alternative energy fuels

7/30/2019 Alternative energy Fuels

1/35

Alternative fuelsIs there life after petroleum?


2/35

Hubberts Peak theory


3/35

When will the peak takeplace? U.S oil production peak

Peak of world oilified discoveries

Hubberts estimation for world peak

Nowadays, the facts are

Oil production in decline in 33 out of 48

2 out of 3 largest oil fields have peaked


4/35

Classification of Alt. fuels Gasoline type biofuels

Diesel type biofuels

Other types of internal combustion

External combustion

No combustion


5/35

Gasoline type biofuels Ethanol

Buthanol

Methanol

P-Series

Hydrogen


6/35

Diesel type biofuels Vegetable oils

Waste vegetable oils

Straight vegetable oils

Biodiesel


7/35

Other types of internalcombustion Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

Propane

Synfuel


8/35

External combustion Steam

Organic waste


9/35

No combustion Electric

Solar cell cars


10/35

BioEthanolAlcohol product produced from corn,

sorghum, potatoes, wheat, sugar cane,

even biomass such as cornstalks andvegetable waste.


11/35

Use in combustion engines

Hydrous ethanol

Anhydrous (or dehydrated) ethanol

ETBE

BioEthanol


12/35

BioEthanol - E100 Modifications in the engine to use the

BioEthanol as pure fuel

To increase the relation of compression.

To change the mixture of fuel / air.

To place spark plugs resistant to major

temperatures and pressures.

To place conduits resistant to the assault oftar after caulking.

To add a mechanism that should facilitate

the take-off in cold.


13/35

Domestically produced

Burns 10 % more efficiently than gasoline

FFVs are available and becoming moreaffordable.

BioEthanol - PROs


14/35

Less energy content than gasoline.

Fueling stations yet difficult to find.

Production is yet limited.

Infraestructure for fueling and distribution

is yet insuffficient.

BioEthanol - CONs


15/35

Example of BioEthanol :Focus FFV 1.8-litre engine

Produces 70 % less carbon dioxide than its

petrol equivalent. It develops 123 bhp.

Fuel E85 is a mixture of ethanol (85%) and

petrol (15% ).

Price: 193 973 SEK


16/35

Hydrogen Is the lightest element

Is the most abundant element in the

Universe Is not a direct energy source

It can be obtained by means of solar

energy, eolic or hidraulic electricity. Nowadays 95% is obtained from fossil

fuels


17/35

Obtaining Hydrogen Reformed with steam

CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2

CO + H2O CO2 + H2

Water electrolysis H2O + Power H2 + 1/2O2

Photoelectrolysis


18/35

Obtaining Hydrogen Using the biomas

Biomass gasification

Pyrolysis

Photobiologic production


19/35

Hydrogen production on board thevehicle

Using methanol as fuel

CH3OH + O2 CO2 + 2 H2

Using ethanol as fuel

CH3CH2OH + 3H2O CO + CO2 + 6H2

Obtaining Hydrogen


20/35

Production cost of hydrogen


21/35

Use of hydrogen inautomotion Hydrogen combustion in a MCIA

Fuel batteries


22/35

Hydrogen combustion in aMCIA Mazda Rx8 Hydrogen


23/35

Hydrogen combustion in aMCIA BMW 7 Series Hydrogen


24/35

Fuel batteries Electrochemical systems where energy

from a chemical reaction is directly

turned into electricity.

Hydrogen + Oxigen =>Electricity + Water


25/35

Advantages of usinghydrogen as a fuel Abundant element in the Universe

High efficiency

Emission zero of pollutants

Low working temperatures and pressures

Silent functioning


26/35

Disadvantages of usinghydrogen as a fuel It is not a primary source.

Obtaining pure hydrogen is really

expensive. High storage and supply costs.

High weight of fuel cells for the current

prototypes

High energetic expense to liquefy the

hydrogen


27/35

BioDiesel Diesel equivalent, processed fuel derived

from biological sources.

It is composed by mono-alkyl estersmade from the transesterification of both

vegetable oils and animal fats.

Glicerine is produced as a secondproduct.


28/35

Obtaining Biodiesel


29/35

Sources for biodiesel Vegetable oils

Genetically modified vegetable oils

Waste vegetable oils

Bad quality vegetable oils


30/35

Comparison to petroleum Carbon monoxide: -50%

Carbon dioxide: -78%

Nitrogen oxide: +20% BUT catalyc converters

Biodegradable and non-toxic


31/35

Natural Gas Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons,

mainly methane (CH4).

Other components: ethane, propane,

nitrogen, helium, carbon dioxide,

hydrogen sulfide, water vapour,


32/35

Production of natural gas Water or sewage treatment.

Gas wells.

Crude oil production


33/35

Use of natural gas as a fuel Light-duty applications

Natural gas vehicles

Heavy-duty and medium-duty applications Natural gas engines


34/35

Advantages of natural gas Carbon monoxide 90 %

Nitrogen oxide 60 %

Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) 30-40%

CO and particulate matter > 90 %

NOx > 50 %


35/35

Conclusions

Our ignorance is not so vast as our failure

to use what we know

Marion King Hubbert (1903-1989)

alternative energy fuels

Documents