Flashcards

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General during Wilson presidency

Led the “Palmer Raids”­attempt by government to arrest and deport anarchists

Raids occurred during the Red Scare from 1919­1920

Randolph Bourne

Defended immigrants’ rights to keep their foreign customs

Thought that America should have a combination of all cultures within it

Wanted the US to be a trailblazer in being multicultural during a period of immigration restriction

Al Capone

Gangster who distributed illegal alcohol during prohibition

Involved in a lot of Chicago’s gang violence

Eventually convicted for tax evasion in 1932, died in 1947

Scopes Trial

John T. Scopes, a biology teacher, was charged with teaching evolution to high school students, represented by Clarence Darrow

Prosecution headed by former presidential candidate William Jennings Bryan

Trial held in Dayton, Tennessee Trial made the fundamentalists

look ridiculous and evolution began to be taught in schools

Brian died of a stroke five days after the trial

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of the Treasury Favored rapid expansion of capital

investment Helped to reduce taxes from

1921­26 persuading congress to repeal two taxes(excess­profits tax, gift tax) and reduce several others(excise taxes, surtax, income tax, estate taxes

Reduced the national debt by 10 million, some argued he could have reduced it by more during this economic upturn

Henry Ford

Mass produced the Ford Model­T; sold at an affordable price

Pioneered the use of the assembly line for mass manufacturing

Able to increase worker wages, allowed for job benefits, established standard work hours

Instituted some ideas created by Frederick W. Taylor including standardization of products and rewards for good work

Charles Lindbergh

first person to fly solo across the Atlantic, from New York to Paris­became a celebrity

flew as a pilot in WWI Son was kidnapped which led to

laws cracking down on abduction Lost popularity due to anti­semetic

remarks, but abduction of his son drew a lot of attention and sympathy to him

Rights Movements

Margaret Sanger led the National Women’s Party in 1923­wanted an Equal Rights Amendment for the Constitution

United Negro Improvement Association founded by Marcus Garvey

Garvey also inspired the Nation of Islam­Malcolm X once a part of this group that wanted more rights for black men

“Lost Generation” Writers

young people who had been ruined by the first world war

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote the Great Gatsby­showed the good and bad sides of the 1920s

Ernest Hemingway wrote A Farewell to Arms, The Sun Also Rises, and other books that showed the faults of people in the 20s

Hemingway committed suicide in 1961

Immigration Quota Act

3% of existing population of each type of European immigrant were allowed into the country each year

showed the increased sense of nativism during the 20s­dislike towards immigrants

KKK showed a revival in this time period and disliked immigrants among other minority groups of people

Limit cut to 2% in 1924, also stopped the unrestricted immigration in the United States

Warren G. Harding

Republican president from 1921­1293; died during presidency of a heart attack

Tried to return the US to normal after WWI

Involved in multiple scandals Ohio Gang involved with financial

jobs that Harding offered his friends Involved in the Teapot Dome scandal Anti­Immigration laws created during

his presidency from a heightened level of nativism in the government

Held first international conference in US­Washington Conference

Teapot Dome Scandal

Incident that took place from 1922­1923 during Harding presidency

Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall gave Navy oil reserves to private companies

Fall convicted for accepting bribes Scandal made Harding’s

administration look bad

Calvin Coolidge

Republican president from 1923­1929

Attempted to regain the people’s trust in the presidency after Harding’s scandal­written term

Was decently popular and looked very good compared to Harding

Continued to try to bring America back to peacetime measures

Signed the Kellogg­Briand Pact in 1928 with France, UK, Japan and others renouncing large scale war unless under self defense; showed Coolidge tried to stay out of European entanglements

Herbert Hoover

Republican president from 1929­1933

Promised prosperity and tried to deal with the impending depression­his actions were too late and the depression couldn't be prevented

The issues came to a head on "Black Tuesday" when the stock market crashed as stock prices rapidly decreased

shantytowns were called Hoovervilles showing the blame put on Hoover for the depression

Believed in rugged individualism­individuals can succeed on their own without government help

Documents 1) Evolution of Man. ­ “Undoubtedly there once lived upon the earth races of men who were much lower in their mental organization than the present inhabitants. If we follow the early history of man upon the earth, we find that at first he must have been little better than one of the lower animals. He was a nomad, wandering from place to place, feeding upon whatever living things he could kill with his hands. Gradually he must have learned to use weapons, and thus kill his prey, first using rough stone implements for this purpose. As man became more civilized, implements of bronze and of iron were used. About this time the subjugation and domestication of animals began to take place. Man then began to cultivate the fields, and to have a fixed place of abode other than a cave. The beginnings of civilization were long ago, but even today the earth is not entirely civilized” (George William Hunter's Civic Biology was the biology textbook that John Scopes used in class. This book and his teachings would lead to one of the greatest changes in school teaching. John Scopes was teaching a theory called evolution and was illegal because the theory was against religion. This was important evidence in the supreme court trial)

2)A consular officer upon the application of any immigrant (as defined in section 3) may (under the conditions hereinafter prescribed and subject to the limitations prescribed in this Act or regulations made thereunder as to the number of immigration visas which may be issued by such officer) issue to such immigrant an immigration visa which shall consist of one copy of the application provided for in section 7, visaed by such consular officer. Such visa shall specify (1) the nationality of the immigrant; (2) whether he is a quota immigrant (as defined in section 5) or a non­quota immigrant (as defined in section 4); (3) the date on which the validity of the immigration visa shall expire; and such additional information necessary to the proper enforcement of the immigration laws and the naturalization laws as may be by regulations prescribed. The immigrant shall furnish two copies of his photograph to the consular officer. One copy shall be permanently attached by the consular officer to the immigration visa and the other copy shall be disposed of as may be by regulations prescribed. The validity of an immigration visa shall expire at the end of such period, specified in the immigration visa, not exceeding four months, as shall be by regulations prescribed. In the case of a immigrant arriving in the United States by water, or arriving by water in foreign contiguous territory on a continuous voyage to the United States, if the vessel, before the expiration of the validity of his immigration visa, departed from the last port outside the United States and outside foreign contiguous territory at which the immigrant embarked, and if the immigrant proceeds on a continuous voyage to the United States, then, regardless of the time of his arrival in the United States, the validity of his immigration visa shall not be considered to have expired.

(This document is the Immigration Act of 1924 was the first permanent limitation on immigration. At the time 42% of New Yorkers were foreign­born; 41% of Chicagoans; 42% of San Franciscans. The Government did not want too many immigrants coming into America because it would dilute Natives that were born in America. These laws were very restricted and immigration actually decreased.)

3)"Students of world progress recognize that there is a time for everything. Like the opening of a flower or the budding of a tree, certain events cannot be forced ahead of their time; nor, conversely, can they be disregarded after their time for appearance has come. Therefore it behooves the man, especially the young man, who wishes to have his part in the progress of this world to watch the signs of the times and be ready at the proper moment to take his place in the procession of human events.

To be right means mainly to be in tune with destiny and willing to obey. It does not necessarily mean to be agreeable, nor to be agreed with, nor to be popular; it does mean to be useful in purpose which destiny is trying to achieve in and through us. If man is right, he need not fear to stand alone; he is not alone. Every right idea put forth has many silent adherents.

There is a great deal of nonsense spoken about the "lonely heights," they seem to be lonely, but they are only silent. The loneliness comes when a man settles within himself whether he is to be a mere form following a conventional routine or whether he is to listen and obey the voice of a changeable life. It is lonely while he is deciding. If he decides to do what duty bids him, then he is no longer lonely. He comes at once into a fellowship of other people who are thinking as he is but have been waiting for a leader to declare them and their principles." Forum, October 1928: "Success." (Henry Ford was a great businessman who had changed the world. He thought that people could do whatever they wanted to just like him. Ford expects people to be innovators and help America.)

4)"The most far­reaching social development of modem times is the revolt of woman against sex servitude. The most important force in the remaking of the world is a free motherhood. Beside this force, the elaborate international programs of the modem statesman are weak and superficial. . . .

"Only in recent years has woman's position as the gentler and weaker half of the human family been emphatically and generally questioned. Men assumed that this was the woman's place; woman herself accepted it. It seldom occurred to anyone to ask whether she would go on occupying it forever. . . .

"Even as birth control is the means by which woman attains basic freedom, so it is the means by which she must and will uproot the evil which has wrought her submission. . . .

"Two chief obstacles hinder the discharge of their tremendous obligation. The first and the lesser is the legal barrier.

"The second and more serious barrier is her own ignorance of the extent and effect of her submission. Until she knows the evil her subjection has wrought to herself, to her progeny and to the world at large, she cannot wipe out that evil. . . .

"It goes without saying that the woman whose children are desired and are such number that she can not only give them adequate care but keep herself mentally and spiritually alive, as well as physically fit, can discharge her duties to her children much better than the overworked, broken, and querulous mother of a large unwanted family. . . .

"To achieve this she must have a knowledge of birth control. She must also assert and maintain her right to refuse marital embrace except when urged by her inner nature. . . . " Margaret Sanger, Woman and the New Race (New York: Brentano's, 1920) passim. (The document is an example of an American woman in the 20s talking about birth control. She says it is a good thing in the beginning because it releases the women from being a sex servitude. She also says that if you are taking birth control it doesn’t mean you can be a prostitute.)

Timeline

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Notes

Leaders: All three presidents of the 1920s were Republicans Mitchell Palmer and other Red Scare hunters looked for political leftists in factories President Harding tried to return the government back to its post war state Harding favored big business and set the tone for this time period as a laissez­faire or

hands off approach in governing business involved in multiple scandals and died during his presidency after three years Calvin Coolidge took over after Harding then won the election the next year in 1924 Government leaders attempted to help the economy after a short downturn in

1921­several years of prosperity followed and debts were paid Herbert Hoover was elected president in 1928 his administration saw a lot of economic problems with the Great Depression coming

soon Hoover was largely blamed for the economic crisis but most of the underlying causes

of the depression were not his fault Foreign Policy:

Following the war the US did not join the league of nations but took some role in the postwar world

Two immigration quotas put in place to restrict the amount of people coming into the coutry per year:

1921­ 3% of the current populaton for each group; 1924­limited to 2% Although a lot of immigrants came in for industrial labor during this time, there were

also periods of nativism The KKK had a revival in the 1920s and now directed oppression toward immigrants

too Government Action and Roles:

Laissez faire system of governing in which the government takes a smaller role in business and the economy

More individualistic­Hoover believed people had the power to do things on their own without government help

Protective tariffs put in place to promote American industry and to let it expand Limited the power of labor unions in order to maximize efficiency and output of

products; used the 14th amendment as a way to attack labor unions Government harsh on immigrants­red scare pulled a lot of people out of America

because they were suspected to be anarchists and supporters of the Bolsheviks War and Peace:

Several big powers in world diplomacy excluding Russia met in America to discuss involvements in Asia­especially British and US

Conference led to US and British de­fortification of their posessions in the pacific and a general decreasing of naval possessions

Kellogg­Briand Pact of 1928 was an agreement between a group of nations to not go to war unless it is for self defense

Period of disarmament in most of the world during this period, just after a major world war

Industrialization Demand for the multitude of new products that emerged in the 1920s was pumped up

by a new industry advertising,which developed new methods of enticing buyers to desire new products

through new media like the radio. Consumers were buying on credit which was a new way to buy and people didn’t know

the risks to it. start of depression Farmers where the first to get hit by the depression because the technology had

improved creating more crops and the more crops the farmers sold to the same demand decreased the price.

the '20s brought improved power transmission and gave a tremendous impetus to the electrical industry.

The tungsten lamp offered better, cheaper, and longer­lasting lighting. Electrical refrigerators and ranges, as well as a flood of modern electrical domestic appliances, opened up a whole new world for electrical workers.

Urbanization As more people lived in the city the way of life changed dramatically The number of Americans in the city did not surpass the number in rural areas until the

1920’s African Americans began to build a new place for themselves in public life, actively

confronting economic, political and social challenges and creating a new black urban culture that would exert enormous influence in the decades to come.

many blacks ended up creating their own cities within big cities, fostering the growth of a new urban African­American culture.

The most prominent example was Harlem in New York City America was more nativism By 1920, 42% of New Yorkers were foreign­born; 41% of Chicagoans; 42% of San

Franciscans. Art and LIterature

The black experience during the Great Migration became an important theme in the artistic movement known as the Harlem Renaissance

The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural, social, and artistic explosion. Many had come from the South, fleeing its oppressive caste system in order to find a

place where they could freely express their talents. Musical geniuses like Louis Armstrong developed a new form of popular music called

jazz Popular Jazz musicians included King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, Kid Ory, and Duke

Ellington. Scott Fitzgerald was basically the one who named the 1920s the "Jazz Age." He was

also known for a popular novel called the Great Gatsby The type of art illustrated in the 1920s was Surrealism, Expressionism, and Art Deco Art Deco was the dominant style of design and architecture in the 1920s. It originated

in Europe and spread throughout western Europe and North America in the mid­1920s. One of the classic Art Deco themes is that of 1930s­era skyscrapers such as New York's Chrysler Building and Empire State Building.

Expressionism Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas.

Surrealism involved elements of surprise and unexpected juxtapositions, and both movements embraced a philosophy of nonconformity.

Technology

Explosion in industries created problems, thus the spread of new inventions and technology emerged.

Advancements included automobiles, washing machines, and radios Inventions made everyday life easier Explosion in industries created problems, thus the spread of new inventions and

technology emerged. Advancements included automobiles, washing machines, and radios Inventions made everyday life easier

Labor

Working conditions were dirty, crowded and dangerous Factory jobs were blooming but conditions were awful Immigrants were paid little, working conditions were dirty and unethical Child labor was a major part of the 1920s Children were working just as long as their parents, and put into dangerous work

conditions The impact of all of this was that gov. realized they needed to step in after the 1920s

and regulate work environment The government passed the 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act

Culture and Religion The KKK reemerged Religion being taught in a state­funded schools was being challenged, as seen in the

Scopes Trials 1920s was a period where people had a sense of freedom and did not care about what

their religion guided Women began to wear flapper dresses 1920s was a laid back era, there was more time to kick back and relax/ enjoy life A lot of Dramatic social and political change occurred more leisure time meant magazines became popular and NBC and CBS were founded The 1920s were an urban style culture

Pictures

(This image is significant because it is showing Scream, an example of expressionism)

(This image is significant because it is a picture of Louis Armstrong, the inventor of jazz)

(This image is significant because is is displaying the flapper lifestyle of women)

(The image is historic because it is displaying child labor in factories, during the 1920’s)

(The image is showing a washing machine and it is significant because it is displaying the new inventions coming out of the roaring twenties)

(This is a picture of the 28th president Warren G. Harding)

(This is a political cartoon exploiting the corrupt members of the Harding administration, is historical because it points out that Harding’s officials were corrupt and had too much power)

(This is a picture of President Calvin Coolidge)

(This is a picture of President Herbert Hoover)

(This is a cartoon about the Immigrant quotas of 1921 and 1924, it is historic because it shows how the US restricted many immigrants from coming to America because of a dislike of immigrants and increased nativism)

(This is a poster from the 1920s about unemployment leading up to the depression, it is historical because it embodies the common man’s dislike of the government’s hands off

approach)

(This is a picture taken during the signing of the Kellogg­Briand Pact in which many countries agreed there would be no war unless a country is attacked, shows how this was a decade of peace in the world)

Works Cited "Expressionism." ­ The Spirit of Expressionist Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2015. <http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art_movements/expressionism.htm> "Famous Flappers « Tartuffe." Tartuffe RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://web.emerson.edu/tartuffe/2012/09/19/famous­flappers/> "Jazz." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 10 Jan. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz>. "Child Labor in the 1920's." THE AMERICAN DREAM FOR CHILDREN. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <http://theamericandreamforchildren.weebly.com/child­labor­in­the­1920s.html> "WASHING MACHINE IN THE 1920S." Washing Machines. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2015. <http://washinchines.com/washing­machine­in­the­1920s/> Digital image. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://media­3.web.britannica.com/eb­media/33/125933­004­6E30354E.jpg>. Warren Harding. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Warren_G._Harding.jpg>. Digital image. South Carolina. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://southcarolina1670.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/2_great_depression.jpg>. Herbert Hoover. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/HerbertHoover.jpg>. Calvin Coolidge. Digital image. The Independent. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015. <http://www.independent.co.uk/migration_catalog/article5119480.ece/alternates/w620/calvin­coolidge.jpeg>.

The Ohio Gang. Digital image. Bavatuesdays. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2015.

<http://bavatuesdays.com/files/2013/09/Screen­Shot­2013­09­26­at­11.31.23­PM.png>.