INTERNAL ORGANSINTERNAL ORGANSINTERNAL ORGANSINTERNAL ORGANSActivity 10: Activity 10: Digestive System Digestive System Activity 11: Activity 11: Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemActivity 13: Activity 13: Urogenital SystemUrogenital System

Activity 10: Activity 10: Digestive System Digestive System Activity 11: Activity 11: Respiratory SystemRespiratory SystemActivity 13: Activity 13: Urogenital SystemUrogenital System

VERTEBRATE BODY CAVITIESVERTEBRATE BODY CAVITIESVERTEBRATE BODY CAVITIESVERTEBRATE BODY CAVITIES

DORSALDORSAL Cranial cavityCranial cavity Spinal cavitySpinal cavity

VENTRALVENTRAL (in humans)(in humans) ThoracicThoracic Abdominopelvic cavityAbdominopelvic cavity

AbdominalAbdominalpelvicpelvic

IN FROGSIN FROGSIN FROGSIN FROGS

Pericardial cavityPericardial cavity

Pleuroperitoneal Pleuroperitoneal cavitycavity

PERICARDIAL CAVITY PERICARDIAL CAVITY

Found in the midthoracic regionFound in the midthoracic region

Space within the pericardiumSpace within the pericardium

Contains the heartContains the heart

PLEUROPERITONEAL CAVITYPLEUROPERITONEAL CAVITY

Cavity in which the lungs and other Cavity in which the lungs and other internal organs (exept the heart) can be internal organs (exept the heart) can be foundfound

ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THIS CAVITY:ORGAN SYSTEMS IN THIS CAVITY: Digestive systemDigestive system Part of the Part of the Respiratory systemRespiratory system Urogenital systemUrogenital system

I. DIGESTIVE SYSTEMI. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

responsible for responsible for digestiondigestion Breakdown of ingested foodBreakdown of ingested food Absorption of nutrients into the bloodAbsorption of nutrients into the blood Elimination of undigested remainsElimination of undigested remains

SUBDIVIDED INTO:SUBDIVIDED INTO: Alimentary/digestive tractAlimentary/digestive tract – continuous – continuous

hollow tubehollow tube Accessory organs/glandsAccessory organs/glands

Organs of the Alimentary CanalOrgans of the Alimentary Canal Mouth

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Cloaca / rectum

Cloacal opening / vent

Digestive GlandsDigestive Glands

Liver – produces bile

Gallbladder – stores bile

Pancreas

Exocrine - produces many digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution

Endocrine – produces insulin and glucagon

Liver – produces bile

Gallbladder – stores bile

Pancreas

Exocrine - produces many digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution

Endocrine – produces insulin and glucagon

LIVER HISTOLOGYLIVER HISTOLOGY

HISTOLOGY OF THE PANCREASHISTOLOGY OF THE PANCREAS

II. RESPIRATORY SYSTEMII. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

RespirationRespiration – exchange of gases – exchange of gases Oxygen is inspiredOxygen is inspired Carbon dioxide is expiredCarbon dioxide is expired

TWO STAGES OF RESPIRATION:TWO STAGES OF RESPIRATION: External respirationExternal respiration – exchange of gases – exchange of gases

between the between the environmentenvironment and the and the respiratory respiratory organsorgans

Internal respirationInternal respiration – exchange of gases – exchange of gases between between body fluidsbody fluids and and body cellsbody cells

RESPIRATORY ORGANS OF RESPIRATORY ORGANS OF FROGS / TOADSFROGS / TOADS

LungsLungs

SkinSkin

Mucous lining of the mouthMucous lining of the mouth

HISTOLOGY OF THE LUNGS:HISTOLOGY OF THE LUNGS:

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE GROSS ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM

External nares (External nares (sing. sing. naris)naris)

Internal naresInternal nares

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE GROSS ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM

GROSS ANATOMY OF THE GROSS ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEM

IN THE ORAL CAVITY:IN THE ORAL CAVITY:Eustachian tubeEustachian tubePharynxPharynxGlottisGlottisLarynxLarynx Arytenoid cartilageArytenoid cartilage Cricoid cartilageCricoid cartilage Vocal cordsVocal cords

BronchusBronchusLungs Lungs Alveoli (Alveoli (sing.sing. alveolus) alveolus)

III. UROGENITAL SYSTEMIII. UROGENITAL SYSTEMIII. UROGENITAL SYSTEMIII. UROGENITAL SYSTEM

ETYMOLOGYETYMOLOGY:: UoroUoro – – urineurine GenitalesGenitales - referring to reproduction- referring to reproduction

UrinaryUrinary and and ReproductiveReproductive systems systems Two functionally separate systems which Two functionally separate systems which

share a common duct systemshare a common duct system

ETYMOLOGYETYMOLOGY:: UoroUoro – – urineurine GenitalesGenitales - referring to reproduction- referring to reproduction

UrinaryUrinary and and ReproductiveReproductive systems systems Two functionally separate systems which Two functionally separate systems which

share a common duct systemshare a common duct system

URINARY SYSTEMURINARY SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS:FUNCTIONS: ExcretionExcretion Osmoregulation Osmoregulation

ORGANS:ORGANS: Kidneys (primary organs)Kidneys (primary organs)

HistologyHistologyGross anatomyGross anatomy

Duct systemDuct system

HISTOLOGY OF A NEPHRONHISTOLOGY OF A NEPHRON

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:

•Kidney•Chromaffin tissue•Mesonephric / Wolffian duct•Urinary bladder•cloaca

•Kidney•Chromaffin tissue•Mesonephric / Wolffian duct•Urinary bladder•cloaca

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMREPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

REPRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM SYSTEM (male)(male)

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:

•Testes (sing. testis)•Mesorchium•Vas efferentia•Vas deferens (Wolffian duct)•Corpora adiposa•Bidder’s organ

•Testes (sing. testis)•Mesorchium•Vas efferentia•Vas deferens (Wolffian duct)•Corpora adiposa•Bidder’s organ

REPRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM SYSTEM (female)(female)

IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:IDENTIFY THE FOLLOWING:

•Ovaries•Mesovarium•Corpora adiposa•Oviducts / Muellerian ducts

•ostium•Uterine enlargement / ovisac

•Ovaries•Mesovarium•Corpora adiposa•Oviducts / Muellerian ducts

•ostium•Uterine enlargement / ovisac

TASKS:TASKS:

1.1. Identify histologically the parts of the Identify histologically the parts of the frog’s/toad’s:frog’s/toad’s:

1.1. KidneysKidneys2.2. testes testes 3.3. ovariesovaries

2.2. Identify the organs of the urogenital Identify the organs of the urogenital system of both the male and female toadsystem of both the male and female toad

3.3. Trace the pathway of urine, egg cells, Trace the pathway of urine, egg cells, and sperm cells in the toadand sperm cells in the toad

GUIDE Q’S: Activity 10GUIDE Q’S: Activity 10

1.1. Trace the passage of food through he Trace the passage of food through he digestive tract.digestive tract.

2.2. List down the accessory structures and List down the accessory structures and glands associated to the digestion process. glands associated to the digestion process. What is their role in digestion. What is their role in digestion.

3.3. Correlate the structural changes in each Correlate the structural changes in each segment of the digestive tract with their segment of the digestive tract with their functionfunction

4.4. Relate the histological appearance of the Relate the histological appearance of the liver and pancreas with their functions.liver and pancreas with their functions.

GUIDE Q’S: Activity 11GUIDE Q’S: Activity 11

1.1. Trace the flow of air from the nostrils Trace the flow of air from the nostrils to the alveoli.to the alveoli.

2.2. What accounts for the spongy texture What accounts for the spongy texture of the lungs?of the lungs?

3.3. What is the functional significance of What is the functional significance of the rich blood supply in the walls of the rich blood supply in the walls of the lungs?the lungs?

GUIDE Q’S: Activity 13GUIDE Q’S: Activity 13

1.1. What are the major steps in urine formation What are the major steps in urine formation in a nephron?in a nephron?

2.2. Describe the important processes involved Describe the important processes involved in gamete formation in testes and ovaries. in gamete formation in testes and ovaries. What are the major differences between the What are the major differences between the two?two?

3.3. Use arrows and trace the pathway of the Use arrows and trace the pathway of the following in the frog:following in the frog:

1.1. UrineUrine2.2. Egg cellsEgg cells3.3. Sperm cells Sperm cells

GUIDE Q’S: CV SystemGUIDE Q’S: CV System

1.1. Why is the ventricle more muscular than Why is the ventricle more muscular than the atria?the atria?

2.2. What valve prevents the backflow of blood What valve prevents the backflow of blood from conus arteriosus to the ventricle?from conus arteriosus to the ventricle?

3.3. How does the blood in the pulmonary vein How does the blood in the pulmonary vein differ from that in the other veins?differ from that in the other veins?

4.4. Name the three veins that empty blood into Name the three veins that empty blood into the sinusvenosus.the sinusvenosus.

GUIDE Q’S: CV SystemGUIDE Q’S: CV System

5.5. Trace the blood from the femoral veins of Trace the blood from the femoral veins of the leg to:the leg to:

1.1. The kidney.The kidney.2.2. The liverThe liver

6.6. What visceral organ system uses the portal What visceral organ system uses the portal system extensively?system extensively?

7.7. Trace the shortest route a blood corpuscle Trace the shortest route a blood corpuscle could take in traveling from the systemic could take in traveling from the systemic arch to the intestine to the right atrium.arch to the intestine to the right atrium.

8.8. How does the blood in the pulmocutaneous How does the blood in the pulmocutaneous arch differ from that in the higher two arch differ from that in the higher two arches?arches?

Go forth and multiply…..Go forth and multiply…..

…your knowledge.…your knowledge.

Go forth and multiply…..Go forth and multiply…..

…your knowledge.…your knowledge.