S I N D H I R E A D I N G - B O O K

IN THE

SANSCRIT AXD ARABIC CHARACTER.

COIIFILED BY T H E

REV. ERNEST TRUXPP, PH. D., 3I.A.

IIISSIOSARY OF THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY.

PMINTED FOR THE CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY.

1&58.

PREFACE.

THIS little book, which is now offered to the Sindhi scholar, owes its origin to the Church Missionary Society. I myself had planned a different reading-book during my stay in Sindh, as I was led to hope, by the arrangements which had been made by the Corresponding Committee of the Church Missionary Society at Bombay, with the Bombay Government, that a whole series of original and native literature would be printed at the expense of the Government of India. On my arrival in this country, I found the affairs of the East- India Company were just passing into the hands of Her Majesty's Government, so that the previous arrangement fell to the ground. T h e Committee of the Church nlissionary Society, however, anxious to put a stop to the confusion prevailing in respect to the Sindhi illpl~abet, resolved that a reading-book should be printed at their expense for the use of the Rlissions in Sindh, which might exhibit the different alphabets to be used in books intro- duced into their schools, and in any further translation of the Holy Scriptures, or other religious books. The " Standard Alpha- bet" adopted by the Church Missionary Society has been put in juxtaposition with the two native alphabets, to exhibit a view of the whole system.

AS is well known to every Sindhi scholar, a great confusion has hitherto been prevailing in respect to the Sindhi alphabet,

11 PREFACE.

some having used Sanscrit, others Panjiibi, and others Arabic

characters. I t would be out of place here to enter into the different systems which have been laid down for the Sindhi ortho- graphy, as I hope soon to be enabled, by a liberal Government, to print 111y Conzparative Grnlnnzar of the fourth great Prbcrit Dialect @ Indiu, where I shall nlinutely treat of them.

As the population of Sindh consists of HindGs and Muhamma- dans, trvo distinct alpl~abets will be required for them. In respect

to the Muhammadans, all are agreed that only the Arabic character will do for them. 'In respect to the HindGs, two characters have been proposed, the Samcrit, and the Panjab?. In the Sanscrit character, the excellent books of the late Captain George Stack, the first Sindhi scholar, have been printed already, and will be a lasting memorial to his merits. The PanjiiLi characters, also, have been proposed, as some Hind6 inhabitants, who have immigrated from the Panjab, are able to read these characters, and some parts of the Gospel, &c., have been translated and lithographed by my excellent brother Missionaries, the Rev. A. Burn and the Rev. A. Matchett.

I t would be going too far here to explain my reasons why I have followed Captan Stack in using the Sanscrit characters for the Hindi3 part of the population of Sindh : I must reserve all these details to the Introduction of my Sindhi Grammar, and will only mention here, that the Panjiibi characters are less fit to be used in Sindhi than the Sanscrit, the Panjabi lett,ers being already a corruption from the Sanscrit, and less pliable.

I have quite abstracted from the so-called B Q ~ E ~ ~ character, which is frequently considered as the original Sindhi alphabet. I shall show, in its proper place, what these characters are, and how they have been corrupted from an ancient Sanscrit alphabet, pre- vailing in the western part of India prior to the shape of the present Sanscrit letters being fixed. That they are now unfit for a book- character is evident, and an introduction of the necessary charac- ters from other alphabets would render them extremely ludicrous.

... PREFACE. 111

The national alphabet for the HindCls is the Sanscrit character, modified according to the different Prscrit dialects which have grown out of t l ~ e common mother tongue; and Sindhi is a great daughter of Sanscrit, and has preserved the virtues and facilities of the ancient mother tongue in a higher degree than any of its sister Prgcrit dialects.

In regard to the Sanscrit alphabet, as it will be exhibited in the following table, adapted to tlie peculiarities of the Sindhi language, I have only to state the discrepancies froin the system adopted by the late Captain Stack, and used in his books. I have deviated from him only when I was compelled by philological truth so to do, and I am quite confident that he would have agreed nit11 me had he had a knowledge of the original mother tongue of Sindhi.

1. I t is very embarrassing that Captain Stack has not distin- guished the two different sounds of 7 by a different mark, though he was very well aware of this fact. He thought it unimportant ; but, in reality, there we have two quite distinct letters, widely differ- ing from each other in pronunciation, and frequently in derivation too, so much that a native will never confound one with the other. I t has therefore been absolutely necessary to distinguish both ; as,

3 d, and 3 4.

2. The cerebral 3 . ( y ) . I have marked, as it has already been marked a long time since in all Hindi prints, tlie naked 3 being necessary to express the cerebral 3 (d), which Captain Stack had confounded with the peculiar Sindhi 3 (i g), or at least not distin- guished it from it.

3. The so-called peculiar Sindhi letters, marked by Captain

Stack a(?'.), and 3 are found, on closer investigation and comparison with the Sanscrit mother tongue, to be not at all pxuliar Sindhi letters, but derived from Sanscrit according to the analogy laid down by the ancient Prscrit grammarian, Jararuchi, tlie dental having been changed into a cerebral by a regular process. In Sindhi the r inherent in those letters is very quickly pronouncetf,

1V PREFACE.

as I. in Sanscrit and Prhcrit occupies the place of a semi-vourel ; e.g. Sanscrit VT putra, becomes in PrLcrit y p z i t m , or more fre-

V

quently 2% pzittn (by contraction) ; and this again zg put&, as we really have both forms used in Sindhi, pronounced either pufri;.

or pti{{LI. The same holds good in respect to dr. Wherever the letters ti- or r!r o c ur in Sindlii, the Sanscrit has them too in their dental state.

I have had, therefore, nothing else to do but to apply the P rAcrit

rule to these letters, and to write them accordingly 5 and 5.

I may add, that the BanyZletters quite agree with this, the

letter 3 ( t r ) being the Sanscrit 7 t r in its de~ztal state, as these letters were not changed after the pronunciation had changed from the dental to the cerebral.

In respect to the Jfusalnza?~ alphabet, I have adopted the Hin- dAst&ni characters with modifications, for which I alone consider myself responsible. I t is unnecessary to state here my reasons for doing so, but I leave it to the judgment of every scholar if I have follo\ved the right track or not. Anybody conversant with the peculiarities of tlie Arabic alphabet, knows how diAicult it is to adapt Arabic letters to a PrAcrit tongue of India. What had already been fixed to express the cerebral pronunciation, of which the Arabic is entirely destitute, is gratef~~lly adopted, and I had only to provide for the ~narking of those letters which were peculiar to the Sir~dhi language.

The greatest difficulty I had to experience was in providing a mark for the nasal n, the so-called Anuswara, in which the Sindhi so much delights, but of which the Arabic is altogether ignorant, it being, in Arabic, always a pure dental n. The difficulty is already great in HindBstani, and i t has there been expressed pather unskil- fully, but much more so in Sindhi, where, as often as two vowels meet, a nasal 72 is inserted for euphony's sake. The way in which 1 thought to be able to express it was to put the sign of tlie haiima

PREFACE. V

9f- u, above the n, as u,>) aic, to hint thereby that ?a is not dental, but nasal, and approaching a hamxa, with a nasal inclination. But if anybody knows a better substitute for it, he is at perfect liberty to use it. It is a mere contrivance, and may be left out in native prints. At the end of a word thc dot of the may also be

dropped, as 3 u,

As the distinction beween 8 and & is somewhat difficult for a beginner, especially a European, and, for the understanding of the language, all important, I have put the sign of A above the,, to ex- press the sound of 8, in contradistinction from ; &, for which two sounds the Arabic alphabet has only one letter. For natives this distinction would be unnecessary, or would be only occasionally used to obviate a misconception.

As in Arabic the letter with two points has been used to .. express the long i', and without dots, or with a hamza, to express the short i, we use the same with or without dots, to express the

..G' short or long i in Sindhi : e. y. LS;;lb hanili, " a pot ;" oblique case, " .

',.G'

G& bind;-;; A$, "this,' uF hi-6 fern. , .. ,

T o distinguish z" from 6, for which the Arabic alphabet has 110

provision, I have introduced the sign of for e, which may likewise ffl

be discarded in native prints, if it should not be found necessary or convenient.

Amongst the co~zsona~zts I have only to advocate the shape of (&for the peculiar Sindhi y. As a distinctive mark on the a' was hardly practicable, 1 affixed it below, following, in some way, the practice of the Afghln language. I have fully convinced myself that this sign will completely answer its purpose, and prevent any confusion.

W e now give the Sindhi alphabet in the Sanscrit, Hi~zdu"~tb~~i , and Roman system; the last with the distinctive marks, as con- certed with Dr. Lepsius. (See Rd. Edit. Stand. Alph.)

I n respect to the purely ;Irabic or Persian letters, they are con- sidered as foreign in Sindlli, and no regard is paid to their original pronunciation. They are therefore expressed by Sindhi letters according to the received pronunciation of such Ietters in India. As for instance, and 5 are gilen by g and V, or a dot may be

added to y, to signify ; F _ is not at all expressed, and by ;

3 by simple q, or 3 with a dot, F. I n the purely *Arabic denials,

the b is generally given by simple ; +, e, b, by q; and

i, generally by 7 , which is also occasionally the case with ~j J ' and b.

PREFACE. V!l

11. VOWELS.

The Sindl~i language, as a genuine off-shoot of the ancient Prkcrit, has a great many vowels and vowel-changes, simple vowels, Guna vowels, and Vriddhi vowels; of which the Arabic is partly destitute.

(a.) Simple FTozceZs.

Long. Short. Long. Short. I Long.

i i i 9

1 / 1 Y\ \ J -

n a i ; ( a u z

(b.) G u n a Vowels.

$ expressed in Sanscrit by a dot above the line, as in fija, and in the

4 (c.) Vriddhi Vowels.

-. w w w ;; character of the standard alphabet "as h% ; e. g. a, z, a, and, long,

g " U Y ;& a, 2, u. R

Long. - i? (*) 6 ,

Y'

J$ I n order to give a survey of these three systems, we subjoin the

f*, . , " :? following piece in all the three characters. f .. g k: -

Short.

%a- (3) C/

3\

;: a i (e i ) au.

6z The sign for the nasality of a vowel is called Anuswara, and is

Hiki.t.8 patidha kiih? zahida khd v a p a66 jaura mzcla jz say&

p ~ h ; din^. Hik+& 60s.a huna &la t& sudl; lahf zdli6 hi. Bin0 Eae' zalzida %ate" v a i i upza j6 6ele"apa dhu?&lu"z .je yitinz

j g s ik l~a?~a m; sarnblla~a k i8; tha j@sS ti?: inah; vats s2 dh?zai thia, ta h ik i~z ' z r&ti sajh4 lahi va3d klm?zi bhadi ~L.ia.

IV.

VIII.

. i r * t y @ T w T 3 % m * Y ~ q 3 ~ f t + w a t $ 3 a q v ~

3 ~lfm 4-7 m fmq .:+ yw 3 ~ m ~ ~ w i M t * f & t s r ; ! *

ANNOTATIONS TO SOBATHE.

1.

$3 111. ' a string of verses ' (Sansc. *a:) $$ etc. The reading of the MSS. gives no clear sense.

U

I propose, therefore, to read, z i i ~ $$ etc., 'having his arms

bound as a sacrifice,' a well-known oriental expression of deep

respect.

?r$*, adj. ' liberal, m~ulificent,' from q r ? % ~ or qr$wF ' n

giver of presents.' Sansc.

11.

dqiq $1 it is not clear what island is meant : the name of

Ceylon is SarandPp, and can, etymologically, not be derived from

it. ahiq or U ~ F is a name of Siva, and e s 8 s is properly U

the island of Siva. -9 adj. ' not giving way ; imperturba-

ble,' arm, f. ' sway ; dominion.'

qmqq (it ought to be printed into one word in the text)

' gifted with wisdonl,' pers., Pvg, In. ' the pain or sorrow of U

other people.'

111.

TI^ or qf$~1$, f. ' eccentricity ; extravagance,' (in a good V 0

sense). ~ T T ~ R T P 318 having caused to ascertain the \vortliy

and un\\-orthy ones : 312 and $t$ taken substantively.

hfi~ i ~ m ~3fiT 3~ ' there thirty meals are distributed.'

f q 3 f ~ q in the MSS. is apparently wrong : I propose to read,

4f3fq 'divide:' the 'crowds divide food,' which gives a more

consistent meaning.

w?%, 'claughter,' the i is lengthened on account of the verse.

and in y f ~ shortened for the same reason. ? $ t ~ ~ f d having the 32 qualities (of accomplishment). f. ' a girl.'

(In the text 7 ought to be read.)

IV.

qrfq?, m. ' ruby ;' the Hind6 women besmear their teeth with

safflower; thence the comparison. p, f. ' the full moon;'

'she is like the full moon.'

f3-7, part. conj. fd; the reading in the MSS 31ii~fq%, f.

is odd : a mistake must have crept in here, and I cannot make out

any sense. I propose, therefore, to read, 7 ~ ~ f q ' 4 , 'having seen

her in her swaddling clothes, all were pleased.' @ or p ~ ? , pret.

part. pass. ; ~ q z or -3 or 3- ' 11oroscope.' We have here U

a faithful piece of Hinduism.

v. 3, m. ' worship ;' the pundit in opening the books (Veds)

bows down to them. ~TT& adj. 'grave ; heavy.'

w?$ is left in the singular, on account of the verse, instead

of &!$. These trespasses on grammatical accuracy, I am sorry

to say, are not weighed by Sindhi poets, if the rhyme is a t stake.

32 fi in the MSS. is appaerntly erroneous and senseless: I

propose to correct, e, 'a scream will go round in the

castle. $9 7~ is likewise incongruous ; I emendate, *m, plur.

uproar, tumult,' which gives a far better inexning.

3

VI.

Instead of 8, read *%$, m. 'sport ;' qq\3; m. 'noise, .3

tumult (of an army).

qf?&~ in the MSS. seems to be an error, as there is no such

verb in Sindhi. I read, therefore, qfp;sit, ' the name asked for

her \\-as SBratl~E, S6rathE is a famous name in Sindlii poetry: a

most beautiful piece in the Shglla-j6-Risai6, is known by the name

of S6ra:IiE. Thence S6rathE also signifies a Rhgini, or a certain

musical note, with wllich tliese pieces, known by the name of

SbrathE, were sung, or rather declaimed.

VII.

Read here again, ~ r f t~? , instead of ?%-;sit.

vir is the voc. ' 0 Lord.' WT? m. ' good reputation.'

eq, the u is shortened on account of the metre, instead off& U - h

VIIJ.

z&q in the MSS. is the same as zi2, or $? which latter U U

is the more correct may of writing, the Sansc. word being

z p q , ' family, 1;ousehold.'

fi-yfti~ f. ' conversation ; chatting.' mq, m. ' measure ; means.'

T J ~ , m. 'counsel.' fqm? in the RISS. gives no meaning : I correct,

therefore, Tqr$ GS? ' let us take counsel, sitting in secret.' 0, 9

is the Arab. a c k .

IX.

sa?. in the text is a misprint ; read, a?. q z f ~ f. ' agreement.'

' Having taken counsel, they came to an agreement, or conclusion.'

Instead of a@, read y ~ d . Instead of tr, read '$. ~ilf;lwf, m. ' human state generally;

manhood o r womanhood.' The sense of the verse is, they will

care for her (or bring her up) where (with whom) she will reach

womanhood. They did not like to kill the infant girl ; they pre-

ferred to expose her and leave i t to chance, i f any body would pick

her up. if$ is not a mere pleonasm, 'she must show her ~ f ~ a

in her face, by becoming (as i t is hinted by jf<) a fine young

woman.'

Note, that if3 is the locative of 35

X.

In ?~qfq the i has been shortened on account of the ~-E~ymc,

instead of 7~3~7. This verse is very beautiful and picturesque.

XI.

mi+ is a misprint, instead of mi*. is a misprint, E\

instead of ++ ' the women.' q~ im. pIur. ' tears ;' WT in the

text is app:~rently carelessly written instead of qq. ritf-~ft is a misprint, instead of z f l f ~ ~ ~ a f i , f. ' a present given on taking

leave; a sort of ~iaticum, generally consisting of sweetmeats, but

also, as the case may be, of more valuable presents.'

m y , f. 'a mother's sister,' 8a;i', the contracted nbl. case

plur. always used in such like expressions, in fl~ottsn?zds.

XII.

7~ 7~ or aft aft, an exclanlation either of grief or of nffir-

mation. P ~ T ~ , T J verb. caus. ' to distribute; to lay about.'

XIII.

my v. caus. ' to make to swim.' ' Tlie box, into nrliicli they

had laid Inany j e ~ ~ e l s , they put upon the river.'

~ f q is a misprint, instead of =fir. Witli the third line the story jumps over to a quite tliffprent

relation. There is apparently a break here, as we have now here

the story of R&e Diachu, where S6rathE ceases to be the heroine.

The verses are very ancient, but the bards who recited them

have lost the connexion. 1-have three different relations of S6rath6

and Rae Diachu, and only from a comparison of all the current

tales we may come to some distinct idea of what the poets have

sung concerning their sad story. The account which is given in

Stack's Sindl~i Grammar (Appendix) is rather a confused -one, and

is composed by a Brahmin, rather to account for the verses, than

to explain them. These verses of SGrathE, in a more or less con-

fused order, are known throughout the length and breadth of

Sindh.

T?;T ~ W T F , ' the potter Ratnii ;' in Stack's relation the name

is written T*. Ratnii, who found SBrathE and brought her up,

promised to marry her to A1:eraE (who, according to some, was

her o w n father), but Rae Digchu snatched her away, and thence

arose a war between AneriB and Rae Diachu. AnerdE besieged

Rae Diachu in his fortress of Girinare, and, as he could not take

it, he resolved to get rid of his adversary by other means.

- 3 ~ 1 ~ etc. are confused words, and so is the following,

as the context is here abruptly broken off.

XIV. This verse, in its present state, is unintelligible; t w o different

vcrses have apparently flown together.

XV. The corruption of this verse is equally great: there is no clear

meaning, as the verses are jumbled together from memory. The

Sindhi bards can say froin memory hundreds of verses, without

understanding the meaning of one of them. Instead of m m r

it is perliaps better to read m i , f. 'lustre;' ' in whose face is

lustre.' Instead of fwd, read fq$. Instead of \=T, read $~d; and instead of +w, read ?a. In order to make out any sense,

i t would be the best to join the line f ~ f : etc. to the preceding

verse, and to read thus:

3 ~ ~ 7 T -dtz f3qi alfwf3 v 317

f.Jr:<~ 5% wmi ~afq fijt w$o ~ m i r

AneriiS, in a fit of gallantry (as it seems from our text, which is

certainly very defective,) asks his Vazirs if there is some brave

man.

'To whom, having mounted and having spurred on (TIT

shortened instead of x~), the Arab horses (I read ~ l q ? instead

of Tm?), 1 may give a blow:

In whose face is lustre, having met with them, I will put them

to the test, 0 brave man ! '

Verse XV. would then begin with &TTT in the vocative, '0

Anerg6 ! the signs of the thing,' (read p~ plur. of m~), which

thou askest are these.'

Tlie meaning of &$if? is unknown to me : i t is perhaps

tuskecl from the Hindi, aiq ' a tusk.'

XVI.

Instead of dt.*, read as adv. ' all arou~id the same,' e

as &IT, likewise used adverbially.

Instead of ~31;i. read -7. The MSS. seldom distingnish

between short and long vowels.

$37 is a misprint instead of 4$. 3, which stands in the MSS.,

seems to be a mistake for 3. %*), m. 'a captain or chieftain.'

tfi$ is a misprint instead of P$$. ~ x q , in. ' an attack.'

3 2 ~ m. ' quiver ;' from the Pers. 92. T?, m. 'hero.' Read --instead of ~ 5 4 . a

~ f t ~ , etc. is the vocative, addressed to the Vazir, as AneriiE

is too prudent to expose himself.

XVIII.

I t is perhaps better to read h f $ w instead of qf* fpisi.

3fi1 gives no proper sense : I propose, therefore, to read, ?r"y, f.

' fight ; battle.' The first 6 in tfqSi ought to be shortened, as

dd, .., ' le t us compete for the sake of the battle.' Instead of 7

the nom. $:, the vocative ought to be read ?a. qg is an

honourable term, generally addressed to a Brahmin, ' 0 D8v of

conspicuous honour !' 2- seems to be shortened from 3 a r q ~ ,

m. ' a foreign country.' 3x9, v. a. ' to throw ; to fling.' T ~ T T e

is a misprint for ~ m , the Arab.>$.

XIX.

Read ri+fq and @%fq. The meaning of this line is some-

what obscure. I t seems to be a proverb, ' where the black bees

gather together (and lay up their honey) the hermits send up a

sweet smell (by burning tlie bee-hive, in order to get the honey).'

XX.

This verse, as i t stands in the MSS., is quite unintelligible. In

order to get out any meaning, we must guess a t the probable read-

ing : 1 propose to read thus,

-19 g r ~ v i ~ f a sr?a fq* it^ ' A fine man (else) quiet, lie beconies a helper and quick hero 9

The whole is a characteristic of Rae Diachu, or the tusked khan-

gharu.

In the second line read 9 instead of $3, and P?< instead of

P?G. 'He is graceful in a11 respects, in face and feature sedate

(or grave).'

In the third line read instead of ~ q .

' He is erect, noble, and carries a spear on the shoulder.'

XXT.

q?z *KT= $ 1 ~ '~TT 3m. The sign of the genitive and dative

is often dropped when i t is found inconvenient for the metre.

fqs, f. 'levelling to the ground.' Instead of -;arsq?, rend YE@. \ i

I n the second line rend v~fq?? instead of arfafs +. \

I11 the third line the words, as they staad in the MSS., give 110

sense : we propose to read thus :

IT* Ti$ RWTT $I it3 3% 7TTZ =43 : 3

Straight is the fortune of hinl who bows there, (having scaled the

bnttIements of the castle). q? is an allusion to q~? *q?. We

I.la\-e here also the name of the poet, NiithG. He introduces him-

self according to a general eastern custom.

XXIII.

In the first line we must correct thus, -Fit' q*% ' let us bend

the barrels. In the second line read 73 instead of p$ yfgy ' to demolish.'

In the third line read ~ T < P (' completely, thoroughly,' as adr,)

instead of F . . u i ~ ~ i is a mistake for ~%i, 'directly.' In

Gqv, the Anus\\-%rx is not in its place ; Y?Tqq, v. a. ' to shake.' u s

I n the fourth line i t may Ee better, according to the context, to

read also the plural @$,instead of the sing. f q ~ . \ <-

XXIV.

Separate 3qt rn ' old is the fortress of Giriniiri.' a$ gives <

no sense: I propose to read T$ ' there resides.' 53 of the

MSS, is senseless : read eq or -7, adj. 'courageous.' q*, nm. U 0

' proof (of friendship).' qqqfii, m. ' the master or rider of an

elephant.' ?T, m. ' a crowd,' especially a body of fakirs, moving

about i n their pilgrimage (qr(3?. and not 313, as in the text.)

Instead of ya?., read q?. This verse is apparently not in its

proper place.

XXV.

This verse is very corrupted, and we must undertake consider-

able corrections to get out any meaning. There is apparently

anotl~er g a p in the narration, as the story jumps at once over to

Biclialii, who, after the useless siege, is sent to ask the head of Rae

Diiichu.

Instead of the senseless ayfsgr in the text, we correct fe, having given up all courage in their heart, the vazirs come

. , agaln. qf~r is a lengthened for111 instead of the prosaic $. Instead of ?$ read E, 'quick.' Instead .mid?, read niq?$.

Instead of $r?i, read t*, 'straight.' Read separately ~5 &, ' look straight out for the country of the patient (or &bt? tusked)

Khiingharii.' In 4 put an Anus\\-Fir on the 5, Id per. sing. ' 0 confidential man, thou understandest the secret : llaving killed him,

come back again.' Instead of R?, read q ~ ? ; and instead of 432, read s i ~ .

XXVI.

Instead of &?, I propose to read &, ' let us make the edge

(of our swords) excellent.'

The fourth line undoubtedly 118s been misplaced : it is against

the sense of the context, and against the metre : I feel, therefore,

inclined to strike it out here. At any rate, instead of rsmt must

be read mi.

XXVII.

This verse likewise is in a sad confusion : i t strikes me that the

first line must be drawn over to the preceding verse, as it stands

i n no connexion with the following lines. 8 3 7 ~ gives no sense :

I propose to read,

@ 837 fqfm't, ,' having given a very large bribe.'

~ m m ? , m. ' God.

The last line, in its present st.ate, is quite confused, as the hole

verse.

XXV11 I.

FT, f. ' property ;' ' having expended thousands of his property.'

The second line is thoroughly corrupted and unintelligible.

I n the third line read 8* instead of -1.

XXIX.

Separate .rrfq ;r WTT, there is no intelligence and no remern-

brnnce (of what happened during those years.) W T ~ , f. ' flight ;

desertion.'

The fourth line is again doubtful : I propose to read,

q g fq ;fm (or better m) 3? ~?$=Tj f~ i y f ~ f a l f ~ ~ t f ~

$The women also continued making coquetry (or dances) wit11

the tambourine in Gariniiri ~tself : so ineffective was the siege, that

the women did not lay aside their usual amusements.'

XXX. XXXI.

These two verses are altogether misplaced, and so awfully cor-

rupted, that I am not able to get out any probable meaning with-

out altering the wliole.

XXXII.

I n the first i t will be necessary to emendate thus:

Val d dy ' having taken excellent shields ;' and in the second line read, to

-\ . '. restore the metre, au in heaps:' 'they went on throwing cannon-

balls in heaps on Girinari.'

I n the third line read 3* (' being deeply employed zealously) '

instead of j~?.

XXXIII.

In the first line we must alter the words thus :

=ii$ q'arq 3fiz;srr ~l?Tfsl, etc.

By the brave man lakhs and thousands of balls were, like a

shower of rain, thrown.'

The words, as they stand in the text exhibit no sense.

I n the second line I would reacl q q T instead of a t times. , In the third line it seems better to reacl f& WT, ' make

the edge of your swords sharp.'

I n the fourth line *; is doubtful : 1 should read *, ' having

fought that tinie, he went away, giving up the strife.'

XXXIV.

In the first line read 9 7 instead of 'j3pY. ~ T F , ' a coward,'

seems out of its place: in reference to verse 32 we may, perhaps,

better supply here *, m. ' lion.'

The second line is again more than doubtful : the first half of

i t is plain enough, but the other half is lame and against the

metre: but we have heard thus, is not in its proper place. I feel

inclined to emendate thus, q & ~ ~ f t f$q>, whicli will correspond 0

with the preceding metre: ' appeasing his mind and his soul' (i. e.

the rage of).

-7, ' a small window or lattice.'

T@, f. ' a field where vegetables are sown ; a green field.'

XXXV.

The verses are unconnected, and'it is therefore difficult to make

out to rvhom they refet-. I n the first line I should propose to

emendate aq4 instead of WT?. %TT, ' a n attribute of God ; c\

the imperceptible.' Instead of j, read $ In tlie third line read fsr;lri, ' if I live, then may I be remem-

bered (famous).' mf< or 3~~qf$, adj. we, 'if I die, there is a

place (for me) in Paradise.' 3$4i in. ' Paradise.'

In the fourth line read again %instead of 4:. and .y# instead

of wmi.

XXXVI.

0 proud AnerZ, give up the war !'

In the second line m;i WTTa is vocative, ' 0 Khan and nobles !'

q-3 is the Arab. @'+. Separate ;srr$f;r, ' I have no way or

means to fight.'

XXXVII.

Second line, read TFTFT= $> 1, ashrxll.

Third line, -3 is n frequeilt vulgarism instead of q-7.

Instead of $&IT, read %R. The words f g r q ai must be

struck out : they are nothing but an explanation of ~ ' P T T . ~ i .

XXXVIII.

9- was by profession a bard and reciter of poems :

they practice also music and dancing.

In the second line q$~q is a misprint instead of f ~ q ~ q .

In the fourth line I propose to read % ' corner,' instead of

d 3 ; read *f& instead of fqkt, 'having taken the fiddle

from the corner, niake smart speeches.'

XXXIX.

In the first line I propose to read 3 ~ , 'jealousy,' iiistead of $3, 0

which is not a Sindl~i word a t all.

XL.

The first line, though in itself clear, is out of place here, as being

against the metre. ~f~f'31 33, ' haste to the end,' i. E. ' make

haste to come to your journey's end (to Rai Diachu's castle.)'

q % ~ @ &, ' i t is the chat of misdonl (to ask his head),' i. 0.

'if you behave prudently, you will get it.'

XLI.

Tlzese lines are addressed by BichalCi to R5i Diachu.

.ire m f v -ji, ' an oath of God,' a well-known Oriental may of 0

swearing, which is used in the most trivial affairs.

WT?, f. 'the race or tribe (of bards).' f-, f. ' a quarter

(of the earth).' v@ f k ~ m, ' enduring (taking by his pro-

mise upon himself) the devotion of his own head.

XLII.

&Never know I to say scandal and abuse with the mouth.'

m 39 imitative sound of the string of the fiddle. U O

w, or more commonly ~ r n x y , ' to praise, to applaud.'

XLIII.

First line, qf*, v. n. ' to be delighted.'

The second line is difficult to interpret : I translate thus :

' The man, having gained blandishments (see in the preceding

verse TI%*,) and having bound the tie (of friendship with the

bard,) was overcome.' Or i t msy also be translated thus : ' Would

that the man, having bound the tie of friendship, may be overcome

lastingly.' That 9~3 should be here translated as adv., the follow-

ing verse seems to point out. mq is in the latter case neutral,

' to last' (see the Hindi m . 1 The third we translate thus : ' Who has no sloth, even as much

as a mole, has aIso no fear.' -5, f. ' sloth, indolence,' Arab.

XLV.

V ~ T F , ' a tax gatherer.' ' I will take, like a tax-gatherer, his

head and bind i t up, (i. e . as my due).'

& Yq?, ' he his conti~lually (lastingly) coming.'

When KhanghGrii will come again, continuing to press his

desire (for music.)

XLVI.

or *, f. 'time.' d a shortened from @a, 'dyed with U

the colour of the safflower; bright red. The Hindustani i s 4

or .euu*( ; Sans. %w. -7, m. ' early morning; dawn of u

day.' F ~ T , f. ' clamour ; scream.'

XLVII.

m ~ , 'discourse, (it refers to *VTT). ~VSITT, f. 'guitar.'

The third line I translate thus :

Give up (would that) the upper-storied houses in the woods :

vjgour is broken down (by staying too long in bed), and from the

cradle (or bed) comes loss.'

XLVIII.

qf~q?, m. 'light.' RYT~T, f. ' early morning.'

;T?3 ' a respectful address-Sir.' fxfq 'jl~fft ' it is their nature

(to give by hundreds).' The plural is used here :respectfully, re-

ferring to T m .

XLIX.

3 % ~ ' h e gets made a place in front of the great man, and

of the sun ' (an Oriental exaggeration.)

82 5 etc. 4 VTT 3 ';zd. After J C ~ we must make a

stop : ' 0 thou good man, endure this burden, (i. e. cutting off the

head).

L.

i%f~ fqfr: an imitative sound of the razor in shaving.

~ q ? or e, adj. ' rising like the sun ; resplendent ; bright.

q~f&~, m. ' s ~ n . ' or m, m. 'gate; door.'

The verse is incomplete ; the other lines are missing in the MSS

LI.

+? qq ' to talk over one's circumstances.'

3 a~~f t fq 3f~&, 'thou ar t not to be gratified with Arab

horses.'

pf. m. ' lord, husband (shortened from Pfir.)

LII.

These lines are addressed by S6rathE to Bichalii.

&$I. rn. ' a silk dress.' &qj, m, ' stable.'

LIII.

dfv;51, f. ' adopted daughter.' m ~ , ' to perform ; to act ;'

a Hindustani phrase. F, m. frisk ; spring ; vagary.' cl

LIV.

fm, f. ' solicitation ; request ;' Hindustani d, ;.srrnir?%?,

not weighed ;' immeasurable.

LV.

qfi9, m. ' a kind of sedan, with two poles.' hi3, m. ' the U

time of ~norning ;' fe is the locative, ' in the morning.'

LVI.

t-9, ' a painted or decorated room; a state room.' ' 0

Raja, thou ar t in a decorated room, the Jgjik (bard) sits on the

(bare) ground.' These words are addressed to RSi Diachu by

S6rathE. q?~, f. a stringed instrunlent, a sort of lute. ' He

has played with his hands, and thou, brave man, hast heard liis

lute.' She tries to persuade her husband that the bard wilI be

satisfied with horses and a new saddle.

LVII.

;j~iriiq?, m. ' fiddler ;' T T ~ m. ' bait.' The fiddler laid a bait

for him. srs IT^ ' t o sustain life.'

LVIII.

qd, adj. ' abundant.' 3 is an exclamation, generally de-

noting grief or horror.

LIY.

d q m ? , adj. ' strong ; powerfhl.' fig, m. not a tern1 of re-

poach (us it has become now), but denoting tlie cultivators or

peasants generally ; denotes, on the other hand, the landed

nobility. The whole relation between ga and ~ r r g bears a close

affinity to our feudal system. (q$=Getae, Goths.)

LX. This last verse is of great poetical beauty.

Pluck no flower of Giriniiri : all the beggars will curse thee :

Hundred, hundred companions, 0 SbrathE, stand up and condole

thee :

Brothers, nephews, the whole army, friends, shed tears :

Having adorned the head, they give i t to the bard.

The women fill their jars : a t night the Raja has gone off'!

Note.-I have purposely abstained from introducing iny own

corrections into the text, even in such places where the words, as

they stand in the text, are utterly unintelligible. By chance, some

other copy may turn up in Sindli, and by comparing the two texts

together, the probable meaning may be established on a surer basis

than on a Inere guess. The total absence of all diacritical marks

in the MSS., as few as there are, and the utter neglect of long or

short vowels, causes great difficulty and perplexity in deciphering

them.

I hare been able to collect only four pieces written in Sansc i t

characters :

1. Ldii Uair6 (half Sindhi and PanjZbi.)

2. Sorathe.

3. Sasui.

4 . Kiimasine and IGmarEpi..

They are all in a deplorable state as regards accuracy of

writing, which, in fact, was a matter of downright impossibility

~haracters destitute of c1i:tcritical marks altogether.

I K TIIE PltEFACE.

Page vi. Faucals correct fr 3" ,.

Cerebrals j correct 3 r 1'

Page vii. Emandate i (B) , and blot out the parenthesis (6) after 1.

I N THE SAKSCRIT P.IRT.

PAGE. 1,lSE. FOR READ.

2 6 rn * 17 14 -6 WriQ

" O n account of th? itbsence of tli? outl!or fi.0111 the plnce of ~~siuting-, many misprints have crcpt in :ularoi~:;~l~I>-. 11-llicli the studnlt is liinclly sequesta'l to cillellc~ate. Occ;\sionnl ~.ever,bions of ~u~T'el-~)oints i l l ~ d t be !eft tc; t h e nttentiuu. of the studen;.

LIWE, FOR REID.

13 e* .rf35it

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16 Tg? WF 1 blot out mf3

FOR READ.

7 appaerntly apparentIy

6 Risiii6 Risalo

IZOR IIB \D.

V. Ix. 4 a f~ ga xv. 5 -G b

XLII. 3 'TmT aTrqT C1. 4 qJf: F

FINAL NOTE.

Line 10 Sansc it Sanscrit

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29. $\; j- ~ 4 ' 1 1 j? 41) b uL\ , ,

SIN1)I-II SELECTIONS I N TIIE

~ I U S A L J ~ A N CIIARACTER.