activity 10, 11 & 13_ prelab internal organs
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INTERNAL ORGANSINTERNAL ORGANSINTERNAL ORGANSINTERNAL ORGANSActivity 10: Activity 10: Digestive System Digestive System Activity 11: Activity 11: Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemActivity 13: Activity 13: Urogenital SystemUrogenital System
Activity 10: Activity 10: Digestive System Digestive System Activity 11: Activity 11: Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemActivity 13: Activity 13: Urogenital SystemUrogenital System
VERTEBRATE BODY CAVITIESVERTEBRATE BODY CAVITIESVERTEBRATE BODY CAVITIESVERTEBRATE BODY CAVITIES
DORSALDORSAL Cranial cavityCranial cavity Spinal cavitySpinal cavity
VENTRALVENTRAL (in humans)(in humans) ThoracicThoracic Abdominopelvic cavityAbdominopelvic cavity
AbdominalAbdominalpelvicpelvic
IN FROGSIN FROGSIN FROGSIN FROGS
Pericardial cavityPericardial cavity
Pleuroperitoneal Pleuroperitoneal cavitycavity
PERICARDIAL CAVITY PERICARDIAL CAVITY
Found in the midthoracic regionFound in the midthoracic region
Space within the pericardiumSpace within the pericardium
Contains the heartContains the heart
PLEUROPERITONEAL CAVITYPLEUROPERITONEAL CAVITY
Cavity in which the lungs and other Cavity in which the lungs and other internal organs (exept the heart) can be internal organs (exept the heart) can be foundfound
ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THIS CAVITY:ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THIS CAVITY: Digestive systemDigestive system Part of the Part of the Respiratory systemRespiratory system Urogenital systemUrogenital system
I. DIGESTIVE SYSTEMI. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
responsible for responsible for digestiondigestion Breakdown of ingested foodBreakdown of ingested food Absorption of nutrients into the bloodAbsorption of nutrients into the blood Elimination of undigested remainsElimination of undigested remains
SUBDIVIDED INTO:SUBDIVIDED INTO: Alimentary/digestive tractAlimentary/digestive tract – continuous – continuous
hollow tubehollow tube Accessory organs/glandsAccessory organs/glands
Organs of the Alimentary CanalOrgans of the Alimentary Canal Mouth
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Cloaca / rectum
Cloacal opening / vent
Digestive GlandsDigestive Glands
Liver – produces bile
Gallbladder – stores bile
Pancreas
Exocrine - produces many digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution
Endocrine – produces insulin and glucagon
Liver – produces bile
Gallbladder – stores bile
Pancreas
Exocrine - produces many digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution
Endocrine – produces insulin and glucagon
LIVER HISTOLOGYLIVER HISTOLOGY
HISTOLOGY OF THE PANCREASHISTOLOGY OF THE PANCREAS
II. RESPIRATORY SYSTEMII. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RespirationRespiration – exchange of gases – exchange of gases Oxygen is inspiredOxygen is inspired Carbon dioxide is expiredCarbon dioxide is expired
TWO STAGES OF RESPIRATION:TWO STAGES OF RESPIRATION: External respirationExternal respiration – exchange of gases – exchange of gases
between the between the environmentenvironment and the and the respiratory respiratory organsorgans
Internal respirationInternal respiration – exchange of gases – exchange of gases between between body fluidsbody fluids and and body cellsbody cells
RESPIRATORY ORGANS OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS OF FROGS / TOADSFROGS / TOADS
LungsLungs
SkinSkin
Mucous lining of the mouthMucous lining of the mouth
HISTOLOGY OF THE LUNGS:HISTOLOGY OF THE LUNGS:
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE GROSS ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM
External nares (External nares (sing. sing. naris)naris)
Internal naresInternal nares
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE GROSS ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM
GROSS ANATOMY OF THE GROSS ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM
IN THE ORAL CAVITY:IN THE ORAL CAVITY:Eustachian tubeEustachian tubePharynxPharynxGlottisGlottisLarynxLarynx Arytenoid cartilageArytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilageCricoid cartilage Vocal cordsVocal cords
BronchusBronchusLungs Lungs Alveoli (Alveoli (sing.sing. alveolus) alveolus)
III. UROGENITAL SYSTEMIII. UROGENITAL SYSTEMIII. UROGENITAL SYSTEMIII. UROGENITAL SYSTEM
ETYMOLOGYETYMOLOGY:: UoroUoro – – urineurine GenitalesGenitales - referring to reproduction- referring to reproduction
UrinaryUrinary and and ReproductiveReproductive systems systems Two functionally separate systems which Two functionally separate systems which
share a common duct systemshare a common duct system
ETYMOLOGYETYMOLOGY:: UoroUoro – – urineurine GenitalesGenitales - referring to reproduction- referring to reproduction
UrinaryUrinary and and ReproductiveReproductive systems systems Two functionally separate systems which Two functionally separate systems which
share a common duct systemshare a common duct system
URINARY SYSTEMURINARY SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS:FUNCTIONS: ExcretionExcretion Osmoregulation Osmoregulation
ORGANS:ORGANS: Kidneys (primary organs)Kidneys (primary organs)
HistologyHistologyGross anatomyGross anatomy
Duct systemDuct system
HISTOLOGY OF A NEPHRONHISTOLOGY OF A NEPHRON
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:
•Kidney•Chromaffin tissue•Mesonephric / Wolffian duct•Urinary bladder•cloaca
•Kidney•Chromaffin tissue•Mesonephric / Wolffian duct•Urinary bladder•cloaca
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
REPRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM SYSTEM (male)(male)
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:
•Testes (sing. testis)•Mesorchium•Vas efferentia•Vas deferens (Wolffian duct)•Corpora adiposa•Bidder’s organ
•Testes (sing. testis)•Mesorchium•Vas efferentia•Vas deferens (Wolffian duct)•Corpora adiposa•Bidder’s organ
REPRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM SYSTEM (female)(female)
IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:
•Ovaries•Mesovarium•Corpora adiposa•Oviducts / Muellerian ducts
•ostium•Uterine enlargement / ovisac
•Ovaries•Mesovarium•Corpora adiposa•Oviducts / Muellerian ducts
•ostium•Uterine enlargement / ovisac
TASKS:TASKS:
1.1. Identify histologically the parts of the Identify histologically the parts of the frog’s/toad’s:frog’s/toad’s:
1.1. KidneysKidneys2.2. testes testes 3.3. ovariesovaries
2.2. Identify the organs of the urogenital Identify the organs of the urogenital system of both the male and female toadsystem of both the male and female toad
3.3. Trace the pathway of urine, egg cells, Trace the pathway of urine, egg cells, and sperm cells in the toadand sperm cells in the toad
GUIDE Q’S: Activity 10GUIDE Q’S: Activity 10
1.1. Trace the passage of food through he Trace the passage of food through he digestive tract.digestive tract.
2.2. List down the accessory structures and List down the accessory structures and glands associated to the digestion process. glands associated to the digestion process. What is their role in digestion. What is their role in digestion.
3.3. Correlate the structural changes in each Correlate the structural changes in each segment of the digestive tract with their segment of the digestive tract with their functionfunction
4.4. Relate the histological appearance of the Relate the histological appearance of the liver and pancreas with their functions.liver and pancreas with their functions.
GUIDE Q’S: Activity 11GUIDE Q’S: Activity 11
1.1. Trace the flow of air from the nostrils Trace the flow of air from the nostrils to the alveoli.to the alveoli.
2.2. What accounts for the spongy texture What accounts for the spongy texture of the lungs?of the lungs?
3.3. What is the functional significance of What is the functional significance of the rich blood supply in the walls of the rich blood supply in the walls of the lungs?the lungs?
GUIDE Q’S: Activity 13GUIDE Q’S: Activity 13
1.1. What are the major steps in urine formation What are the major steps in urine formation in a nephron?in a nephron?
2.2. Describe the important processes involved Describe the important processes involved in gamete formation in testes and ovaries. in gamete formation in testes and ovaries. What are the major differences between the What are the major differences between the two?two?
3.3. Use arrows and trace the pathway of the Use arrows and trace the pathway of the following in the frog:following in the frog:
1.1. UrineUrine2.2. Egg cellsEgg cells3.3. Sperm cells Sperm cells
GUIDE Q’S: CV SystemGUIDE Q’S: CV System
1.1. Why is the ventricle more muscular than Why is the ventricle more muscular than the atria?the atria?
2.2. What valve prevents the backflow of blood What valve prevents the backflow of blood from conus arteriosus to the ventricle?from conus arteriosus to the ventricle?
3.3. How does the blood in the pulmonary vein How does the blood in the pulmonary vein differ from that in the other veins?differ from that in the other veins?
4.4. Name the three veins that empty blood into Name the three veins that empty blood into the sinusvenosus.the sinusvenosus.
GUIDE Q’S: CV SystemGUIDE Q’S: CV System
5.5. Trace the blood from the femoral veins of Trace the blood from the femoral veins of the leg to:the leg to:
1.1. The kidney.The kidney.2.2. The liverThe liver
6.6. What visceral organ system uses the portal What visceral organ system uses the portal system extensively?system extensively?
7.7. Trace the shortest route a blood corpuscle Trace the shortest route a blood corpuscle could take in traveling from the systemic could take in traveling from the systemic arch to the intestine to the right atrium.arch to the intestine to the right atrium.
8.8. How does the blood in the pulmocutaneous How does the blood in the pulmocutaneous arch differ from that in the higher two arch differ from that in the higher two arches?arches?
Go forth and multiply…..Go forth and multiply…..
…your knowledge.…your knowledge.
Go forth and multiply…..Go forth and multiply…..
…your knowledge.…your knowledge.
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