a “miss alaineus” review of marzano vocabulary, cooperative learning, & goal setting
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A “Miss Alaineus” A “Miss Alaineus” Review of MarzanoReview of MarzanoA “Miss Alaineus” A “Miss Alaineus”
Review of MarzanoReview of Marzano
Vocabulary, Cooperative Vocabulary, Cooperative Learning, & Goal SettingLearning, & Goal Setting
Vocabulary
“…vocabulary is the glue that holds stories,
ideas, and content together…making
comprehension accessible for children”
(Rupley, Logan, & Nichols, 1998/1999, p. 339).
What is a word?• A word is the label associated with a packet
of knowledge stored in permanent memory.
• The understanding that a word is the representation for a packet of knowledge enhances our understanding of vocabulary and greatly expands it usefulness.
• The more words we have, the more packets of knowledge; therefore, the more background knowledge we have.
Vocabulary ResearchStrong relationship between:
• Vocabulary knowledge and background knowledge
• Family income or socioeconomic status• Vocabulary knowledge and academic
achievement• Vocabulary and intelligence -
Vocabulary knowledge is one of the best predictors of overall verbal intelligence
Vocabulary Research
• Recent federal documents (RAND 2002, NICHD Report of the- National Reading Panel 2000) have identified vocabulary instruction as one of the essential elements of literacy development for students at-risk.
Types of VocabularyReceptive
Requires a reader or listener to associate a specific meaning with a given label
as in reading or listening.
• Listening – Words we understand when others talk to us.
• Reading – Words we know when we see them in print (sight words and words we can decode).
Types of Vocabulary
ExpressiveRequires a speaker or writer to produce a
specific label for a particular meaning.
• Speaking – Words we use when we talk to others.
• Writing – Words we use when we write.
Direct Instruction
“Direct teaching of vocabulary might be one of the most underused activities in K-12 education. The lack of vocabulary
instruction might be a result of misconceptions about what it means to teach vocabulary and its potential effect
on student learning. Perhaps the biggest misconception is that teaching
vocabulary means teaching formal dictionary definitions.” Marzano et al. 2002
Dictionaries: Proceed with Caution
Things to consider when asking students to look up words in a
dictionary:
• Students must already have some knowledge of the word for the definition to make sense.
Dictionaries: Proceed with Caution
• The definition does not explain how the word is different from other analogous words.
• Definitions often use vague language with insufficient information.
• When reading definitions, students have difficulty taking syntax, structure, and part of speech into account. Beck, McKeown, and Kucan, 2002
The Case for Direct Vocabulary Instruction
Three Generalizations• Estimates of vocabulary size vary
considerably• Wide reading may not enhance
vocabulary as much as once thought• Direct vocabulary instruction works
Impact of Direct Vocabulary Instruction
Based on data in Stahl & Fairbanks, 1986
0
50
100
Percentile rank on test
No Voc. I n.
Direct In. (eff ectsize.32)
DI /Content (eff ectsize.97)
Characteristics of Effective Direct Vocabulary
Instruction
1. Descriptions as opposed to definitions2. Use of linguistic and nonlinguistic
representations3. Gradual shaping of word meanings
through multiple exposures4. Teaching and using word parts
Characteristics of Effective Direct
Vocabulary Instruction
5. Different types of instruction for different types of words
6. Students interacting about the words they are learning
7. Use of games8. Focus on terms important to
academic subjects
Gradual shaping of word meanings through multiple
exposures
• “Extended Mapping”- repeated & varied exposure to words…students revise their initial understanding
• Necessary to anchor information in permanent memory
• Must process words multiple times• Learning is greatly enhanced if students
interact with vocabulary in a variety of ways
Gradual shaping of word meanings through multiple
exposures
• Activities should involve:-writing-constructing graphic representation-drawing pictures-use various forms of identifying similarities and difference: comparing, classifying, creating analogies, and creating metaphors
Six Steps to Effective Vocabulary Instruction
• Step I: Teacher Provides a Description, Explanation, or Example of the New Term
• Step II: Students Restate the Explanation of the New Term in Their Own Words
• Step III: Students Create a Nonlinguistic Representation of the Term
- Steps 1-3 follow a related instructional sequence.
Six Steps to Effective Vocabulary Instruction
• Step IV: Students Periodically Do Activities That Help Them Add to Their Knowledge of Vocabulary Terms
• Step V: Periodically Students Are Asked to Discuss the Terms with One Another
• Step VI: Periodically Students Are Involved in Games That Allow Them to Play with the Terms
Less Effective Strategies
• Asking, “Does anybody know what ____ means?”• Having students “look it up” in a typical
dictionary• Having students use the word in a sentence after
#2• Telling students to “use context clues” as a
primary strategy• Rote memorization without context• Incidental teaching of words• Passive reading as a primary strategy (SSR)
In Summary• All teachers must use the same six-step
process
• Students keep response logs/vocabulary notebooks/journals
• Subject-specific terms are the best target for direct vocabulary instruction
• Knowledge of a given vocabulary term deepens over time if a student encounters the term multiple times
Cooperative Learning
Cooperative Learning is the most extensively
researched educational innovation of all time. And
the results are clear.
Need for Cooperative Learning
The role our schools must play in preparing all students for full
participation in the economy and society of the 21st century is
fundamentally different than the traditional role of schools.
Variety of Reasons to Use Cooperative
Learning
• Broadens student’s range of experiences to enhance the workplace of the future
• Provides a variety of ways to foster communication skills, higher-level thinking skills, and social skills
Positive Outcomes
• Academic gains, especially for minority and low achieving students
• Improved race-relations among students in integrated classrooms
• Improved social and affective development among all students
Teachers’ Roles and Behaviors
• Freed from the responsibility from always lecturing and directing
• Become consultants and gravitate to those students who can benefit from their attention
• On the same side of the student
Students’ Roles and Behaviors
• Are more active, self-directing, and expressive, all of which may be associated with achievement gains
• Take direct responsibility for teaching each other and receiving help from each other
• Are often given differentiated roles so that students of different ability levels have relatively equal status within their groups.
Two Important Aspects of Cooperative Learning
• Group Reward- The reward for each member depends on all members learning and performance
• Task Specialization- Each member of the group has a specific part of the task to do, and group members must depend on one another
Cooperative Learning Management
• Management is not and end… it is a means
• Use management techniques to set the appropriate environment for learning
• Students learn to manage themselves
Cooperative Learning Management
• Seating arrangement• Noise level• Giving instructions• Distribution and storage of team
materials• Methods of shaping the behavior of
groups
Six Key Concepts for Cooperative Learning
• Teams• Cooperative management• Will to cooperate• Skill to cooperate• Basic principles (PIES)• Structures
Basic Principles(PIES)
Four Basic Principles to Cooperative Learning
• Positive Interdependence• Individual Accountability• Equal Participation• Simultaneous InteractionWhen any one of the four principles is
not implemented, we do not have cooperative learning.
Basic Principles
Positive Interdependence• Occurs when gains of individuals or
teams are positively correlated…If a gain for one student is associated with gains for other students, the individuals are positively interdependent.
Individual Accountability• Can take different forms, depending on
the content and cooperative learning method
Basic Principles
Equal Participation• Learn by interacting with the content
and fellow students…participation is an essential ingredient for student success
Simultaneous Interaction• Goes a long way toward explaining the
advantage of cooperative learning over traditional teaching
Structured Domains of Usefulness
• Classbuilding structures promote networking among all the students in a class and create a positive context in which teams can learn
Find-the-FibLine UpsI Have, Who Has
Structured Domains of Usefulness
• Teambuilding structures promote enthusiasm, trust and mutual support within a team
Formation StrategyTeam Shape PictureBuild a ClownTeam Box
Team BoxTeams create a team box. Each side of the team
box has something about the team. Teams can use magazine clippings, markers, crayons, construction paper to create their unique box.
Directions for sides:Side 1 Favorite ActivitiesSide 2 Team NameSide 3 Teammember NamesSide 4 Favorite FoodsSide 5 Favorite Movies/TVSide 6 Places Visited
Structured Domains of Usefulness
• Mastery structures help students develop skill and mastery of academic content
Find-Someone-Who…Inside-Outside Circle
Structured Domains of Usefulness
• Thinking skills structures provide the opportunity for students to create and exchange unique, novel ideas to low consensus questions
Character Report CardTeam Word WebbingSorting
Structured Domains of Usefulness
• Information Sharing of team and individual ideas enhances teambuilding tutoring, concept development, and creating positive peer groups
Stand and ShareRound Robin
In Summary
Cooperative learning will boost achievement, prevent discipline
problems, and make learning more fun and meaningful for you and your
students!
Goal Setting
“If you don’t know where you’re going,
you’ll probably end up someplace else.”
-Yogi Berra
Factors Needed for Goal Setting
1. Student Self Knowledge
-Strengths-Challenges-Learning Style-Interests
Factors Needed for Goal Setting
2. Support
-Examples-Encouragement-Guided Experiences-Safe Environment for Risk Taking-Instruction with Appropriate Approach and Tools
Quotes to Prompt Great Goal Setting Discussions
• “ The difference between a dream and a goal is action.”
• “What is worth doing is worth doing well.”• “All glory comes from daring to begin.”
~ Eugene Ware• “Do what you can, with what you have,
where you are.” ~Theodore Roosevelt
Quotes to Prompt Great Goal Setting Discussions
• “I’ve missed more than 9,000 shots in my career. Twenty-six times I’ve been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. I’ve failed over and over again in my life. And, that is why I succeed.” ~Michael Jordan
• “The difference between the impossible and the possible lies in a person’s determination.”~ Tommy Lasorda
Goal Setting Involves Answering Three
Questions
“What do I need to work on?”
“What is my plan?”
“Who will I ask to help me?”
Set the Stage
To encourage students to be honest and comfortable when looking at their strengths and weakness, we need to build the right environment- keep discussions around the “real” issue at all times-consistently honor classroom and individual strengths
The Importance of Encouraging Vocabulary
• Supportive words: I can, I will, I’ll try, I’ll do it, I can make it happen
• Excuse words: I can’t, Never, It won’t work, If, Maybe, Won’t
Sample
• Challenge: I want to improve my reading comprehension skills
• Goal: I will read a book each month• Action Steps:
-I will go to the library each week-I will choose a book at my Independent reading level-I will find magazines on subjects that interest me and will read them during my free time each day-I will find 30 minutes each day to read-I won’t watch TV or play video games from 6:30-8:30 each night-I won’t get on IM or take phone calls from friends between 6:30 and 8:30 pm each night
What would you change?
Sample Student Goal:
Name: ____________ Date: _______
Subject: (circle one) Reading/Language Arts, Math
Goal Area: (title & current score) ______________
What I specifically need to learn: ______________
My Plan of Action: _________________________
I will need the following help and resources: ______
Here is my time line: ________________________
Goal Setting- Action Steps
Step 1• Make a Distinction Between Learning
Goals and Learning Activities or Assignments
• A learning goal is a statement of what students will know or be able to do.
• Activities constitute the means by which the ends or learning goals are accomplished
Learn to Write Specific Action Steps
• Students may need to accurately define the challenge as well as the specific action steps. If they are “stuck” ask them to reflect on what they think they’d have to do differently in order to reach their goal. Then if you ask why they don’t do that now, you’ll find additional insights as well!
Marzano recommends that learning goals be stated in one of the following formats:
Students will be able to ______.Students will understand______.
Step2• Write a Rubric or Scale for Each
Learning Goal
When the learner goals have been articulated in scale format, the teacher and students have clear direction about instructional targets as well as descriptions of levels of understanding and performance for those targets.
Simplified Version of the Scale
4. I did better than I thought I would do.5. I accomplished my goal.6. I didn’t accomplish everthing I want to,
but I learned quite a bit.7. I tried but I didn’t really learn much.0. I didn’t really try to accomplish my
goal.
Self-Monitoring is Critical
• If a student doesn’t have a system to self-correct, the process isn’t intrinsic and the student won’t typically make lasting changes.
• Students may need help initially. You may need to build a bridge to self-monitoring by providing modeled support from a peer for a week or two
Step 3
• Have Students Identify Their Own Learning Goals
enhancing student involvement asks students to identify something that interests them beyond the teacher-identified learning goals
Step 4
• Assess Students Using a Formative Approach
It is a powerful measurement tool and a powerful instructional tool because it allows students to observe their own progress while learning new content.
Step 5
• Have Students Chart Their Progress on Each Learning Goal
Provides them with visual view of their progress and allows for powerful discussions between teachers and students
Step 6
• Recognize and Celebrate Growth
-Formative assessment allows students to see their progress over time
-Focusing on knowledge gain provides a legitimate way to recognize and celebrate- as oppose to reward- success.
SMART GoalsSMART Goals
Process
• Specific & Strategic
• Measurable• Attainable• Results-based• Timebound
Kid Friendly
• Specific• Measurable• Achievable• Real• Time line
Factors for Setting SMART Goals
1. Self-Reflection2. Goal Setting3. Rationale4. Action Plan5. Time line6. Evidence7. Implementation8. Reflection
In Summary
With the appropriate goals implemented in the classroom, students will be
forced to take a more active role in their learning process. They will also likely develop a continuous interest in and concern about the world around
them, which is important in developing lifelong learners. Students will develop goal setting and flexible thinking skills
that will be useful throughout their life.
Vocabulary, cooperative learning and goal setting are instructional strategies that
enhance the art and science of effective teaching.