A PERSPECTIVE OF GLOBAL WARMING IMPACTON AQUACULTURE FOOD PRODUCTION IN MALAYSIA

*Mohd Fariduddin Othman and Hussin Ali

*Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), Department of Fisheries Malaysia, Wisma Tani, Presint 4, Federal Government Administrative Centre, 62628,

Putrajaya Malaysia

Aquaculture

� Is an activity to produce aquatic organism in water media.

� The activity involves breeding (hatchery), nursery and grow out

� To sustain the activity must have good water quality (physico-chemistry and biology)

• Increase in food requirement • Decrease or limiting of wild catch• Seasonal pattern of fish• To support processing industry• LIVE fish food market demand

Why Aquaculture ?

SEGMENTS OF AQUACULTURE

1. FOOD FISH PRODUCTION

2. HOBBY AND ORNAMENTAL

3. PHARMACEUTICS

4. JEWELLERY

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20051

(Million tonnes)

UTILIZATION

Human consumption 96.9 99.7 100.2 102.7 105.6 107.2

Non-food uses 34.2 31.3 33.5 30.5 34.8 34.4

Population (billions) 6.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5

Per capita food fish supply (kg) 16.0 16.2 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.6

A. Global food (Fish) requirement

B. Declining in wild landing

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20051

(Million tonnes)

TOTAL CAPTURE 95.6 93.1 93.3 90.5 95.0 93.8

TOTAL AQUACULTURE 35.5 37.9 40.4 42.7 45.5 47.8

TOTAL WORLD FISHERIES 131.1 131.0 133.7 133.2 140.5 141.6

Role of Aquaculture Food Production

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 20051

(Million tonnes)

TOTAL CAPTURE 95.6 93.1 93.3 90.5 95.0 93.8

TOTAL AQUACULTURE 35.5 37.9 40.4 42.7 45.5 47.8

TOTAL WORLD FISHERIES 131.1 131.0 133.7 133.2 140.5 141.6

World Scenario

In Malaysia

Trend In Aquaculture Food Production

Producer 2002 2004 APR

(Tonnes) (Percentage)

Top ten producers in terms of quantity, 2004

China 27 767 251 30 614 968 5.0

India 2 187 189 2 472 335 6.3

Viet Nam 703 041 1 198 617 30.6

Thailand 954 567 1 172 866 10.8

Indonesia 914 071 1 045 051 6.9

Bangladesh 786 604 914 752 7.8

Japan 826 715 776 421 -3.1

Chile 545 655 674 979 11.2

Norway 550 209 637 993 7.7

United States of America 497 346 606 549 10.4

TOP TEN SUBTOTAL 35 732 648 40 114 531 6.0

REST OF THE WORLD 4 650 830 5 353 825 7.3

Total 40 383 478 45 468 356 6.1

Top ten producers in terms of growth, 2002–04

Myanmar 190 120 400 360 45.1

Viet Nam 703 041 1 198 617 30.6

Turkey 61 165 94 010 24.0

Netherlands 54 442 78 925 20.4

Republic of Korea 296 783 405 748 16.9

Iran (Islamic rep. of) 76 817 104 330 16.5

Egypt 376 296 471 535 11.9

Chile 545 655 674 979 11.2

Thailand 954 567 1 172 866 10.8

United States of America 497 346 606 549 10.4

Top Ten Aquaculture Producers

Species group 2002 2004 APR

(Tonnes) (Percentage)

Top ten species groups in terms of aquaculture production, 2004

Carps and other cyprinids 16 673 155 18 303 847 4.8

Oysters 4 332 357 4 603 717 3.1

Clams, cockles, arkshells 3 457 510 4 116 839 9.1

Miscellaneous freshwater fishes 3 763 902 3 739 949 -0.3

Shrimps, prawns 1 495 950 2 476 023 28.7

Salmons, trouts, smelts 1 791 061 1 978 109 5.1

Mussels 1 700 871 1 860 249 4.6

Tilapias and other cichlids 1 483 309 1 822 745 10.9

Scallops, pectens 1 228 692 1 166 756 -2.6

Miscellaneous marine molluscs 1 389 586 1 065 191 -12.4

Top Ten Species Groups In Aquaculture Food Production

Traditional Role - support Fish Consumption Pattern

� Fish is an importance daily diet of Malaysian. � Consumption and expenditure is major� Locals put more preference on marine than freshwater fish� Self sufficiency is increasing hence need to sustain� With the declining in fish landing AQUACULTURE will play the role to supply the

requirement

Year 2000 2005 2010

Kg/ind 49 53 60

Table : Per capita consumption of fish

Year 2000 2005 2010

% ssl 89 90 94.3

Table : Self sufficiency level (SSL) - projection

Fig. Expenditure on fish to food budget

80%

20%

Food

Fish

NATIONAL AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

• Within, the potential and importance of

fisheries as food security commodity and

potential foreign exchange earning was

highlighted and given a significant task - to

balance out food import bill (BOT) which

was long time indicated a deficit.

Commodity Exports

(RM million)

Imports

(RM million)

BOT

(RM million)

Livestocks 1005.2 2696.3 -1691.0

Fish products 2073.0 1935.0 137.9

Agricultural 4337.5 7778.4 -3440.9

Others 2513.8 4144.8 -1631.0

Total 9930.0 16554.5 -6625.0

� Highlighted after world food crisis 1997

� Government revamp the National Agricultural Policy 2, NAP2 to NAP3 and emphasize food production to a. safeguard food security

and b. economic benefit (BOT) .

• NAP3 – 9MP : A Revamp In Fish Production

• The increase in fish production and contribution was set to be

from AQUACULTURE which is currently is not fully utilized.

• The harvest was set at 508,000 mt to be achieved by

2010. Priority commodities consisted of :

Commodity Production (mt) (RM ' Mill.)

F.water fish /prawn 137,000 863

Marine shrimp 150,000 4,500

Marine finfish 85,000 860

Bivalves 135,000 102

TOTAL 508,000 6,325

Challenge Ahead In Aquaculture Under NAP3

THE ROLE OF AQUACULTURE UNDER NAP3

32.0

24.0

19.0

6.4 6.04.1 3.4

1.7 1.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Con

trib

utio

n (%

)

cockle Fresh

water

pond

brackish

water

pond

ex -minig

pool

brackish

water

cage

mussel fresh

water

cage

oy ster seaweed

STATUS OF AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION SYSTEM (2008)

NATIONAL STRATEGIES ON AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT

Subject Shrimp

pond

Grouper

cage

S. bass

cage

Snapper

cage

Mussel

raft

S/ weed

ropes

Area (Ha) 5,428 693 693 693 55 5600

Volume (mt) 52,923 92,252 208,000 183,456 1833 153,216

RM’ billions 0.95 3.69 2.70 2.75 0.004 0.38

Subject Tilapia

cage

Patin

cage

Keli

tank

Arowana

aquarium

Discus

aquarium

Goldfish

aquarium

Area (Ha) 1561 1561 1561 135 135 135

Volume (mt) 699,179 1,098,709 126,363 23 27 72,720

RM’ millions 3.50 3.85 0.57 0.02 0.00011 0.02

Development of ZIA and HIP (New Facilities)

Item Objective Description

1. Contribution to GDP Increase the output of fishes and raw material used in

processing of fish products.

2. Balance of Trade, BOT Increasing the exports of fishes and high –value fish

products; and reducing the import of low-value fish for

consumption and raw material used in processing of fish

products

3. Private sector involvement Increasing investments from both local and foreign

companies.

4. Increasing the income of aquaculture

farmers and entrepreneurs

Increasing the aquaculture farmers / entrepreneurs income

to a minimum of RM3000 per month at the same time

creating a new business opportunities and employments.

5. Innovation and technology capability Introducing a new technologies suited for aquaculture

industry.

6. Enhancing the value chain Establishing new hatcheries, livestock field, farm food

factory, processing factory and effective marketing

systems to support the value chain of aquaculture industry.

7. Efficient aquaculture development The certification of farm in accordance with SPLAM / SAAB

Objectives on the development of AIZ and HIP

MALAYSIA AQUACULTURE PRODUCTION REVIEW

(1998-2010)

1. Overall, there is a trend of increase.

2. But the increase is only slight (compare to targeted volume)

3. The increase seem to be linked to increase in area of culture or high density of production operation.

4. Disease were recorded to be main hindering factor of late even in traditional low density operation.

Commodity Production (mt)

F.Water

Fish/Prawn

137,000

MARINE SHRIMP 150,000

Marine Finfish 85,000

Bivalves 135,000

TOTAL 508,000

1. Disease & Sustainability

2. Environmental problems

3. Increase in cost of production and

Global competitiveness

4. Technology in production approach

(Of particular in Fish Production)Traditional/small scale, multi species, live market dependent

THREAD / CONSTRAINS IN DEVELOPMENT……..

5. Climate Change Impact ?

1. Malaysia is divided into two main lands, West and East and is maritime.

2. Normally observed climate of uniform temperature, high humidity and copious rainfalls.

3. The wind blow light and variable with uniform periodic changes , brought in four distinguished wind patterns - , the southwest monsoon, northeast monsoon and two shorter period of inter monsoon seasons.

4. Tropical storm which is usual occurrence in the south China sea also influence its climatology.

5. The past climate was influenced by the events of El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), time scale based oscillation of the Indian Ocean Dipoles (IOD) and the intra seasonal Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO).

6. Overall Malaysia seldom observed serious climate phenomenon (storm, strong waves or long drought) but an increase in surface temperature and rain falls pattern.

1. Overall the country is experiencing increase in surface temperature since the last four decades - pattern of increasing is consistent and significant.

2. The rise were between 0.5-1.5 0C /decade

3. The event of El- Nino observed higher temperature.

CLIMATE CHANGE RISK TO LOCAL AQUACULTURE

Manipulation of Traditional Aquaculture Ground

POSSIBLE IMPACT !

1.Water Ecology2.Species adaptation / migration3.Carrying capacity4.Stress adaptation and disease vulnerability5.Lost of traditional ground

THE PLAN OF ACTION

Objective 1. Establishment of a comprehensive meteorology database

Strategy 1. Establish National Fisheries Climate Change Centre (NFCCC).

Activities 1. Acquire/compile/collate/analyze data and information2. Information dissemination3. Acquire database server

Strategy 2. Acquire aquaculture / meteorology dataActivities 1. Compile data on aquaculture activities and meteorology for areas under

aquaculture 2. Develop data management that can be accessed by stakeholders.3. Dissemination of information to target groups and stakeholders

Strategy 3. Develop Temporal and Spatial Data

Activities 1. Develop temporal & spatial database.

2. Provide real-time data for monitoring.

3. Information dissemination to stakeholders.

Strategy 4. Develop aquaculture meteorological stations network

Activities 1. Weather monitoring stations

2. Agencies-stakeholders national link

3. System maintenance

THE PLAN OF ACTION

Objective 2. Ensuring Food security for the nation

Strategy 1. Increase national fish production

Activities 1. Update supporting climatic data to enhance aquaculture production

2. Reduce risk of failure to investor and operators

3. Provide conducive environment

4. Increase new production area with better coordination and bio-security

approach

5. Introduce species and strain able to withstand climate impact

Strategy 2. Research and monitoring on disease patterns

Activities 1. Research on the impact of climate change on fish health (including the

incidence from parasites, bacteria and protozoa).

2. Develop adaptive strategies against fish diseases, which may increase

due to climate change.

3. Invest in preventive and curative measure and upgrading facilities

THE PLAN OF ACTION

Objective 3. Engage and Improve On Research and Knowledge Management In Climate Change

Impact

Strategy 1. Appropriate culture systems

Activities 1. Develop land-based culture systems (eg. RAS) for freshwater and marine fish.

2. Develop cage culture technology.

3. Rehabilitation of mangroves along coastal lines to serve as buffer zones.

4. Encourage innovations and creativity on culture systems

Strategy 2. Domestication programme

Activities 1. Indentify and prioritize species of commercial importance.

2. Domesticate by further growing fish from marketable size to maturity in

indoor facilities.

3. Development of maturation diets.

Strategy 3. Develop new fish strains

Activities 1. Develop freshwater and marine fish strains that can specifically adapt to

different culture environments / systems.

Strategy 4. Early warning systems

Activities 1. Establish network stations within AIZ for analysis of meteorological data.

2. Micro-climate studies

3. Development of an early warning system.

THE PLAN OF ACTION

Strategy 5. Climate change modelling

Activities 1. Simulation and prediction

2. Development of models on impacts on aquaculture.

Strategy 6. Monitor impacts on pond ecosystems

Activities 1. Inventorization of physico-chemical & biology (plankton & benthic communities) in

culture ponds.

2. Study impacts of climate change on pond ecosystem and aquaculture production.

Strategy 7. Outsourcing technology

Activities 1. Acquire fish strains or research on genetic selection of species to adapt to

changes of temperature and salinity.

2. Develop in-door RAS production systems.

3. Develop cage culture technology which resist/adapt climate change.

Strategy 8

.

To increase institutional and human capacity on research and knowledge management

related to climate change, and to train sector professionals

Activities 1. Establish a centre and/or network for research on climate change and climate

change impacts and their management

2. Develop training programmes for high and mid-level officials of the Government,

NGOs and private organisations/ associations and provide training in

collaboration with research centres and universities.

Objective 3. Engage and Improve On Research and Knowledge Management In Climate Change Impact

Objective 4. Capacity building and institutional strengthening

Strategy 1. Increase number of personnel and expertise on climate change.

Activities 1. Provide continous training

2. International collaborations

3. Participate in seminars, conferences, etc.

Strategy 2. Establish NFCCC

Activities 1. Acquisition of high-tech facilities.

2. Increase number of trained & skilled manpower

Strategy 3. To integrate climate change issues into development policy and action.

Activities 1. Draft a consultation paper on the National Climate Change policy, the integration of climate change issues into development planning and sectoral policies and how they should be formulated for discussion with key stakeholders.

2. Incorporate climate change concerns in all sectoral policies and strategies through appropriate revisions in consultation with relevant stakeholders.

3. Publish the National Climate Change Policy.

Strategy 4. Development of adequate human capacity to effectively manage climate resilient development programmes and to take part in international negotiations

Activities 1. Enhance the capacity of Government staff for policy, programme and project formulation, and implementation, through training and in other ways.

2. Enhance capacity of key staff of Government, private sector organisations and NGOs on accessing international and national carbon and climate change Funds

3. Enhance the human resource capacity within and outside government for Climate Change negotiations

Strategy 5. Develop strong organisations to effectively respond to climate change

Activities 1. Setting up of mechanisms for inter-ministerial and inter-institutional coordination at various levels of the agencies.

2. Government, and for managing new adaptation and planned mitigation funds Organisational reform and strengthening of key

3. Government and others agencies

Objective 5 : Prepare A Comprehensive Disaster Management Mechanism

Strategy 1. Improvement of the existing flood forecasting and early warning systems by

increasing lead times and strengthening dissemination mechanisms.

Activities 1. Review of the hydro-meteorological data network and the setting up of

telemetric stations.

2. Improvement in dissemination of warnings by combining river stage and DEM

information, and making 10 day forecasts.

3. Awareness building programmes at community level on warnings produced.

Strategy 2. Community based disaster prepareness and improved resilience.

Activity 1. Awareness raising programmes among local communities about impacts of

Climate Change.

THE PLAN OF ACTION

Objective 6 – Engage Infrastructure Development Related to Climate Change Impact

Strategy 1. Plan and implement an investment programme to ensure that the coastal area,

including all islands, adapts to raining season and storm.

Activities 1. Analysis of meteorological data to improve predictions of changes in the pattern of storm events

2. Analysis of meteorological data to improve predictions of changes in the pattern of storm events

Strategy 2. Put in place effective river training works to control river bank erosion

Activity 1. Plan and develop coastal green belts as a measure against storm.

THE PLAN OF ACTION

Objective 7 – Provide Sufficient and Efficient Awareness Programme

Strategy 1. Aims to provide a comprehensive service for school.

Activities 1. Organize some activities that their topics related to climate change for (e.g., poems contest, debates, writing an essay, speech, and lecture ).

2. Establish climate change as one of the component subject teaching at

schools and institutions.

3. Website has created on purposely to encouraged students sharing their

creativity.

Strategy 2. To give knowledge to public about climate change . Raising public awareness

across the country by main-streaming climate change issues in the print and

electronic media.

Activities 1. Organize a big exhibition on behalf of open end

awareness campaign2. Capacity Building and Training print and electronic journalists

3. Exposure visits to climate change hot spots across the country and tracking global negotiations

THE PLAN OF ACTION

1. Aquaculture in Malaysia is currently (1998-2015) being given special emphasizeto enhance fish production for food security and foreign exchange earning.

2. Besides traditional risk factors, Global Warming Impact and Climate Change phenomenon is already being felt in aquaculture activities at local scenario however not yet supported by research finding.

3. A Task Force lead by DoF was formed recently and already came with POA draft for submission to National Level Action.

4. Overall, Aquaculture in Malaysia will experience minimal impact compare to other bigger producer in the region THUS take it as an OPPURTUNITY to capture the market.

5. To increase production, Technology and Financial Support (R&D) have to be a priority.

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