ALTERNATIVE FUELS

• INTRODUCTION• ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Biofuels (Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Biogas)Natural GasHybrid Electric Vehicles

• ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS• SHOW CASES

● In the EU, transport is responsible for an estimated 21% of all greenhouse gas emissions.

● Fossil oil is the main energy source with a 98% contribution to all transport fuels.

● Drivers can greatly reduce these impacts:

– choosing cleaner vehicles– driving more efficiently

● In most cases these measures will lead to:

– financial savings – environmental benefits

More information

INTRODUCTION

Biofuels (Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Biogas )● Biofuels: fuels from a variety of sources of biomass:

– plant materials – certain types of crops – recycled or waste vegetable oils

● Biodiesel/bioethanol:– They can replace conventional diesel/petrol entirely respectively– They can be blended with diesel/petrol in different proportions:

• Engines require no modification to use 5% blends• For biodiesel, blends up to 20-30% are possible, but it invalidates many manufacturers’

warranties• Bioethanol can be used as:

– E85 (85% ethanol, 15% petrol) in Flexible Fuel Vehicles– Additive ETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether) up to 15%

● Sunfuel/Synfuel:– Gas to liquid fuels: from gasified biomass or biogas via Fischer Tropsch Synthesis.

WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?

● Transport biofuels have risen to prominence in recent years. The main reasons for promoting biofuels are:– To contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions;– To contribute to the security of energy supply;– To promote a greater use of renewable energy;– To diversify agricultural economies into new markets.

WHY PROMOTE BIOFUELS?

To promote the used of biofuels, many memberstates are relying on fuel tax exemptions.

SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions

● What may FAME be made of in Europe?– Animal fat– Used cooking oil– Sunflower– Cotton

● The only wrong answer is Cotton.

● There are a wide variety of feedstocks that can be used to produce biodiesel. Since the type of feedstock heavily influences the fuel characteristics, differences in quality and emissions are common.

Answers from www.greenfleet.info

23%

25%

27%

25%

Animal fat

Cook oil

Sunflower

Cotton

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT BIOFUELS

Strengths

low price/tax exemptions domestic resources

low cost or adapting refuelling stations blending options

Weaknesseslimited offer of OEM vehicles scarcity of refuelling stations

Internal Analysis

BIOFUELS: BIODIESEL, BIOETHANOL

External Analysis

BIOFUELS: BIODIESEL, BIOETHANOL

Opportunitiesglobal/local global warming concerns long term increase of petroleum prices

Challenges

availability of OEM products stable regulatory and fiscal environment

broad public marketing

Natural Gas● Natural Gas as an alternative fuel: clean burning qualities of the product.● It has to be stored in a compressed state (CNG) or in a liquefied state (LNG):

– Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)– Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).

● Methane is the major part of Natural Gas.

IS NATURAL GAS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL?

Filling stations are expensive, but fuelcosts are low. For fleet owners with alarge share of “home based” vehicles it is feasible to purchase an own filling point,and for smaller fleets there might bepossibilities in joint purchase and joint useof a filling point, or to use one from anearby fleet.

SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions

● Is Natural Gas lighter than air at ambient conditions?– Yes, always– Only in warm climates– No, never

● The right answer is yes.

● This means that natural gas would not accumulate on the floor level in case of leakage, which is important when we use natural gas vehicles in underground zones.

Answers from www.greenfleet.info

31%41%

28%

Yes

In warm

No

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT NATURAL GAS

METHANE: NATURAL GAS, BIOGASInternal Analysis

Strengths

low price/tax exceptions low emissions

domestic resources (in some countries)may be blended into the CNG network

Weaknesses

high cost of filling (refuelling) stations limited offer of OEM vehicles (in some segments)

scarcity of refuelling stations higher initial cost of vehicles (partly)

METHANE: NATURAL GAS, BIOGASExternal Analysis

Opportunities

global/local environmental concernsglobal/local global warming concerns (for biogas)

long term increase of petroleum prices

Challenges

availability of OEM products stable regulatory and fiscal environment

broad public marketing technical development of competing diesel engines

(emissions)

Significant potential to reduce emissions for start and stop traffic.

For high mileage users they canmake sense in economic terms.

Advantages in terms of access toinner cities.

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)● Hybrid car: battery engine and internal combustion engine. ● Hybrids are sold at a premium compared to their non-hybrid equivalents

but can bring large fuel savings in start and stop operation (city traffic). In most EU countries hybrids qualify for purchase grants and/or reduced taxes.

WHAT ARE HEVs?

SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions

● Does a serial hybrid vehicle need a gearbox?– Yes, always– No, optional– With in wheel motors only

● The right answer is no.

● Caused by the high torque of electric motors, hybrid electric vehicles are easy to drive in urban environments and off-road.

Answers from www.greenfleet.info

31%

42%27%

Yes, always

No, optional

In wheel motors

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT HEVs

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLESInternal Analysis

Strengths

fuel savings in stop and go traffic conversion path exists from existing ICE concepts

(micro hybrids) same refuelling infrastructure (except for plug in hybrids)

Weaknesseslimited offer of OEM vehicles (in some segments)

high initial cost of vehicles

HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLESExternal Analysis

Opportunities

global/local environmental concerns global/local global warming concerns long term increase of petroleum prices

Challenges

availability of OEM products (especially for city cars) stable regulatory and fiscal environment

(zero emission zones favour plug in hybrids) technical development of ICE (efficiency)

● More than 50 % of the conventional fleet owners will purchase alternativepropulsion vehicles.

● Measures regarding the following aspects are ranged by fleet operators as very positive and important:

Socio-ecological aspects Financial and policy aspects

Company imageGeneral advantages for the ecologyCuriosity towards new technologySupport through local networks

Competitive advantagesNational legislation and policy

Local legislation and policy

ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS

Alternative fuel use in the Municipal Transport Company (EMT) of Madrid (Spain)

– Use of biofuel• 209 vehicles use biodiesel obtained

from rapeseed and sunflower and 5 use bioethanol

– Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

• 202 CNG vehicles and 62 refuelling posts

– Hybrid systems (diesel – electric)• 20 buses

– Use of Fuel cells• H2 Refuelling station able to fill the

tank of the bus in 15 minutes and 350 bar pressure More information

www.emtmadrid.es

SHOW CASES

● Offering Site Visits Twice a Year with Workshop– www.greenfleet.info

● Holding Training Workshops– in certain cities, presenting strengths, weaknesses

and opportunities for alternative fuels and alternative propulsion

– going beyond biodiesel including PPO/SVO pure plant oil, E95 ethanol in diesel electric, hybrid electric, battery electric..

● Training Materials Download – at www.greenfleet.info

HOW SUGRE MIGHT HELP YOU?