Alternate Fuels

PRESENTED BY: ALBIN THOMAS KITS S5

Alternative Fuels11Need for Alternate Fuels World today is facing the pinch of rising energy consumption. Green house gas emissions and global warming is also in the forefront of critical issues.India is ranked 6th in terms of energy demands but its domestic crude oil production satisfies only th of our current demands.As the cost of conventional fuels goes up, the interest in other fuel sources increaseIn some cases, alternative fuels are more environmentally friendly

21All these make it imperative that the search for alternative fuels is taken in right earnest.2Fossil fuels, petroleum, coal and nuclear materials such as uranium.Some well known alternative fuelsBiofuelBiodieselBioethanolBiogasAlgal fuelElectricityCNG vs CLGEmulsified diesel fuelPlastic Fuel31Conventional fuelsAlternative fuelsAny materials or substances that can be used as fuels, other than conventional fuels are called as alternative fuels.

3Bio Fuels There are 4 chief Biofuels categories:

The 1st generation of biofuels comes from sugar, starch & vegetable fats that are solely dependent on food-crops. It also can be sourced through animal fats. e.g;biofuels are bio-diesel, Bioethanol & biogas.

412nd generation comes from non food crops.e.g.biofuels are bio-diesel, Bioethanol & biogas.

51.3rd generation is established on the basis of biofuels got through algae. . e.g. Algae oil

4th generation Fuels based on the conversion of vegetable oil and biodiesel into gasoline.

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Bio Diesel It can be manufactured from vegetable oils such as palm, rapeseed, soy, linseed, jatropha and coconut oil. Avoiding the need for expensive additional infrastructure. Reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and particulate matter.Biodiesel and Bioalcohol contains no sulphur. It has natural lubricity and thus lubricity enhancing additive is not required.

71In fossil fuels,sulphur is present when it is released in the atmosphere it could cause acid rain. In many instances, Biodiesel is mixed with petroleum-based diesel to create a Biodiesel blend, which can then be sold into the general diesel marketIt refers to mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from palm oil through a process known as transesterification.

7BioethanolBrazil stands 1st in terms of Biofuel consumption. According to UNCTAD report, Brazil uses pure ethanol in 20% of their vehicles and a 22 to 26 % ethanol-petrol blend in the rest of their vehicles. CO emission from automobiles decreased from 50g/km in 1980 to 5.8g/km in 1995The USA and Australia use a 10% ethanol blend. India is 4th largest producer and the government mandated the use of a 5% ethanol blend in petrol sold in nine sugarcane producing states.81United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD)8Projected Demand.yearPetrol demandEthanol Blending Requirement(bbbl)Diesel DemandBiodiesel Blending Requirement@5%@10%@20%@5%@10%@20%2006-0710.070.51.012.0152.322.625.2310.462011-1212.850.641.292.5766.913.356.6913.382016-1716.4 0.82 1.643.2883.54.188.3616.7291As biofuel is the fuel which directly derived from biomass, biodiesel needs a special process to transform its source from the biomass to a fuel.9Algal FuelMicroalgae contains Lipids and fatty acidsOver 30%The biodiesel yield is higher than high traditional yielding crops.It can be grown in sewages and in the industrial pollutants.Algal biomass is also a good feed to animals.

101Natural GasNatural gas is produced either from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. Because of the gaseous nature of this fuel, it must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a compressed gaseous state or in a liquefied state A natural gas vehicle can be less expensive to operate than a comparable conventionally fueled vehicle depending on natural gas prices.

111CNG InIndiaCNG costs are at Rs.38.35 per kg compared with Rs.73.27 per liter of petrol.The cost saving is immense along with reduced emissions and environmentally friendlier cars. The use of CNG is mandated for the public transport system of India's capitalNew Delhias well as for the city ofAhmedabadin the state ofGujarat. TheDelhi Transport Corporationoperates the world's largest fleet of CNG buses.

121 Biogas During biogas production, there is a solid byproduct called digestate. This can be used as a biofuel or fertilizer. Biogas consists of methane.Low-cost, renewable source of energy. Because of the gaseous nature of this fuel, it must be stored onboard a vehicle in either a compressed gaseous state or in a liquefied state.A biogas-powered train has been in service in Sweden since 2005

13113Electricity is used as fuel in the form of batteries and fuel cells.Fuel Cells are more promising because they use other fuels to create the electrical energy

Electricity

141How does a fuel cell work? A fuel cell uses a hydrogen and oxygen reaction resulting in the production of energy If pure hydrogen is used the car produces only two by-products: Water and Heat.e.g. Hydrogen fuel carWhat are the benefits of using electricity? For electric cars it would mean no emissions Although batteries have a short range, vehicles that use them can be used in communities to get around For fuel cells, if hydrogen is used it can have a longer range vehicle with no emissions.151Hydrogen Fueled Vehicle Hydrogen and oxygen from air fed into a proton exchange membrane fuel cell produce enough electricity to power an electric automobile, without producing harmful emissions. The only byproduct of a hydrogen fuel cell is water. Daimlerstarts its FC vehicle production in 2009 with the aim of 100,000 vehicles in 2012-2013.Hyundaiwill produce 500 FC vehicles and expects to start mass production of its FC vehicles in 2012

161Electric Fuel Readily available.Relatively cheaper than compare to petrol and diesel.Zero pollution.

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Plastic FuelThe process involves heating shredded plastic waste with coal. This yields around 1 litre of crude oil for every kilogram of waste plastic. Using infra-red energy to remove hydrocarbons from plastic without the use of a catalyst, transforming 82% of the original plastic material into fuel.

181EthanolEthanol is an alcohol-based alternative fuel produced by fermenting and distilling starch crops or cellulose that have been converted into simple sugars Ethanol is most commonly used to increase octane and improve the emissions quality of gasoline. Ethanol can be blended with gasoline to create E85, a blend of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.Ethanol can degrade quickly in water, therefore, posing less environmental harm than oil in the case of a spill Ethanol is an excellent, clean-burning fuel, potentially providing more horsepower than gasoline. In fact, ethanol has a higher octane rating (over 100) and burns cooler than gasoline

119Cont. One acre of corn can produce 300 gal. of ethanol per growing season. So, in order to replace that 200 billion gal. of petroleum products, American farmers would need to dedicate 675 million acres, or 71 percent of the nation's 938 million acres of farmland, to growing feedstock.

120PropanePropane or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a popular alternative fuel choice for vehicles because there is already an infrastructure of pipelines, processing facilities, and storage for its efficient distribution. LPG produces fewer vehicle emissions than gasoline. Propane is produced as a by-product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining.Propane vehicles can produce fewer ozone-forming emissions than vehicles powered by reformulated gasoline The cost of a gasoline-gallon equivalent of propane is generally less than that of gasoline, so driving a propane vehicle can save money.

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ConclusionThe demand of energy and fuels is increasing day by day. But at the same time, the availability of those fuels and energy is getting reduced..So why dont we go for alternative fuels which are renewable, non polluting and economical..?221Thank you...231

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