american trade american traders were very clever figured out quickly what other countries needed...

American Trade

American traders were very clever figured out quickly what other countries needed &

wanted: i.e. furs, ginseng, ice!

Traded all over world & w/ Nat. Americans

Some trading trips would last up to 3 yrs!

Sailing in foreign seas was dangerous. Ships in Mediterranean had to be aware of pirates

from Tripoli & other Barbary Coast states of N. Africa. These pirates would:

steal cargos kill crew

Tripoli demanded tribute, or protection $, from European govts to let ships pass.

I. Freedom of the Seas (pages 339–340)

Tripoli asked for bigger bribe in early 1800s Jefferson refused Tripoli declared war on U.S. Jefferson blockaded Tripoli w/ navy

In 1804, pirates seized U.S. ship (the Philadelphia) Had it towed to Tripoli Harbor Threw captain & crew in jail.


Stephen Decatur (U.S. Navy capt.) burned captured ship to prevent pirates from using it. Decatur huge hero

War went on w/ Tripoli till 1805- U.S. won Tripoli signed treaty promising not to attack

ships or demand tributes anymore U.S. had to pay $60,000 ransom for return of

American prisoners.


Britain & France go to war againBtwn. 1803-1805 U.S. trade prospered

because U.S. claimed neutral rights- right to sail seas & not take sides- in war btwn. Britain & France.

Neither France nor Britain want U.S. to trade w/ their enemy & capture U.S. ships

In 1805 Britain & France began new policy of seizing & searching U.S. ships.


British needed soldiers in Royal Navy because many were deserting.

British naval patrols stopped U.S. ships & searched for any soldiers they thought might be British deserters.

British would force sailors on U.S. ships to serve in British navy- impressment.


In 1807 British intercepted U.S. ship off coast of VA Demanded to search it Capt. of U.S. ship refused British opened fire

Because of this, impressment & capturing ships many in U.S. want war w/Britain

Jefferson wanted to avoid war like Washington & Adams


Issued Embargo Act- no importing or exporting

Jefferson believed British depended on US produce

Embargo backfired Britain got agricultural from Latin

America Hurt farmers, merchants, sailors… Some became smugglers Jefferson sent out navy & troops to

enforce


1808 James Madison elected prez. Madison facts:

4th president DOB: March 16, 1751 Port Conway, VA Death: June 28,1836, at home of 85 yrs. Career: activist in Revolution- too frail to enlist in

army. Elected to VA legislature at 25, delegate to Continental Congress, "Father of the Constitution", coauthor of The Federalist Papers, member of House of Reps, coorganizer of Democratic-Republican party, Sec. of State under Jefferson.

Personal: Wife- Dolley Madison # of Children: None School Attended: Princeton University Professions: farmer, planter Our smallest prez.-100 pounds, 5’ 4” tall 1 of 2 prez. to sign Const. 1st prez. to wear trousers instead of knee breeches Known as “Father of the Constitution” ½ 1st cousin twice removed of Washington & 2nd

cousin of Zachary Taylor Younger than both of his v.p.s, & both of his v.p.s

died while they were in office. Diagnosed as epileptic Only prez. to face enemy gunfire while in office.

Madison was a bachelor till age 43, when Aaron Burr introduced him to widow Dolley Todd. The lively and popular Dolley often overshadowed her soft-spoken husband.

U.S. played a game of chicken w/ France & Britain

In 1810 Napoleon Bonaparte promised to end France’s trade restrictions w/ US US resumed trade w/ French. However, French continued to seize American

ships. Americans were unsure of who their enemy was—

British or French.

II. War Fever (pages 341–345)

OH became a state in 1803 more farmers began settling in OH Valley on land

that had been guaranteed to Native Americans.

Tecumseh, a powerful Shawnee chief, built a confederacy among Native American nations in Northwest

Wanted to halt white movement onto Native American lands.


The Prophet was Tecumseh’s brotherHe urged Native Americans to return to

customs of their ancestors. He attracted a huge following & set up a

village in northern IN called Prophetstown.


William Henry Harrison, gov.of IN territory, was alarmed by Shawnee brothers. wrote a letter to Tecumseh, telling him US had

many more warriors than Native Americans. Tecumseh went in person to speak to white people.


Harrison attacked Prophetstown in 1811 in Battle of Tippecanoe.

Many Native Americans, including Tecumseh, fled to Canada.

This flight to Canada led Americans to believe British were supporting Native Americans.

(Canada is British)


A group of young Republicans known as War Hawks pressured Prez. Madison into declare war on Britain.

They wanted: revenge for British actions against

Americans to expand United States power.

Their nationalism, or loyalty to their country, appealed to many Americans.


Henry Clay & John Calhoun led War Hawks.

By spring of 1812 Madison had decided that war w/Britain was inevitable.

Ironically, he had not received word of Britain’s decision to end searches & seizures of American ships.


I. War Begins (pages 354–355)

Since Jefferson believed in small gov’t he reduced size of military Only 16 ships in U.S. navy Army

small poorly trained badly-equipped no experience


Army would rely on volunteers if U.S. had any chance Congress offered anyone willing to fight $124 & 360

acres of land Many took offer

underestimated how hard it would be & deserted after few months

Not everyone in U.S. is behind war “Mr. Madison’s War”

Even though Britain is busy fighting France they send ships to blockade U.S. east coast


War Hawks had planned to conquer Canada Felt that Canadians would voluntarily become

Americans rather than stay under British rule

Fighting starts July 1812- U.S. Gen. William Hull led troops from Detroit (MI) toward Canada Met Tecumseh & his warriors. Hull surrendered Detroit to small British force in Aug.


1813- U.S. wanted to win control of Lake ErieOliver Hazard Perry, commander of Lake Erie

naval forces assembled fleet Sept. 10, 1813 Perry’s tiny fleet fought British

Perry’s ship was attacked & about to be lost-he rowed to another & raised colors

In bloody battle, Perry’s ships defeated British naval force.“ We have met the enemy and they are

ours” Lake Erie is under American control


After loss at Lake Erie British retreat back to Canada Tecumseh & his people are British allies Gen. William Henry Harrison is on their tail At Battle of Thames U.S. wins & Tecumseh is killed

W/out Tecumseh’s leadership alliance fell apart

U.S. still could not conquer CanadaBy end of 1813 Americans had won some

battles on land & at sea.


Americans had 3 of fastest frigates, or warships, afloat Successfully destroyed British ships. Constitution- “Old Ironsides”

American privateers, armed private ships, also captured numerous British vessels.

Boosted American morale


March 1814- Andrew Jackson (TN planter) led attack against Creek tribe in AL. U.S. won bloody battle slaughtering more than 550

Creek Defeat at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend forced Creek

to give up most of their lands to U.S.

II. The British Offensive (pages 356–359)

In spring 1814 Britain defeated France- free to join War of 1812

August 1814 British sailed into Chesapeake Bay

U.S. army met them as Madison watched U.S. no match for Brits British made way to D.C.

Dolley Madison was waiting for husband (close enough to hear cannon fire) Before leaving White House she wisely grabbed

important papers & portrait of Washington Soon after she left, British arrived & burned White

House & surrounding buildings


British left D.C., & sailed to Baltimore. Baltimore was ready for British attack

Brits attack on Sept. 13th

Fort McHenry in Baltimore was strong defense

By morning of Sept. 14 U.S. flag was still flying over Fort McHenry- British withdrew

Francis Scott Key wrote a song about battle that is now our national anthem, “The Star-Spangled Banner.”


British troops entered NY state from Canada to capture Plattsburgh (key city on shore of Lake Champlain).

U.S. naval force on Lake Champlain defeated British British retreated to Canada.


Britain decided to end war- fighting would cost them too much w/ little to gain. On Dec. 24, 1814, Britain signed peace agreement

called Treaty of Ghent. Didn’t really solve anything

(impressment, neutral rights, borders)


Before news of treaty became known, another battle broke out in New Orleans. Jan. 8,1815 British attacked New Orleans - again &

again Andrew Jackson & his troops were dug in & ready Americans held them off killing 2,000 British

soldiers & only losing 7 This huge victory at New Orleans:

Was source of national pride & confidence

Made Jackson huge hero


New England Feds had opposed war from start In Dec. 1814 they gathered at Hartford Convention

(CT) Discussed secession Wrote up list of amendments to Const.

After convention, word arrived about Jackson’s victory in New Orleans & peace treaty.

Federalist party seems pretty unpatriotic & lose power

I. Relations with European Powers (pages 363–365)

“The Era of Good Feelings” was time after War of 1812 when sense of national unity was forged in America.

Prez James Monroe represented united America- free of political strife. He toured nation everywhere he went people celebrated his visit.

James Monroe president 1817-1825 Monroe easily elected after Madison’s 8 yrs Reelection of 1820- received all but 1 electoral vote (NH

elector felt Washington should be only unanimously elected prez)

Born: 4/28/1758 Died: 7/4/1831 age 73 Along w/ Jefferson & Adams 1 of 3 prez to die on 4th of

July Graduated from College of William and Mary Married to Elizabeth Monroe 2 daughters Occupation: lawyer Offices held: Member of Continental Congress, Senator,

Minister to France, Gov. of VA, Minister to France and England, Sec. of State, Secretary of War

1st prez previously a senator. 1st prez inaugurated outdoors. 1st prez to ride a steamboat 1st prez to have daughter married in White House. Monroe was 3rd prez in a row from VA Last prez to serve in Revolutionary War


John Quincy Adams, Monroe’s sec. of state, worked to resolve disputes w/ British America needed good relations w/ Britain

Rush-Bagot Treaty sets limits on # of naval vessels Britain & US could have on Great Lakes. Treaty also provided for disarmament (removal of

weapons) along border btwn US & British Canada.


US & Britain worked together to set American-Canadian boundary farther west.

In a 2nd agreement w/ Britain, Americans set boundary of Louisiana Territory btwn US & Canada at 49th parallel. Both countries agreed to demilitarize border- border

w/out armed forces.


Americans also gained right to settle in OR Country, vast area extending from CA to AK.

In early 1800s, Spain, Britain, Russia, & US claimed Oregon Country. Spain & Russia eventually gave up their claims U.S. and Britain based their claims on explorations of

fur trappers & traders. American presence in OR Country grew Treaty of 1846, Britain & US ÷ OR.


US & Spain had disputes over borders in FL Americans had wanted Florida for a long

time Native Americans (Seminoles & Creeks) from FL

raided GA Seminoles gave refuge & welcomed escaped slaves

(“black Seminoles”); sometimes married Slaves fled to FL & Spanish officials protected; after

War of 1812 African Americans occupied a fort in Florida “Negro Fort” & invited slaves to settle


Andrew Jackson demanded Spain demolish Negro Fort Spain refused Jackson came w/ gunboats to attack Black settlers fought back, but had to flee & join up

w/Seminoles In 1818 Gen. Andrew Jackson went beyond

his instructions & invaded Spanish East Florida He was supposed to be stopping Seminole raids on

American territory Instead, he seized control of 2 Spanish forts.


Spain’s minister protested Jackson’s actions Sec. of War John Calhoun said that Jackson should be

court-martialed (tried by a military court) Sec. of State John Quincy Adams disagreed.


The raid demonstrated strength of U.S. military.

Adams-Onís Treaty: Gave FL to U.S. for $5 mill.

Spain was busy fighting in Latin America Spanish officials tried to keep Americans

out of western territories held by Spainthey found this to be increasingly

difficult. U.S. gave up claims to TX


Mexico won its freedom from Spain in 1821 & gained control of western territories.

Mexican govt. at 1st welcomed American traders & settlers into its lands, but later questioned this policy.

I. Relations with European Powers (pages 363–365)US tried to buy territory from Mexico

Mexico refused.

American settlers in TX revolted (ch. 11)Texas gained its independence in 1836 &

statehood in 1845. These events angered Mexico.

Mexico & U.S. went to war following year Mexico was defeated. Both countries signed peace treaty in

1848, giving US what is today CA, AZ, & NM, as well as other western states.

II. The United States and Latin America

(pages 366–367)Latin American countries inspired by

American Revolution begin efforts to gain their own independence

Remember Spain (& Portugal) had been colonizing S. America & Central America for over 300 years

Mexico Miguel Hidalgo- priest who led rebellion against

Spanish govt. of Mexico. Although Hidalgo was executed, Mexico gained its

independence in 1821

II. The US and Latin America(pages 366–367)S. & Central America

Simón Bolívar led movement that won freedom for present-day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Peru, Bolivia, & Ecuador. Known as “the Liberator” & "George

Washington of South America." Bolivia was named in Bolivar's honor, in

1825. The constitution, which he drew up

for Bolivia, is based on U.S.’s

Bolivar the heroMany countries have statues of Bolivar

(including U.S.)He has been commemorated on stamps

& currency


(pages 366–367) José de San Martín achieved independence for

Argentina then helped Chili, Peru & Ecuador

Spain lost all colonies except Cuba & PRAmerica supported independence of Latin

American colonies because they hoped: to weaken European empires gain more trading partners spread democracy.

New Republics

New countries modeled themselves after U.S.

Differences btwn. new countries & U.S.: All different countries instead of 1 Land made it difficult if not impossible to unite as 1 New countries did not have experience of self- rule

because Spain ruled everything- democracy was hard to achieve


(pages 366–367)France, Austria, Russia, & Prussia wanted

to help Spain regain its American holdings.Britain was against this

Wanted to issue joint statement w/US warning other nations

Prez .Monroe decided to go it aloneIn Dec. 1823 Monroe declared that

Americas were no longer to be considered for colonization by European powers.

Monroe warned that no European country should interfere in U.S. affairs.


(pages 366–367)“… as a principle in which the rights and

interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. . .”

“In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy to do so.”


(pages 366–367)These are strong words that may have to be backed by force Proclamation later called Monroe Doctrine. A doctrine is a statement of fundamental govt policy Ironically, most of the Monroe Doctrine was actually

written by John Quincy Adams

Monroe doctrine has served as US foreign policy guidelines since it was issued

american trade american traders were very clever figured out quickly what other countries needed...

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