ALTERNATIVE FUELS
• INTRODUCTION• ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Biofuels (Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Biogas)Natural GasHybrid Electric Vehicles
• ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS• SHOW CASES
● In the EU, transport is responsible for an estimated 21% of all greenhouse gas emissions.
● Fossil oil is the main energy source with a 98% contribution to all transport fuels.
● Drivers can greatly reduce these impacts:
– choosing cleaner vehicles– driving more efficiently
● In most cases these measures will lead to:
– financial savings – environmental benefits
More information
INTRODUCTION
Biofuels (Biodiesel, Bioethanol, Biogas )● Biofuels: fuels from a variety of sources of biomass:
– plant materials – certain types of crops – recycled or waste vegetable oils
● Biodiesel/bioethanol:– They can replace conventional diesel/petrol entirely respectively– They can be blended with diesel/petrol in different proportions:
• Engines require no modification to use 5% blends• For biodiesel, blends up to 20-30% are possible, but it invalidates many manufacturers’
warranties• Bioethanol can be used as:
– E85 (85% ethanol, 15% petrol) in Flexible Fuel Vehicles– Additive ETBE (ethyl-tertio-butyl-ether) up to 15%
● Sunfuel/Synfuel:– Gas to liquid fuels: from gasified biomass or biogas via Fischer Tropsch Synthesis.
WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?
● Transport biofuels have risen to prominence in recent years. The main reasons for promoting biofuels are:– To contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions;– To contribute to the security of energy supply;– To promote a greater use of renewable energy;– To diversify agricultural economies into new markets.
WHY PROMOTE BIOFUELS?
To promote the used of biofuels, many memberstates are relying on fuel tax exemptions.
SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions
● What may FAME be made of in Europe?– Animal fat– Used cooking oil– Sunflower– Cotton
● The only wrong answer is Cotton.
● There are a wide variety of feedstocks that can be used to produce biodiesel. Since the type of feedstock heavily influences the fuel characteristics, differences in quality and emissions are common.
Answers from www.greenfleet.info
23%
25%
27%
25%
Animal fat
Cook oil
Sunflower
Cotton
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT BIOFUELS
Strengths
low price/tax exemptions domestic resources
low cost or adapting refuelling stations blending options
Weaknesseslimited offer of OEM vehicles scarcity of refuelling stations
Internal Analysis
BIOFUELS: BIODIESEL, BIOETHANOL
External Analysis
BIOFUELS: BIODIESEL, BIOETHANOL
Opportunitiesglobal/local global warming concerns long term increase of petroleum prices
Challenges
availability of OEM products stable regulatory and fiscal environment
broad public marketing
Natural Gas● Natural Gas as an alternative fuel: clean burning qualities of the product.● It has to be stored in a compressed state (CNG) or in a liquefied state (LNG):
– Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)– Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG).
● Methane is the major part of Natural Gas.
IS NATURAL GAS AN ALTERNATIVE FUEL?
Filling stations are expensive, but fuelcosts are low. For fleet owners with alarge share of “home based” vehicles it is feasible to purchase an own filling point,and for smaller fleets there might bepossibilities in joint purchase and joint useof a filling point, or to use one from anearby fleet.
SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions
● Is Natural Gas lighter than air at ambient conditions?– Yes, always– Only in warm climates– No, never
● The right answer is yes.
● This means that natural gas would not accumulate on the floor level in case of leakage, which is important when we use natural gas vehicles in underground zones.
Answers from www.greenfleet.info
31%41%
28%
Yes
In warm
No
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT NATURAL GAS
METHANE: NATURAL GAS, BIOGASInternal Analysis
Strengths
low price/tax exceptions low emissions
domestic resources (in some countries)may be blended into the CNG network
Weaknesses
high cost of filling (refuelling) stations limited offer of OEM vehicles (in some segments)
scarcity of refuelling stations higher initial cost of vehicles (partly)
METHANE: NATURAL GAS, BIOGASExternal Analysis
Opportunities
global/local environmental concernsglobal/local global warming concerns (for biogas)
long term increase of petroleum prices
Challenges
availability of OEM products stable regulatory and fiscal environment
broad public marketing technical development of competing diesel engines
(emissions)
Significant potential to reduce emissions for start and stop traffic.
For high mileage users they canmake sense in economic terms.
Advantages in terms of access toinner cities.
Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV)● Hybrid car: battery engine and internal combustion engine. ● Hybrids are sold at a premium compared to their non-hybrid equivalents
but can bring large fuel savings in start and stop operation (city traffic). In most EU countries hybrids qualify for purchase grants and/or reduced taxes.
WHAT ARE HEVs?
SUGRE Clarifying Misconceptions
● Does a serial hybrid vehicle need a gearbox?– Yes, always– No, optional– With in wheel motors only
● The right answer is no.
● Caused by the high torque of electric motors, hybrid electric vehicles are easy to drive in urban environments and off-road.
Answers from www.greenfleet.info
31%
42%27%
Yes, always
No, optional
In wheel motors
MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT HEVs
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLESInternal Analysis
Strengths
fuel savings in stop and go traffic conversion path exists from existing ICE concepts
(micro hybrids) same refuelling infrastructure (except for plug in hybrids)
Weaknesseslimited offer of OEM vehicles (in some segments)
high initial cost of vehicles
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLESExternal Analysis
Opportunities
global/local environmental concerns global/local global warming concerns long term increase of petroleum prices
Challenges
availability of OEM products (especially for city cars) stable regulatory and fiscal environment
(zero emission zones favour plug in hybrids) technical development of ICE (efficiency)
● More than 50 % of the conventional fleet owners will purchase alternativepropulsion vehicles.
● Measures regarding the following aspects are ranged by fleet operators as very positive and important:
Socio-ecological aspects Financial and policy aspects
Company imageGeneral advantages for the ecologyCuriosity towards new technologySupport through local networks
Competitive advantagesNational legislation and policy
Local legislation and policy
ADVANTAGES OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS
Alternative fuel use in the Municipal Transport Company (EMT) of Madrid (Spain)
– Use of biofuel• 209 vehicles use biodiesel obtained
from rapeseed and sunflower and 5 use bioethanol
– Use of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
• 202 CNG vehicles and 62 refuelling posts
– Hybrid systems (diesel – electric)• 20 buses
– Use of Fuel cells• H2 Refuelling station able to fill the
tank of the bus in 15 minutes and 350 bar pressure More information
www.emtmadrid.es
SHOW CASES
● Offering Site Visits Twice a Year with Workshop– www.greenfleet.info
● Holding Training Workshops– in certain cities, presenting strengths, weaknesses
and opportunities for alternative fuels and alternative propulsion
– going beyond biodiesel including PPO/SVO pure plant oil, E95 ethanol in diesel electric, hybrid electric, battery electric..
● Training Materials Download – at www.greenfleet.info
HOW SUGRE MIGHT HELP YOU?