained for
the sake of vividness.
§11. eSoKODv, " expected," " thought."
dTraXXaTTO|X€vois, "as they withdrew.'
§ 12. TTJ |ji^v . . . direip-yoneva, "on the one side bounded by theriver . . ."
tirl T£(ro-dpwv do-irt8tov, " four men deep." aair'is here= do-7ri5o-
<t>6pos. FitZe App. A, "Tactical Terms," p. 152.
Chapter VI.
§ 1. d^€(i>s 8£x,o|i€vovs, "took up, obeyed, the order smartly." Cf.
Thuc. 2. 11, Ta Trapayye\A6ij.iva o^tais Sfx^f^^'^oi.
§ 2. diroreivai h, " to lower their lances for a charge." So Kudiivai,
Xen. Anab. vi. 5. 25.
•irapT|-Ya7€
—
i.e., he made the phalanx advance smartly, whilemen from the rear marched up on the left and right.
§ 3. ?n|3oXov. Vide App. A, p. 153.
Tcov 8pa)|i€'va)v, " tlie manceuvre."
§ 5. o-t>)fx,aTa<j>vXa|i, eraipois. For the king's bodyguard, vide
App. A, p. 145.
KttTairTiSfjo-at diro t<uv iinrwv
—
i.e., to act as mounted infantry.
For Alexanders use of cavalry, tnde p. 148.
§ 6. 6-ir' dcrTTkSa, "to the left " ; opp. itvl S6pv, " to the right." There
114 APvEIAN.
was always a tendency in Greek armies to acquire a sort of
sideways movement and press to the right.
§7. irdvTtov . . . IXavvdvTwv. Thiswas what the Taulantii thought;the phalanx, however, only made a feint at an attack.
§ 8. |xi])^avds, "artillery," such engines as KaratriKTai, irerpo^oKoi.
€ir€<rpdvTas, lit. = " that the bowmen who had already followed
him into the river should shoot from there— the bowmentoo," that is, as well as the yUTjxorai. koI tovtovs— sc. fKro^ivnv
is added almost as an afterthought.
§ 9. iv TT] ra^ii, " along the line which they had taken up."
&(jia ol, in Attic, usually avrcf,
§ 10. <j)dXayyi Kara K€pas—i.e., "with their own troops in phalanx-
formation." They fell upon the enemy when they were in
files.
aipoOvTcs, "overtaking."
§ 11. (xc'xpi. xpos, so ^e'xp' «'rij e^s, rare in Attic.
Chapter VII.
§2. irpoierxoiAevoi, " holding out the fine prospect of ..."jTiOavwTtpoi 'is Tiva, usually rivl. The line of thought is that
the statement that Alexander liad died in Illyria had moreinfluence on the mind of the mob than the fine talk aboutliberty and freedom of speech.
§ 3. Kal -ydp Kal, '
' for in actual fact," a stronger form of koI yap =etcnim etiam.
§ 4. <|>avXov TTOicio-Gai { — T]yu(rQai), "to think light of."
§ 5. €p8op.aios, a quick march. Alexander had trained his heavyinfantry to cover thirty or thirty-five miles a day. This wasmade possible by the absence of baggage-trains, camp-followers, &c. , each man carrying his own provisions—bread,
olives, onions, and salt fish.
§ 9. 4>iXa)v Kal to^otwv, " light-armed troops, especially bowmen."§ 10. Sia KtvSvvov eXBtiv, to adopt a combative course, attitude,
§ 11. PoiwrapxovvTts. The eleven administrative officials of the
Theban confederacy were called Bceotarchs.
'ia-Tw oi= fvtot, more commonly, in Arrian and elsewhere,
flcrlf o'l.
ov8' ws = ?ie sic quidem.
NOTES BOOK T. 115
Chapter VIII.
§ 1. avTos, "on his own initiative."
§5. ?(j)0T]<rav trvyKXtio-ai = e. (ruyKXelcrai'Tes.
dXXd . . . -ydp, an ellipse, " but the fact was."
§ 6. irapeXGovTts. The monument of Amphion lay outside the city.
Cf. Pausan. ix. 17. 3.
tX.0H-«va irpbs, " held by."
§ 8. op-yrj, " since their blood was up," " in exasperation."
ovx^ oiirtos ti, Herodotean expression, "not so much the Mace-
donians as . .."
<]^«K€is. The Phocians had a grudge against the Thebans
because the latter had begun the Sacred War against them ;
the Platreans, because the Thebans had sacked Plata3a. The
number of Thebans killed was more than 6000, whilst
30,000 were sold as slaves.
Chapter IX.
§ 1. 'EXXriviKov, predicate. The fact that the disaster happened to
a Greek city increased the horror of it. In translating,
break up the sentence— e.f/., "this disaster, happening as it
did to Greeks, filled with horror not only those who were
directly affected by it, l)ut the whole of the Greek world
;
for not only was the city captured—a most important one—
and its capture effected with terrible celerity, but the
sudden nature of the blow came as a surprise to both the
victims and victors."
§ 2. "ZiKiKCav—i.e., the Sicilian expedition, 415-413 B.C.
§ 3. Ai^os TTOTajAol, B.C. 405.
€iriKpaTTJ<raL, by Conon's victory over the Spartans at Cnidus
in 394 B.C. Cf. Xen. Hellen. iv. 8. 9.
Siao-werao-eau Thebes, about the year 374 B.C. allied with
most of the states of the Peloponnese, was pressing Sparta
hard. Athens retired from this league.
§ 4. At Leuctra, in 371 B.C., the Thebans under Epaminondas
gained a decisive victory over the Spartans under Cleom-
brotus. At Mantinea, in 362 B.C., Epaminondas defeated
the Lacedajmonians, but was himself killed.
§ 5. nXaraiewv dtXtocris, in 427 B.C. Cf. Thuc. iii. 52. Melos was
taken from the Spartans by Athena in 416 ; Scione, in 421
116 AKEIAN.
B.C. (cf. Thuc. V. 32) ; for the monstrous treatment of the
Melians, vide Thuc. v. 84.
T) . . . &Xajo-i.s, nominatiims j)endens.
§§ 6, 7. All one sentence. In English, break up into several.
TO. TTJs airoo-Tao-tws, "the circumstances connected witli their
revolt."
o^ea, adverbial.
€| 6fi.O(f>vX(ov
—
sc. yevdfj.fvos.
ovK ?^w Tov eIkotos, " uot uunaturally."
avTivexe-ri, " was referred, attributed to."
§ 7. SKxto-avras, accus. absolute.
o-irov8ais. The thirty years' truce began in 445 B.C. In spite
of the truce, in 431 B.C., 300 Theban aristocrats attacked
Platfea, but with no success.
dvSpaTroSto-jiov. After a heroic resistance for three years
Plata-a surrendered to the Spartans, who at Thebes's in-
stigation executed 200 Plateaus and sold the otiier in-
habitants as slaves. The Thebans then razed Plata^a to
the ground.
yvu)\).r], "proposal," "proposition."
§ 8. Iirtl Kttl refers to § 6, fls jutji^ii/ . . . avT/jvix^V, giving a further
reason for such a supposition.
eiri<rTi(i,fjvai, intransitive.
§ 10. nivSdpov. Cf. Milton—
" The great Emathian conqueror bid spare
The house of Pindarus, when temple and tower
Went to the ground."
Chapter X.
§ 1. eiriTTJScioi, "were on friendly terms with."
§2. AItwXoI . . . Kara. ?0vT], "each of the ^Eitolian clans."
|xv(rTT)pi<ov
—
i.e., the Eleusinian mysteries, which took place in
September (15-23 Boedromion).
§ 3. Ai]p.d8ov, for Demfides. Vide Index of Proper Names.ovK €v Kaipw, Arrian's opinion, implying that their congratula-
tions miglit have been made earlier.
§ 4. XIoXvevKTov. Nothing is known of him or of the names that
follow.
§ 5. 7rXTijj,|i6Xi]0€'vTO)v. What these insults were is told by .Eschines
in Ctes. 160. The Athenians, at Demosthenes' instigation,
NOTES, BOOK I. 117
celebrated Philip's death by holding a solemn festival anderecting a shrine to his murderer Pausanias. They also
spoke very slightingly of Alexander, nicknaming him Mar-gites—the man who knew many things but knew them all
badly.
§ 6. TTpeo-pevovTai. Phocian was spokesman on this occasion.
Tvx^ov, ace. absol. (cf. e^hf, TTaphv) = t>ive . . . sive.
Chapter XI.
§ 1. 'ApxcXdov. Vide Introd., § 16.
§ 2. LSpwcrai. The sweating of statues was a dangerous omen. Cf.
Apoll. Rhod. iv. 1285 ; Cic. Div. ii. 27. 58.
7roi€iv, " to tell in verse."
§ 3. Tpia-(j.vpiwv. For the numbers of Alexander's force, vide
App. A, p. 147.
§ 5. 8ti Kal, " both for other reasons, and because . . ."
voiis, "the object," "the idea."
§ G. irXota o-TpoyyvXa= naves onerariae, freight vessels ; opp. ^anpal
vrits, " warships."
6 \6yos KaTt'xet. For the legendary element in Alexander's
history and its subsequent developments, vide Appendix B," Alexander in Legend."
§ 7. KaOeXeiv, take down from the temple wall.
§8. irapaiToiiixevov, "praying Priam not to be wroth with Neop-
tolemus's stock, from which, as a matter of fact (5?)), Alex-
ander traced his descent"—lit., "which came down to him."
Alexander on his mother's side was an ^-Eacid, the family
of Achilles and Neoptolemus. Vide Introd., § 2.
Chapter XII.
§ 1. narpoKXov. Hephastion wished by crowning Patroclus's tombto imply that he was to Alexander as Patroclus was to Achilles.
§2. Kal (ji.evToi Kal, " and certainly Alexander was justified in . .."
KaTd= " in proportion to," "on a par with."
CKXiues ... TO x^topiov, "this point was not done justice to,"
" in this sphex'e there were deficiencies." The phrase occurs
Thuc. i. 97.
KaTaXoYa.8T|v, in narrative prose.
\Li\ii, properly = a lyric ode such as Pindar wrote.
118 ARRIAN.
ti'o-Otj, from ^Seif.
For the facts about historians of Alexander, vide Introd., § 19.
Hiero, Thero, and Gelo were all celebrated iu the writings
of Pindar and Bacchylides.
§ 3. Arrian as an imitator of Xenophon, inde Introd., § 18.
§ 4. oiiTc |v)v dWo) oi)T£ <J)€vi'ywv . . . Referring to the ten thousand
Greeks who were mercenaries under Cyrus, and who re-
treated ((p€vyajv) after Cunaxa.
§ 5. d.px'HV. On the " office " held by Arrian, vide Introd., § 17.
oliSe 01 Xo"yoi, "this history is to me Fatherland and famil}' and
office"
—
i.e., on this historical work—the Anabasis—since I
was a youth I have spent all my energy ; it is more to methan Fatherland, &c., and so (enl r^Se) I consider I have a
right to describe the greatest deeds ever told of in the Greeklanguage (Tco^' irpuncov iv tj7 (poivfj tj? 'EWaSi).
el'irtp ofiv . . . justifies the statement that Alexander's acts
were greatest {irpdoTaiv), " for as a fact Alexander was one of
the greatest warriors. " twv—sc. irpwruv (masc.) The verb
of the sentence is ttrn understood.
§ 6. ts 6dXa<ro-av
—
i.e., the Propontis.
§ 7. I'Xiiv. Vide App. A, p. 146.
§ 8. o-aTpairtjs and iiirap^os are often used without distinction.
Properly vivapxos was the subordinate officer of a satrap.
For satraps, vide Introd., § 11.
§ 9. Mt'iivwv. For his good generalship, vide App. A, p. 148.
XiXov, "fodder."
§10. irpoo-GcVGai
—
sc. tt)v ^r,<pov, "agreed with." Cf. Herod, vi.
109.
Tipifis 'iviKa. He wished to retain as long as possible the high
office he held from the king— i.e., the satrapy of Phrygia.
Chapter XIII.
§ 1. SiirXijv. This double column was necessary, as there was little
room for manauvres. Vide jilan, p. 149.
§ 3. As to Arrian's use of speeches, vide Introd., § 19.
T(o -kAJo Xeiiroficvovs, " weaker in infantry."
TavTT), "consequently."
< ,' !- For the tactics, inde App. A, p. 152
Kara Kcpas Jr i
>i
§ 6. oijTw €K<}>avX{o-as, explanation by Arrian.
"TTOiovixai= Tjyov/xai.
NOTES, BOOK I. 119
^i'i\o\i.iv= ut sumiis, "unhesitatingly," "at once."'
8ti . . . ^iraBov
—
i.e., they had not up to the present time ex-
perienced anything at the hands of the Macedonians which
might reasonably make them fear them.
Chapter XIV.
§ 1. iraprjiev, Ionic = TTapTJei. The MSS. have iraprjyev, -"vhich is not
found intransitively. IIAPHIEN may easily have got changed
into nAPHTEN.
€Tr6Tdx9'n, €iri= "next to him was drawn up."
§4. iiirtpSt'lia
—
i.e., the high ground afforded an advantageous
position.
lirexovTa, " had advanced."
§5. o~rpaT£vji.aTa, neut., i-n-fffrwrfs plural; construdio secundum
senmm.
§ 6. ^x"*''''* 'AfivvTttv, "under the command of A."
§7. Xo|^v deC . . . " letting his line extend sidewaj's in the direc-
tion in which the river flowed."
irap€iXK£, intransitive ; expect irapelKKeTo. Alexander advanced
into the river in a sort of Echelon formation, so that on
landing his line should present as broad a front as possible,
and the enemy migiit not fall upon the head of his column
((cara Kepas).
tos dvvcrTbv = a)s Swarhp. Cf. Xen. Anab. i. 8. 11.
TT] (JjoXayyi
—
i.e., in close order and with a broad front.
Chapter XV.
§ 2. iraXTwv, short javelins about three feet long. Cf. Xen. Cyr.
i. 3. 9 : ex*"' 2* ^^^ • ' ' "t^'''" 5uo wcrre rb /iff dcpui/ai rcf 5e,
% 3. 8<roi Y€ . . . avTciv, "except those of them who turned aside
to meet Alexander when he advanced." Vide xiv, 4. It
was a careful piece of strategy on Alexander's part to draw
attention to himself bj'^ his brilliant equipment ('6ir\uiu Xa/x-
TTpoTT/Tf) and sounding of trumpets. The Persian cavalry
concentrated opposite him, and as he moved down the river
sideways they followed, thus weakening their line at other
points, and enabling Amyntas and the Pajonian cavalry to
force a passage.
§ 4. I^cicrai after f/ywfi^o^'To.
120 AERIAN.
€15 Airav, "utterly," "completely."
§ 5. ^v(rrois = 56pa<ni', lances for thrusting with.
§ 6. dvaPoXca, lit., an attendant who helps his master to mount his
horse. Then, generally an aide-de-camp.
pao-iXiK(ov
—
sc. a.va^o\4wv.
Tw TiiiCo-ci. The sarissa had a sharp-pointed butt (o-aupwr^p,
OTvpai) for fixing in the ground; it could if necessary be
used as a weapon.
§ 7. Kai 8s, " so he." The old deictic use of the pronoun.
TTJ KoiriSi, "with his scimitar."
§ S. 'itryjt, " held against the blow."
dv«T€TaTo, "had swung aloft."
eircKpaivovTes, the subject= (o5toj) Saois irpolxtip^i.
Chapter XVI.
§ 1. iroXXd 8€ witli ^\aTTT6ixfvoi.
irapsppTJYvvTo 8^ . . . " naturally both the cavalry wingswere broken through."
§ 2. xiXious, according to Diodorus, 2000.
tKirXTJ^ei, K.T.K., "in astonisliment at the sudden movementrather than from cool steady resolution."
§ 3. TvvaiKos, Statira.
§4. eiroCei, "reproduced," "figured." These twenty-five bronze
equestrian statues were taken by Metellus from Macedoniato adorn the portico he built. Cf. Plin. , H. N., xxxiv. 9. 6.
§ 5. dreXeiav twv Kara t^v x^topav, " immunity from all ground-
rents."
TW (r(op,aTi XtiTovp-yiai, " service as vassals."
Kard rds KTTJ<r£i.s £lcr<})opaC,'
' income-tax.
"
ol=kKa(TTCf, "giving each an opportunity," "encouraging
him."
§ 6. TovTovs Se, apodotic.
§ 7. Iv iroXei
—
i.e., iv aKpoiruhei.
dirb
—
i.e., taken from.
Chapter XVII.
§ 1. •f]?
—
i.e., (TaTpaireias.
§4. ^8«K€, "granted," "allowed."
§ 6. faipa ?Tovs, " for it was summer-time," lit., owing to the season
of the year.
NOTES, BOOK I. 121
§ 8. M€[Avovos. Not Memnon the E,hoclian.
§ 9. Kal avTos. The thought present in Arrian's mind is Svavovs &»
'AXe^avSpcf Kal aurbj r^i> eKelyov Svavoiav 4<poPuro.
dira|iioo-as, "thinking it not unlikely."
§ 10. KaTT|-ya-ye. Cf. KaTieyat, of returning exiles.
§ 12. ^i'Yx^a)pT]0€V, ace. absol. Cf. TrpoaTax^fv, vevo/j.i<jfj.ivov (i. 23. 7)
;
rerayfj-ivov (i. 2-4. 5) ; irapTiyyeX/xevoi', TrpodfjKoi', S^oy, iraphv,
e^hv, &C.
Chapter XYIII.
§ 1. Kal OS, "so he." Cf. i. 15. 7.
Tcis AloXtSas, the eleven ^Eolic towns.
§ 3. pao-iXiKT) I'Xi]. Cf. App. A, p. 146.
«| €(})d8ov, " directly he marched against it."
§ 4. CTTpaTU SC. VaVTlKW.
§ G. TO. T€ dXXa . . . Kal, " for other reasons . . . and especially
because ..."Kara irpvpivav. Tlie stern of the boat was usually backed
on to the land. Cf. Virg. ^-En. vi. 3, ohvertunt j^'l'igo
irapd. |X€Yo, "of great account." Cf. -Kapa iroXh (iii. 10), Trap'
oKiyov, Trap' ovSev.
§7. |D|J.pXTicr€i, "interpretation of." Cf. 20. 1, (rwi^aWev.
OX) [ji€[j.€X€ttik6ti. Oil, not ^^.r|, because oh goes closely with
§ 8. irpbs with tV i^ayyiXiav, "in view of," "considering."
Chapter XIX.
§ 1. €irl T0ijT0is = /(is condkionihus.
§ 2. [j.axoD(i€vovs. Strict grammar demands a dative to agree with
MiArjo-iois, but the construction is natural {Ka-ra ^vueaiv).
[Aovov ov= tnntii)n 71011, "almost."
§ 3. dirb Tf|s AdStis with KaTiSSvres.
dvTiTrpwpovs, with their bows towai'ds the sea, in ease an attack
Avas made by the Persian fleet.
§ 4. €v TT] 0aXd<r<rrj with Skv^xovto. With pnrTovi'Tes supply is r^v
daXaacrav.
§ G. iTrX Tiii^i i}<i = ea condicione ut . . .
^8wK€v, "granted," "allowed."
§ 7. ovK €v KaXio, " in an unsatisfactory anchorage."
122 ARETAN.
Sia uttKpoO of distance, usually of time. Miletus -was eightystades from the mouth of the Ma?ander {vide map).
§ 8. ov8€v &\Xo 8ti (ji^, "as good as," "practicall}'."
§ 9. TO iroXi), " for the most part," "usually."irapovT&jv
—
sc. vavruv.
§ 11. Tj fx€v 'Iao-o-«»v, "one ship, that of the I."
Chapter XX.
§1. ovT£ . . . t\, "on the one hand not ... on the otherhand."
Se'oiTo . . . KaTaXvo-€i, optative of a mere conjecture ; futureindie, of a sure expectation.
^XOVTtts refers to t^ vavTinhv.
frvvi^aXkev, "interpreted in this way."§ 3. (OS -y^-yveo-Gai, to express pio-pose. Cf. vi. 6.
§4. dveo-TeiXav, "drove back," "repulsed."
§5. TO irpbs Mvv8ov fie'pos, "the part towards, off, Myndus."Myndus lies a few miles west of Halicarnassus.
TT|v a)<|>€X€tav, "the advantage that would accrue."Ti €ve8i8oTo, "certain proposals to hand over the city had
been made." Cf. xxii. 7.
§ 6. Kal fi)s, lit., " even thus."
§ 7. €7v|ivuo-€. The fall of the tower did not cause a breach, asAlexander hoped.
§8. TptdKovra iryixewv = about 45 feet 6 inches, irijxos (lit., fore-arm, Lat. mbitus or ulna) = 24: SdnrvKoi or 6 naKata-rai (palms)= 18:j: inches.
§9. Iv avTw Tw 'ipytf, "only when the operation had actuallybegun.
"
5 10. Sti gives the reason for the large proportion of wounded.
Chapter XXI.
§ 1. ?ipev, MS. ?iyev. For aYpetv Uyai, lit., to raise, make boastful byconversation, cf. ii. 7. 9. \6y<f> e-rraipfiv.
avTol eirl a-^wv, " on their own account."
§ 4. fito-oTTvp-yiov. Cf. Thuc. 3. 23, fxeraTrvpyiou of the lines roundPlataea
; in military language "a curtain." Cf. Pliny, H. N.,XXXV. 14, paries intergerivus.
NOTES, BOOK I. 123
oihi oiTOs = Ka\ ovTos oii. C'f. the English idiom "nor . . .
tliis tower either."
|j.i]vo€i,8€s. Tlie position may be shown thus—
a
a, b. rh /xrivotiSis ri7xos.
c. rh iprjptfxfjLivov Te7xos, the breach.
d. rh TeTxoj.
5. yippa. {=plutei; cf. vinea) were pent-houses, mantlets, sheds
made of hurdles covered with raw hides. They were usually
on wheels ; their chief use was to protect archers and
slingers.
§ 6. €ireKpdTovv, " they had the advantage."
€K irXa-yiov—i.e., the inner emergency wall (a, b in plan), now
taken by the Macedonians, was crescent-shaped.
Chapter XXII.
§ 1. avTov €<|>€(rTT|KOTOS. For Alexander's rashness, vide App.
A, p. 148.
TpCiruXov, a gate with three entrances, the centre one probably
for vehicles. Cf. AinvKov, used for the Thriasian gate at
Athens.
ovSe ira.vv = Kal irdvv ov, "absolutely not."
§ 2. 01 \i.lv corresponds to toIs Se in § 4.
§ 3. i^ KaTd,= Lat. quani pro.
124 ARKIAN.
§ 4. nTo\e|Aatos. There were six officers of this name among Alex-
anders staff.
ov8^ avTol
—
i.e., as easily as Alexander.
§7. av€Ka\ecraTo, "recalled." t^ o-dA7ri77i is often added.
ovK i]\i.i\i]^>.ivi>)v — ha2id ignobilium. Cf. ii. 10. 7.
Chapter XXIII.
§ 2. d|i(j)l SevTe'pav <j)vXaKT|v. Anian uses the division of time
adopted by tiie Ronums, who divided the night into four
vigilice. This is shown by jueVos vvicras in § 4.
§ 3. VTJ<r(j)
—
i.e., Arconnesus.
§ 4. KaiToi = /coi7rfp. Cf. i. 5. 7.
hi, in apodo^i. Cf. Herod., 2^nssi7n.
§ 5. elvai—sc. as subject ras &Kpas (aXouixas).
§ 6. «{>\)\aK-f)v TT^s Kapias. For Alexander's care in establishing sea-
bases, vide App. A, p. 148.
§ 7. ^vvipKci, " was married to."
V€vo|j.icrfji€vov, ace. absol. Cf. i. 17. 12.
§ 8. €v Tols, "above all others," "preeminently." An old phrase,
the history of which is uncertain. Prob. rots represents the
old deictic pronominal use of 6, lit., "among these."
Chapter XXIV.
§ 2. iTTOivloxri— i.e., returned to Alexander's army.
§ 3. iTTTrapxiav, a squadron of about 500 men. Five of these madeup the "companion cavalry" (iTa7pot).
§ 4. (^ i^oSov. Cf. xviii. 3.
irepdo-as. Arrian is wrong : Pinara lay on this sicte the
Xanthus, at the foot of Mount Cragus.
§5. 5vv€T€X€i, "belonged to," "was classed as" ; lit., paid tribute
in the same class as. A phrase borrowed from the municipal
sj'stem of Athens.
§ 6. €irl ToxjTO), " for this purpose."
£in,T6T€ix<-o-[X€vov, 4iTIT(ix'i^e IV=to fortify a position as part of
an offensive policy
—
e.g., applied to Decelea.
NOTES, BOOK I. 125
Chapter XXV.
§ 2. Tore . . . d<|)TiK€v. Alexander, though he was convinced of his
namesake's guilt, dared not then (tote) put him to death,
as he feared to offend Greek opinion.
§3. 'Trp6<|)ao-iv, "under the pretence of," opp. to t^ Se d\7]deia.
Cf. Thuc, pas"i77i.
Xpv<rtov xdXavTa . . . x'^"-"'' nearly £250,000. If, however,
the Bal)3'Ionian talent is meant, whicli stands to the Attic
as 13 : 10, the sum would be considerably larger.
§ 6. avTov, added to distinguish the king [avThs) from his namesake.
dvairdveo-Oai, some verb must be supplied from ((pofiei—e.ff.,
"they told each other anxiously."
§7. fipa, "as it turned out," contrary to expectation. Cf. App.
D, p. 159.
§ 10. ov -ydp iSo^i, "it did not seem advisable."
£v <j>vXaKf TJv, he was executed three years later with Philotas.
Cf . § 2.
Chapter XXYI.
§ 1. TavTT]. An elaborate description is given by the geographer
Strabo (xiv. 3). On the one side of the path lay the sea,
on the other a steep ridge of Mount Taurus, made up of
a series of small precipices one above tlie other. Hence the
name Mount Climax (/cAt/ual, a ladder).
§ 2. oiiK &viv Toxi Geiov. Cf. Plut. Alex. xvii. Similarly the people
of Thapsacus, when Cyrus and his army crossed the Eu-
phrates without boats, said the river itself made way for
him to come and receive the crown (Xen. Anab. i. 4).
§ 3. virip, K.T.X.—i.e., virfp re tov apyvpiov ^wdf/jLivot Kal 'innovs
irapaSwaeiV ^vvdefievoi.
§5. ircTrovTiKOTa, "dilapidated."
Chapter XXVII.
§3. ?<J>oifrTTip— i.e., (ttI tovtois ^vfji^rjvai i(p' oiffirep rh irporepov
§ 7. otrov 4)vXaK-f|v, "sufficient to garrison." Cf. i. 5. 9.
126 AKUIAN.
Chapter XXVIII.
§ 1. Kai atrTol
—
i.e., as well as tlie fiap^apoi mentioned in xxvii. 5.
§ 2. 2aYa\ao-o-ov. Noted for its high citadel, the beautiful scenery
of the neighbourhood, and the extensive ruins near the
modern village of Allahsun.
§ 4. 'n-po€Tdx6'<lo'av
—
i.e., to protect the flanks.
§ 5. Xdxois, " in ambuscades," but the reading is uncertain, possibly
upQlois A.o'xois= " in long columns."
§8. €x,o|i€vos, " refraining from pursuit of ..."
Chapter XXIX.
§ 1. TrT|-yvvvTai. Cf. Herod, iv. 53.
§ 2. ^vv€K€i.TO. The pluperfect seems to imply some previous
arrangement with Darius,
fiiropov, with &Kpav, "the fortified rock which was unassailable
at all points," lit., "inaccessible to attack."
§•4. rdpSiov, a strong "strategic point" (cf. App. A, p. 151).
Situate between three seas, and commanding the route to the
southern coast, it was a useful base for reinforcements. AtGordium, "in the valley of the Sakkaria, a natural route
from the Sea of Marmora—in part now the line of a railway
— meets the track of the royal Anatolian highroad of
antiquity."—Hogarth, 'Alexander,' p. 182.
§ 6. dveivai ti tov 4>dpov. On the attitude of Greece towards Alex-
ander, vide Introd., § 7.
TO, irdpovra, " his present undertaking."
NOTES, BOOK II. 127
BOOK 11.
Chapter I.
§ 1. diro(rTp€'»|/wv \\ith Aaix^dvei, "with the design of moving the
seat of wai- . . . got possession of."
-n-poo-eixov (cf. ii. 25. 4), "came over to him," " submitted."
Tcls dXXas TToXeis , Methymna, Autissa, Eresus, Pyrrha.
§ 2. x^P"-'*'' 5nr\(3
—
i.e., a double stockade.
{TxpaToireSa, probably small fortified "blockhouses" for the
defence of the wall.
2i-yptov, now Cape Sigri, the westernmost point of the island.
TTpocrPoX'?!. Cf. Thuc. iv. 53. oAkoSw^ jrpo(Tfio\ri = KaTayci)yr],
" landing-place."
§ 3. d8€X4)i8(3. Artabazus had married Memnon's sister.
§ 4. c-TTJXas, the pillars on which the terms of the peace were
inscribed.
£ir"AvTaX.Kt8ov. In 387 tlie Spartans, wishing to break downthe supremacy of Athens at all costs, concluded a disgraceful
treaty with the Persians, handing over to them all the Greek
colonies in Asia and stipulating that all Greek states should
be autonomous.
Iirl Tois r\\ii<ria-i, "on condition they received back half the
property which they had when they were banished."
§ 5. tiriPaXovTes, " imposing as a tax on the whole community."
Chapter" II.
§ 2. TTJs Teve'Sow, genitive of connection, akin to the partitive
genitive. Cf. vi. 28. The position of Tenedos (now
Bogdscha-Adassi), along the coast of Troas, was strategically
important : the Persians might make a diversion in the
rear of the Macedonians and close the Hellespont against
them.
§ 3. rd |i£v . . . tiroici, imitated from Thuc. ii. 8, v evvoia . . .
iiroifi , . . is Tovs AaKeSatfiovious. ironlv (s TiJ'a = ]it. , to be
active for some one, to incline towards.
§ 4. 'AvTiiraTpou, regent of Greece and Macedonia in Alexander's
absence.
1
128 AKRIAN.
Chapter III.
§ 1. Gordium. Cf. i. 29. 5.
§ 3. cimrTTJvai, poetical for 4n'nrTea0at.
airo "ye'vovs, " from generation to generation."
§ 4, ITpoa-ayovra—sc. Trjj/ afxa^av.
Kal 8€i]67)vai. -yap. koI goes with e^rjyriaaaeai. The explanatoryyap clause would moi'e naturally come last, but is here, as
frequently in Herodotus, placed first.
§ 6. ev TT) eiKpa, in templo Joins (Justin, xi. 7).
§8. 8' o€v resumes after a digression, "be that as it may." Cf.
Lat. ceterum. Vide App. D.
|v(iP€Pt)k6tos, "as if the oracle had been fulfilled."
Chapter IV.
§4. €s I'o-ov . . . "his boldness served him equally well"
—
i.e.,
as if his approach had been stealthy and unobserved.
€S Ti?iv KiXiKiav. Curtius (iii. 11) says Alexander himself
wondered at liis own good luck in not finding tlie pass morestrongly held. The defile {Tauri pi/ke, pordv Cilicke) is thechief pass over the Taurus, and might easily be held by avery few men. It is 3600 feet above the sea. The mainroad from Asia Minor towards Cilicia still runs through it.
The modern name is Golek-Boglias, and until Ibrahim Pasha,sixty years ago, blasted away some of the rocks in the defile,
every camel had to be unloaded before it could pass.
§ 7. ^i^a.VTa.= pi-i\/avTa kavrhv.
§8. Ka6{]pai . . . <J>ap[idKaj, " administer a purgative medicine."
tJ)v—i.e., Alexander.
§ 10. KaXws ol' 'iy^i^., " that he had a clear conscience in administering
the dose."
§ 11. (|>iXois Pepaios. Yet four years later he barbarously murderedPhilotas (iii. 26 ; iv. 14).
Chapter V.
§ 1. Tas dXXas irvXas
—
i.e., the pass called the "Syrian Gates,"now the Bailan Pass. The road runs close to the sea, and is
cut out of the limestone rock. Cyrus marched through this
pass (Xen. Anab. i. 4).
NOTES, BOOK II. 129
§ 2. €irl iLiya. €\6ov(ra. Cf. Time. i. 118, inl /xeya ixoopvco-v Svvd/j.ea>s.
§ 3. €s KpoTov, " when applauding." Strabo, liowever (xiv. 5), says
the king was represented as snapping his fingers in derision.
'Acro-iipia ypdfi.|AaTa, probably cuneiform or arrow - headedhieroglyphics.
§4. vovs, "the sense." Cf. Herod, vii. 102.
tbs ovra, ace. absol. Cf . i. 9. 7.
Tovrov—i.e., rod xl/6<pov.
paSiovp-yoTcpov, "was expressed more flippantly, less deli-
cately . . ."
§ 5. eirePaXcv. Cf. i. 5.
SiaKoo-ia rdXavTa, about £49,000.
§ 7. IlToXeixatov, anticipatory accusative.
§ 8. *Ao-K\i]iria>, in gratitude for his recovery from his illness at
Tarsus.
Tro|ATr€v<ras, "conducted a procession of . . ." Cf. i. IS.
Xa)X7rdSa €'irLT£X€<ras = Aa^uiraSoSpoyUia or Xafj.-KaSri(popia, a torch-
race, of which there were several varieties. The most usual
procedure was that young men ran m ith lighted torches to
a certain point, and whoever reached the goal first withhis torch alight was winner ; but other young men withouttorches I'an after the torch-bearers, who, if overtaken, hadto hand over their torch to their captor, who might then
make for the goal himself. The torch-race was always run
at night, and sometimes on horseback.
d"ya)va y^jAViKov, probably the irhraQKov— I.e., aAjxa, TroSwK^iriv,
5i(TKov, &KOVTa, iraAriv.
'AXi]iov. Homer (II. vi. 201) mentions this fruitful plain. Cf.
Herod, vi. 95.
§ 9. iXt) pao-iXiKTJ. Cf. App. A, p. 146.
8(ra
—
sc. ivwyi^nv 5er. ivayi^fLv, i. t. for sacrificing to a hero.
Cf. Herod, ii. 44.
Ttov 'HpaKXeiSciv explains "Apyous, from Argos, and con-
sequently one of the Heraclidaj. Karanos, the mythical
founder of the Macedonian royal house, was descended from
the Heraclid Temenos, King of Argos.
Chapter VI.
§ 1. Sw^ois. The locality is unknown.
ws e^X*''' " ^* once," "as they were."
§4. 8 t£ irep . . . "whatever decision was most agi'eeable to his
wishes."
130 AKRIAN.
Ka0' T|8ov^v ^vvdvTwv. oi ^vvovres is often used for " followers,"
"courtiers," "advisers." So here of false advisei's, whoonly gave advice which they knew would please.
Kal |vv£o-o|X€'vwv. Translate as a parenthesis: "—for kings
will always have advisers to give mischievous advice—."
§ 6. fjYev. For a similar sentiment as to fate, of. vii. 16. 7.
§ 7. ^XP^") " i^ ^^'^^ fated."
Mt]8oi.. The Median power, under Astyages, was overthrown
by Cyrus in 558 B.C. ; the Assyrian power, by Cyaxares,
at the destruction of Nineveh, 606 B.C.
Chapter VII.
§ 2. €v x«P<'"tv, " at hand."
§ 3. dvairTii|at, "to expand." Cf. App. A, p. 152.
§6. €S irXeove^iav . . . " to prove their superiority in the coming
struggle."
Ilepo-wv 8 Ti Trip S4)eXos, "all the serviceable troops of . .."
§ 7. 8iairpeirls, with ts KaWos, "pre-eminent and glorious."
ws dve-naxGeo-Tara, with eirelpet, "he recapitulated most
modestly," "in the best taste possible."
§ 8. avTo<rx€8iao-9e'vTwv. Cf. Xen. Anab. iii. 3.
§ 9. irpbs BaPvXdivi aiuTTj, " under the very walls of Babylon," biit,
according to Xenophon (Anab. ii. 2), Cunaxa M'as 360 stades
from Babylon.
KaTidvTwv, gen. absol. We expect /cartoCo-i, agreeing with
acpicrli'.
Chapter VIII.
§ 1. For the tactics employed in the battle, vide App. A, p. 147.
§ 2. Iirl Kc'pws. Vide App. A, p. 152.
§ 3. dp^a(i.evu). Cf. i. 2. 1, tovrt.
§ 4. {nr€p<}>a\ayYTio-€iv. According to Callisthenes, the distance
between the sea and the mountain was about a mile and
a half.
§ 6. 'iv6iv Kal 'ivQiv, " on both sides of these."
eirl <j)dXayyos dirXfis
—
i.e., in one combined body, not in separate
rd^eis. Vide App. A, p. 152.
§7. «s tiriKajJLiT'fiv irpoibv, " bending forward."
KaToiriv with tTroiei.
8. €^T|KovTa . . . Diodorus and Plutarch give this number, but
NOTES, BOOK II. 131
Justin says the Persians had 400,000 infantry and 100,000
cavalry. It took five days for the army to cross the Eu-
phrates.
§ 11. Tov vow, " the reason, ground."
H«vot})wv. Vide Anab. i. 8. 21, 22 ; cf. Arr. iii. 11.
Chapter IX.
§ 1. 6\lyov, more usually d\lyov SeTr.
§2. €S €iriKap.'irT]v. For this " angle -formation," lide App. A,
p. 152, and cf. Xen. Cyr. vii. 1. 6.
§ 3. 'AvOtfAOuo-iav— i.e., from Anthemus. For the territorial division
of the Macedonian cavalry, vide App. A, p. 142, and cf. i.
2 ; i. 12.
§4. dvatrraXevTes. Cf. i. 1. 12.
Chapter X.
§ 1. TT) •yvwfJLT] 8ovXoiio-0ai is a Thucydidean expression = "cowed in
spirit." Cf. Thuc. iv. 31.
§2. a|£w<ris, "rank" "position."
§ 3. €v ra^ii—i.e., still in close column.
Pa.8T]v, opp. to SpSfice.
TOV p.if|, of purpose. Cf. i. 1. 9.
eKKvfifjvav, lit., "swell out like a wave"— i.e., " fluctuate from
the line."
ws eK-irXiilai, " in order to alarm."
§ 4. 1^ 8i.€'orx€. This gap had been caused by the battalions of the
Macedonian centre, which had crossed the river, failing to
keep their line and pressing too far towards the right wing.
§ 5. TavTT) corresponds to jT in § 4.
§ 6. dirwo-ao-Oai is governed by the idea of effort in rh fpyov.
\eiTr£o-9ai, " to fall short of."
§ 7. €l'Koo-i Kttl iKarov. Diodorus says 450, Justin 280.
Chapter XI.
§ 1. TO xovoi)[i£vov = Tous n-oyov/xffovs, "hard-pressed." Thuc. uses
irSvovv (v. 73).
KaTo, TO irap6pp(07ds, "on the side whicii had been broken"—i.e., on tlie Persian left wing.
132 ARRTAN.
§2. Kal . . . S\, "but also." Cf. i. 4.
§ 3. d[j.pdTT)s = oLi'a/SaT7;s, an Ionic form used frequently in Xenophon.irXriOei, -iroXXol, Herodoteau. Cf. v. 44 ; v. 31.
§ 4. Curtius and Diodorus give a vivid account of a charge madeby Alexander on Darius— a hand-to-hand fight between
Alexander's bodj^guard and the Persian nobles. Arrian's
account seems the most trustworthy.
§ 7. Kal 7ap Kal, "for in fact," " for actually."
§ 8. 8€Ka (ivpid8«s. Plutarch gives the number of the Persian
casualties as 110,000, but Diodorus and Curtius agree Avith
Arrian.
IlToXtfiaios. Vide Introd., p. xxix.
§ 9. vVjirios- Accoi'ding to Diodorus he was nearly six years old.
6|JLdTL|jLoi. were the peei's of the realm, nobles who were all
equal in honour among themselves and next in honour to
the king. Cf. Xen. Cyr. ii. 1. 3; vii. 5. 85.
§ 10. Kal o-TpaTeuo[i€'vtj) o[xa)s, "even though he was campaigning."
MainaKTT]p^u)v = the end of October and beginning of November.
Chapter XII.
§ 1. ^vve'-yvw = knew from observation, almost = ^yrco.
o-u(A<}nov6v|j.€vov, " corroborated."
orvv TTJ ai,Ca.~pro merit is.
§ 2. <r&)|JiaTO(J)\jXdKwv. ViJe App. A, p. 14.5.
irtvTTiKOVTa rdXavTa, about £12,000.
§5. Gepdireia, " royal state.
"
§ 6. |AT]T6'pa ri\v Aape^ov
—
i.e., Sisygambis.
§ 8. etre iriGavbs, "even if it seems probable to historians tliat A.
would have done this ..."
Chapter XIII.
§2. tos TCTa-yiicvoi ^o-av = z^^sa ex acie—i.e., tliough drawn up for
battle thejf deserted their posts.
§ 3. -iroXvirpaYiiovcov. Amyntas attempted to set himself up as
despot of Egypt, but was killed in battle near Memphis.
Cf. Xen. Anab. v.. 1. 15.
§4. 'A7is = Agis II., who reigned from 338-330 B.C. He subse-
quently, with the help of Darius's Greek mercenaries,
attempted to free Greece from Macedonian rule. He was
NOTES, BOOK II. 133
finally defeated, and killed by Antipater, Alexander's
lieutenant, in 330 B.C.
§7. Svpia Tj koiXt), properly = the broad fertile valley between
Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, but the term is loosely used to
denote the whole of southern Syria.
§ 8. 8<ra
—
sc. ?iv.
Chapter XIV.
§ L onrb yXcoo-o-iis. Cf. i. 25. 10.
§2. 'Apra^ep^iis— i.e., Ochus (362-339 B.C.) The Persian form of
the name was Artakhsliathra, meaning "the true, or
legitimate, kingdom."
^p^ev. As early as 336 Philip, after being appointed general-
issimo of the Greeks, had sent Attains and Parmenio to
prepare for his campaign against Persia.
§ 3. irapd. pa(riX.€ws. Darius thus recognises Alexander as a king,
and his equal.
TO. irio-Ta, " pledges of good faith."
§ 4. inrap|dvTcov
—
sc. ttjs ex^P"^— *•'''•> having commenced hostilities.
§ 5. oi SiKttiws, because Bistanes, Ochus's son, had a better claim to
the throne.
§ 8. KvpCov) Tf]s 'Ao-Cas. For Alexander's gradual assumption of
the character of an oriental despot, vide Introd., p. xiii.
§ 9. li, lo-ow = taviquam ad parem.
Chapter XV.
§ 3. 0T]PaCovs, who as rebels could not expect anything but harsh
treatment.
€vpi(rKo|Aevoi, tentative, "trying to . .."
€l 8tJ .S'C. iVpOLVTO.
ev6v|XT|6€Cs
—
sc. acprine.
§5. avTov, "personally."
evpicrK6|A£vov, "able to produce on his own behalf any plea."
§6. Bup\os= Djebel (1 Kings v. 32) = " mountain-district," M-as an
old strongly fortified city of the Pha?nicians.
§ 7. 'A5€|j.i\kos, a Hebrew name=" the strength of the king."
134 AURIAN,
Chapter XVI.
The Heracles of the Tyrians is the Assyrian deity Baal ( = " lord "),
worshipped at Tyre under the name of Melcarth ( = " lord of the city ").
Thus, like many of the so-called Greek gods, Heracles came fi'om
Babylonia to Greece through Pha?nician channels. The travels
of the "myth-complex" of Heracles may be represented roughly
thus : the Semites possessed, as almost all nations did, a sun-god ;
he is worshipped at various places, and acquires various local
attributes, usually by absorbing the cult of some local deity
—
e.g., at Tyre, Melcarth. Phtenician sailors and settlers carried
this cult to Greece, where there probably existed a local deity,
Hercles or Heracles, who possessed som« attributes similar to
those of Melcarth. The deities and cults are fused, and the result
is Heracles Melicertes, a god possessing the attributes of both
Assyrian and Greek deities. Thus we have an instance of the
borrowing of a "myth-complex" owing to similarity of attribute.
Following up its history, we find an instance of borrowing caused
by similarity of name. When Greece began to influence Rome,the Greek hero Hercles or Heracles (the latter form probably being
due to popular etymology, deriving it from "Hpa and (cAe'os) wasconnected by the Romans with their indigenous god Herclus, the
god of the home-enclosure and farm, so that we may say that the
Roman Hercules is probably made up of a Semitic sungod plus a
Greek local deity plus an Italic deity. The various steps, how-ever, in his journey from east to west must remain somewhatconjectural.
§ 1. TToXaioTaTov. According to Herod, (ii. 44) the temple musthave been built 2750 c.c.
©TlPas, Cadmus {i.e., Hebrew Qadmi, "an Eastern man")was said to have migrated to Thebes, 1366 B.C.
§ 2. Kara AdpSaKov, " in the time of."
§ 3. &yov(riv = vofxi^ovcriv.
diWov TovTov Aiovxi<rov. We expect &X\ov A. rhv Aibs, k.t.K.
toCtoi/ is put in to explain "just as the Athenians worship
another Dionysus, the son," &c.—lit, "worship the son . , .
a different Dionysus this."
"laKxos, "the chant lacchus," "the lacchus song." This wassung in the great procession of priests and people through
the streets of Athens on the sixth day of the great Eleusinia,
§ 4. ws . . . 7€ . . . SoKco, "so also ... I tliink that . .."
NOTES, BOOK II. 135
o-rfjXai (cf. Herod, ii. 33 ; iv. 152)
—
i.e., at the Straits of
Gibraltar.
§ 6. TTjs ji£7dX.T]s 9aXdo-<riis
—
i.e., the Mediterrauean.
TiBe'ixcvov = Tiyov/xei'oi'.
§ 7. sis TovTo, adhuc,
§8. €s TO. irapovra, " under existing circumstances."
§9. irpos opY^v, "angrily." Cf. Trp^s jSi'ai', "violently."
Chapter XVII.
§ 1. oi<r<j)a\TJ
—
sc. ovffav.
SiuKciv depends on aa<pa\Xi below. Supply -^.uas, " that weshould leave behind us . . . Tj're . . . and pursue
Darius."
§ 2. (AT) irore depends on the general idea of apprehension in § 1.
§ 3. dve'lovTat with infin. , usually with participle.
§ 4. irapao-Ti^o-ajievoLS. Cf. i. 2.
|X€Td Tov €S TO, oKkol dcr<}>aXovs, "with a feeling of safetj' witli
regard to home affairs."
«irl TttSf, "on this side of." Cf. i. 3. 1, tV fKe7i>a toC . . .
Chapter XVIII.
§ 1. kvvfrviov, "in his sleep," an ace. in apposition to the sentence.
Cf. H. ii. 56, de'iSs fxot ivinvviov ijKQ^v ovetpos.
elTj-yeiTo, "interpreted."
Kal -yap Kal, " for in fact," " for certain]}'."
§ 2. VT]cros. The island was about half a mile from the mainland
(lude map).
§3. TttvTa
—
i.e., the arguments advanced by Alexander in favour
of besieging the city. Strategically Alexander was com-
pelled to take Tyre, otherwise the Phtenician fleet and the
Persian fleet might have combined and ruined his prospects.
XW|xa. This mole was 200 feet across (Diod. x\ni. 40).
tt'tTOV—.sc. TOV X^P'OV.
§ 4- XP'Hl''"''''"'''presents of money.
§6. 8€pp£is= raw hides; 8i<})0€pai, prepared tanned hides. Cf.
Thuc. ii. 75.
136 AKEIAN.
Chapter XIX.
§ 1. TavTT], "there"
—
i.e., within the enclosure.
§2. ^piiara, "ballast."
§3. €v<r€iovcrLv, " they dashed it against . .."
«^€VT|^avTo. Curtius saj's the men did not swim ashore but
jumped into small boats which were waiting for them.
§5. 'ivi(r\iv, "I'eached." Diodorus and Curtius state that the
palisade was mostly demolished by a tempest, not by fire.
Chapter XX.
§2. Trepi-rroXos, lit., a patrol-vessel or guard-ship similar to the
Salaminia and Paralus at Athens.
§ 4. €ir' 'Apapias, because, according to Curtius, a party of about
thirty Macedonians, whilst collecting timber on Lebanon,
had been killed by Arabs.
§5. Toi \i.iv Twv TavTT) almost=:Toi/s fxev—i.e., some of the mount-
aineers of that district.
€Travfj-y€V
—
sc. arparhv.
§ 6. SieKirXovs was almost the onlj' naval manoeu\Te practised bythe ancients (cf. Hei'od. vi. 12 ; Thuc. i. 49). We gather
that it consisted in rowing a ship at full speed through the
enemy's line so close to one or two of their ships as to bi'eak
the oars and possibly the rudder. The attacking ship then
turned round and grappled with the disabled ship.
§ 8. TO, «rTd(j.aTa eSe'xovTo, Attic fSexero. Cf. App. C, p. 157.
§ 9. dvTwrpwpois
—
i.e., with their prows turned towards him.
Chapter XXI.
§ 3. d7rofj.dxecr6ai. Cf. i. 1. 7.
§ 4. Kttl rd Ttfx^T). In addition to the means of defence mentioned
in § 3, there was also {koI) the height of the walls to be
considered.
Kara to X'^H^°'>" opposite."
Is "irXaTos |v|Ji|Ji€Tpov, "with a breadth in proportion to their
height."
§ 5. ola 8^. Cf. i. 3. 4.
§ 6. jJ.T]8ev irXe'ov yi'yveo'Sai ; ovh^v irXeov jxoi yiyvtrai (cf. Herod. ) = I
get no further ; I get no advantage ; I do iro good.
NOTES, BOOK II. 137
§ 8. eK TToWov, " for a long time."
§ 9. eiri |iids v€ws=in single file. Cf. Time. ii. 90,
KcXevtm^S was the man who gave the time to the rowers,
hortator remhjum (Plant. Merc. iv. 2. 5), /ceAeuo-yua being the
song or chant of the rowers. On large boats a flute-player
{Tpn)pavXris) was also employed.
Tois KWTTas Trapa<j)ep«iv = ipfaaetv.
138 AERIAN.
Chapter XXII.
§ 2. Ik twv irapdvTwv, masculine.
^KOTTTov, "shattered," used especially of the damage done by
one boat ramming another.
§ 4. Iiravd^eiv
—
sc. ras vavs.
l^aKOvoTov
—
i.e., TO eyKfXevaOiv.
§ 7. [AeTTJti
—
sc. Alexander.
eirl ^iya— ein iroAv, "to a considerable extent."
o<rov, SiC. — ToaovTov direTrtipddr) oaov eiri^aXwv ye<pvpas tis dwo-
ireipdrat. The sense is: Alexander made an assault to the
extent of throwing a bridge over to the part of the wall
where the breach was.
Chapter XXIII.
§ 1. <j>vXd^as= eTiTTjpTJcras.
Tov T€i)(^oDS depends on in) yue'yo.
§ 2. -irctcTaipoi. Cf. App. A, p. 145.
^ irapeiKoi. Cf. Thuc. iii. 1, '6TT-p irape'iKoi, "where it was
possible, practicable."
§ 3. dji,<|>ip6\ovs, in Thuc. iv. 36, "exposed to a crossfire," but here
= distracted, in doubt. It is possible that Arrian mis-
understood Thucydides' use of the word.
§ 5. ov irdvTT] diroToixo), not abruptly precipitous on every side as
the walls were.
§ 6. liT-l Si avTw, '
' after him."
8id TWV €irdX|£aJv. The fTrdX^ets on parapets were onlj' a few
feet thick ; behind them was a space of at least six feet to
allow the defenders fighting-room.
Chapter XXIV.
§ 1. p.cT€(opois, " in deep M'ater," usually " on the high seas."
§ 2. 'A-yrivopiov, the shrine of Agenor, the reputed founder of Tyre.
§ 3. TpipVj, a delay of seven months.
§ 5. 01 tv Tikii, " those in authority."
Oecopol. The sending of these sacred envoys to the mother-
cit}', Tyre, implied that Carthage recognised her duties as
NOTES, BOOK II. 139
a colony, and we know that the promise of Carthaginian
aid had encouraged the Tyrians in their resistance.
§ 6. d-yciiva. Cf. ii. 5.
fl OTOV, /c.T.A. =^ &Wov iroiTjaai'Tcs ocnis 5r) iiroiricre.
dpXovTos, 332 B.C.
'EKaTO|ipatwv = the first month of the Attic year—the second
half of July and the first half of August.
Chapter XXV,
§ 1. irpeo-peis. For the first embassy, vide chap. xiv.
T^v xwpav
—
i.e., Upper Syria and the whole of Asia Minor.
elvai depends on Sovuat.
iraiSa, Statica by name.
§3. ov movros = recusantis. Cf. ovk iav^prohiber'e.
Chapter XXVI.
§ 1. rd?a = Hebrew Azzah, a fortress, now Ghazza. Its situation
on the border of Palestine and Egypt made it a strategic
point of great importance.
€l'KO(ri
—
i.e., about 2h miles, but Strabo says the city was only
seven stades distant from the sea.
Yw|JiaTos, this round hill on which the modern town is built is
about sixty feet high and about two miles in circumference.
§ 2. TT] irpuTT]
—
sc. ^/ue'pa.
§ 3. So-a> onropwTepov, as if roaovrui fjLaWov had preceded.
irapaXoYO). Cf. i. 9.
§ 4, <rv|iix€Tpws
—
i.e., to a level with the city walls.
KaTdpx6o-8ai, a technical term of sacrifice, to begin the first
sacred rite—usually .to cut a lock of hair from the forehead
of the victim.
t|jipdXX€i. Curtius states that the bird then settled on a tower
and was caught by the bystanders.
Chapter XXVII.
§ 1. €| vircpSeliov. Cf. i. 15, " from their commanding position."
€Kir\a7€is
—
i.e., losing his self-control in tlie excitement of tlie
action.
140 AEEIAN.
§ 2. KaTaTreXrr), a bolt from a catapult.
§ 4. virov6|iwv. Cf. Time. ii. 76 (the siege of Plataja).
Kareixov, "commanded," "held,"
§ 5. €v8oi)vai., supply as subject rh relxos.
§ 7. dirtGavov. According to other authorities 10,000 of the enemywere killed, amongst them Batis, whom Alexander draggednaked round the city tied to liis chariot, in imitation ofAchilles' treatment of Hector.
^vvoiKio-as, having repeopled the city.
141
APPENDIX A.
ALEXANDER AND HIS ARMY.
The ai'iny with which Alexander conquered the East was in the
main the creation of his father Pliilip. Philip, after six years' care-
Greek ^^^^ efforts, had produced what was before unknown—
a
armies professional army with a national spirit. Before his timebefore the art of war in Greece exhibited all the traits of ama-Phihp.
^g^jj, soldiery. Thus in the fifth century all warfare is
hoplite warfare ; every land battle (down to 400 B.C.) was decided by
the hoplitcs. All tactics, too, were uniform : each party drew up a
long line with a level front, the object being to bring all the meninto action at the same moment and let them fight it out, while
there was an entire want of co-operation between the two wings and
between cavalry and infantry. Everything, in fact, agreed with the
old Greek idea of a battle—it was an aywi/, a duel, in which the
victory is an end, not a means : when the heavy troops had won the
day tlie battle was over;pursuit was very rare ; everything was a
question of satisfying lioiiour.^
Philip altered all this. Developing the principles of Iphicrates,
Epaminondas, and Dionysius of Syracuse, he formed an armythe chief characteristics of which were : (1) it possessed
' ''' ^ excellent cavalry and light-armed troops; (2) a body of
heavily armed troops (the plialanx), which was more
mobile than the best hoplites of the day, the Thebans; (3) it was
well provided with siege artillery. It was well armed and well led.
Moreover, by a carefully graduated system of privileges ^ and exer-
cise of strict discipline, the true Macedonian element was so success-
1 Demosthenes complains that Philip does not fight like a gentle-
man because he carries on a campaign in winter.'^ E.g., the honourable terms ^affiKiKoi, a.yriij.ara, era^pot, Tre^eVaipoj.
142 AREIAN.
fully welded with the material supplied bj' the feudatory hill tribes,
that the result was a national patriotic standing army.
The reorganisation^ of tliis army by Alexander in reality affected
its form very little. He increased the cavalry, especially
Changes ^.j^g lighter branch of that arm, after Arbela. His reor-
Tr^ / ganisation of the infantry amounted to this : he trans-
formed a Macedonian into a Hellenistic force, enrolling
30,000 barbarians, and making such changes as would ensure the
amalgamation of the various elements of his army.
The composition of Alexander's army was as follows :
—
The Tre^eralpoi, heavy infantry. These formed theComposi- phalanx in the narrowest sense. With regard to the'**" **
phalanx it may be noted that it was 7iot the most im-
portant element in the Macedonian fighting line ; that it
was 7wf, one body, but had a number of independent units {rd^eis);
that it was 7iot a cumbrous immobile formation when compared with
the average hoplite body of the day." The phalanx wasHeavy
divided territorially into six^ independent Tct|eis, divi-'^'
sions made up originally by the contingents furnished
by the six districts of Macedonia. Arrian frequently uses for the
phalanx (^ naKiSoviK^ (pd\ay^) the terms al rd^tis toiv Ma/ceStJj/wr,
al rd^eis rHiv irf^uiv, as well as ol ire^eTaipoi. The latter term
is, strictly speaking, a title of honour=" comrades-in-arms of the
king," applied to various branches of the service. In fact, in deal-
ing with the composition of the Macedonian army, the difficulty is
to distinguish terms which are strictly technical from those which
are merely used as complimentary titles.
The phalanx was armed with a short sword, with long lance or
pike (adptaaa) twelve to sixteen feet-* long, and the usual body
armour—helmet, cuirass, and greaves. Usually formed in a square
eighteen deep,^ the front lines holding their pikes stretched out, the
other lines resting theirs on the shoulders of the men before them
and at the same time leaning the weight of their body forward,
such a compact body resulted that its impetus was irresistible
1 Arr. iii. 16. 11 ; vi. 21. 3 ; vii. 23. 3 ; 25. 6.
2 Cf. the quick sectional movement by which the phalanx opened
to let Darius' scj'the-chariots or the Thracian waggons pass through
the lines (Arr. i. 1).
'^ After Issus, probably nine. The term (pdAayyes is sometimes
employed for Tct|ejs. Both <pdkay^ and rd^is are used loosel3^
•* In later times it seems to have been eighteen feet long, accord-
ing to the evidence of Roman Avriters on the Macedonian phalanx.
6 Later, 16. Cf. Polybius, xii. 19. 6; Arr, vi. 1.
Greek peltast.
APPENDIX A: ALEXANDER AND HIS ARMY. 145
{ifj.0o\7iv oil (popriTTiy yiyvftreai, Arr. Tact. 12. 6). In addition to the
plialanx of Macedonians, the Greek mercenaries must be counted as
heavy infantry ; they -were armed as hoplites with a large shield and
a small spear.
Intermediate between the ire^eTalpoi and tlie \f/i\o] {vide infra) were
tlie inraaTTKTrai. They were originally " houseliold troops " or "foot-
guards," but by degrees their numbers were increased
•^'f"^
t^"'^^ *^^^y v!eve formed into a regularly organised branch
of the service. Their equipment was probably, roughly
speaking, that of the peltasts of Iphicrates—a linen corselet, sandals,
Macedonian hat, a short spear for thrusting with, and perhaps a
long sword. The hypaspists were used by Alexander for assaults ^
on fortified positions, for rapid night-marches, but especially for all
quick field-manoeuvres in an attack. The cavalry and the ^i\o\ began
the engagement, the viraa-Kiaiai. followed, supported by the phalanx.
A picked body of the hypaspists, called the dyn/xa or v-KaairKnai ^aui-
\iKol (cf. Arr. V. 13. 4), served with the cavalry ayt]tJ.a as bodyguard
of the king.
The various bodies of troops classed as ifiAol served for the most
part as scouts and skirmishers. Under this head must be classed
, To^OTai (archers), aKOfnaTal (javelin-throwers), ffpfuSoi^rirai
^^ °'"(slingers). These troops were for the most part drawn
from Thracian tribes, especially the Agriani, who occupied the
mountainous districts of Pa^onia. The Agriani were, like Zouaves
and Bersagliere, especially useful for storming precipitous positions
or pursuing the enemy over rough country.
The original bodyguard of vTracmiaTal being no longer retained in
that capacity, the personal safety of the king was intrusted to a
strong picked corps, the awfj.aTO(pv\aKes (also called inraa-
Body=iriaTa] o'l 0a(ri\iKol), who always accompanied him on the
^^^'^'^'field (cf. i. 6. 5 ; iii. 17. 2). They were apparently a
sort of corps of pages, enrolled from the sons of Macedonian noble-
men {^acrtKLKol TraTSes). But the protection of the king in fight was
not their only duty : they acted in every way as general
staff officers, seven of their number (afterwards eight—cf.
vi. 18. 4) being prominent as brigadier-generals.
Alexander's father had early recognised the importance of cavalry,
and widely developed this branch of the service. The^' mounted troops in Alexander's army consisted of
—
(1) Heavy cavalry, tToipoi (or ol fTa7poi l-mri'is, ^ iiriros ?; kraipiKri,
1 Arr. ii. 20, 23 ; iii. 18.
146 ARRIAN.
lit., "brothers-in-arms"). This was an exclusively Macedonian
body, officered by Macedonian landowners according to^^^y
a territorial system. The divisions of the iratpiKv 'Imroscavalry. "^
are very uncertain, and undoubtedly were frequently
changed. It is probable that usually they were divided into fifteen
l\at, an "iXr] containing from 150 to 250 troopers. There was,
however, a sixteenth ifAij—the tA.?; ^SotriAiK?) or &yr)ij.a, who acted as
Alexander's cavalry liodyguard, and at whose head he usually rode
in a charge. In addition to the Macedonian Irajpoi, the Thessalian
mounted troops under Thessalian leaders must be classed as heavy
cavalry. All were armed with a short sword and a ^varov, a short
thrusting spear.
(2) As light cavalry we find the aapi(T(To(\)6poi employed. They
were lancers, as their name implies—about 1000 in all. They were
armed with a shorter and lighter form of the infantry^^
sarissa. Tiiey corresponded almost exactly to the
Cossacks of the Russian army, and were employed by
Alexander almost entirely in outpost duty, scouting, and clearing
large districts of the enemy.
Summary.
A. Infantry.
1. Phalanx (in narrowest sense), heavy infantry armed with cra.pi-
(Tffai. These were accompanied by a force of volunteers
—
mostly Greeks—more lightly armed, but similarly.
2. Uypaspistce, light infantry, footguards (Syr/^a).
3. ^i.\o\—i.e., slingers, archers, javelin - throwers (mostly Thra-
cians and Pajonians).
B. Cavalry.
4. (Ta7poi, heavy cavalry, the old national yeomanry force, drawn
from Macedon and Thrace.
5. a-apt(r(To(j>6pot, light infantry.
This force was accompanied by as complete a siege-train as then
could be devised, composed of such artillery as KaTaTreArat, irfrpo-
$6\oi, acpiTTtpia tipyava. The successful sieges of Tyre and Gaza (ii.
18-23; 26. 27) sufficiently attest Alexander's skilful use of such
apparatus.
APPENDIX A: ALEXANDER AND HIS ARMY 147
As to the numbers of Alexander's army we cannot always be
certain. The following is the account given by Dio-
dorus of them at the review held before the battle of
the Granicus.
Infantry.Men.
Macedonian phalanx and liypaspistre 12,000
Allies . . . .
' 7,000
Mercenaries.......... 5,000
Odrysa^, Triballi, Illyrii, 1 , , , f 5,000
Agriani and archers, J l 1,000
30,000
Cavalry.Men.
Heavy Macedonian cavalry, under Philotas.... 1,500
Heavy Thessalian cavalry, under C'allas .... 1,500
Irregular Greek cavalry ....... 600
Light Thracian cavalry, under Cassander .... 900
4,500
Thus in numbers Alexander's force seems small (it probably never
numbered rnore than 40,000 fighting men), but, for a rapid campaign
with long marches through an enemy's country, a larger force would
have been unwieldy.
Alexander usually drew up his fighting-line in the following order
:
the army was practically divided into two wings—the left imder
Parmenio, the right under Alexander—making up a lineThe light-
a^]jQ^^^ half-a-mile long. The wings were everything, theincr=line.
.j >->
centre nothing. The duty of the right wing was to
deliver the attack, the left to stand fast and resist the enemy.
Beginning on the left, the troops were probably arranged as follows :
(I) the Thessalian and allied cavalry; (2) phalangitaj, Tre(fTa7pot
;
(3) viraairicrTal; (4) cavalry, eraTpoi ; (5) the heavy cavalry (^777^0)
supported by light Pa?onian cavalry; (6) Agrianians and bowmen.
The subjoined plan (p. 149) shows the probable arrangement of the
fighting-line at the Granicus.
Alexander, like Cromwell, won all his battles by charges of heavy
cavalry. It was the irresistible onset of his heavy life-guards, with
„ himself at their head, wliich won the day. The phalanxTactics. . .
played a secondary part : divided into two columns, it
threatened the enemy's right and centre, exhausted their energy,
148 ARllIAN.
and kept them engaged whilst tlie main Macedonian attack wasdelivered. Alexander usually, as, for instance, at the battle of the
Granicus, advanced his squadrons by a quick movement in echelon
(" step-formation") to the right to induce the enemy to extend their
left wing for fear of being outflanked, thus making a weak point in
their left centre ; on this point he then delivered a heavy-cavalry
attack and succeeded in breaking their line.
Alexander was above all a cavalry general : he realised that the
strength of the East lies in its cavalry.^ To meet Eastern cavalry
Alex= tactics he developed his cavalry. At the time of his
ander's death he was even breaking up the phalanx into lighter
use of order ; and from this time forward no general thought ofcava ry.
fighting on foot, as Epaminondas had always done. Theweak point in Alexander's generalship lay in the fact that he
always himself led his cavalry charges, and thus exposed himself to
unnecessary risks. For though such a personal example must have
inspired confidence in his men, yet as a general lie should have
remembered that with his death the campaign must end.
Alexander as a tactician is not so out-of-date when comparedwith those of more modern times as might be at first supposed,
Al xander ^^^ there are many parallels which can be drawn
from a between his military methods and those of later times,
modern and even lessons in generalship to be learned from his
5tand= example. Napoleon, as we know, professed himself a*""" pupil of Alexander, and in several points seems to have
carefully followed the tactics of his master. Among the points of
good generalship which are valid for all time and were prominent
features of Alexander's campaigns one may note his extreme care
for sea-bases, and the maintaining communication be-His care tween fleet and army. Thus after Granicus he carefully
bases established several secondary sea-bases such as Halicar-
nassus, a most necessary precaution ; for if the Persians
had followed Memnon's advice, which was strategically the only plan
possible, to retire -slowly and delilieratel}', destroying all provisions
—as Wellington did in Portugal in 1810—and at tlie same time to
create a diversion by harassing Macedonian bases in Greece, there
is no doubt that Alexander would have found himself in a very
serious position.
Alexander, too, was an ideal general in possessing the faculty of
^ The history of the East shows that this has always been so.
Persians, Parthians, Arabs, Huns, Magyars, Turks of the middle
ages, Cossacks, are all essential types of Eastern cavalry.
APPENDIX A: ALEXANDER AND HIS ARMY. 151
grasping a situation at once—knowing where the enemy's line was
most vulnerable, what position must be taken either toHis quick
gj^g^j-g ^j^g passage of his army or cut off the retreat of
tion ^^^ ^°^- '' M'^iny of the ' strategic points '
from the Hel-
lespont to Lahore are merely landmarks set up by his
intuitive skill in mastering the relation of geography to war."^ Alex-
ander, when once he had determined on taking a position or making
a movement, never lost time :" forward and strike " might have been
his motto as much as it was that of the great Russian Suvarrof.
Any one who has read the history of any of our small Indian frontier
wars—such as Churchill's ' With the Malakand Field Force '—and
then reads the fourth and fifth books of Arrian's 'Anabasis,' will at
once see how similar were the methods of mountainHisslcillin ^yarfare of Macedonians and English. The country
, covered is the same : the state of native societj'^ is thewariare. . . _ or»"^
same ; the men of Bajour pursue the same tactics m 1897
as their ancestors did when their city was stiU Bazira (Anab. iv. 27.
5). The result, too, is the same—victorj' rested with the troops
that were able to storm and hold the positions commanding the
mountain passes.
The parallel between Alexander and Cromwell as cavalry-leaders
has been mentioned above. The development, too, of the cavalry
„. arm in the times of both leaders is very similar. In the
similarity Civil War the infantry consisted of pikemen and
to Croni= musketeers, and the object of a good cavalry generalwell. ^^g ^Q attack the musketeers when unprotected by the
ground, roll them back up to the pikemen, and in the confusion
break through the pikemen and cut them down. Cohesion and
impact were now realised to be the two points of excellence in
cavalry. They were no longer to be mere "pistoleers," who rode
lip, fired, then wheeled away to reload—as they were until the
tactics of Gustavus Adolphus were introduced into England. At
Dunbar, at Naseby, at Marston Moor, the battle was won by heavy
cavalry driving off the enemy's cavalry, then charging upon tlie
flank or rear of the pikemen and musketeers and routing them, just
as at Granicus and Issus the cavalry of the guard drove in the
cavalry on the Persian flank and then charged again and again
through the Persian infantry (cf. p. 148).
' Military Geography ' : Cambridge Geographical Series, p. 285.
152 ARRIAN.
THE MORE IMPORTANT TACTICAL TERMSIN ARRIAN.
(ruvTeTa"y|x€vos 6 o-rparbs = «ciVs instriicta, the army drawn up
ready for battle, either iir\ (pd\ayyos (eV (paXayyi), in deep close
column, or eV ixeTWTrcjj, with extended front. ?; (pdXay^ may be
roughly defined as a brigade made up of hoplites, light-armed
troops, and cavalry, with two wings. The whole front of an army
in this order= /ueVaiTToi' or <TT6/j.a; the centi'e rh fiiaov ; the wings
Ttt K^para ; the flanks -nKtvpai ; the rear ovpa. Opposed to the
phalanx-order, which may be represented thus
—
was the order called Kara Ktpas or lirl K€p«os ( — lonfjum agmeii).
The usual order of marching, the men walking by twos or fours,
sometimes in single file. If an attack was expected, the front was
extended by advancing the rear-files (either eir' aa-iriSa, to the
left, or itrl Sopu, to the right). The opposite movement, mak-
ing the front narrower, was called es fiddos tV (pd\ayya eirdyav
or iKrdrTiiv.
d|x4)(o-TO(xos is applied to <pd\ay^ when its formation consisted of
two fighting lines facing difi"erent ways, tlius
—
The object of this was to prevent flanking movements (cf. Anab.
iii. 12. 1, and Arr. Tact. 29).
eiriKajj.'Trios Tci^is, "angular" formation (cf. is iTriKafj.irr)!' TdTT(iv)=an order of battle in which one or both of the wings of the front are
APPENDIX A: MORE DIPOKTANT TACTICAL TERMS. 153
thrown forward at an angle with the centre to take the enemy in
flank, or thrown back to prevent outflanking by the enemy {u-n-fp-
(paAayyiwijts, ii. 9. 2).
/---... f ff ..--".
^|j.poXos (peg, wedge) = wedge-shaped formation, used for breaking
an enemy's line (Lat. acies cuneafa).
iv irXaKriw (oblong) or €v TrXivBio) (a brick) = formation in squares,
either wlien stationary or on the march ; in the latter case it = Lat.
aijrnen quadratum.
opBiot X6\oi, "in column," was the formation used when troops
advanced in bodies many men deep but with a comparatively small
front, with an interval between each body. The phalanx not being
very mobile on rough ground, \6xoi opdioi, column formation, wasalmost always employed against strong positions held by the enemy,
or fortresses.
<ruva<nrio-fj,6s { = (rvyK\u(Tat raj d<nrl5as, i. 1. 9), lit. = " joining of
shields together." Greek soldiers in open order (marching order)
were 6 feet from each other, in close fighting order (phalanx) 3 feet,
whilst in the (rvvaa-TricTinhs there was only Ih foot between man and
man. Arrian (Tact, ii.) defines this "joining of shields" as being
such a compact formation of the phalanx that the men individually
have no room to move ; the shields are held partly over the head,
partly over the side, according to the position of the men in centre
or the outside of the formation. The Roman testudo owed its origin
to tliis formation.
154 AREIAN.
APPENDIX B.
ALEXANDER IX LEGEND.
The numberless legends which have clustered around the nameof Alexander in all countries and throughout all ages show clearly
how deep was the impression he made upon tlie world. These
legends seem to have originated in Egypt and then spread into the
East, gathering new features as they went. The earliest collection
of them is found in the so-called pseudo-Callistheues (vide Introd.,
p. xxxi), of which a Latin translation by Julius Valerius is extant, as
also versions in Armenian and Syriac. The Persian poet Firdousi
tells of the exploits of Iskander (Alexander) as a Persian national
hero, and several Arabian poets repeat the marvellous tales with
variations. In Europe, too, we find many versions of the Alexanderlegend, the most noticeable of which is the twelfth-century com-pilation by Lambrecht. There are extant, too, several Christian Ethi-
opic texts on the same subject. Even to-day the natives of Kafiristan
consider themselves to be descended from Alexander's soldiers, andattribute various mounds and forts in the Dera-Ismail Khan dis-
trict to Sikundar Backliu, about whom and his charger Bucephalus
native tradition has much to say. lu all countries where the Alex-
ander legend prevails it varies but little, and is always wildly fan-
tastic and marvellous in the extreme. Thus Alexander builds a
brazen wall 500 yards high as a defence against Zajiij and Majuj(Gog and Magog); whilst monsters with camel's heads and such large
ears that one is used as a bed and the other as a tent are foiled
in their attempt to enter Alexander's realm. Again, armies of
monstrous ants oppose his march ; he penetrates the land of dark-
ness and finds the source of life ; he meets human beings with six
hands and six feet, sees fishes which have a jewel in their stomach
and can be cooked in cold water ; and in one romance, as Alexander
lies dying of poison, Bucephalus comes to him, weeps tears over
him, and after rending the poisoner in pieces, falls dead himself.
Riim (Rome
—
i.e., Europe) and Iran (Persia—i.e., the East) contend
for Alexander's corpse, which an oracle decrees shall be laid at
Alexandria. An epitome of Valerius's translation of the pseudo-
Callisthenes was in the ninth century probably the most widely read
APPENDIX B: ALEXANDER IN LEGEND. 155
book in Europe. This, together with the ' I^etters from Alexander
to Dindimus, King of the Brahnians,' and ' Alexander's Letter to
Aristotle on the Wonders of India,' botli of which probably, like the
pseudo-Callisthenes, took their origin in Alexandria about 200 a.d.,
are the basis of all the Alexander-epics wliich form an integral part
of almost every country's literature in the twelfth and thirteenth
centuries. There is no nation which in its poetry has not coveted
the honour of Alexandex-'s birth and career,—
" East and West have
associated his name with all that is great, and Christian and heathen
poets have thrown open to him the gates of Paradise " (Gerviuus).
Tlie huge thirteenth-century epic of more than 20,000 lines—the
'Roman d'Alexandre'— the work in the main of Lambert le Tort
and Alexandre de Bernay, may be regarded as a typical ^ Alexander
romance in several ways. It contains work by very different hands,
and it finds no freak of fancy incredible, blending tales from Egypt,
Chaldc'ea, Palestine, and medieval Europe in the most naive and
hopelessly contradictory fashion. Thus Alexander, after receiving
his education from Aristotle and the enchanter Nectanebus (wlio
was also Alexander's father), captures Tyre and Ascalon and pro-
ceeds to Jerusalem, where he receives a splendid welcome—the
three latter facts being a reminiscence of the Crusades. He then
attacks Darius, who sends him a huge quantity of very fine flour
to betoken the immense numbers of the Persian host. Alexander
sends back a glove full of pepper, figuratively showing the biting
spirit of his soldiers. Darius conquered, Alexander vanquishes
Porus and proceeds to investigate India's wealth and wonders not
only on land but also at sea ; for in a barrel of glass he descends
to the depths of ocean and holds converse with strange monsters.
He then pursues Porus's allies—Cos and Magos (Gog and Magog)
—to the Pillars of Hercules, a pursuit involving new marvels and
new adventures,—mermaids, dog-headed men, men with heads and
chests split into two parts, a forest of flower-maidens which grow
out of the earth in spring and die down in winter—these are some
of the least marvellous episodes. Not content with exploring earth
and sea, Alexander sails through the skies in a light boat of wood
and leather drawn by four griffins, to which he presents meat on
the end of a spear, holding it above their heads when he wishes
to rise, below them when he wishes to descend ; and so on beyond
the wildest dreams of fantasy. To us such tales are interesting
only as showing what the world thought of Alexander as a mighty
hero and as a searcher after knowledge of every kind.
It was partly translated into English by Eustace of Kent.
156 AERIAN.
APPENDIX C.
ARRIAN'S LANGUAGE AND STYLE.
Simplicity and straightforwardness are the main characteristics
of Arrian's writings. Verbosity, exaggeration, and rlietorical de-
clamation are entirely foreign to his spirit, and so absent from his
style; yet his simplicity never degenerates into baldness of ex-
pression and monotony. These his careful training in oratory
enabled him to avoid by introducing occasionally speeches anddialogues. Some of these speeches strike a higher note than most,
notably that in vii. 9. 10, when the king appeals to the mutinousarmy. Although ancient authorities ^ all remark on him as beingan imitator of Xenophon, yet a close comparison" reveals verylittle actual linguistic similarity, and we must consider that thename vtos s.ei'ocpuv applied ratlier to inclinations and pursuits, andespecially to the close parallel which exists between the relation of
Arrian to Epictetus and Xenophon to his master Socrates.
In style Arrian is more virile and less invertebrate than Xenophon.Considering the time at which Arrian wrote, his language is singu-
larly free from un-Attic expressions and usages. The following are
^ Beginning at Photius, cod. 58, who says, lax"^^ 5e tV (ppdaivicrrl Kal /^i/xrjTTjs ws aATidus.
- As a matter of fact, Arrian seems to more often have followedHerodotus in his diction than Xenophon, as the following list ofHerodotean usages indicates : (ppivripijs, iii. 22. .3 ; Sa^^oir, iv. 29. 7 ;
dajx^iiv, V. 1. 5 ; AenroiJ/yx'O) vi. 11. 2; dTp(Kr]s, iii. 3. 1; afiavphs,v. 6. 7 ; affTt$^]s, V. 11. 1 ; iTTLKfprofii^v, vi. 8; 7)'Cwv, vi. 26; dracr-BaKos, vi. 27 ; iAivvetv, iii. 15 ; KATfi^eadai, vii. 7 ; apiSr^Xos, vii. 14 ;
^vveiaTrjKei liidxv, i- 15 (cf. Herod, i. 74) ; /xiyeOei fifyai, v. 19; irATjeei
TToAAoi, ii. 11 ; avyytyvuxTKav rivi ri, ii. 12 ; twv tis, ii. 26. 4 ; firl Se,
_" moi'eover," i. 3. 2 ; ttoOos \afj.$dvei fxiv, i. 3. 5 ; i<s oAkV rp^nea-Bai,
i. 8. 8 ; Sti ij.r] = nisi, i. 9. 3; iv vw Aa/j.l3dvetv, i. 23. 2; ^vi'ei'fx^V =^vve^ri, i. 1. 2; irpunos ^p^e, ii. 14. 2; ovSep &x"-P^ iraOelv, ii. 14. 5;ivKppaffQAs, iii. 2; SiaxpTjcrfiaz, " kill," iv. 8. 9; ov^atJio\ = ov^ives, v.
4; &pa, "care," iv. 18; fj.eTe^fTepoL = ^vwi, vi. 26. 1.
APPENDIX C: APRIAN'S LANGUAGE AND STYLE. 157
more noticeable cases wliere he expresses himself otherwise than an
Athenian of 350 B.C. would have done :
—
The neuter plural subject is occasionally followed by a plural verb,
usually to emphasise the plurality (cf. ii. 20. 8 ; vi. 91. 1).
ot, o-4>a)v, a-<j>i<ri, used as direct reflexive. Cf. i. 6. 9.
Tovs inrao-irieTTas &fia ol ( = aiiT^) fi-ytov. So i. 1. 7.
8s and 8<j-tis, often hardly distinct.
oi8€, to connect an affirmative sentence = Attic /cal oh. Cf. iii. 11.
3 ; iv. 15. 7.
irplv, with infin. after negative clauses (i. 7. 5; v. 11).
KaiToi, with part. =Ka'nrep (i. 5. 7 ; iii. 26).
Optative, after primary tense in main clause (v. 6. 6 ; vii. 7. 5).
dXXd. •yap= aA.A a.
Ktkiiav, with dative (i. 26 ; vii. 12) ; so w<peXut> (vi. 11. 3).
jjLe'XXeiv, with present infin.
vTTep = TT€p\. Cf. Dem.
d[i<^l, with dat. (i. 22. 3).
"Unattic" forms: inro(p0a.n-a}, KaTa(Tx^drivai, (TujU7re7r7)7/iai, tKirepi-
KXiiaovTa, Siapirayrfvat, SioffKeSatrouut.
158 ARRIAX.
APPENDIX D.
GREEK PARTICLES.
Copulative
—
Kttl sometimes emphasises a word=" at all"; ft rw Ka\ Bokov-
fifv . . . (Thuc. ii. 11).
Bl, initial "now" ; ^v Se tIs iroTe ..." now there was once upona time."
[i€V . . . Se, often used to introduce balance of clauses in Greek,where English is content to leave the connection implied ; in
such cases often = " whilst," "whereas."
Kttt . . . -ydp, "yes . . . for," " for in fact."
Kttl . . . yi, "j'es . . . and."
Ktti fiT|v Kttl, " and moreover."
Adversative
—
dXXd, " but " = strong contrast.
dWd . . . -ydp, "but enough for," . . . " but the truth is."
ov \i.i]v dXXd, "not but what," "nevertheless."
dXAd JJ.T1V, " but indeed."
ofjLcos 86, " but still."
8' ovv, " be that as it may "; resumes after a digression.
|A€'vToi, "however," "nevertheless."
KaiToi, " and yet" ; weaker than preceding.
ovx^ oTi, "not but that" (lit., I was not going to deny tliat
;
parenthetically).
fji-fj oTi, "not to say" . . . "not suffering us to say"; "muchless," "much more."
\ii] rC ye 8t|, "much less."
ov\ 8ira)S ..." much less "; ovx ottus iytKaaa d\A' oirSc fdav/xaa-a,
"I did not even wonder, much less laugh" ; so, fi^ Sttcos, ^t;
OTI.
dXXd VT| Aid, " Oh ! but I shall be told " = at enim.
APPENDIX D: GREEK PAPvTICLES. 159
Causal and illative
—
7ap, "for"; often to carr^- on the Rense="yes," "no" ; outcc yap
irdaiv 5ri\ov yei -i^aeaeai, "thus, tliey said, the matter would beexplained."
Toivvv, "so," "therefore"; of. autem, rather colourless; commonin the orators.
6pa, "then," "after all," "so," specially with imperfect andaorist ; Kvirpis ovk &p' ^v Oihi, " Cypris, it turns out, is not agoddess.
"
ovv, "so," "therefore" ; often resumes.jravti [i.€v o5v, "yes, most certainly."
&T€, "inasmuch as," "whereas," always with participles;
frequent ; ore SiwKoi/res i(nrovSa(ov, " since they were pursu-ing, they made haste."
aX\«s T^ Kal, " especially since " . . .
Transitional
—
tI B\, " again " = Lat.,
quid; an anticipatory question, whichforms a transition, and draws attention to the sentence whichfollows.
Kal (A'fiv Kal, " and again."
Affirmative and corrective
—
7€, "at least" ; in Plato often = "yes" ; TravTairaai ye.
TOL, "let me tell you," "rest assured" ; the confidential particle.
8i]Trou, " I suppose you know "; ironical.
yovv, " at any rate " ; gives a special instance of a general
statement.
(J.€v ovv, "nay, rather" ; Lat., immo.avTiKa, " for instance."
aX.T]0€s, "you don't mean to say so?" ironical ; Lat., itane vero?St) implies strong emphasis; roVe 5T; = "then, and only then";
Lat., turn demum. Note S?;, of implied untruth—"as theysaid." Also resumptive, " as I mentioned above."
SfJTa, "indeed," usually in questions; t\ S^ra, "what, pray?"fj (i'^v, of very strong asseveration ; "I swear it."
SfjOcv, like 5?; and apa, a "dramatic" particle, representing thetone or feeling of the speaker ; often implies irony.
160
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES.
The references are to hook, chapter, and section. JVhere the reference only is given,
sufficient explanation will he found in the text or notes.
"ApSTjpa, a city of Thrace, near the mouth of the Nestus. I. 11. 4.
"Apv8os (now Avido), a city on the Asiatic sliore of the Hellespont,
which is here seven stades broad. I. 11. 5.
*A"yT)v6piov, Agenor's shrine in Tyre. II. 24.
'Ayt]a-l\aos. II. 13. 6.
'A71S, king of Sparta, 338-330 B.C. ; rebelled against Alexander.
II. 13.
'A*yKvpa, a city of Galatia (now Angora). II. 4.
'AYpiavcs, a tribe of P.-eonia (modem Croatia, Bosnia). They fur-
nished a useful contingent of light horse and scouts to Alex-
ander. I. 1.
"A8a, daughter of Hecatomnus, King of Caria, appointed queen-
satrap of Caria by Alexander. I. 23.
•A88aios. I. 22.
'Ae'poiros, a chieftain of Lyncestis in Upper Macedonia. I. 7. 6.
'ASe'ixiXKOS, King of Tyre. II. 15 ; 24.
Al-yal, the residence of the Macedonian kings (now Vodcna). T. 11.
Al-yos iroTaiAoi. I. 9. 3.
AI|j.os, the Balkan range reaching from Pontus to Mount Skomios.
The chief pass in Mount Hiemus is the Porta 7'rajani, now the
pass of Skapi. I. 1. 5.
'AXe'|av8pos, son of ^Eropus. I. 7- 6.
'AX«'|av8pos. Introd., p. xii.
'AXtjiov •Tr€8iov, a fruitful plain between the Saros and Pyramus
rivers (cf. Horn. II. vi. 201). II. 5. 8.
'AXiKoLpvao-o-os, capital of Caria (now Budrun), besieged by Alex-
ander. I. 20.
'AXvs, chief river of Asia Minor. II. 4.
INDEX OF PKOPEE NAMES. 161
'A|jia0oi)s, a town in Cyprus. II. 22.
'A|xaviKal irvXai, the pass from Cilicia to Syria through wliichDarius passed to the plain of Issus (now the pass of Mara.sch)II. 7. 1.
'Afi,4>eiov, Ampliion's shrine in Thebes. I. 8. 6.
'A(A<j)t7ro\is, a city on the Strymon. I. 1.5.
'Av9£|io\)o-(a i\r], the cavalry contingent from tiie Macedonian town,Anthemus. II. 9. 3 ; vide App. A, p. 142.
'AviK-qros, <Lp\(av. II. 24. 6.
*AvTa\Kt8ou eipTJvt]. II. 1. 4.
'AvTiTrarpos, father of Cassander; one of Philip's most trustygenerals. I. 7. 6 ; II. 2. 4.
'AiroWtovCa, a town of Mygdonia. I. 12. 7.
"ApaP^s. Used of the Arab population of Gaza and also of theBedouins of Lebanon. II. 25. 4 ; 27. 1.
"ApaSos, a small island (now Ruad) on the coast of Phrenicia.
II. 13. 8.
'Aperiis, leader of Alexander's light horse at Gaugamela. I. 15. 6.
'ApCo-Tav8pos, Alexander's favourite seer and prophet. I. 11. 2 ;
25. 8; 26. 4.
'Apio-ToPovXos, historian. Preface, 1 ; II. 3. 7 ; vide Introd., p. xxxii.
'ApKrTOT£'\T]s, the philosopher. Introd., p. xiii.
'AptrdfiTis, satrap of Cilicia and Persian general. I. 12. 8 ; II. 4. 5.
"Ap<rT)s, King of Persia. II. 14. 2.
'Ap(rirr\s, satrap of Phrygia ; defeated at Granicus. He committedsuicide. I. 12. 8.
'Apra^ep^iis the Second. I. 12. 3.
'Apraiep^T)? the Third ; Ochus, King of Persia, 362-338. II. 14. 2.
"ApTejits. I. 17. 9.
'AcTKavia, a sea-water lake in Phrygia on the road to Celffince. Cf.
Herod, vii. 30. I. 29. 1.
^A<rarvpla= ^vpia. II. 5. 1 ; 6. 1.
"ArraXos, leader of tlie Agrianian liglit troops. II. 9. 2.
AvTo4>pa8dTT]s, Persian general. II. 1. 3.
•AxiXXtiis. I. 12. 1.
BapvXtt>v = Bab-ilu— i.e., the gate of God, capital of Babylonia,situated on both sides of the Euphrates
; population over twomillions
; area tliree times that of London. A few ruins at thevillage of Hillah mark its ancient site. II. 14. 8 ; 16. 5.
Baywas, an Egyptian, a favourite of Artaxerxes III., who waspoisoned by him. He put Codomannus on the throne, and wasafterwards executed by him. II. 14. 5.
162 AERIAN,
Bans. II. 25. 4.
BvpXos, one of the oldest Phcenician cities, now Djebel. II. 15. 6.
Bv^avTiov = Constcantinople, founded 667 B.C. I. 3. 1.
Tola, a well-fortified town in south of Palestine. Very important
strategically, as it commanded the road connecting Palestine
and Egypt. II. 26. 1; 27. 6.
Tirai 01 dGavarC^ovrts, a Thracian tribe from the banks of the Ister
(Danube). I. 3. 2.
rXavK^as, king of the Taulantii. 1. 5. 1.
FopSiov, formerly the residence of the Phrygian kings, situated on
the Sangarius river (now the Sakkaria). Strategically important
because here the natural route from the Sea of Marmora—in part
now the line of a railway—meets the great Anatolian highway.
I. 29. 3 ; II. 3. 1.
PpaviKos, a small river in N.W. Asia Minor ; rises in Ida and flows
into the Propontis. I. 13. 1.
Aa|j.a<rKOS = modern Esh Sham; built in an oasis; capital of
Ccelesyria. II. 11. 9.
Aap€ios Ko8ofj.dvvos. Introd., p. xxii ; I. 12. 4; II. 6. 1; 8. 1;
14. 1.
Aao-KviXiov, a town on the Propontis, centre of the satrapies of
Mysia and Phrygia Minor. I. 17. 2.
Aii|xd8T)s, one of the ten Attic orators ; violent opponent of Demos-
thenes and his anti-Macedonian policy. I. 10. 3.
AiifidpttTOS, a Corinthian, one of Alexander's staff. I. 15. 6.
At)|aoo-06vt)s, the orator, leader of the patriotic anti - Macedonian
party. I. 10. 4.
Aiowo-os. II. 16. 3.
"EPpos, the largest river of Thrace (now the Maritza). I. 11. 4.
'EKttTaios, one of the earliest Xnyonoiol (chroniclers) ; fl. 550-476 B.C.
at Miletus. Herodotus borrows largely from his works. II.
16. 5.
'EXXdviKos, one of Alexander's generals. I. 21. 5.
EvvXos, King of Byblus. II. 20. 1.
'EiraiA«ivtt.v8as, leader of Thebes during the " Theban supremacy"
(cf. App. A). I. 9. 4.
"Epp.os, a I'iver, flows through Phrygia and Lydia (now the Sarabat).
I. 17. 4.
Eiipoia. II. 2. 4.
Evpvii^Swv, a river of Pamphylia. I. 27. 1.
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 163
"E<f>eo-os, the richest city of Ionia. Its site, at the mouth of theCa^-ster, is now marked by the ruins near the village of
Ayasalouk [vide illustration, p. 36). I. 17. 9.
Zt'Xeia, a city at the foot of Mount Ida. I. 12. 8.
'H-yeXoxos, admiral of the Macedonian fleet. II. 2. 3.
'HpaK\eovs o-rriXai = Calpe (Gibraltar) and Abyla (Ceuta). II. 16. 4.
'HpaKXi]s. II. 24. 6 (note).
'Hpo8oTos of Halicarnassus, "the father of history," fl. 443 B.C.
Frequently imitated by Arrian (cf. App. C, note). II. 16. 3.
'H(})aicrTiwv, Alexander's bosom-friend and comrade; captain of the
&y7]fia (the "king's own" corps) ; adjutant-general of the army,
I. 12. 1 ; II. 12. 6.
0d\|/aKos = Tiphsah (the ford) of 1 Kings iv. 24; once the farthest
city of Solomon's kingdom, now ruins near El Hama ; important
city commanding the trade-route from Syria to the interior of
Asia. II. 13. 1.
Geo-o-aXol. I. 14. 3 ; II. 7. 8.
GriPai. I. 7. 1.
0T)p(ov, tyrant of Agrigentum. I. 12. 2.
©paKT], the north coast of the .Egean from the Strymon to the
Bosphorus, a rough mountainous district, nominally tributary
to Macedonia. I. 1. 4.
'IdJvYts, a branch of the lagj^ges (a tribe dwelling on the banks of
the Dnieper) who had settled between the Danube and the
Theiss. I. 3. 2.
"IaKx.os, the festal song sung at the Elerisinia in honour of Dionysus,
II. 16. 3.
"ipT|p€s, the inliabitants of the Spanish peninsula. II. 6. 4.
"IXtov. I. 11. 8.
'IXXvpiot, tribes akin to the Thracians, inhabiting the modernDalmatia, Bosnia, and Southern Croatia. I. 1. 4.
'IdXaos, a friend and charioteer of Heracles, wnrshipped at Thebes.
I. 7. 7.
'liTiTias. II. 13. 6.
'Icro-ds, a small town at the north foot of the Amankce iiyhv, situated
in a narrow valley. II. 7. 1 ; 20. 3.
"lerrpos, Thracian name for the lower reaches of the Danube, later
called by the Celtic name Danuvius ; formed the northern
border of Alexander's kingdom. I. 2. 1 ; 3. 1.
'I(j)iKpdTTis. II. 15. 2, 4 ; App. A, p. 145.
164 ARRIAN.
Ka8|A€ia, the citadel of Thebes ; since 338 B.C. held by the Mace-
donians. I. 7. 1.
Kd8[Aos ( = Kedem, Qadmi, an Eastern man), the legendary founder
of Thebes. II. 16. 1.
KairiraSoKfa, a province of Asia Minor, between Cilicia and the
Black Sea. I. 16. 3.
Kapia, a south-western province of Asia Minor. I. 20. 2 ; 23. 6-S.
KapxTjSdvioi, Carthage ( = Phcen. Kiriath-Hadeschath— i.e., New-town), the most populous and powerful city of N. Africa. II.
24. 5.
KeXaival, a town in Phrygia. I. 29. 1.
KeXral, a widely spread branch of the Aryan people occupying at
one time France, Britain, Spain, and a large part of S. German}-.
I. 3. 1.
KepKiviTis, now the lake of Terkino (cf. Herod, v. 15). I. 11. 3.
KiXiK^a. II. 4. 2 ; 12. 2.
KXe'apxos. I. 22. 7.
Koivos, leader of Alexander's phalanx. I. 6. 9 ; II. 8. 3 ; 23. 2.
KoXojval, a small city of Mysia. I. 12. 6.
KovdSai, the Quadi, a powerful Teutonic race (wronglj' called Celts
by Arrian) occupying, in Arrian's time (120 A. d.), S.E. Germanybetween the Hercynian Forest and the Danube. I. 3. 2.
Kovpuvs, an inhabitant of Curion, a town of Cyprus. II. 22. 2.
Kparepos, Alexander's most valued heavy-infantry general. I. 14.
2 ; II. 8. 4.
KxiSvos, a river of Cilicia (now the Carasu). II. 4. 7.
KvjiT], the largest of the ^Eolian cities of Asia Minor, mother-city
of Side in Pamphylia and Cumai in Campania. I. 26. 4.
Kvva, Alexander's sister. I. 5. 4.
Kvirpioi. Cyprus supplied the best sailors for Alexander's fleet.
I. 18. 7; II. 20. 7.
Kvpos, Cyrus the younger. I. 12. 3 ; II. 4. 3.
Kws, an island off the coast of Asia Minor near Halicarnassus.
II. 5. 7.
Adyyapos, king of the Agriani. I. 5. 2.
Ad^os IlToXeiAalos. Introd., p. xxxi.
Ad8ii, an island off Miletus. I. 18. 4 ; 19. 3.
Ad|A\J/aKos, a city on the Hellespont (now Lapsaci). I. 12. 6.
Aedwaros, a Macedonian prince, Alexander's adjutant-general. II.
12. 4.
Ae'o-pos, a large and fertile island oft" Mysia. II. 1. 1.
Aeu-yaia I'Xt]. II. 9. 3.
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 165
Av8ia, the central district of the west coast of Asia Minor. I. 12. 8.
AvKovp^os, a leader of the patriotic anti-Macedonian party at Athens,
the most honest statesman and soundest finance minister that
Athens ever possessed. I. 10. 4.
AtPo-iTTTros of Sicyon, one of the greatest Greek statuai'ies, fl. 330
B.C. His works, said to have numbered 1500, were almost all
in bronze. I. 16. 4.
MaYapo-6s, a city of Cilicia. II. 5. 9.
Ma-yvT]<ria, a town in Caria, on a tributary of the Mreander. I. 18. 1.
MatavSpos, a river of Ionia, flows into Ionian Sea about ten miles
north of Miletus. I. 19. 7.
Mai|xaKTT|pL<ov, the fifth Attic month = end of October and beginning
of November. II. 11. 10.
MttKeSovcs. Introd., p. xxiv.
MaWbs, a city on the coast of Cilicia. II. 5. 9.
MavT£v€ia, a city in Arcadia. Here, in 362 B.C., Epaminondas
defeated the Spartans, but received his death-wound. I. 9. 4.
MapidfiiATi. II. 13. 8.
MapKojiavvoi, a Teutonic nation (not, as Arrian says, Celtic) whooriginally lived in the S.W. of Germany, but about B.C. 20,
under Maroboduus, migrated into the country of the Boii
(Bohemia) and founded a powerful kingdom extending as far
south as the Danube. I. 3. 2.
MeXe'aYpos, one of the leaders of the Macedonian phalanx. I. 4. 5
;
11. 8. 4.
M€(ivtov, the Rhodian leader of Darius's Greek mercenaries, the only
sound strategist on the Persian side (cf. App. A, p. 148). I.
12. 9; 11. 1. 1.
Me'vTis. II. 12. 2.
Mt'vTwp, brother of Memnon ; like him, a leader of Darius's Greek
mercenaries. II. 2. 1.
Mt'vwv, Alexander's governor of Coelesyria. II. 13. 7.
MfjSot ( = Pers. Mdda), the people of Media
—
i.e., west of the great
Iranian plateau, the most important province of the Persian
Empire. I. 9. 7 ; II. 6. 7.
M£8as, son of Gordius, King of Phrygia. II. 3. 1.
ML0pt8ttTT)s, Darius's brother-in-law. I. 15. 7.
MiOpCvTis, Persian commander of Sardis. I. 17. 3.
MtXiiTos, a flourishing seaport town of the Ionic Greeks, south of
Mycale {vide infra). I. 18. 3.
MvKaXi], a promontory on west coast of Asia Minor opposite Samos,
headquarters of Persian fleet. I. 18. 5.
166 ARRIAN.
Ne'apxos. Introd., p. xxx.
Neero-os, a river of Thrace (now the Mesto). I. 1. 5.
NiKoLvwp, son of Parmenio, commander of the Argyraspides
—
i.e.,
king's light-armed bodyguard. I. IS. 4.
Ni<|)dTT)s, Persian general. I. 12. 8.
'^evo^av, son of Gryllus, historian of the ' Anabasis ' of the ten
thousand Greeks. I. 12. 3 ; II. 4, 3.
Ol8iirovs, mythical king of Thebes. II. 16. 2.
'OXv(jnrta, in Elis on the Aljoheus ; here, every fifth year at the
begiiniing of July, the Oljnipic games took place. I. 11. 5.
'0\v(j.irias, Alexander's mother. Introd., p. xii.
"OjATipos. I. 12. 1,
'0|xdTL|jLoi, the Persian "peers." II. 11. 9.
'OpovTapaTTjs, satrap of Caria. I. 23. 1.
Xldyyaiov, a spur of Mount Rliodope between the Strvmon and the
Nessus, which Alexander crossed on his way to Asia. Xerxes
had followed the same route towards Greece (Herod, v. 16).
I. 11. 4.
Ilaiovia, northern part of Macedonia, which furnished Alexander
with some of his best light horse. I. 5. 1 ; II. 7. 5.
IIaLTi,K'f| x^P*' I- !!• 4.
IIap|j.€via>v, Alexander's most distinguished general ; had served
under Philip ; executed in 330 with his son Philotas for sup-
posed complicity in a conspiracy.
ndrapa, a town of Lycia, famous for its Apollo-cult. I. 24. 4.
ndrpoKXcs, Achilles' bosom-friend, slain by Hector. I. 12. 1.
na<j)\a-y6v€S, inhabitants of N. Asia Minor on the Black Sea.
II. 4. 1.
IleXXa, a fortified town in Lower Macedonia, residence of the kings.
Introd., p. xxvi.
Xlep-yi], a town in Paniphylia. I. 26. 1.
IlepS^KKas, the son of Orontes ; on him, as one of Alexander's
leading generals, the chief authority devolved after the king's
death. I. 6. 9 ; 14. 2 ; II. 8. 3.
IlepKtoTT], a town in Phrygia. I. 12. 6.
Ilepo-at. Introd., p. xxi ; II. 14. 4.
nerCvTis. I. 12. 8.
JlivKt], an island in the Danube. I. 2. 2.
IItiXiov, a fortress on the border of Macedonia and Illyria.. I. 5. 5.
IlCvSapos, the greatest Greek lyric poet, born near Thebes 522 B.C.
I. 9. 10.
INDEX OF PROPER NAMES. 1G7
IlKrCSai, inhabitants of tlie mountainous district in N. Pampliylia.
I. 24. 6.
nXaratal, an ancient city of Bojotia ; here, in 479 B.C., the Persians
were defeated. I. 8. 8.
Ilo\va"Trip)(o)v , a commander of the Macedonian phalanx. II. 12. 2.
Xlpidixos, hast king of Troy, shiin by Neoptolemus. I. 11. 8.
Ilpiairos, god of plenty and of the generative powers of nature.
I. 12. 7.
UToXcfj-aios, son of Lagus {vide Introd., p. xxxi). II. 11. 8.
Jli\ai = &fpfj.oTrv\ai—i.e., the pass between the Malian Gulf and a
spur of Mount (Eta ; it was about 50 feet broad and could be
closed with a gate. Here, in 480 B.C., Leonidas resisted the
Persians. I. 7. 5.
nvpa[i.os, a river of Cilicia. II. 5. 8.
'P€0|AC9pr]s, a satrap of Darius, killed at Issus. I. 12. 8.
' PoiorctKTjs, satrap killed by Alexander himself at Granicus. L15. 7.
SapSavdiraXos, mythical king of Nineveh. His fall and death are
supposed to have taken place in 876 B.C. II. 5. 3.
2dp8eis, the capital of Lydia, populous and well fortified. Its i-uins
are now called Sart {vide illustration, p. 84). I. 17. 3.
Savpo|xdTai, a wild Scythian tribe = Latin Sarmates. I. 3. 2.
Sc|ie'Xii, in mythology the mother of Dionysiis ; had important cult
at Thebes; probably to be identified with " Semlath of the
vineyard." II. 16. 1.
S€[j.Cpa|Ais, mythical foundress of Nineveh. I. 23. 7.
SecTTos, a Thracian city at the narrowest part of the Hellespont,
opposite to Abydos (now Jalova). I. 11. 5.
SiScov, the oldest city of Phoenicia (now Saida), twenty miles north
of Tyre. II. 15. 6 ; II. 19-24.
SirdXKTis, chief and leader of the Thracians. I. 28. 4 ; II. 5. 1.
2Kv0ai, a nomad people of Indo-Germanic stem, extending from tlie
Sea of Aral to the Don. I. 3. 2.
2oXoi,, a coast-town of Cilicia. II. 5. 5.
SiriOpaSdrT]?, satrap of Ionia. I. 12. 8.
2TV|i<}>aia, a district in the south-west of Macedonia. I. 7. 5.
SupjAos, king of the Triballi. I. 2. 2.
2vp<}>a|, leader of Ephesians. I. 17. 12.
Sa)KpdTi]s, one of Alexander's cavahy leaders. I. 12. 7.
StoiroXts, leader of Macedonian heavy cavahy. I. 2. 5.
2u>)(^oi, a people and district of Syria. II. 6. 1.
168 AKRIAN.
Tdpo-os, a populous city of Cilicia on the Cydnus ; the scene of
Alexander's severe illness. II. 4. 5
TapTT]o-o-os, an important colony of the Phoenicians in S. Spain on
the Guadalquivir (the Tarshish of the Bible). II. 16. 4.
TavXdvTioi, a small lUyrian clan near Dyrrhachium. I. 5. 1
.
TaCpos, a mountain-range of Cilicia and Lydia. II. 4. 7.
TeXfiwro-fis, a town of Caria. I. 24. 4.
Ttpfj.-qo-0-bs, a Pisidian town on Mount Taurus. I. 27. 5.
TijidXaos, one of the Spartan garrison of the Cadmea. I. 7. 1.
TpiPaXXol, an unruly Tlu'acian tril)e dwelling near the Danube,
reduced by Alexander and compelled to furnish troops for his
army. I. 1. 4.
TpiiroXis, an important town of Phaniicia, famous as a great trade-
centre (now Tripoli). II. 13. 2.
Tvpos (=:Pha5nician Sor—i.e., rock), the most popidous and flourish-
ing seaport and manufacturing city of Phtenicia. The city
proper lay on two small rocky islands 1600 yards from the land,
whilst the large suburbs, PaLx'tyrus (Old Tyre), were situated
on the mainland (cf. map, p. 137). II. 15. 6-24.
' YTr£p€i8i]s, one of the ten Attic orators, a leader of the anti-
Macedonian patriotic party and a friend of Demosthenes. Hewas killed by order of Antipater in 322 B.C. I. 10. 4.
4>apvdpa^os, son of Artabazus, successor of Memnon as Darius's
adviser. II. 1. 3.
4>tXnriros, Alexander's father [vide Introd., p. xxvi). I. 1. 1.
^iXtoTtts, son of Parmenio ; boon-comi^anion of Alexander ; leader
of Macedonian heavy cavalry ; executed by Alexander for
supposed complicity in a conspiracy. I. 2. 1.
4>oiviK€s, the inhabitants of the centre of the Syrian coast-line. I.
18. 7 ; II. 2. 5.
^pv^Ca, one of the chief districts of Asia Minor, was divided into
Greater Phrygia between Bithynia and Pisidia, and Lesser
Phrygia on the Hellespont. I. 12. 8.
XdpTjs, Athenian politician of the anti-Macedonian party. I. 10. 4.
'fl(xdpT)s, a commander of mercenaries under Darius. 1. 16. 3.
'flxos, King of Persia before Darius Codomannus. Introd., p. xxiii.
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