air pollution mitigation

7/29/2019 Air pollution mitigation

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Selecting process inputs that do not contain thepollutant or its precursors

Operating the process to minimize generation

of the pollutant Replacing the process with one that does not

generate the pollutant

Using less of the product whose manufacturegenerates the pollutant

Removing the pollutant from the processeffluent


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Substituting materials that perform equallywell but discharges less harmful products tothe environment

eg: substitution of high-sulphur coal with lowsulphur coal in power plants

Changing to natural gas or nuclear energy-expensive, difficult to ship and store

Alternative energy sources like wind or solarpower


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Automated operations, computerized processcontrol and completely enclosed systems toreduce release of materials to outside

environment Eg: municipal trash incinerators emit

carcinogenic toxins. By adjusting thetemperature of incineration, dioxin emissions

can be prevented.


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Corporations may be allowed to offset emissionsby buying, selling and banking pollution rightsfrom other factories.

Emissions trading is a market-based approach

used to control pollution byproviding economic incentives for achievingreductions in the emissions of pollutants.

A limit or cap is allocated or sold to firms in theform of emissions permits which represent the

right to emit or discharge a specific volume of thespecified pollutant. Firms are required to hold anumber of permits (or allowances or carbon credits)equivalent to their emissions.


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A carbon credit is a generic term for anytradable certificate or permit representing theright to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or themass of another greenhouse gas with a carbon

dioxide equivalent to one tonne of carbondioxide.

The total number of permits cannot exceed the

cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Firms that need to increase their volume of

emissions must buy permits from those whorequire fewer permits.


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Emission trading is allowed under Kyoto Protocol.The Kyoto Protocol to the United NationsFramework Convention on ClimateChange (UNFCCC) sets binding obligations onindustrialized countries to reduce emissionsof greenhouse gases.

The Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997in Kyoto, Japan, and entered into force on 16February 2005.

The countries commit themselves to limit or

reduce their emissions of four greenhousegases (GHG) (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrousoxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and two groups ofgases (hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons).


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Aerosol hair sprays, deodorants, charcoallighter fluid, gasoline-powered lawn moversetc. may be banned

Clean-burning, oxygenated fuels or electricmotors would be required for all vehicles.

Encourage car-pooling

Restrict parking lots


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Using equipments that remove contaminants atthe end of the manufacturing process

The degree of pollutant removal-collection

efficiency


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Desulphurization of coal

Inorganic sulphur in coal is removed bysubjecting grounded coal to hydraulic washing.

Sulphur free coal floats on the surface and iscollected. Organic sulphur removed by passinghydrogen gas over fuel in presence of catalystor by a microbial method using a strain

designated as IGT-57.


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Checking emission of oxides of nitrogen fromcoal- Coal conversion technology

Checking the emission of nitrogen from

automobile exhaust installing catalytic converters in the exhaust

system-converted into harmless gases.

Limitation- gasoline or petrol should beunleaded, lead poisons the catalyst.


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Main source- incomplete combustion of allcarbon containing fuels particularly inautomobile engines, industrial furnaces and

cigarette smoking. Catalytic converters in automobiles, catalytic

burners in submarines and space flights.


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Common source- powerhouses operating oncoal.

Installation of electrostatic precipitator in

chimney- carbon particles attracted by chargedelectrodes-soot.

Industrial filters


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Factors: physical form of particulates (whethersolid or liquid), particle size and size distribution,density and porosity of the particulates andparticle shape( spheres, fibers or plates)

Gravitational and inertial collectors- wet and dryscrubbers, gravity settling chambers and cyclonecollectors.

Electrostatic precipitators (ESPs)- single and two-stage units

Filters woven and non-woven fabric, paper andfiber media


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Use of hydroelectric power in place of powergeneration by coal.

Use of nuclear power.

Use of alternate energy sources forautomobiles- CNG

Use of electric vehicles powered by batteries.


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The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act was enacted in 1981 and amended in 1987 toprovide for the prevention, control and abatementof air pollution in India.

National ambient air quality standards based onhealth impact evolved (1982, 1994).

Emission standards for air polluting industriesdeveloped for major industries

Implementation of standards in 17 categories ofhighly polluting industries and othersmall/medium scale industries (stone crushers,brick kiln, re-rolling mills, etc.).

Action plan implementation and pollution control

in identified 24 problem areas.


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Improvement in vehicular technology (Bharat-1,Bharat-2, CNG vehicles, 4 stroke engines, etc.)

Improvement in fuel quality -diesel with low

sulfur content (0.25 in whole country and 0.05in metro cities) Gasoline -lead phased-outthroughout the country since 2000

Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificate forall vehicles

All commercial vehicles to operate on CNG inDelhi

Air Quality Monitoring at National Level (295stations spread over 93 cities)

Air Quality Index for public Information Air Quality Data on TV channels and daily

news papers for public awareness


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Liu, D. H., & Liptak, B. G. (1997). EnvironmentalEngineers' Handbook. New York: LewisPublishers.

Gairola, A., & Sharma, R. K. (2009). ARegulatory Framework for Control of Air Pollutionin India - A Country Report.

Ahluwalia, V. K., & Malhotra, S. (2006).Environmental Science. Noida: Ane Books India.


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