abarbanel and the censor* - leiman library · 2011. 9. 5. · abarbanel and the censor 1579.10 it...

Abarbanel and the Censor*

FEW biblical commentaries have been accorded the acclaim andFpopularity enjoyed by Don Isaac Abarbanel's commentary on thePentateuch.' Later Jewish exegetes, including S. D. Luzzatto, M. L.Malbim, and D. Z. Hoffmann, cite extensively from it.2 But Abar-banel's sphere of influence was not limited to Jewish circles; hiscommentaries exercised a lasting influence on the Christian world aswell.3 With a tolerance unprecedented in the history of biblicalexegesis, he did not hesitate to draw freely upon Christian sources.4When citing Christians, his comments occasionally took the form ofan acute polemic which the Church found embarrassing and offensive.The Church retaliated via censorship of his works.

* I wish to express my gratitude to Professor MOSHE GREENBERG of the Univer-sity of Pennsylvania, who read the typewritten draft and suggested many valuableimprovements. Moreover, it was due to his initial encouragement that this paperwas written.

I Although modem scholarship (via GRAETZ and BAER) has adopted the spellingAbravanel, the traditional pronunciation and spelling, Abarbanel, has beenpreferred throughout this discussion. Cf. B. NETANYAHU, Don Isaac Abravanel(Philadelphia, 1953), appendix A, p. 261, who admits that Don Isaac's son Judah"seems to have insisted on the form Abarbanel". Further support in favour of thisform appears in Elijah Levita's ':ViII Ino, published at Isny in 1541. It wasvocalised by Levita himself and includes a list of corrigenda which takes intoaccount errors in vocalisation, also prepared by Levita, as he indicates both in hisintroduction (T1nn nvnpn) and in the list of corrections. Levita (1468-1549)was a younger contemporary of Abarbanel, and taught at Padua from 1504-8,the very years during which Abarbanel, then at the peak of his fame, was residingat the neighbouring Venice. Even if he was not in direct contact with any of theAbarbanels, it is a fair assumption that Levita was familiar with the correctpronunciation of their name. In t J¶1 *DO, under the heading 1::, he citesAbarbanel and vocalises IZ: . Under the heading Zni '1*t, he vocalises'7ttNE:1838.NETANYAHU'S otherwise full treatment neglects Levita's vocalisation,although it had been alluded to, albeit with a slight error of transcription, in anearlier work. See H. LoEWE in J. B. TREND and H. LOEWE, Isaac Abravanel-SixLectures (Cambridge, 1937), p. xx. It might also be noted that M. GASTER, as citedibid, p. x, preferred the pronunciation Abarbanel. The etymological significance ofthe name remains uncertain. See now NETANYAHU'S 2nd edition (1968), p. 261.

2 Malbim, in the introduction to his commentary on Joshua, states that onlyAbarbanel and several of his contemporaries "succeeded in instilling a living spiritinto Scripture in accord with the plain sense".

3 Most of Abarbanel's commentaries were translated into Latin. There werenumerous Christian admirers and many who opposed his theological views, butall perused his writings diligently. Cf. NETANYAHU, op. cit., pp. 251 and 323.

4 On one occasion, after having cited the opinions of both Jewish and Christianscholars, Abarbanel adds: "Truthfully, I find their [the Christians'] interpretationmore satisfying than all the interpretations ofthe aforementioned Jewish scholars".Commentary on Early Prophets (Jerusalem, 1955), p. 520.

49

THE JOURNAL OF JEWISH STUDIES

It is intended here to trace the history of Abarbanel's commentaryon Deuteronomy; to show while so doing that Abarbanel's com-mentary on the Pentateuch, as we have it, is an expurgatedtext; and to restore the censored passages of the commentary onDeuteronomy.Ab arbanel conceived and began writing his commentary on

Deuteronomy even before completing his first major work, the>ni rvi nis.5 Various financial responsibilities interrupted hisexegetical work, and in a letter of 1472, addressed to Yehiel of Pisa,he pledged to complete his commentary as soon as time wouldpermit. The unfinished manuscript was lost during Abarbanel'sflight from Portugal in 1483. In 1495 Abarbanel arrived at Corfu,where he discovered a copy ofhis unfinished commentary on Deutero-nomy.6 With renewed spirit, he vowed that he would complete hiscommentary, expanding and revising it. The task was finally completedon 6th February, 1496 at Monopoli, the Adriatic seaport which thenbelonged to the Kingdom of Naples.7The editio princeps of Abarbanel's commentary on Deuteronomy

was published posthumously at Sabbionetta, Italy, in 1551.8 It wasentitled nivzn rn:nn by the author.9 The editio princeps of Abar-banel's commentary on the other four books of the Pentateuch ap-peared together with the commentary on Deuteronomy at Venice in

5 Most scholars have assumed Abarbanel's t'31PT nIY to represent his firstliterary effort. NETANYAHU, op. cit., p. 268, note 34, proves that the 1TTIISMlO10C71 appeared earlier.

6 Abarbanel writes in his introduction to Deuteronomy:m:ni rND =vmS rwDp 'xb =S "r m n5unrm t3, :L5n -,m onnllnrnvWl rnins vnr ntn nm)n rln'D: 'nrY,iv nt)'ID D'p5S' nn'n,1'* :=D mvin *,rnl l+:: x3 rD'm n7mml *1 n7pWn in nlp'rin

1*5s tr5SS n'55s rnlDD' UnnY rrnD8 nvunSD7 See the colophon to the commentary on Deuteronomy.8 It was the first Hebrew book published at Sabbionetta, and it was printed by

Tobias Foa. For a complete listing of the works published at Sabbionetta, and anaccount of the Foa publishers, see ABRAHAM YAARI, '1O '¶71?Z (Jerusalem,1958), pp. 323-419. Cf. DAVID W. AMRAM, The Makers ofHebrew Books in Italy(Philadelphia, 1909), pp. 288-305.

9 See Abarbanel's In v'n1IXV8 lZnl nllXV (Venice, 1574), where he listsby title all the works composed by himself. This list is appended to Abarbanel's

lznrfl D132 (Rodelheim, 1828). In it the commentary on Deuteronomy is notdesignated with a specific title. The later printed editions of Abarbanel's commen-tary on the Pentateuch, which incorporated the commentary on Deuteronomy,refer to it as 1m38;1i ;',iX 100 tVlD-D; But cf. Abarbanel's commentary onEzek. xxxiv: 24, where he cites the m.tV;I rl by me.

50

ABARBANEL AND THE CENSOR

1579.10 It is this latter edition that became the vorlage for all printededitions of Abarbanel's nrrinn vnv, the most recent editions ofwhichl' are faithful reproductions of the Venice edition with onlyminor variations, mostly printers' errors that have accrued throughthe years.We are now confronted with the problem of ascertaining the de-

pendability of the Sabbionetta and Venice editions, and determiningwhether or not they were faithful reproductions of Abarbanel'sautograph copy. No holograph of a work by Abarbanel is known toexist. The only way in which we can proceed is to compare the firsttwo editions ofAbarbanel's commentary on Deuteronomy (the secondbeing included in the Venice edition of the nrirn tz,v,). One can alsosubject Abarbanel's commentary to internal criticism, seeking todetermine whether or not it is likely, or even possible, that Abarbanelcould have written what our printed text exhibits.'2A comparison of the first two editions clearly indicates that all

our present editions of Abarbanel are abridged through censorship.

10 NETANYAHU, Op. cit., p. 325, lists all the first editions of Abarbanel's works,except for the commentary on Deuteronomy. He mentions only the Venice editionof Abarbanel's commentary on the Pentateuch (and hence Deuteronomy), eventhough at the bottom of the very same page he states that "first editions werealways consulted". Indeed, nowhere in his book does NETANYAHU distinguish thefle!N M=M from the commentary on Deuteronomy which was included in theVenice 1579 edition. This is all the more remarkable considering that almost everyearlier work on Abarbanel mentions the ;flVnnI n317. Cf. JACOB S. MINKIN,Abarbanel and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain (New York, 1938), p. 221;TRENDr and LOEWE, op. cit., p. 78, plate III. Since the ilWUn;l 3 reflects a morecomplete text of the commentary on Deuteronomy than does the Venice edition,NETANYAHU'S omission is not insignificant (as will be further shown below) andshould be rectified, particularly since NETANYAHU'S work remains the definitivestudy of Abarbanel.

11 See below in this paper, p. 54 for details regarding two recent editions. In1959, a photograph (3 vols.) of an earlier printed edition was issued by the Saphro-graph Co., New York.

12 Some minor but obvious additions are: (a) the opening words to the com-mentary on Deuteronomy, which read: 7"'21 7xnn prar fli-T1*11on(b) the colophon to the commentary on Genesis, which reads:

lviv?z1nil I)DUJ13nPn *nou1t ,D'll *nMnn 51!)N n;v= mlSm 'rnn rn17mD mv tnilom Qonnviznim nn0 r7Snr nx) nzlsn2m n~h7wn

*Inx n7n* 2 *inosn ri,=The year 5282 (1522) was fourteen years after Abarbanel's demise. A printer'serror must be precluded because of the complementing -Xj The passage isclearly a copyist's addition to the text. This was first noted by DE RossI; seeConforte's nirT"I wiljP, ed. CASSEL (Berlin, 1846), p. 29b, n. 5. CompareNETANYAHU, op. cit., p. 288, n. 16.

51


The Sabbionetta edition, although on the whole comparing favourablywith the Venice edition, contains references to political events con-temporary with the author, as well as references to Christianity ingeneral and its founder in particular, that did not find their way intothe Venice (and hence all future) editions. That later editions ofAbarbanel's commentaries were both censored and confiscated by theChurch has long been established.13 It can now be asserted that thevery first edition of the commentary on the entire Pentateuch was alsoa censored text. The Sabbionetta edition of the nnmn nr:nn- preservesthe original text of the commentary on Deuteronomy. Many of thecopies were later censored, with the expurgated passages beingblotted out with dark ink.'4 Whether or not the Sabbionetta editionwas itself a faithful copy of the holograph is difficult to determine.When one considers the length of time that had elapsed between theauthorship and printing (over fifty years), and the difficult circum-stances that encompassed the Jews of Italy in the sixteenth century,it appears likely that the original manuscript underwent numerouschanges of hand, and that its copyists inadvertently introduced errorsinto it. The editors of the Sabbionetta edition confessed their difficultyin coping with the many errors in the manuscript they used.'5 Further-more, there are occasional unwarranted lacunae in the text whichseem, both structurally and contextually, to indicate an intentionalomission by the printer.16 The printers may have exercised self-censorship in order to protect themselves-a phenomenon not

13 Thus in 1753 two Church censors, Ruffini and Venturini, requested that all ofAbarbanel's works be prohibited because in one of them he had expressed certainoffensive ideas. In 1738, Abarbanel's nnilin 17 ttliY'D was allowed to circulate;in 1748 it was forbidden; in 1753 it was once again permitted. See WILLIAM POPPER,Censorship ofHebrew Books (New York, 1899), p. 121, n. 463, and p. 124. Cf. A.BERLINER, W'1il ElNnM (Jerusalem, 1949), Vol. II, pp. 49, 69-73. Cf. L.RABINOWITZ in TREND and LOEWE, op. cit., p. 88, who notes that the popes did notallow Abarbanel's commentary on Isaiah to be studied.

14 The copy of the MIFlZn ='I73 at the New York Public Library was ex-punged by the notorious censor Fra Luigi da Bologna, and bears his dated auto-graph. On his activity, cf. POPPER, Op. Cit., pp. 99, 101, 145, and plate IV. Of thethree copies at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, only one is uncensored.

15 See end of 71=7X n1=?n where Joseph b. Jacob Ashkenazi, one of theprinters, writes: ". . . it is true that he [Abarbanel] wrote a commentary on theother four books of the Pentateuch, which however has not come into my posses-sion . . . and when I examined it carefully, I found the manuscript before mereplete with errors."

16 This assumption is strongly supported by the incoherency of flow betweenthe words before and after the lacunae. Occasionally, the missing link is easilyrestored, as in expurgated passage no. 33 below.

52


uncommon in the early days of the Hebrew printed book.17 SamuelArchevolti, the proof-reader of the Venice edition, also noted thepoor condition of his manuscript, especially the section containingthe commentary on Exodus.

Since the editio princeps of the commentary on Deuteronomy is nolonger readily available to the general public, the expurgated wordsand passages are reprinted below for the benefit of the reader. Manyof the passages throw new light on various aspects of Abarbanel'sthought. Itmay suffice to mention that several scholars have marvelledat Abarbanel's seemingly sympathetic view of Ferdinand, despite thelatter's role in the expulsion of the Jews from Spain.18 One of theexpurgated passages that appears below is of particular importancein that it is the only passage in all ofAbarbanel's writings that reflectsa diabolical image of Ferdinand.19 The historical significance of thevarious passages dealing with apostates, conversos, mixed marriage,and Christianity is self-evident.A scholar who wrote during the first decade of the present century

aptly remarked that "the censors of the Church have inkedthe pages in thousands of volumes and the paper has provedmore durable than the ink, for the ink has faded and the once deletedprinted words are now again legible, to prove that Dominicolerosolomitano, Fra Luigi da Bologna and Giovanni Dominico

17 This suggests a possible explanation for an otherwise difficult passage inIbn Verga's f1)1;1 0210 BAER-SHOCHET edition, Jerusalem, 1947, p. 120. Thispassage reads:nwttSD2 IrlzxI:It nr7;1m PlUX -112;1 writv X~l7t ,;1m On13.= -n:;:17 ...

*lnm nsY riwi iz7 ,Oh OnJ1: ulQ} n1rni1nSHOCHET correctly notes that Ibn Verga has mistakenly substituted Judah for

Isaac; and he refers the reader to Abarbanel's commentary on Deut. xxviii:15 ff., adding that the passage in question discusses the expulsions in general terms,whereas Ibn Verga claims it discusses them in greater detail. Chapter 28 containsseveral expurgated passages, and it is possible that the printers applied self-censorship for obvious political considerations and deleted the very passage thatIbn Verga had seen in manuscript form. Since the =7l;rr was probably writ-ten and published before the Sabbionetta edition appeared (BAER suggests 1550),Ibn Verga could only have seen the fuller manuscript ofAbarbanel's commentaryon Deuteronomy. For another approach to this problem, see Usque's Consolationfor the Tribulations of Israel, trans. by MARTIN A. COHEN (Philadelphia, 1965),appendix B, p. 286.

18 See L. RABINOWITZ in TREND and LOEWE, op. cit., p. 89, and n. 19 below.19 NETANYAHU, op. cit., pp. 185-6 and especially p. 312, n. 163, adduces this very

passage (the abridged text as it appears in the Venice edition) among others, insupport ofhis contention that Abarbanel does not exhibit anywhere in his writingsa personal animosity toward Ferdinand. Had the editio princeps been consulted,this passage could not have been adduced.

53


Carretto (three of the most active expurgators) lived and inked invain."20

* * *

The expurgated passages are most meaningful when read in con-text. In order to facilitate the insertion ofthe expurgated passages intothe received texts, the parallel loci in the Venice edition (and allsubsequent editions) are cited according to the pagination of theJerusalem 1964 edition, txrix = tri nimsi, 3 vols. (the mostrecent, and finest of the three editions of Abarbanel's commentary onthe Pentateuch which have appeared during the last decade), as well asaccording to the somewhat erratic pagination of the Warsaw 1862edition (reissued by Torah Vadaath Publishers, Jerusalem, 1955), anedition that has received wide circulation. The pagination of theSabbionetta and Warsaw editions allow for four columns per num-bered page. Thus:

*tr/v niuv b :n aD,UlDO5="

41`1721,nrlri '9*,M'7 ;*rtG l DID1=l"-

Sabbionetta edition, page 2, column 1 = 1 ,= :o"-Warsaw edition, page 3, column 4 = 4 ,1 :-7

Words preceding a square bracket (D are introductory only, andappear in all editions. Abarbanel's prolixity rendered it impracticalto identify the passages by the biblical chapter and verse which theywere intended to elucidate.

*'fl5~~~ ~lul x =T1TP '7. T"I'i z

tntr~~~nnvivx-l.-T,ml- ,"n1rzi,1=r: !';;r1r,w:c 1m

nz rXrel~ =*ND MinmlD81Dbt vinn3m1nrVIknnrInn7r -ni*I1 * *wl nu'b1mZ'n1nn M-n

20 AmRAm, op. cit. (note 8), p. 193.

54


.3 jt: 1-' ; 1 ::-"5; 4 1: D t (2* * :* 11lx V ['n5 wnmwj7nn pmDrn

.3 "Ill; 23l :,?' ; 4 nmD-7 (3hZb DnX1M 'n -pnri Dnn D 1iru7y [1n2n DWmi IT NUY7 [wn' ninimn D1r:' nin'ri U3'X pbl lwn"51 msrom1l17*un~Dn ) 13'?ZVny

* 3"* MW* 133nr:X m:M 131nb b Y

***niibXii [Y'DW1-in-T'ImD

1112IR[row Irv-

* ** m'ln P[nvb nltvn xnn M5v

*.*n*vrnm7 nnn¶nm 1nlx[h

.2m..,'l'T; 2 71 :irc] ; 2n[:D,r (4* . . nnn tDnl mnIIX3 [nix, bTnrn wnwn hImp

*4 M" : Il''; 2 13 :: "tn7; I MD : o n1 (5*Imniv** inmf [nrls-m1 n lD flx n*=?l w'x:-

. . .7X nirn [sic]Cyt[SiC V5X [1 nn1zm n= nxIM

*4 m : -1'; 1 1:Ill; I MvD 0nvnT(6Dll -T-m r-ix 5:nbm;*=-in arn mve N=r ninn 7n u+nrmb

*nW *3 *Yn' 771X31)mu73n [MM- zlM mn nnx":W=rnc,*xtbtx

nt1 DIDt713M nlMl D3n 13n)HlXDr"I E3n'7 DDl XDrn DlX:

* *3D;'02 EY:TNX [sic] D -T5X [I-FMV D=5= nnb*Xn- ni'll Drmn

Dn'T nIlnix DuRnU'IM J-11 nn1- pSI MIN Y1711 [111111= 1"a Wl'mn I'rnrinbi mvvn In D,-niw rnm wm7m ;*nxm Dw xn rn tvrrnbm nx

* *D: nx 1x=n 111M*Wn DnIx XM t3"D Mnll-,Dt3MUX nv=1

*4 M": IYn; 2 ,tl:v-" ; 2 mn : D n' (7* ** Dmnx [sic] D nbXm [1 n sipi

***nm-r -)In zi-rn 75Dn ixs Dtrllmn [5sv nnMeD7mvv

55


.2 =,, : i-" ; 2 u,tDl: ""; I =D : 03s8 (8ti,ti nimx nirn "t-X rn nm nx n2 n-irr rn,r v [trm-ni *,ninotx nxt mp, tt n1pai ,- nnpl bx tml i nntmn-ii =)-ftX 'X sxnvbY1 MYrD uY1 YToVYmnienib nxbt tIY'M KI'm Xv1 inv nx K!tDi:nnt-r Yn Yw unuxnx riYtm:tinntf T-wm Yv mnmnx

*.** nnmnt nnt: inUinr1v ;tivn;i

.2 , ':y- ;1 , 0 :1 D ; 1 :: "` (9xmi mo rnnin 1iin xni mvnnmh nr , [snic [n o.x mKvw7pnnlSxD' MbUIP 11-if * I'M m=Yb =v17 MXV t3l%)n -Ibt oltx n= xljp?zYv nnxSrii-mbw inni nn nXt rinn njivrnv nxt 18:Y' 1mm 0n

-imn -mynns nit*wn nninn *=5:pn mm -, inntm xb nmu innl -nbtn

...,nz;,1NVr flK~T'~P n~1,'.I.. ;,V1n;IM T;,0

it'1,7 *`Ki *T nn1xV nnxm

*=jpV nt n nnin 7?m' ti*pYn nnb1 ntnnl [ninn 'n"In 'I= X~ 'DX5v MmI t3mvi-Imn *rlv pr'n DY -n trx'2171n-li-lNl 7mnn ;'5y

nnmn nmtv ipDD rml ti5Ynnb *n," X nn nypn 131pn hn ron

.2 ,1-:l; I Do: "'8T; 2 nD : o-r (I0rnniv vcbm n mx vn m"<bnpm mnit- 7nn [n:inb nxivi nUp nibmnienwn nzn-im hmpnn n-ftsn minnn tinDcsn rn bYv irnY *nmi1 w'tX nim) rntim lDvnil mrmisn n*l:ip X5w nl'n CY ni-invIrM bMunV nlrbl nrxD nl;:lx *eten 'utV 11 [sic] nnxM 71110= bxYn

*.* Dlen1 1`71= on1"z1: M4,17Dn

w-milln Ipnm-T D;l'wriv nn-t 'D nzn [nn3=,` 'lDlt= Mt 'n jPln I'Xl* ** n11n nxrmn nnxnbv n17mv lpDD' mlwuX; nw-wln

-I1yl:I... ; 2 ,ID: -"' ; 3 ,ID: o-r (1I1bxnr bY nrx iw nftmnv hxm niennx--IN 1[nD n *nrwn -nnx nr

Jlnl;nixi,vt -iv innwi IrmoU -im ~bt I= j'Sl r'tm5 -nDn, mn min*.* *DID 0,7V

*1 Mn : I'l";Inp "/;- ;4 3 : o- (12t3m nann rin x5v 'Db mi3m xvint znDrtz =ni tnx:i [xim nwxini

If `7lt; 1 710P : 1`7 ; 4 vi : o-T (13m.-Dn1 wxDm 5 nmi on,xilm nx im-nnl [rrD5n r7 bY Dnzninn

56


* ** 111"nntn rm olDW1131 012T nk7 :) nvw, rrYl -Ir

nn,nv ;ivv- mvpr men mv n xrn [nriym mb mm nYr7 tt5n...irK~~mn~~v~-i~ ~ ~ ~rn,m..rlzvl

o~~~~~~***i,-j Iz ii mnxfl

** * Mnnl on Mi [z,,r,ln ivlmzmn.1 ,i :Y.5; 2 lp "; 4 n::t)- (14

DY nx-i miv :blS in,¶ mn i-ri,nnrl xzl -ij,t tvn%ln [,n,nn

.4 ,T5:Y'i ; 1 ,rn7p :"Tn ; 1 ,*r:~"T(l1

.4 :Y'Z ; 1 I':; 1 ,v: o-" (16* Ir-vDUnQ: [*,rn nn;Um n?z'l r" n Do1

*..**~p'ni :D l nz3'tun v~ [osin l: zn n [snmn

n-rn~~~~~~ ~z~~n 1101Vin nm -yin, -.7:7VT,I- J~l17n*rW* *lv?zClv [M"N'llpi J sn u7ZK1

-I 1in :. v-; 2-1 1lvi: -"7 ; 4 ,tY: t) .. (17*T * *.r'non-lnl ['zin nvii* il~*n vntp Mb aomvDl= -n*n wortnn [mm ,: xvnn 'nzinn

vlxnmin hx [[ v anmn sann x nQx vm'n m-jvp rn l

n.Zli** * TiDr1CIolnDnDn OnlOQ: IN MO8U 2:OXnmm O OW lnp Xnl-p lX;lt nimn-lm,:vn: rnx" n:nn * xis ?-in -n:n Dn -inX' X~mrio "nni 1

x5:? 1* niwvl U13t3 n,n nnjpb mran ux [sic] r-*xb nDninm nnol-ion nnr xbi awn nip-r:sz xi= xl pmaz xS nn5 xvi Ira pin,zn; mtvorin*n,,onnntnnz nmin innivnin in nn nvm *lnns nnmnn

*~~~~~~~~~ **,01f'l?mV5r Qr~r~'w

-I t -lt t; 1 :n-1-2 -- ;2or:7 t (18

'MIn'll[17**71,1-lusn7nn~mnx

.2 ,T?3: r,T ; I1vRr:,,7t; 3 ,OY : o-'T (19* ,11*"pn:13*111 Ongx *rn [,z nvYnl7 'IM-

57


.2 Tn : r" ; I nn :"n ; 1 D: o- (20D.tn '17n1 3nDn 21jV,XnIt2 [=%Vn :

.3 in:1-7 ; 1 j :n " ;32,) : o"- (21

...~~~ nrn L'flLD MflTflj [ran2k'Dm

.2 nn :r-; 2,Tn:i r ;4 mD :"7 (22... i :D,'nn['n ranD [rinnz :nri

.2 vrn"'t 2 ,itU 3 m7 ;2t,:t (23ntn nwYr .In Inn= xsrim tntsun nnn [nil ins xY1nw

21vi SxeTmn Aquin,mnSumm elgc, SuinrlY q6rlD a. 1 an1Yd,7I

a2 vn.1;05,a.4. 3 z D-7 (24wn:~~~~"ISN'b 1:7DsZnnDr1? Trnx MDrn IM 41In [nVV- MM7nzY1

nz17MIsn7111nr1Y Mn VIVn171nmp7 n"nmli x mi nin

.2 ,7:1-7 ; 2 ,in : "'87; 4 s:w o-7 (25****l:;lX S' 7111;'l:n ornDY nrl';l [lnXiv -11yn r'm-1 5n I,,-

nnn.n s nv bxntr rn nrjxv n,nin i7tn, tnnn7:DYnive -ii-bYv'7 rmnx nriri=r -nplz7n x7 n §7=+ raix ;* I,xv Yn

*7 Io=ntheWnrs n on, th n aio tarnt againItnhntnumber1 aftrpy 50t:n.wn: *1= z nnnn n mbri nimn nIln= I'I'v= nr bxlMID1 Xs7 I'x r-IM 77 n M XItW 'n bY Mt IV-1- pD nMI MMMMn MM-nC:neNxnexI?3mY DVIn ntM nID31 171 x=31101,nn Inf,1tn: v:n1vzn1

.3 Iu"T;1 ,,,r/; 2 *zs : o- (26

InI"tX:btn SD/ (27

*ii*iv * n'-7Uprl wwricr'pvl [wnn71; wU1nyn= itnriv,xvtvn

nmmn ~bt rml nn'7 nlDX2tv win rnznt,lur xvnt mnlxti m1 i3r21 See Thomas Aquinas, Suimma Theologica, Suppl., q. 67, a. I and 3, cf. la

Ilae, q. l05, a. 4.*In the Warsaw edition, the pagination starts again with the number I after

page 50.

58


=rnt is n trt' wrY Xv -rY nnuvwl trox nllpl :13,1 -T'vllm' nvi In irs, nowjp t3vx1 li'imn11X n1Dtronmn wnrw: trz5mn

1+l'rnnil vzm pbl in-*mb Qltv-ip iw arntn p t3, wrn

.2 ,, : ..T; 1 ,:a, :"-T ;3 ,r%: t)- (28

.rI'ns: i:a [' rnzD a

** *Invirr[vim[m

...~n',n trwn, v, [,: rlnm :bYb.2 ,1 :-"T ; 1,i: ""t; 3;2 ,:t;" (29

:*:n mrY X'ln*r'l WIMD n"'f1Qnxni vs n'=p.in:m:ly[rD

M'Xl l ...W3"nfl,l ~tl= I: 13tlV-l -?X~n ,jp, -j flnl1t,[

+ *, .nbn nf¢nl XINZ[.,Y nnx73j nT= X5%

.4,1: "'t; I vn:I-T ; 2 j : o"-r (30JbYnIM tWitnnn3bY lnm Mr n -i nn It [rmm7 IxYn x6

...iln nnntv3 ,?p :v ;t1nn,j :nr* ;e Yn= rl"(32nr nn MIM-1': 1X3 3WIIm)nln [nl7l= MR11 I-111M 12V MX+

nnijnx *5i ta;n*x tmn rnz=vvi ari-nn fn*= nr?, nry =mxtn,,7v n1nx p'7 rnznbm rm*vi nsun innnxn pntnn vnn n tnnlih:x pnrnn Dmp xnalmmn rnn'n x17 In 1rlml2 nnx nw-r x~ntx5nnvf nrnlY tsY r,ovn tviv pxi rY -nRxi nrnnn r1rim

trivy=~~*n~*t sn-riIn?:'1 vnxnnjl5;1 sn[-tplmnD -lim nls

5mnx trun iDnti trnn z tinum Yu-n zv* rnn mb tri-,t rim lrnYanrl r7Dn snQnl"IMM =72nnx ftmr7Y n*+Y u 'l MMt bhn 13'X%lr

IT1n3nlsnnYMVUT3itlrnIenIMl=7 Wn nt -ilnx -IV t3"T,-1Y r

5n= 5:Xb 1-1-?.t nm =1 X2V M11n ll'X MVnV YlYln Xb Dnn,7 t31:121171=1 'tOW11;l tlXNS KIM il= 15bW M17t.3 t: : I-T; I ,wb : ... t; 3 ,tp : tC-r (31

* )'* w* n b Y MlTn3vil DPWX [nllnn1:31Drvilsm¢; linn

*3 tU:I... ; 1 ,inl: -'t; 3 =p,: o.. (32tv* rntv n-r bY 1'U2Yv onMrD32 MsXtInn 1311tmn 8olgn p5n [-In:)

59


01121IM1n 1nDID n1Y1nmm -1- oviv I'mbnX::5ninmml *S1wr nW

ivY1n nownv pm=X Irwin jrnmn piniv nni mQ rrim1 niumm13,1m :n bY -.*spmnv1nrr'In I-rm-1 -inx mwnl *:r1ll wUlnrm-ini? I11nv xrnmliinxnn nynY7 *xm-i irim In nmrin nvi Inmetpz mvr nmYDn nnnwv pi inumutYn ur nI-rrv=nXibrrmnm7M-,nI nIDY 7D,-177n X~MIM tDIIIII2 MDb IVIV rilIbMN m1=It lWiYn

*. wtvnnrm17

.4 1 :l- t;2 n: T;3 p O WT7 (33

t3nj--=j irnmDnno [lacuna] rnnnx temn nx 3YDnSDmmv 3vDDonn tnnm I5Dlwn Drnm mnzn rm-nmxIlU'mtri-manzrimm:rm*v triv trrhnm mmm nx lDn Ini m3l7mvr inrmr xnm [lacuna]*zsv 1113= 131311DI C3111m Mb1 nl 13,x,231 13-%I-tp ImItt, rzmxbMMn MITITInVt1Y3 nRxH VVDMIDDl 13'ZY13M 11-712 nt 'nnx jW7

nnnxmm nbttx nD nD;lm -7w m;lmY l;lriX mW*lnxin phj~ *nmmt,xIzNznbml mriz mmrx IWI* t:x In*I:rntn n tin mnn.nn x~t3yn. nt m-,Tvtr-I7n1n -nMf mn t3I7DI M-1V t3V xh= nxIpx=rm -iiDi nonmx 5mi nit *x tnrrznm IrmY Im nmm mmz t3

*mmm n"n= iD x5iX5m rrmvibt 5y -nrxi nv Iinnm -n: mn ir8nnI

1lv1- in, D13, -lnQ nl-T5m rnm?zv ilimXt5n~=1p '1, 1m*l ;523 wl mnmin Ins IYnVI nnwx Min Tni wnmmn 15x t3v M5= I"DDn5nnn *: DnDnol *M-f7x 115 5=ub b:nx ninix min pl w!rvn 15xntl -I.-nV Mnn XVI 15ND ItV= nMn nzn- Sx 95M TH11P WI n:n7ISX -It= n:DMO Ilnmn'5X71 MV= nn"- nM-11V 910 -79 x5H : 'lXIIp M1,105 rniswril m5rritmInxpn rn"n xnrl07 Inr mnftrininrn:Imx3p5 a-nx insy= 1-nnm t3v,n *1mz m5mln an:n-r niDv p7Dl 1-nn1111 eMVI nMM 5VIn -IM5M2lb'YDX= M117nU tVX "D -MMV Vll;1vy,v I'7 x5i lDXm ,ln-71 vX nv mnn iv Inn trn nv::5 m-r5mr,nt uY +51lpn 5X`IV r-nx 5DtV `151= r-nx 5nX mMI ~ng t3-r n3=Mp-InZ nWT51Y11:::nel8+Tn Dnnl1 nnntC1''5Y nn: xnl 'IpM n9D0 15 MnnW-ft nnxH IM-15 nn11Wn

nlMx:, nnllnVnjV TI n 1nnm -p,TrjZnn -nnx [lacuna] t3V 7Y jpDD '5.

60


'2V1: MWflW ,15 'jDl 1rDu ~1n nTI 'p3 ¶lNnVI' UJl8 Y5uD1rYrlnmxvii 12zmw Ip nloo n1Dlrnmi evn,nx uminx1D ri-Y*n

myrmi m rr-i t .I nism rm rri~ n9m m3ni~1v ~ vinvii

xoni lbnm mrv mnv, rnx cil1 i,Tn.:" nrf2,1V *"p'rt1 in (34

i?m lrti1D: DU1 :C: D.nliu vmnDsnri n vm ninrin'IRVr imnn mm mn n* 73rno-Y - nm 'nw*nr,nn ny ;*

'DM= n11D1 WM ID"'

nXINe

Mlng,71 InVV 13,711

b

VnZ'IYIl:DR*"ND.1X

$YIT nnTI'TI ":flsZ0n 'n17D n"k KT'n: TIflnTIHY1elnnnlUnbY llDS nDlb

11"D

nlY

n m IVIID I'n 13y'YT.1 2n :V'T; 2V:w: 7; 1 7 : 0: (34

Illcnal::x: Ml= 1nulD3w1m InIoD n-,m [n't n,YD ,-nrx, nisY -7mix u xm, n:nn mnienir nmi nr, -nnn nisY -7:lm1I? hD $YD "nMxbIMIDnl?Mn $YD bx TIMM"xY IDnI*lM31mun nh: ~YD 1-inn mv,ni x"n n:nnl n*TlbDr tinn irun l1::n * 'DIn nn*b nYn mnsnN tm-irxb pIn miv= niDivrinnnrinl rmimm nSnIDIM M[Inp1 *IVIIIrl:nnnlmnnxV t3nb nnnTr wnn

...Tni~~~~ ~ ~ v wiTi.. 91 71

.3 ,r, :"-7 ; 2 riv :,5 ; 4 vp: D"7 (35

.3 :1-:l'; I D :I-:""; I , o-:"' (36[lacuna] tmn rrnT v = :I,is mrnuI r nn rnrt [j yTnY ninprn

*I.* SHNnxAYRnZ.x LEIMAINrWM-n

*4 ,7n: I..7; 2 ,xiv: ,,,t; 3 ynlp : o.. (37nnni T-nn mbnrm7 -nll ltnrn nxm fonr"ln 71rTx Inj nt 7 SlY IntoIrM pZ MI RMYMV' '- nnn nM111MM [sic] UMnnbx NMW l't=Y' 0-1313il '-t'

* ** nbln n:Dn11 *mInVlp rmnum

Yale. SHNAYER Z. LEIMAN

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