achham landslide
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Landslide Disaster and Hazard Zonation in the Landslide Disaster and Hazard Zonation in the parts of Khaptad area, Achham districtparts of Khaptad area, Achham districtby the landslides of 26-27 August 2006by the landslides of 26-27 August 2006
byby
Birendra Piya (Sr. Div Geologist)Birendra Piya (Sr. Div Geologist) G. R. Chitrakar (Sr. Div Geologist)G. R. Chitrakar (Sr. Div Geologist)
S. P. Manandhar (Geologist)S. P. Manandhar (Geologist)
Department of Mines and GeologyDepartment of Mines and GeologyApril 1,April 1, 20072007
ContentsContents IntroductionIntroduction
ObjectivesObjectives
MethodologyMethodology
AnalysisAnalysis
ResultsResults
ConclusionConclusion
RecommendationRecommendation
IntroductionIntroduction Due to the continue 3 days heavy rainfall starting from 25 August to 27 august 2006 in the far western region, landslide disaster took place causing huge damage in the life and property.
The study area lies in the most remote place of Khaptad VDC of Achham District, Far western Nepal, It is about 455 Km away from Nepalgunj up to Sanfebagar by road and from Sanfebagar it is one full day walk towards the Khaptad national park.
The field program was conducted from 10/10/06 to 18/10/06.
The study was carried out upon the request of Disaster Relief Committee Home Ministry, Nepal Government
ObjectivesObjectives
To study the geological conditions of the area and to investigate the cause of disaster.
To investigate whether the region is safe for the continue settlements for the people of the area or need to be relocated them in some other safe areas.
Finally, to prepare a report with some recommendations.
Methods A toposheet map (sheet no. 2989 09D)
of scale 1:25000 was used as a base map.
Field Survey and Interviews with thelocal people were carried out in thefield.
Ilwis 3.3 Academic version developedby ITC, Netherlands was used for the GIS analysis to prepare landslide
Hazard Zonation map.
Present Scenarios; The Balyalta Village and Guta Villages are the most
affected area by the landslide disaster. The people of the villages have been rehabilated in a temporary
rehabilitation center situated at a close distance from their respective villages.
Many landslides along with major cracks in and around the villages have been developed.
Even the rehabilitation center is located at a landslide risk zone.
The individual houses in the village have been completely abandoned.
The people in the rehabilitation center are lacking of warm clothes and safe shelter.
The loss of life and properties of the people due to landslide disaster is given below in the tabular form.
Contd. Present Scenarios;
Details of the lossDetails of the loss
Disater EffectsNo.
Village Name Household Pop Human Injured House Landloss watermillCasualties Cow & Buffa.Goatsdamaged in ropanidestroyed
Guta Village 21 147 1 2 34 3 13Balyalta Village 92 556 6 8 64 94 6 2000
Putru Village 48 327 0 0 15 7 403 3Mathillo Tuka 66 483 0 0 0 208
TalloTuka 57 385 0 0 0Bhedasen-9 32 201 0 0 0
316 2099 7 10 113 94 16 2611 16
Animal Loss
A ladslide view of Balyalta from Patal villageA ladslide view of Balyalta from Patal village
Rehabilitation center in Balyalta and the landslideRehabilitation center in Balyalta and the landslide
SIBIR 2
A landslide crack developed on the side of the sibir, How safe is the sibir??
Landslides in Guta Khola flowing SW to NELandslides in Guta Khola flowing SW to NE
Khaptad National park
SP Manandhar with the villagers observing rocks in Guta SP Manandhar with the villagers observing rocks in Guta
Khola and the landslide behindKhola and the landslide behind
A primary school of Guta village (A landslide is situated just A primary school of Guta village (A landslide is situated just
on the side of it)on the side of it)
Landslide in the upper part of the Argheli KholaLandslide in the upper part of the Argheli Khola
Argheli Khola
Rehabilitation center in Devisthan VDC – 9Rehabilitation center in Devisthan VDC – 9
Children of Guta village in Rehabilitation centerChildren of Guta village in Rehabilitation center
A scarp of the displaced land >3m down part of the Guta A scarp of the displaced land >3m down part of the Guta villagevillage
>3m
1 man killed, 30 cattles (Cows and Buff) died, 10 cowshed swept away by this landslide located near Guta villagelandslide located near Guta village
A landslide near Guta village facing towards northA landslide near Guta village facing towards north
Rice Cultivation along the hill slopes
A local man showing cracks along the cultivated land
Abandoned houses in Guta village (After 2months)
A Rehabilitation at Devisthan VDC
SIBIR 1
View of Guta village from sibir 1
A view of landslides from Sibir 1 situated below theBallyalta village.
Landslides along the sides of Argheli khola
Rotational Landslides in Argheli khola
Rotational slide on the right side of Argheli Khola, It is active and continuous
The lower part of the landslide is activated by the upper landslide
A suspension bridge washed away by the debris flow.Foundation of the bridge is set up in the colluvial materials
A crack developed in the hill slopes
>1m wide
Cultivation land was washed away by the landslides
A place where a number of cowsheds, were buried along with some people and animals. by the debris flow.
Unstable boulder
Upper part of the landslide (Debris flow)
Balyalta village, Cultivated land and the landslides
Houses in Balyalta Village damaged by the debris flowHouses in Balyalta Village damaged by the debris flow
Khaptad National park
Geology of the study area1.Recent Deposit 2. Crystalline Complex
1.Recent Deposits;
Flood Plain Deposit: Consists of loose Colluvial sediments, Boulders, cobbles, gravel, sand
and silt of granite schist and gneiss.
Colluvial Deposit: Consists of Boulder, fine to coarsegrained sand and silty sand materials which are highly
porous.
2.Crystalline Complex: (Precambrian to Paleozoic)a. Khaptad granite gneiss formationConsists of coarse grained porphyroblastic granite, gneiss, augen
gneiss, migmatites and small bodies of granite, pegmatites and Apilites.
b. Kachalo Khola Kyanite garnet mica schistConsists of well foliated coarse grained kyanite bearing garnet mica
schistc. Phulaut chloritic garnet mica schist formationConsists of thinly bedded well foliated medium to coarse grained
chloritic garnet mica schist.
d. Buriganga Quartzo-feldspathic schist formationConsists of coarse grained quartzo-feldpathic schist, gneiss, banded
gneiss, and augen gneiss with quartzite bands and chlorite mica schist at places.
Contd. Geology of the study area
Landslide Hazard Zonation
Methods• Ilwis 3.3 as a software
• Bivariate statistical analysis approach By C. J van westen (ITC, Netherlands)
• Preparation of factor maps:Landslide distribution mapGeology mapLanduse mapSlope mapAspect map
Methods Contd. Crossing of Landslides map with the
corresponding factor maps
Calculation of Landslide densities
Calculation of Weight values
Creation of weight maps
Classification of weight maps
Creation of Landslide Hazard Zonation map
Wi= DensmapDensclass
= ln
map entire of Areamap entire in the landslide of Area
classparameter certain of Areaclassparameter certain in Landslides of Area
Where,Wi = Weight given to certain parameter classDensclass = Landslide density within the parameter classDensmap = Landslide density within the entire map
The Bivariate statistical approach of Landslide Hazard Zonation is based on the following formula
Floodplain Deposit
Colluvial
Khaptad Granite Gneiss
Kachalo Khola Formation
Phulaut Chloritic Garnet Mica Schist Formation
Buriganga
Legend
0 4000 m
Na. Geological Map of the study areaFactor Maps
b. Landuse MapFactor Maps
c. Slope MapFactor Maps
d. Aspect MapFactor Maps
Landslide Distribution Map
High 39%Moderate 21%Low 40 %
ResultsResults• The Landslide Hazard Zonation Map is prepared.• The study area specially the settlement areas lie in the high
landslide hazard zone, hence it is not safe for settlements.• The Landslide disaster was caused due to the following
factors;a. Excessive rainfall: The Nepalgunj station recorded
rainfall of 310 mm in 24 hours 26-27 August 2006. There was continue rainfall for 72 hours in the affected area.
b. Landuse Practice: Rice cultivation with proper canal facilities and over grazing of cattles in the near by forest area are the main occupation of the people in the area .
c. Geological conditions and steep slopes: The area lies in the High Himalayan Crystalline
zone consisting of well foliated coarse grained Kyanite and garnet bearing mica schist, granites and gneiss. The mica schist is highly weathered. Geographically the
area is situated in steep slopes with an altitude range of 1600 m to 1850 mmsl.
d. Toe Cutting: The area consists of narrow and highly gradient
streams and the tributaries, due to which when there is an excessive rainfall, water flows with high velocity leading to toe cuttings along the sides of the streams.
Results Contd.Results Contd.
Results Contd.Results Contd.The landslide hazard zonation map is prepared using Ilwis 3.3 software and it shows that nearly 39 percentage of the study area is covered by high hazard zone, 21 percentage is covered by moderately hazard zone and 40 percent of the area is covered by low hazard zone.
ConclusionConclusion The landslide disaster of 26 and 27th August, 2006
took the lives of 7 people injuring 10 along with the damage in property.
The geological and topographical conditions, Landuse practices, excessive and long duration of rainfall and toe cuttings were the main causes of landslide
disaster.
There are still many huge cracks developed in and around the village area basically in the hill slopes. At some places the ground subsidence has also occurred.
The people of the area are set up in the two rehabilitation camps in the near by areas, one of which is situated near the huge crack area and hence is under the threats of landslide.
The area (Khaptad region) receives high rate of precipitation every year. Very thick snow fall begins to occur there from the month of October.
All the villages ( Balyalta, Guta, Putru, Bhedasen and Tuka villages) are under the threats of further landslides in the future, hence the region is not safe for the
settlement.
Contd. Conclusion
Most of the active and old landslides falls within the high hazard zone indicating good reliability and satisfactory precision of Bivariate-Statistical Model in Landslide Hazard Zonation mapping.
It is found that About 94% of the landslides occurs in High Hazard Zone, About 5 % of the landslides occurs in Moderately hazard zone and the rest
occurs in Low Hazard Zone.
Contd. Conclusion
Recommendations
Rice cultivation and over grazing of the cattle in the area should be discouraged.
Afforestation program should be carried out in the barren slopes.
Proper drainage should be maintained for the seepage, spring water and for the runoff water.
A detail study is essential regarding the stability of the region.
Although many of the landslides can be minimized by applying mitigation measures such as by using bio engineering techniques, Retaining walls, Jute netting, Gabion walls, French drains etc. In this case from the economic point of view and its geographical
situation, it would be wise to relocate the people in some other safe areas instead of trying to resettle them in the same areas just by applying some mitigation measures. It is essential to shift the people in the safe areas before the coming Monsoon Season.
Recommendation Contd.
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