a bibliography on carbon sequestration and biomass...

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A Bibliography on Carbon Sequestrationand Biomass Estimation

Forest Carbon Monitoring Program Working Paper 96/03Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development

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The Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development is a nonprofit organization whosemission is to work with people to build a better world by increasing agricultural productivity and ruralemployment while protecting the environmental. Winrock is recognized as a private voluntaryorganization by the U.S. Agency for International Development and is exempt from income taxationunder Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The institute is funded by grants, contracts,and contributions from public and private sources. Winrock's Forest Carbon Monitoring Program hasbeen supported by the USAID Center for Environment, Winrock International and a wide range ofprivate, non-government and government sponsors.

The Forest Carbon Monitoring Program Working Paper Series is a collection of concept papers,bibliographies, and "works in progress" reports on forest carbon monitoring. Most have not beenpeer-reviewed and are subject to review and revision. Copies are available from the Forest CarbonMonitoring Program, Winrock International, 1611 N. Kent St., Arlington, VA 22209, USA.Comments on Working Papers are encouraged and can be sent to the same address.

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A Bibliography on Carbon Sequestrationand Biomass Estimation

John RomboldCollege of Forest ResourcesUniversity of Washington

Forest Carbon Monitoring ProgramWorking Paper 96/03

Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development

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Table of Contents

I. ABOVE-GROUND AND BELOW-GROUND CARBON STORAGE IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS... 2

EFFECTS ON MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER................................................. 2SOIL EROSION EFFECTS ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER.............................................................................. 10SOIL ORGANIC MATTER DYNAMICS IN GRASSLANDS ............................................................................ 11

II. ABOVE-GROUND AND BELOW-GROUND CARBON STORAGE IN FORESTS..................... 13

ORGANIC MATTER IN FOREST SOILS ......................................................................................................... 13DEFORESTATION EFFECTS ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER......................................................................... 15REFORESTATION AND AGROFORESTRY EFFECTS ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER ................................. 16CARBON STORAGE IN ABOVE-GROUND FOREST BIOMASS ................................................................... 17STIMATING THE ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS OF FOREST VEGETATION............................................... 19

III. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE BEHAVIOR AND MEASUREMENT OF ORGANICMATTER IN SOILS .................................................................................................................................... 22

EDAPHIC AND CLIMATIC INFLUENCES ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER ...................................................... 22SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF ORGANIC MATTER IN SOILS................................................. 24DYNAMICS OF SOIL MICROBES AND ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION.......................................... 26MODELS OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER BEHAVIOR....................................................................................... 30METHODOLOGIES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF CARBON IN SOILS............................................................. 33

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I. Above-ground and below-ground carbon storage in agricultural systems

Effects of management practices on soil organic matter

Alvarez, R., O.J. Santanatoglia, and R. Garcia. 1995. Effect of temperature on soil microbialbiomass and its metabolic quotient in situ under different tillage systems. Biology and Fertilityof Soils 19: 227-230.

Angers, D.A., N. Bissonnette, A. Legers, and N. Samson. 1993. Microbial and biochemicalchanges induced by rotation and tillage in a soil under barley cultivation. Canadian Journal ofSoil Science 73: 39-50.

Ball-Coelho, B., H. Tiessen, J.W.B. Stewart, T.H. Salcedo, and E.V.S.B. Sampaio. 1993.Residue management effects on sugarcane yield and soil properties in northeastern Brazil.Agronomy Journal 85: 1004-1008.

Beauchamp, E.G., and R.P. Voroney. 1994. Crop carbon contribution to the soil with differentcropping and livestock systems. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49: 205-209.

Bell, M.A. 1993. Organic matter, soil properties, and wheat production in the high valley ofMexico. Soil Science 156: 86-93.

Benckiser, G. and T. Simarmata. 1994. Environmental impact of fertilizing soils by usingsewage and animal wastes. Fertilizer Research 37: 1-22.

Benedict, H.M. 1948. The effect of waste products from the guayule rubber mill on the growthof various crops. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 40: 1005-1016.

Bethlenfalvay, G.J. and J.M. Barea. 1994. Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture. 1. Effects onseed yield and soil aggregation. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9: 157-161.

Biederbeck, V.0., H.H. Janzen, C.A. Campbell, and R.P. Zenter. 1994. Labile soil organicmatter as influenced by cropping practices in an and environment. Soil Biology andBiochemistry 20: 821-831.

Bonde, T.A., B.T. Christensen, and C.C. Cerri. 1992. Dynamics of soil organic matter asreflected by natural 13C abundance in particle size fractions of forested and cultivated oxisols.Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 275-277.

Bremer, E., B.H. Ellert, and H.H. Janzen. 1995. Total and light-fraction carbon dynamicsduring decades after cropping changes. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 1398-1403.

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Bruce, R.R., G.W. Langdale, L.T. West, and W.P. Miller. 1995. Surface soil degradation andsoil productivity restoration and maintenance. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 654-660.

Buchanan, M. and L.D. King. 1993. Carbon and phosphorus losses from decomposing cropresidues in no-till conventional till agroecosystems. Agronomy Journal 85: 831-838.

Cahn, M.D., J.W. Hummel, and B.H. Brouer. 1994. Spatial analysis of soil fertility for site-specific crop management. Soil Science Society of American Journal 58: 1240-1248.

Cambardella, C.A. and E.T. Elliott. 1993. Carbon and nitrogen distribution in aggregates fromcultivated and native grassland soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal 57: 1071-1076.

Carnbardella, C.A. and E.T. Elliott. 1994. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics of soil organic matterfractions from cultivated grassland soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal 58: 123-130.

Campbell, C.A., S.A. Brandt, V.0. Biederbeck, R.P. Zenter, and M. Schnitzer. 1992. Effect ofcrop rotation and rotation phase on characteristics of soil organic matter in a Dark BrownChemozemic soil. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 72: 403-416.

Campbell, C.D., S.J. Chapman, and F. Urquhart. 1995. Effect of nitrogen fertiliser on temporaland spatial variation of mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass in a silvopastoral system.Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 177-184.

Capriel, P., P. Harter, and D. Stephenson. 1992. Influence of management on the organicmatter of a mineral soil. Soil Science 153: 122-128.

Chagas, C.I., O.J. Santanatoglia, M.G. Castiglioni, and H.J. Marelli. 1995. Tillage and croppingeffects on selected properties of an argiudoll in Argentina. Communications in Soil Science andPlant Analysis 26: 643-655.

Chan, K.Y., W.P. Roberts, and D.P. Heenan. 1992. Organic carbon and associated soilproperties of a red earth after 10 years of rotation under different stubble and tillage practices.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 30: 71-83.

Christensen, N.B., W.C. Lindemann, E. Salazar-Sosa, and L.R. Gill. 1994. Nitrogen and carbondynamics in no-till and stubble mulch tillage systems. Agronomy Journal 86: 298-303.

Cook, B.D. and D.L. Allen. 1992. Dissolved organic carbon in old field soils: total amounts as ameasure of available resources for soil mineralization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 585-594.

Cupta, V.V.S.R., P.R. Grace, and M.M. Roper. 1994. Carbon and nitrogen mineralization asinfluenced by long term soil and crop residue management systems in Australia. Soil ScienceSociety of America Special Publications Series 35: 193-200.

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Das, S.K., G.S. Reddy, K.L. Sharma, K.P.R. Vittal, B. Venkateswarlu, M.N. Reddy, andY.V.R. Reddy. 1993. Prediction of nitrogen availability in soil after crop residue incorporation.Fertilizer Research 34: 209-215.

Davidson, E.A. and I.L. Ackerman. 1993. Changes in soil carbon inventories followingcultivation of previously untitled soils. Biogeochemistry 20: 161-193.

DeLuca, T.H. and D.R. Keen. 1994. Soluble carbon and nitrogen pools of prairie and cultivatedsoils: seasonal variation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50: 835-840.


Essiet, E.U. 1990. A comparison of soil degradation under smallholder farming and large-scaleirrigation land use in Kano State, northern Nigeria. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 2:209-214.

Frank, A.B., D.L. Tanaka, L. Hoffman, and R.F. Follett. 1995. Soil and carbon and nitrogen ofNorthern Great Plains grasslands as influenced by long-term grazing. Journal of RangeManagement 48: 470-474.

Franzluebbers, A.J., F.M. Hons, and D.A. Zueberer. 1994. Long-term changes in soil carbonand nitrogen pools in wheat management systems. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58:1639-1645.

Franzluebbers, A.J., F.M. Hons, and D.A. Zuberer. 1994. Seasonal changes in soil microbialbiomass and mineralizable C and N in wheat management systems. Soil Biology andBiochemistry 26: 1469-1475.

Franzluebbers, A.J., F.M. Hons, and D.A. Zueberer. 1995. Soil organic carbon, microbialbiomass, and mineralizable carbon and nitrogen in sorghum. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal 59: 460-466.

Franzluebbers, K., R.W. Weaver, A.S.R. Juo, and A.J. Franzluebbers. 1995. Mineralization ofcarbon and nitrogen from cowpea leaves decomposing in soils with different levels of microbialbiomass. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 100-102.

Geare, M.H., M.L. Cabrera, P.F. Hendrix, and D.C. Coleman. 1994. Aggregate protected andunprotected organic matter pools in conventional and no tillage soils. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal 58: 787-795.

Gebhart, D.L., H.B. Johnson, H.S. Mayeux and H.W. Polley. 1994. The CRP increases soilorganic carbon. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49: 488-492.

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Green, C.J., A.M. Blackmer, and R. Horton. 1995. Nitrogen effects on conservation of carbonduring corn residue decomposition in soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 453-459.

Ghoshai, N. and K.P. Singh. 1995. Effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer on thedynamics of soil microbial biomass in a tropical dryland ecosystem. Biology and Fertility ofSoils 19: 231-238.

Goyal, S., M.M. Mishra, I.S. Hooda, and R. Singh. 1992. Organic matter-microbial biomassrelationships in field experiments under tropical conditions: effects of inorganic fertilization andorganic amendments. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 1081-1084.

Grant, C.A. and G.P. Lafond. 1994. The effects of tillage systems and crop rotations on soilchemical properties of a Black Chemozemic soil. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 74: 301-306.

Gupta, J.P. and R.K. Aggarwal. 1992. Integrated resource management for sustained cropproduction in and regions of India. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7: 157-160.

Gupta, A.P., R.P. Narwal, R.S. Antil, and S. Dev. 1992. Sustaining soil fertility with organicC,N, P, and K by using farmyard manure and fertilizer-N in a semiarid zone: a long-termstudy.Arid Soil Research and Rehabilitation 6: 243-251.

Haack, S.K., H. Garchow, M.J. Klug, and L.J. Forney. 1995. Analysis of factors affecting theaccuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of microbial community carbon source utilizationpatterns. Applied Environmental Microbiology 61: 1458-1468.

Hahndel, R. and K. Isen-nann. 1993. Soluble nitrogen and carbon in the subsoil in relation tovegetable production intensity. Acta Horticulturae 339: 193-206.

Heisler, C. and E.A. Kaiser. 1995. Influence of agricultural traffic and crop management onCollembola and microbial biomass in arable soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 159-165.

Hide, J.C. and W.H. Metzger. 1939. The effect of cultivation and erosion on the nitrogen andcarbon of some Kansas soils. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 31: 625-632.

Hossain, A.K.M.A., R.J. Raison, and P.K. Khanna. 1995. Effects of fertilizer application andfire regime on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and nitrogen mineralization in anAustralian subalpine eucaltypt forest. Biology and Fertility of Soils: 19: 246-252.

Houot, S. and R. Chaussod. 1995. Impact of agricultural practices on the size and activity ofthe microbial biomass in a long-term field experiment. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 309-316.

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Hsieh, Y.P. 1992. Pool size and mean of age stable soil organic carbon in cropland. SoilScience Society of American Journal 56: 460-464.

Hu, S., D.C. Coleman, P.F. Hendrix, and M.H. Beare. 1995. Biotic manipulation effects on soilcarbohydrates and microbial biomass in a cultivated soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27:1127-1135.

Ihori, T., I.C. Burke, W.K. Lauenroth, and D.P. Collin. 1995. Effects of cultivation andabandonment on soil organic matter in northeastern Colorado. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal 59: 1112-1119.

Kaiser, E.A. and 0. Hainemeyer. 1993. Seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass carbonwithin the plough layer. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 1649-1655.

Karle, D.L., N.S. Eash, and P.W. Unger. 1992. Soil and crop management effects on soilquality indicators. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7: 48-55.

Kitur, B.K., S.R. Phillips, K.R. Olson, and S.A. Elhar. 1994. Tillage effects on selectedchemical properties of Grantsburg silt loam. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis25: 225-246.

Lal, R. 1995. The role of residues management in sustainable agricultural systems. Journal ofSustainable Agriculture 5: 51-78.

Lepsch, I.F., J.R.F. Menk, and Oliveira, J.B. 1994. Carbon storage and other properties of soilsunder agriculture and natural vegetation in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Soil Use and Management10: 34-42.

Lewis, R.D. and J.H. Hunter. 1940. The nitrogen, organic carbon, and pH of some southeasterncoastal plain soils as influenced by green manure crops. Journal of the American Society ofAgronomy 32: 586-601.

Li, C., S. Frolking, and R. Harriss. 1994. Modeling carbon biogeochemistry in agricultural soils.Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8: 237-254.

Manu, A., A. Bationo, and S.C. Geiger. 1991. Fertility status of selected millet producing soilsof West Africa with emphasis on phosphorus. Soil Science 152: 315-320.

Mazzarino, M.J., L. Szott, and M. Jimenez. 1993. Dynamics of soil total C and N, microbialbiomass, and water-soluble C in tropical ecosystems. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 205-214.

McKaig, N. Jr., W.A. Cams, and A.B. Bowen. 1940. Soil organic matter and nitrogen asinfluenced by green manure crop management on Norfolk coarse sand. Journal of the AmericanSociety of Agronomy 32: 842-852.

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McKibbin, R.R. 1933. Soil organic matter. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 258-266.

Metzger, W.H. 1936. Nitrogen and organic carbon of soils as affected by crops and croppingsystems. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 28: 228-233.

Monreal, C.M. and H.H. Janzen. 1993. Soil organic-carbon dynamics after 80 years of croppinga Dark Brown Chemozem. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73: 133-138.

Monsalud, F.C., E.P. Paningbatan Jr., and K. Kyuma. 1995. Effects of alley cropping systemson soil erosion and soil chemical properties: Case 2. Mabini site, Philippines. Japanese Journalof Tropical Agriculture 39: 159-167.

Monteith, J.L. 1993. The exchange of water and carbon by crops in a Mediterranean climate.Irrigation Science 14: 85-91.

Nelson, P.N., M.C. Dictor, and G. Soulas. 1994. Availability of organic carbon in soluble andparticle-size fractions from a soil profile. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 1549-1555.

N'dayegamiye, A. and D.A. Angers. 1993. Organic matter characteristics and water-solubleaggregation of a sandy loam soil after 9 years wood-residue applications. Canadian Journal ofSoil Science 73: 115-122.

Overman, A.R. 1995. Coupling among applied, soil, root, and top components for forage cropproduction. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26: 1179-1202.

Parton, W.J. and P.C. Rasmussen. 1994. Long term effects of crop management in wheatfallow. 11. CENTURY model simulations. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 530-536.

Paustian, K., W.J. Parton, and J. Parsson. 1992. Modeling soil organic matter in organic-amended and nitrogen-fertilized long-term plots. 1992. Soil Science Society of America Journal56: 476-488.

Pierce, F.G., M.C. Fortin, and M.J. Staton. 1994. Periodic plowing effects on soil properties ina no-till farming system. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 1782-1787.

Pikul, J.L. and J.K. Aase. 1995. Infiltration and soil properties as affected by annual cropping inthe northern Great Plains 87: 656-662.

Pinck, L.A., F.E. Allison, and V.L. Gaddy. 1946. The nitrogen requirement in the utilization ofcarbonaceous residues in soil. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 38: 410-420.

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Pinck, L.A., F.E. Allison, and V.L. Gaddy. 1948. The effect of green manure crops of varyingcarbon-nitrogen ratios upon nitrogen availability and soil organic matter content. Journal of theAmerican Society of Agronomy 40: 237-248.

Powers, W.L. and R.D. Lewis. 1930. Nitrogen and organic matter as related to soilproductivity. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 22: 825-832.

Quesada, A., E. Sanchez-Maeso, and E. Femandez-Valiente. 1995. Seasonal variation ofchemical properties of rice field soils from Valencia, Spain. Communications in Soil Science andPlant Analysis 26: 1-19.

Quemada, M. and M.L. Cabrera. 1995. Carbon, and nitrogen mineralized from leaves and stemsof four cover crops. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 471-477.

Raghubanshi, A.S. 1994. Effect of bamboo harvest on dynamics of nutrient pools, Nmineralization, and microbial biomass in soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils 18: 137-142.

Robertson, F.A., R.J.K. Myers, and P.G. Saffigna. 1994. Dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in along-term cropping system and permanent pasture system. Australian Journal of AgriculturalResearch 45: 211-221.

Roder, W., S. Phengchanh, and H. Soukhaphonh. 1995. Estimates of variation formeasurements of selected soil parameters on slash-and-bum fields in Northern Laos.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26: 2361-2368.

Sallih, Z. and M. Pansu. 1993. Modelling of soil carbon forms after organic amendment undercontrolled conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 1755-1762.

Salter, F.J. 1927. The chemical composition of soil organic matter to its effectiveness. Journalof the American Society of Agronomy 19: 397-409.

Salter, R.M. and T.C. Green. 1933. Factors affecting the accumulation and loss of nitrogen andorganic carbon in cropped soils. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 25: 622-630.

Salvator, K. and W.E. Sabbe. 1995. Evaluation of the fertilizer value and nutrient release fromcorn and soybean residues under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Communications in SoilScience and Plant Analysis 26: 469-484.

Saviozzi, A., R. Levi-Minzi, and R. Riffaldi. 1993. Mineralization parameters from organicmaterials added to soil as a function of their chemical composition. Bioresource Technology 45:131-135.

Schomberg, H.H., P.B. Ford, and W.L. Hargrove. 1994. Influence of crop residues on nutrientcycling and soil chemical properties. Pp. 99-121 in Managing agricultural residues. BocaRaton,FL: Lewis Publishers.

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Schroth, G. and W. Zeth. 1995. Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole croppingand an alley cropping system with Glircidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone ofWest Africa. Agroforestry Systems 31: 181-198.

Singh, S. and J.S. Singh. 1995. Microbial biomass associated with water-stable aggregates inforest savanna and cropland soils of a seasonally dry tropical region, India. Soil Biology andBiochemistry 27: 1027-1033.

Srivastava, S.C. and J.P. Lal. 1994. Effects of crop growth and soil treatments on microbial C,N, and P in dry tropical arable land. Biology and Fertility of Soils 17: 108-114.

Sorensen, P. and E. S. Jansen. 1995. Mineralization of carbon and nitrogen from fresh andanaerobically stored sheep manure in soils of different texture. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19:29-35.

Sparling, G.P., P.B.S. Hart, J.A. August, and D.M. Leslie. 1994. A comparison of soil andmicrobial carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents, and macro-aggregate stability of a soilunder native forest and after clearance for pastures and plantation forest. Biology and Fertilityof Soils 17: 91-100.

Stauffer, R.S., R.J. Muckenhim, and R.T. Odell. 1940. Organic carbon, pH, and aggregation ofthe soil of the morrow plats as affected by type of cropping and manurial addition. Journal ofthe American Society of Agronomy 32: 819-832.

Swinnen, J., J.A. van Venn, and R. Merckx. 1995. Carbon fluxes in the rhizosphere of winterwheat and spring barley with conventional vs. integrated farming. Soil Biology andBiochemistry 27: 811-820.

Tiessen, H. 1994. The role of soil organic matter in sustaining soil fertility. Nature 371 (6500):783-785.

Tiessen, H., I.H. Salcedo, and E.V.S.B. Sampaio. 1992. Nutrient and soil organic matterdynamics under shifting cultivation in semi-arid northeastern Brazil. Agricultural Ecosystemsand Environment 38: 139-151.

Turk, L.M. and C.E. Millar. 1936. The effect of different plant materials, lime, and fertilizers onthe accumulation of soil organic matter. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 28: 310-324.

Varvel, G.E. 1994. Rotation and nitrogen fertilization effects on changes in soil carbon andnitrogen. Agronomy Journal 86: 319-325.

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Virginia, R.A., W.M. Jarrell, W.G. Whitford, and D.W. Freckman. 1992. Soil biota and soilproperties in the surface rooting zone of mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) in historical andrecently desertified Chihuahuan Desert habitats. Biology and Fertility of Soils 14: 90-98.

Vogt, K.A., D.J. Vogt, and J. Bloomfield. 1991. Input of organic matter to the soil by treeroots. Development of Agriculture and Management in Forest Ecology (??) 24: 171-190.

Wander, M.M., S.J. Traina, B.R. Stinner, and S.E. Peters. 1994. Organic and conventionalmanagement effects on biologically active soil organic matter pools. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal 58: 1130-1139.

White, J.W., F.J. Holben, A.C. Richer. 1945. Maintenance level of nitrogen and organic matterin grassland and cultivated soils over periods of 54 and 72 years. Journal of the AmericanSociety of Agronomy 3 7: 21-31.

Whiteside, E.P. and R.S. Smith. Soil changes associated with tillage cropping in humid areas ofthe United States. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 33: 765-777.

Wood, C.W. and J.H. Edwards. 1992. Agroecosystem management effects on soil carbon andnitrogen. Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment 39: 123-138.

Yadav, R.L. and S.R. Prasad. 1992. Conserving the organic matter content of the soil to sustainsugarcane yield. Experimental Agriculture 28: 52-62.

Yadav, R.L., S.R. Prassad, R. Singh and V.R. Srivastava. 1994. Recycling sugarcane trash toconserve soil organic carbon for sustaining yields of successive ratoon crops in sugarcane.Bioresource Technology 49: 231-235.

Yoshikawa, S. and K. Inubushi. 1995. Characteristics of microbial biomass and soil organicmatter in newly reclaimed wetland rice soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 292-296.

Zerbarth, B.J., S. Freyman, and C.G. Kowalenko. 1993. Effect of ground covers and tillagebetween tillage raspberry rows on selected soil and chemical parameters and crop response.Canadian Journal of Soil Science 73: 481-488.

Zsolnay, A. and H. Gorlitz. 1994. Water extractable organic matter in arable soils: effects ofdrought and long-term fertilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 1257-1261.

Soil erosion effects on soil organic matter

Castro, C. and T.J. Logan. 1991. Liming effects on the stability and erodibility of someBrazilian oxisols. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55: 1407-1413.

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De-Jong, E., and T.E. Kowalchuk. 1995. The effect of shelterbelts on erosion and soilproperties. Soil Science 159: 337-345.

Essiet, E.U. 1990. A comparison of soil degradation under smallholder farming and large-scaleirrigation land use in Kano State, northern Nigeria. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 2:209-214.

Fryrear, D.W., C.A. Krammes, D.L. Williamson, and T.M. Zobeck. 1994. Computing the winderodible fraction of soils. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49: 183-188.

Hide, J.C. and W.H. Metzger. 1939. The effect of cultivation and erosion on the nitrogen andcarbon of some Kansas soils. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 31: 625-632.


Phillips, D.L., D. White, and B. Johnson. 1993. Implications of climate change scenarios for soilerosion potential in the USA. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 4: 61-72.

Soil organic matter dynamics in grasslands

Amador, J.A. and R.D. Jones. 1995. Carbon mineralization in pristine and phosphorus-enrichedpeat soils of the Florida everglades. Soil Science 159: 129-141.

Billore, S.K., Ohsawa, M., M. Numata, and S. Okano. 1995. Microbial biomass nitrogen poolin soils from a warm temperate grassland, and from deciduous and evergreen forests in Chiba,central Japan. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 124-128.

Cambardella, C.A. and E.T. Elliott. 1992. Particulate soil organic-matter changes across agrassland cultivation sequence. Soil Science Society of American Journal 56: 777-783.

Cambardella, C.A. and E.T. Elliott. 1993. Carbon and nitrogen distribution in aggregates fromcultivated and native grassland soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal 57: 1071-1076.



Dodge, D.A. and H.E. Jones. 1948. The effect of long-time fertility treatments on the nitrogenand carbon content of a prairie soil. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 40: 778-785.

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Dormaar, J.F., B.W. Adams, and W.D. Willms. 1994. Effect of grazing and abandonedcultivation on a Stipa-Bouteloua community. Journal of Range Management 47: 28-32.

Fisher, M.J., I.M. Rao, M.A. Ayarza, C.E. Lascano, J.I. Sanz, R.J. Thomas, and R.R. Vera.1994. Carbon storage by introduced deep-rooted grasses in the South American savannas.Nature 371 (6494): 236-238.

Garcia, F.O. and C.W. Rice. 1994. Microbial biomass dynamics in tallgrass prairies. SoilScience Society of America Journal 50: 816-823.

Hassink, J. 1994. Effects of soil texture and grassland management on soil organic C and N andrates of C and N mineralization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 1221-1231.

Holben, A.C. Richer. 1945. Maintenance level of nitrogen and organic matter in grassland andcultivated soils over periods of 54 and 72 years. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy37: 21-31.

Kieft, T.L. 1994. Grazing and plant canopy effects on semiarid soil microbial biomass andrespiration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 18: 155-162.

Lovell, R.D., S.C. Jarvis, and R.D. Bardgett. 1995. Soil microbial biomass and acidity inlongterm grassland: effects of management changes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 969-975.

Manley, J.T., G.E. Schuman, J.D. Reeder, and R.H. Hart. 1995. Rangeland soil carbon andnitrogen responses to grazing. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50: 294-298.

Nepstadt, D.C., C.R. de Carvalho, E.A. Davidson, P.H. Jipp, P.A. Lefebvre, G.H. Negreiros,E.D. da Silva, T.A. Stone, S.E. Trumbore, and S. Vieira. 1994. The role of deep roots in thehydrological and carbon cycles of Amazonian forests and pastures. Nature 372 (6507): 666-669.

Rice, C.W. and F.O. Garcia. 1994. Biologically active pools of carbon and nitrogen in tailgrassprairie soil. Soil Science Society of America Special Publications Series 35: 201-208.

Robertson, F.A., R.J.K. Myers, and P.G. Saffigna. 1994. Dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in along-term cropping system and permanent pasture system. Australian Journal of AgriculturalResearch 45: 211-221.

Seastadt, T.R., C.C. Coxwel, D.S. Ojima, and W.J. Parton. 1994. Controls of plant and soilcarbon in a semihumid temperate grassland. Ecological Applications 4: 344-353.

Somarriba, E. 1988. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) trees in a pasture: population model,sensitivity analyses, and applications. Agroforestry Systems 6: 3-17. White, J.W., F.J.

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Thomely, J.H.M., J. Bergelson, and A.J. Parsons. 1995. Complex dynamics in a carbon-nitrogen model of a grass-legume pasture. Annals of Botany 75: 79-94.

II. Above-ground and below-ground carbon storage in forests

Organic matter in forest soils

Arrouays, D. and P. Pelissier. 1994. Modeling carbon storage profiles in temperate forest humicloamy soils of France. Soil Science 157: 185-192.

Arrouays, D., 1. Vion, and J.L. Kicin. 1995. Spatial analysis and modeling of topsoil carbonstorage in temperate forest humic loamy soils of France. Soil Science 159: 191-198.

Band, L.E. 1993. Effect of land surface representation of forest water and carbon budgets.Journal of Hydrology 150: 749-772.

Belsky, A.J., S.M. Mwonga, R.G. Amundson, J.M. Duxbury, and A.R. Ali. 1993. Comparativeeffects of isolated trees on their undercanopy environments in high- and low-rainfall savannas.Journal of Applied Ecology 30: 143-155.


Black, T.A. and J.W. Harden. 1995. Effect of timber harvest on soil carbon storage at BlodgettExperimental Forest, California. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 25: 1385-1396.

Boissier, J.M. and D. Fontvieille. 1993. Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon in seepagewaters from two forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 1257-1261.

Bonde, T.A., B.T. Christensen, and C.C. Cerri. 1992. Dynamics of soil organic matter asreflected by natural 13C abundance in particle size fractions of forested and cultivated oxisols.Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 275-277.


Dewar, R.C. and M.G.R. Cannell. 1992. Carbon sequestration in the trees, products and soils offorest plantations: an analysis using UK examples. Tree Physiology II: 49-71.Diaz-Ravina, M., M.J. Acea, and T. Carballas. 1995. Seasonal changes in microbial biomassand nutrient flush in forest soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 220-226.

14

Dixon, R.K., S. Brown, R.A. Houghton, A.M. Solomon, M.C. Trexler, and J. Wsniewski. 1994.Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science (5144): 185-190.

Entry, J.A. and C.B. Backman. 1995. Influence of carbon and nitrogen on cellulose and lignindegradation in forest soils. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 25: 1231-1236.

Horwath, W.R., K.S. Pregitzer, and E.A. Paul. 1994. 14C allocation in tree-soil systems. TreePhysiology 14: 1163-1176.

Huntington, T.G. 1995. Carbon sequestration in an aggrading forest ecosystem in thesoutheastern USA. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 1459-1467.

Joergensen, R.G., T.H. Anderson, and V. Wolters. 1995. Carbon and nitrogen relationships inthe microbial biomass of soils in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests. Biology and Fertility ofSoils 19: 141-147.

Johnson, C.E. 1995. Soil nitrogen status 8 years after whole-tree clear-cutting. CanadianJournal of Forest Resources 25: 1346-1355.

Kauffman, J.B., D.L. Cummings, and D.E. Ward. 1994. Relationships of fire, biomass andnutrient dynamics along a vegetation gradient in the Brazilian cerrado. Journal of Ecology 82:519-531.

Lepsch, I.F., J.R.F. Menk, and Oliveira, J.B. 1994. Carbon storage and other properties of soilsunder agriculture and natural vegetation in Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Soil Use and Management10: 34-42.

Moraes, J.L., C.C. Cerri, J.M. Melillo, D. Kicklighter, C. Neill, D.L. Skole, and P.A. Steudier.1995. Soil carbon stocks of the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal 59: 244-247.

Motavalli, P.P., C.A. Palm, W.J. Parton, E.T. Elliott, and S.D. Frey. 1994. Comparison oflaboratory and modeling simulation methods for estimating soil carbon pools in tropical forestsoils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 935-944.


Peterschmitt, M.C. 1994. Forest savanna ecotone dynamics in India as revealed by carbonisotope ratios of soil organic matter. Oecologia 97: 475-480.

15

Prescott, C.E. and M.A. McDonald. 1994. Effects of carbon and lime additions onmineralization of C and N in humus from cutovers of western red cedar-westem hemlock forestson northern Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 24: 2432-2438.

Raubach, M. and F. Beese. 1995. Pattern of microbial indicators in forest soils along anEuropean transect. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 362-368.

Rygiewicz, P.T. and C.P. Andersen. 1994. Mycorrhizae alter quality and quantity of carbonallocated below ground. Nature 369(6475): 58-60.


Stanko-Golgen, K.M. and J.W. Fitzgerald. 1991. Sulfur transformations and pool sizes intropical forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23: 1053-1058.

Thornley, J.H.M. and M.G.R. Cannell. 1992. Nitrogen relations in a forest plantation--soilorganic matter ecosystem model. Annals of Botany 70: 137-151.

Zarin, D.J. and A.H. Johnson. 1995. Nutrient accumulation during primary succession in amontane tropical forest, Puerto Rico. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 1444-1452.

Deforestation effects on soil organic matter

Basu, S. and N. Behera. 1993. The effect of tropical forest conversion on soil microbialbiomass. Biology and Fertility of Soils 16: 302-304.

Garcia-Oliva, F., T. Casar, P. Morales, J.M. Maass. 1994. Forest-to-pasture conversioninfluences on soil organic carbon dynamics in a tropical deciduous forest. Oecologia 99: 392-396.

Luizao, R.C.C., T.A. Bonde, and T. Rosswall. 1992. Seasonal variation of soil microbialbiomass-- the effects of clearfelling a tropical rainforest and establishment of pasture in thecentral Amazon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 805-813.

Mao, D.M., Y.W. Min, L.L. Yu, R. Martens, and H. Insam. 1992. Effect of afforestation onmicrobial biomass and activity in soils of tropical China. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24:865-872.

Roder, W., S. Phengchanh, and H. Soukhaphonh. 1995. Estimates of variation formeasurements of selected soil parameters on slash-and-burn fields in Northern Laos.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26: 2361-2368.

16

Sparling, G.P., P.B.S. Hart, J.A. August, and D.M. Leslie. 1994. A comparison of soil andmicrobial carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus contents, and macro-aggregate stability of a soilunder native forest and after clearance for pastures and plantation forest. Biology and Fertilityof Soils 17: 91 -100.

Veldkamp, E. 1994. Organic carbon turnover in three tropical soils under pasture afterdeforestation. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 175-180.

Reforestation and agroforestry effects on soil organic matter

Dagar, J.C., G. Singh, and N.T. Singh. 1995. Evaluation of crops in agroforestry with teak(Tectona grandis), maharukh (Ailanthus excelsa) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica) onreclaimed salt affected soils. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 7: 623-634.

Dunham, K.M. 1991. Comparative effects of Acacia albida and Kigelia afticana trees on soilcharacteristics in Zambezi riverine woodlands. Journal of Tropical Ecology 7: 215-220.

Fisher, R.F. 1995. Amelioration of degraded rain forest soils by plantations of native trees.Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 544-548.

Haynes, B.E. and S.T. Gower. 1995. Belowground carbon allocation in unfertilized andfertilized red pine plantations in northern Wisconsin. Tree Physiology 15: 317-325.


Puri, S., V. Singh, B. Bhushan, and S. Singh. 1994. Biomass production and distribution ofroots in three stands of Populus deltoides. Forest Ecology and Management 65: 135-147.

Schroeder, P. 1994. Carbon storage benefits of agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems27: 89-97.

Schroth, G. and W. Zeth. 1995. Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a solecropping and an alley cropping system with Glircidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforestzone of West Africa. Agroforestry Systems 31: 181-198.


17

Somarriba, E. 1988. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) trees in a pasture: population model,sensitivity analyses, and applications. Agroforestry Systems 6: 3-17.

Thomley, J.H.M. and M.G.R. Cannell. 1992. Nitrogen relations in a forest plantation--soilorganic matter ecosystem model. Annals of Botany 70: 137-15 1.

Trouve, C., A. Mariotti, D. Schwartz, and B. Guillet. 1994. Soil organic carbon dynamics underEucalyptus and Pinus planted on savanna in the Congo. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26:287-295.

Carbon storage in above-ground forest biomass


Ferreira, M.C. and A.M.C. Oliveira. 1991. Modelling cork oak production in Portugal.Agroforestry Systems 16: 41-54.

Faeth, P., C. Cort, and R. Lvemash. 1994. Evaluating the carbon sequestration benefits offorestry projects in developing countries. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute.

Foroughbakhch, R. 1992. Establishment and growth potential of fuelwood species innortheastern Mexico. Agroforestry Systems 19: 95-108.

Gilliam, F. S. and N.L. Turrill. 1993. Herbaceous layer cover and biomass in a young versus amature stand of a central Appalachian hardwood forest. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club120: 445-450.

Hoen, H.F. and B. Solberg. 1994. Potential and economic efficiency of carbon sequestration inforest biomass through silvicultural management. Forest Science 40: 429-45 1.

Iverson, L.R., S. Brown, and A. Prasad. 1994. Estimating potential tropical forest biomass overSouth/Southeast Asia. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station GeneralTechnical Report no. 113.

Johnson, C.E. 1995. Soil nitrogen status 8 years after whole-tree clear-cutting. CanadianJournal of Forest Resources 25: 1346-1355.

Khan, T.A., P.S. Pathak, and S.K. Gupta. 1993. Statistical analysis of growth and biomassproduction in some multipurpose trees. Indian Forester 119: 371-374.

18

Liang, T., M.A. Khan, V.D. Phillips, and W. Liu. 1994. Hawaii natural resource informationsystem: a tool for biomass production management. Biomass and Energy 6: 431-441.

Murillo, J.C.R. 1994. The carbon budget of the Spanish forests. Biogeochemistry 25: 197-217.

Nabuurs, G.J. and G.M.J. Mohren. 1995. Modelling analysis of potential carbon sequestrationin selected forest types. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 25: 1157-1172.


Puri, S., V. Singh, B. Bhushan, and S. Singh. 1994. Biomass production and distribution ofroots in three stands of Populus deltoides. Forest Ecology and Management 65: 135-147.

Sarma, T.C. and T. Goswami. 1993. Plantation of certain fast growing tree species under short-rotation agro-forestry system for production of biomass for paper pulp. Advances in ForestryResearch in India 9: 19-34.

Schroth, G. and W. Zeth. 1995. Above- and below-ground biomass dynamics in a sole croppingand an alley cropping system with Glircidia sepium in the semi-deciduous rainforest zone ofWest Africa. Agroforestry Systems 31: 181-198.

Turner, D.P., G.J. Koerper, M.E. Harrnon, and J.J. Lee. 1995. A carbon budget for forests ofthe conterminous United States. Ecological Applications 5: 421-436.

Wang, Y.P. and P.J. Polglase. 1995. Carbon balance in the tundra, boreal forest and humidtropical forest during climate change: scaling up from leaf physiology and soil carbon dynamics.Plant Cell and Environment 18: 1226-1244.

West, P.W. and G.H.R. Osler. 1995. Growth response to thinning and its relation to siteresources in Eucalyptus regnans. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25: 69-80.

Zomer, R. and J. Menke. 1993. Site index and biomass productivity estimates for Himalayanalder-large cardamom plantations: a model agroforestry system of the middle hills of easternNepal. Mountain Research and Development 13: 235-255.

Estimating the above-ground biomass of forest vegetation

19

Alemdag, I.S. 1980. Manual of data collection and processing for the development of forestbiomass relationships. Canadian Forest Service Petawaw National Forest Institute InformationReport PI-X-4.

Attiwill, P.M. 1966. A method for estimating crown weight in Eucalyptus and someimplications of relationships between crown weight and stem diameter. Ecology 47: 795-804.

Attiwill, P.M. and J.D. Ovington. 1968. Determination of forest biomass. Forest Science 14:13-15.

Baldwin, V.C. Jr. 1987. Regression functions available for estimating biomass of plantedsouthern pine. In, Wharton, E.H. and T. Cunia (eds.), Estimating tree biomass regressions andtheir error. USDA Forest Service Northeastern Forest Experiment Station General TechnicalReport NE-1 17.

Barret, J. and J. Jastrembski. 1990. Regional green weight biomass equations for the Northeast.Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 7: 187-189.

Baskerville, G.L. 1965. Estimation of dry weight of tree components and total standing crop inconifer stands. Ecology 46: 867-869.

Baskerville, G.L. 1972. Use of logarithmic regression in the estimation of plant biomass.Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 2: 49-53.

Brown, J.K. 1976. Estimating shrub biomass from basal stem diameters. Canadian Journal ofForestry 6: 153-158.

Born, J.D. and D.C. Chojnacky. 1985. Woodland tree volume estimation: a visual segmentationtechnique. USDA Forest Service Intermountain Forest Research Station Research PaperINT344.

Brack, C.L., M.P. Dawson, and A.M. Gill. 1985. Bark, leaf and sapwood dimensions inEucalyptus. Australian Journal of Forest Research 15: 1-7.

Brand, G.J. and W.B. Smith. 1985. Evaluating allometric shrub biomass equations fit togenerated data. Canadian Journal of Botany 63: 64-67.

Cannell, M.G.R. 1984. Woody biomass of forest stands. Forest Ecology and Management 8:299-312.

20

Crow, T.R. 1971. Estimation of biomass in an even-aged stand--regression and “mean tree"techniques. Pp. 35-47 in, Young, H.E. (ed.), Forest biomass studies. IUFRO Yield and GrowthWorking Group on forest biomass studies.

Crow, T.R. 1978. Common regressions to estimate tree biomass in tropical stands. ForestScience 24: 110-114.

Crow, T.R. and P.R. Laidly. 1980. Alternative models for estimating woody plant biomass.Canadian Journal of Forest Research 13: 283-288.

Cunia, T. 1964. Weighted least squares method and construction of volume tables. ForestScience 10: 180-191.

Elliott, K.J. and B.D. Clinton. 1993. Equations for estimating biomass of herbaceous andwoody vegetation in early-successional southern Appalachian pine-hardwood forests. USDAForest Service Southeastern Experiment Station Research Note SE-365.

Ek, A.R. 1979. A model for estimating branch weight and branch leaf weight in biomassstudies. Forest Science 25: 303-306.

Grier, C.C. and R.H. Waring. 1974. Conifer foliage mass related to sapwood area. ForestScience 20: 205-206.

Hafley, W.L. 1969. Calculation and miscalculation of the allometric equation reconsidered.BioScience 19: 974-975.

Iverson, L.R., S. Brown, A. Prasad, H. Mitasova, A.J. R. Gillespie, and A.E. Lugo. 1994. Useof GIS for estimating potential and actual forest biomass for continental South and SoutheastAsia. Ecological Studies 101: 67-116.

Jacobs, M.W. and D.B. Monteith. 1981. Feasibility of developing regional weight tables.Journal of Forestry 79: 676-677.

Khan, T.A., P.S. Pathak, and S.K. Gupta. 1993. Statistical analysis of growth and biomassproduction in some multipurpose trees. Indian Forester 119: 371-374.

Langton, S.D. and J. Riley. 1989. Implications of statistical analysis of initial agroforestryexperiments. Agroforestry Systems 9: 211-232.

Liang, T., M.A. Khan, V.D. Phillips, and W. Liu. 1994. Hawaii natural resource informationsystem: a tool for biomass production management. Biomass and Energy 6: 431-441.

Lovenstein, H.M. and P.R. Berliner. 1993. Biometric relationships for non-destructive aboveground biomass estimations in young plantations of Acacia salicina Lindl. and Eucalyptusoccidentalis Endl. New Forests 7: 255-273.

21

Madgwick, H.A.I. and T. Satoo. 1975. On estimating the aboveground weights of tree stands.Ecology 56: 1446-1450.

Madgwick, H.A.I. 198 1. Estimating the above-ground weight of forest plots using the basalarea ratio method. New Zealand Journal of Forest Science 11: 278-286.

Otieno, K., J.F.M. Onim, M.J. Bryant, and B.H. Dzowela. 1991. The relation between biomassyield and linear measures of growth in Sesbania sesban in western Kenya. AgroforestrySystems 13: 131-141.

Payandeh, B. 198 1. Choosing regression models for biomass prediction equations. ForestryChronicle 57: 229-232.Philip, M.S. 1994. Measuring trees and forests. Wallingford, UK: CAIB International.

Phillips, V.D., W. Liu, R.A. Merriam, and D. Singh. 1993. Biomass system model estimates ofshort-rotation hardwood production in Hawaii. Biomass and Energy 6: 421-429.

Phillips, V.D., W. Liu, R.A. Merriam, and D. Singh. 1994. Potential for short-rotation intensiveculture hardwood production in Hawaii. Agricultural Systems 46: 33-57.

Reed, D.D. and E.J. Green. 1985. A method of forcing additivity of biomass tables when usingnonlinear models. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 15: 1184-1187.

Satoo, T. and H.A.I. Madgwick. 1982. Forest biomass. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff/Dr. W.Junk, Publishers.

Smith, W.B. and G.J. Brand. 1983. Allometric biomass equations for 98 species of herbs,shrubs, and small trees. USDA Forest Service North Central Forest Experiment StationResearch Note NC-299.

Snell, J.A.K. and J.K. Brown. 1978. Comparison of tree biomass estimators: DBH andsapwood area. Forest Science 24: 455-457.

Sprent, P. 1968. Linear relationships in growth and size studies. Biometrics 24: 639-656.

Sprent, P. 172. The mathematics of size and shape. Biometrics 28: 23-37.

Sprugel, D.G. 1983. Correcting for bias in log-transformed allometric equations. Ecology 64:209-210.

Standish, J.T., G.H. Manning and J.P. Demarschalk. 1985. Development of biomass equationsfor British Columbia tree species. Canadian Forestry Service Pacific Forest Research CenterResearch Paper BC-X-264.

22

Stromgaard, P. 1985. Biomass estimation equations for miombo woodland, Zambia.Agroforestry Systems 3: 3-13.

USDA Forest Service. 1984. Tables of whole-tree weight for selected U.S. tree species. USDAForest Service General Technical Report WO-42.

Waring, R.H., P.E. Schroeder, and R. Oren. 1982. Application of the pipe model theory topredict canopy leaf area. Advances in Ecological Research 13: 327-354.

Wharton, E.H. and D.M. Griffith. 1993. Methods to estimate total forest biomass for extensiveforest inventories: applications in the northeastern U.S. USDA Forest Service NortheasternForest Experiment Station Research Paper no. 681.

White, J. 198 1. The allometric interpretation of the self-thinning rule. Journal of TheoreticalBiology 89: 475-500.

Whittaker, R.H. 1965. Branch dimensions and estimation of branch production. Ecology 46:365-370.

Wiant, H.V. Jr., R. Knight, and J.E. Baumgras. 1984. Relation of biomass to basal area and siteindex on an Appalachian watershed. USDA Forest Service Northeastern Forest ExperimentStation Research Note NE-315.

Zar, J.H. 1968. Calculation and miscalculation of the allometric equation as a model inbiological data. BioScience 18: 1118-1120.

Zomer, R. and J. Menke. 1993. Site index and biomass productivity estimates for Himalayanalder-large cardamom plantations: a model agroforestry system of the middle hills of easternNepal. Mountain Research and Development 13: 235-255.

III. Theoretical aspects of the behavior and measurement of organicmatter in soils

Edaphic and climatic influences on soil organic matter


23

Buol, S.W., P.A. Sanchez, S.B. Weed, and J.M. Kimble. 1990. Predicted impact of climaticwarming on soil properties and use. American Society of Agronomy Special Publications 53:71-82.

Cambardella, C.A. and E.T. Elliott. 1992. Particulate soil organic-matter changes across agrassland cultivation sequence. Soil Science Society of American Journal 56: 777-783.

Hassink, J. 1994. Effects of soil texture and grassland management on soil organic C and N andrates of C and N mineralization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 1221-1231.

Kirschbaum, M.U.F. 1995. The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition,and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27:753-760.

Molina, J.M.C., H.H. Chang, B. Nicolardot, R. Chaussod, and S. Houot. 1994. Biologicallyactive soil organics: a case of double identity. Soil Science Society of America SpecialPublications 35: 169-177.

Nicolardot, B., G. Fauvet, and D. Cheneby. 1994. Carbon and nitrogen cycling through soilmicrobial biomass at various temperatures. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 253-261.

Raghubanshi, A.S. 1992. Effect of topography on selected soil properties and nitrogenmineralization in a dry tropical forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 145-150.

Salter, R.M. and T.C. Green. 1933. Factors affecting the accumulation and loss of nitrogen andorganic carbon in cropped soils. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 25: 622-630.

Schimel, D.S., B.H. Braswell, E.A. Holland, R. McKeown, D.S. Ojima, T.H. Painter, W.J.Parton, and A.R. Townsend. 1994. Climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls over storage andturnover of carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8: 279-293.

Srivastava, S.C. 1992. Microbial C, N and P in dry tropical soils: seasonal changes andinfluence of soil moisture. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 711-714.

Stauffer, R.S. 1935. Influence of parent material on soil character in a humid, temperateclimate. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 27: 885-894.

Townsend, A.R., P.M. Vitousek, and S.E. Trumbore. 1995. Soil organic matter dynamics alonggradients in temperature and land use on the island of Hawaii. Ecology 76: 721-733.

Wang, F.L. and J.R. Bettany. 1993. Influence of freeze-thaw and flooding on the loss of solubleorganic carbon and carbon dioxide from soil. Journal of Environmental Quality 22: 709-714.

24


Spatial and temporal variation of organic matter in soils

Akamigbo, F.O.R., C.A. lgwe, and S.C. Oranekwulu. 1994. Soil variability in map unitsdelineated in map units delineated by aerial photointerpretation: a case study in Anambra State,Nigeria. Soil Use and Management 10: 6-9.


Band, L.E. 1993. Effect of land surface representation of forest water and carbon budgets.Journal of Hydrology 150: 749-772.

Blackman, J.D. 1992. Seasonal variation in the aggregate stability of downland soils. Soil Useand Management 8: 142-150.

Bremer, E., B.H. Ellert, and H.H. Janzen. 1995. Total and light-fraction carbon dynamicsduring decades after cropping changes. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 1398-1403.

Buyanovsky, G.A., M. Aslam, and G.H. Wagner. 1994. Carbon turnover in soil physicalfractions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 1167-1173.

Cahn, M.D., J.W. Hummel, and B.H. Brouer. 1994. Spatial analysis of soil fertility forsitespecific crop management. Soil Science Society of American Journal 58: 1240-1248.


Costantini, A.O. and A.M. de L. Segat. 1994. Seasonal changes in the microbial biomass ofBrazilian soils with different organic matter contents. Communications in Soil Science and PlantAnalysis 25: 3057-3068.

Davidson, E.A. and P.A. Lefebvre. 1993. Estimating regional carbon stocks and spatiallycovarying edaphic factors using maps at three scales. Biogeochemistry 22: 107-131.

DeBusk, W.F., K.R. Reddy, M.S. Koch, and Y. Wang. 1994. Spatial distribution of soilnutrients in a northern Everglades marsh: water conservation area 2A. Soil Science Society ofAmerican Journal 58: 543-552.


25


Haack, S.K., H. Garchow, M.J. Klug, and L.J. Forney. 1995. Analysis of factors affecting theaccuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of microbial community carbon source utilizationpatterns. Applied Environmental Microbiology 61: 1458-1468.

Kaiser, E.A. and 0. Hainemeyer. 1993. Seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass carbonwithin the plough layer. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 1649-1655.

Kauffman, J.B., D.L. Cummings, and D.E. Ward. 1994. Relationships of fire, biomass andnutrient dynamics along a vegetation gradient in the Brazilian cerrado. Journal of Ecology 82:519-531.

Kem, J.S. 1994. Spatial patterns of soil organic carbon in the contiguous United States. SoilScience Society of American Journal 58: 438-455.

Kuzel, S., V. Nydl, L. Kolar, and R. Tichy. 1994. Spatial variability of cadmium, pH, organicmatter in soil and its dependence on sampling scales. Water Air and Soil Pollution 78: 51-59.

Nizeyimana, E. and T.J. Bicki. 1992. Soil and soil-landscape relationships in the north centralregion of Rwanda, East-Central Africa. Soil Science 153: 225-236.

Peterschmitt, M.C. 1994. Forest savanna ecotone dynamics in India as revealed by carbonisotope ratios of soil organic matter. Oecologia 97: 475-480.

Quesada, A., E. Sanchez-Maeso, and E. Femandez-Valiente. 1995. Seasonal variation ofchemical properties of rice field soils from Valencia, Spain. Communications in Soil Science andPlant Analysis 26: 1-19.

Rachhpal-Singh, Bijay-Singh, and Yadvinder-Singh. 1993. Spatial variability of some propertiesof a Typic Ustochrept soil in the semiarid region of northwestern India. Arid Soil Research andRehabilitation 7: 197-201.

Raghubanshi, A.S. 1992. Effect of topography on selected soil properties and nitrogenmineralization in a dry tropical forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 145-150.

Roder, W., S. Phengchanh, and H. Soukhaphonh. 1995. Estimates of variation formeasurements of selected soil parameters on slash-and-bum fields in Northern Laos.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26: 2361-2368.

Srivastava, S.C. 1992. Microbial C, N and P in dry tropical soils: seasonal changes andinfluence of soil moisture. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 711-714.

26

Townsend, A.R., P.M. Vitousek, and S.E. Trumbore. 1995. Soil organic matter dynamics alonggradients in temperature and land use on the island of Hawaii. Ecology 76: 721-733.

West, C.C., W.G. Lyon, D.L. Ross, and L.K. Pennington. 1994. Investigation of verticaldistribution and morphology of indigenous organic matter at Sleeping Bear site, Michigan. 1994.Environmental Geology 24: 176-187.

Wilcox, C.H., B.E. Frazier, and S.T. Ball. 1994. Relationship between soil organic carbon andLandsat TM data in eastern Washington. Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 60: 777-781.

Dynamics of soil microbes and organic matter decomposition

Ajwa, H.A. and M.A. Tabatabai. 1994. Decomposition of different organic materials in soils.Biology and Fertility of Soils 18: 175-182.


Angers, D.A., N. Bissonnette, A. Legers, and N. Sarnson. 1993. Microbial and biochemicalchanges induced by rotation and tillage in a soil under barley cultivation. Canadian Journal ofSoil Science 73: 39-50.

Bethlenfalvay, G.J. and J.M. Barea. 1994. Mycorrhizae in sustainable agriculture. I. Effects onseed yield and soil aggregation. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9: 157-161.



Costantini, A.O. and A.M. de L. Segat. 1994. Seasonal changes in the microbial biomass ofBrazilian soils with different organic matter contents. Communications in Soil Science and PlantAnalysis 25: 3057-3068.

Diaz-Ravina, M., M.J. Acea, and T. Carballas. 1995. Seasonal changes in microbial biomassand nutrient flush in forest soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 220-226.

27


Garcia, F.O. and C.W. Rice. 1994. Microbial biomass dynamics in tallgrass prairies. SoilScience Society of America Journal 50: 816-823.

Grant, R.F., N.G. Juma, and W.B. McGill. 1993. Simulation of carbon and nitrogentransformations in soil: mineralization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 317-1329.

Grant, R.F., N.G. Juma, and W.B. McGill. 1993. Simulation of carbon and nitrogentransformations in soil: microbial biomass and metabolic products. Soil Biology andBiochemistry 25: 1331-1338.

Haack, S.K., H. Garchow, M.J. Klug, and L.J. Fomey. 1995. Analysis of factors affecting theaccuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of microbial community carbon source utilizationpatterns. Applied Environmental Microbiology 61: 1458-1468.

Hossain, A.K.M.A., R.J. Raison, and P.K. Khanna. 1995. Effects of fertilizer application andfire regime on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, and nitrogen mineralization in anAustralian subalpine eucaltypt forest. Biology and Fertility of Soils: 19: 246-252.

Houot, S. and R. Chaussod. 1995. Impact of agricultural practices on the size and activity ofthe microbial biomass in a long-term field experiment. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 309-316.

Hu, S., D.C. Coleman, P.F. Hendrix, and M.H. Beare. 1995. Biotic manipulation effects on soilcarbohydrates and microbial biomass in a cultivated soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27:1127-1135.

Joergensen, R.G., T.H. Anderson, and V. Wolters. 1995. Carbon and nitrogen relationships inthe microbial biomass of soils in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests. Biology and Fertility ofSoils 19: 141-147.

Jordan, D., R.J. Kremer, W.A. Bergfield, K.Y. Kim, and V.N. Cacnio. 1995. Evaluation ofmicrobial methods as potential indicators of soil quality in historical agricultural fields. Biologyand Fertility of Soils 19: 297-302.

Kaiser, E.A. and O. Hainemeyer. 1993. Seasonal variations of soil microbial biomass carbonwithin the plough layer. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 1649-1655.

Kieft, T.L. 1994. Grazing and plant canopy effects on semiarid soil microbial biomass andrespiration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 18: 155-162.

28

Kostov, O. and G. Petkova. 1994. Microbial indicators for sawdust and bark compost stabilityand humification processes. Bioresource Technology 50: 193-200.

Luizao, R.C.C., T.A. Bonde, and T. Rosswall. 1992. Seasonal variation of soil microbialbiomass-- the effects of clearfelling a tropical rainforest and establishment of pasture in thecentral Amazon. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 805-813.

Lovell, R.D., S.C. Jarvis, and R.D. Bardgett. 1995. Soil microbial biomass and acidity in long-term grassland: effects of management changes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 969-975.

Nicolardot, B., G. Fauvat, and 0. Cheneby. 1994. Carbon and nitrogen cycling through soilmicrobial biomass at various temperatures. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 253-261.

Mao, D.M., Y.W. Min, L.L. Yu, R. Martens, and H. Insam. 1992. Effect of afforestation onmicrobial biomass and activity in soils of tropical China. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24:865-872.

Raubach, M. and F. Beese. 1995. Pattern of microbial indicators in forest soils along anEuropean transect. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 362-368.

Sparling, G.P. 1992. Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon as a sensitiveindicator of changes in soil organic matter. Australian Journal of Soil Science 30: 195-207.


Srivastava, S.C. 1992. Influence of soil properties on microbial C, N, and P in dry tropicalecosystems. Biology and Fertility of Soils 13: 176-180.

Tian, G., B.T. Kang, and L. Brussard. 1992. Biological effects of plant residues withcontrasting chemical compositions under humid tropical conditions--decomposition and nutrientrelease. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 1051-1060.

Wander, M.M., S.J. Traina, B.R. Stinner, and S.E. Peters. 1994. Organic and conventionalmanagement effects on biologically active soil organic matter pools. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal 58: 1130-1139.

Yoshikawa, S. and K. Inubushi. 1995. Characteristics of microbial biomass and soil organicmatter in newly reclaimed wetland rice soils. Biology and Fertility of Soils 19: 292-296.

29

Carbon cycles and global carbon storage

Buol, S.W., P.A. Sanchez, S.B. Weed, and J.M. Kimble. 1990. Predicted impact of climaticwarming on soil properties and use. American Society of Agronomy Special Publications 53:71-82.

Dixon, R.K., S. Brown, R.A. Houghton, A.M. Solomon, M.C. Trexler, and J. Wisniewski.1994. Carbon pools and flux of global ecosystems. Science 263 (5144): 185-190.

Eswaran, H., E. van den Berg, and P. Reich. 1993. Organic carbon in soils of the world. SoilScience Society of America Journal 57: 192-194.

Faeth, P., C. Cort, and R. Lvernash. 1994. Evaluating the carbon sequestration benefits offorestry projects in developing countries. Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute.

Goudriaan, J. 1992. Biosphere structure, carbon sequestering potential and the atmospheric14C carbon record. Journal of Experimental Botany 43: 1111-1119.

Hoen, H.F. and B. Solberg. 1994. Potential and economic efficiency of carbon sequestration inforest biomass through silvicultural management. Forest Science 40: 429-451.

Kirschbaum, M.U.F. 1995. The temperature dependence of soil organic matter decomposition,and the effect of global warming on soil organic C storage. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27:753-760.

Moraes, J.L., C.C. Cerri, J.M. Melillo, D. Kicklighter, C. Neill, D.L. Skole, and P.A. Steudler.1995. Soil carbon stocks of the Brazilian Amazon Basin. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal 59: 244-247.

Schroeder, P. 1994. Carbon storage benefits of agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 27:89-97.

Turner, D.P., G.J. Koerper, M.E. Harmon, and J.J. Lee. 1995. A carbon budget for forests ofthe conterminous United States. Ecological Applications 5: 421-436.

Wallace, A. 1994. Strategies to avoid global greenhouse warming-stashing carbon away in thesoil is one of the best. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25: 37-44.


30

Models of soil organic matter behavior

Arrouays, D. and P. Pelissier. 1994. Modeling carbon storage profiles in temperate forest humicloamy soils of France. Soil Science 157: 185-192.

Bradley, R.L. and J. W. Fyles. 1995. A kinetic parameter describing soil available carbon and itsrelationship to rate increase in C mineralization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 167-172.

Buyanovsky, G.A., M. Aslam, and G.H. Wagner. 1994. Carbon turnover in soil physicalfractions. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 1167-1173.

Cheng, W., D.C. Coleman, C.R. Carroll, C.A. Hoffman. 1994. Investigating short-term carbonflows in the rhizospheres of different plant species, using isotopic trapping. Agronomy Journal86: 782-788.


Dewar, R.C. and M.G.R. Cannell. 1992. Carbon sequestration in the trees, products and soils offorest plantations: an analysis using UK examples. Tree Physiology 11: 49-71.

Dixon, R.K., S. Brown, R.A. Houghton, A.M. Solomon, M.C. Trexler, and J. Wsniewski. 1994.Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems. Science (5144): 185-190.

Elliott, C.T., I.C. Burke, C.A. Monz, S.D. Frey, K.H. Paustian, H.P. Collins, E.A. Paul, C.V.Cole, R.L. Blevins, W.W. Frye. 1994. Terrestrial carbon pools: preliminary data from the CornBelt and Great Plains regions. Soil Science Society of America Special Publications 35: 179-191.

Elzien, A. and J. Balesdent. 1995. Mechanistic simulation of vertical distribution of carbonconcentrations and residence times in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 1328-1335.

Ferreira, M.C. and A.M.C. Oliveira. 1991. Modelling cork oak production in Portugal.Agroforestry Svstems 16: 41-54.

Fryrear, D.W., C.A. Krammes, D.L. Williamson, and T.M. Zobeck. 1994. Computing the winderodible fraction of soils. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49: 183-188.

Grant, R.F., N.G. Juma, and W.B. McGill. 1993. Simulation of carbon and nitrogentransformations in soil: mineralization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 1317-1329.

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Grant, R.F., N.G. Juma, and W.B. McGill. 1993. Simulation of carbon and nitrogentransformations in soil: microbial biomass and metabolic products. Soil Biology andBiochemistry 25: 1331-l338.

Hassnik, J. 1995. Density fractions of soil macroorganic matter and microbial biomass aspredictors of C and N mineralization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27: 1099-1108.

Horwath, W.R., K. S. Pregitzer, and E.A. Paul. 1994. 14C allocation in tree-soil systems. TreePhysiology 14: 1163-1176.

Li, C., S. Frolking, and R. Harriss. 1994. Modeling carbon biogeochemistry in agricultural soils.Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8: 237-254.

Monteith, J.L. 1993. The exchange of water and carbon by crops in a Mediterranean climate.Irrigation Science 14: 85-91.

Motavalli, P.P., C.A. Palm, W.J. Parton, E.T. Elliott, and S.D. Frey. 1994. Comparison oflaboratory and modeling simulation methods for estimating soil carbon pools in tropical forestsoils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 935-944.

Murillo, J.C.R. 1994. The carbon budget of the Spanish forests. Biogeochemistry 25: 197-217.

Nabuurs, G.J. and G.M.J. Mohren. 1995. Modelling analysis of potential carbon sequestrationin selected forest types. Canadian Journal of Forest Resources 25: 1157-1172.

Nelson, P.N., M.C. Dictor, and G. Soulas. 1994. Availability of organic carbon in soluble andparticle-size fractions from a soil profile. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 1549-1555.

Nicolardot, B., J.A.E. Molina, and M.R. Allard. 1 994. C and N fluxes between pools of soilorganic matter: model calibration with long-term incubation data. Soil Biology andBiochemistry 26: 235-243.

Nicolardot, B. and J.A.E. Molina. 1994. C and N fluxes between pools of soil organic matter:model calibration with long-term field experimental data. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26:245-251.

Oyonarate, C., A. Perez-Pujalte, G. Delgado, R. Delgado, and G. Aimendros. 1994. Factorsaffecting soil organic matter turnover in a Mediterranean ecosystems from Sierra de Gador(Spain): an analytical approach. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 25: 1929-1945.

Parton, W.J. and P.C. Rasmussen. 1994. Long term effects of crop management in wheatfallow. II. CENTURY model simulations. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58: 530-536.

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Paustian, K., W.J. Parton, and J. Parsson. 1992. Modeling soil organic matter in organic-ammended and nitrogen-fertilized long-term plots. 1992. Soil Science Society of AmericaJournal 56: 476-488.

Phillips, D.L., D. Yvlite, and B. Johnson. 1993. Implications of climate change scenarios for soilerosion potential in the USA. Land Degradation and Rehabilitation 4: 61-72.

Potter, C.S., J.T. Randerson, C.B. Field, P.A. Matson, P.M. Vitousek, H.A. Mooney, and S.A.Klooster. 1993. Terrestrial ecosystem production: a process model based on global satellite andsurface data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7: 811-841.

Reid, R. and S. Ferguson. 1992. Development and validation of a simple approach to modellingtree shading in agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 20: 243-252.

Ruhlmann, J. and B. Geyer. 1993. Validation of a simulation model for carbon and nitrogendynamics in soil in a field trial. Acta Horticulturae 339: 75-84.

Sallih, Z. and M. Pansu. 1993. Modelling of soil carbon forms after organic amendment undercontrolled conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25: 1755-1762.

Saviozzi, A., R. Levi-Minzi, and R. Riffaldi. 1993. Mineralization parameters from organicmaterials added to soil as a function of their chemical composition. Bioresource Technology 45:131-135.

Schimel, D.S., B.H. Braswell, E.A. Holland, R. McKeown, D.S. Ojima, T.H. Painter, W.J.Parton, and A.R. Townsend. 1994. Climatic, edaphic, and biotic controls over storage andturnover of carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 8: 279-293.

Seastadt, T.R., C.C. Coxwel, D.S. Ojima, and W.J. Parton. 1994. Controls of plant and soilcarbon in a semihumid temperate grassland. Ecological Applications 4: 344-353.

Somarriba, E. 1988. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) trees in a pasture: population model,sensitivity analyses, and applications. Agroforestry Systems 6: 3-17.

Stanko-Golgen, K.M. and J.W. Fitzgerald. 1991. Sulfur transformations and pool sizes intropical forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 23: 1053-1058.

Thomley, J.H.M. and M.G.R. Cannell. 1992. Nitrogen relations in a forest plantation--soilorganic matter ecosystem model. Annals of Botany 70: 137-151.

Thomely, J.H.M., J. Bergelson, and A.J. Parsons. 1995. Complex dynamics in a carbon-nitrogen model of a grass-legume pasture. Annals of Botany 75: 79-94.

Trumbore, S.E. 1993. Comparison of carbon dynamics in tropical and temperate soils usingradiocarbon measurements. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 7: 275-290.

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Methodologies for the estimation of carbon in soils

Benbi, D.K. and S.P.S. Brar. 1994. Influence of soil organic carbon on the interpretation of soiltest P for wheat grown on alkaline soils. Fertilizer Research 37: 35-41.

Bowman, R.A., W.D. Guenzi, and D.J. Savory. 1991. Spectroscopic method for estimation ofsoil organic carbon. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55: 563-566.

Chichester, F.W., and R.F. Chaison Jr. 1992. Analysis of carbon in calcareous soils using a twotemperature dry combustion infrared instrumental procedure. Soil Science 153: 237-241.

Christ, M. and M.B. David. 1994. Fractionation of dissolved organic carbon in soil water:effects of extraction and storage methods. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis

25: 3305-3319.

Gavinelli, E., C. Feller, M.C. Larre-Larrouy, N. Djegui, J. Nzila. 1995. A routine method tostudy soil organic matter by particle-size fractionation: examples for tropical soils.Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26: 1749-1760.

Grewal, K.S., G.D. Buchan, and R.R. Sherlock. 1991. A comparison of three methods oforganic carbon determination in some New Zealand soils. Journal of Soil Science 42: 251-257.

Haack, S.K., H. Garchow, M.J. Klug, and L.J. Fomey. 1995. Analysis of factors affecting theaccuracy, reproducibility, and interpretation of microbial community carbon source utilizationpatterns. Applied Environmental Microbiology 61: 1458-1468.

Hutton, C.E. and R.W. Simonson. 1942. Comparison of dry combustion and Walkley-Blackmethods for the determination of organic carbon distribution in soil profiles. Journal of theAmerican Society of Agronomy 34: 586-592.

Iverson, T,-R-, S. Brown, and A. Prasad. 1994. Estimating potential tropical forest biomassover South/Southeast Asia. USDA Forest Service Southern Forest Experiment Station GeneralTechnical Report no.113.

Jimenez, R.R. and J.K. Ladha. 1993. Automated elemental analysis: a rapid and reliable butexpensive measurement of total carbon and nitrogen in plant and soil samples. Communicationsin Soil Science and Plant Analysis 24: 1897-1924.

Johns, M.M., and C.O. Skoglay. 1994. Soil organic matter testing and labile carbonidentification by carbonaceous resin capsules. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50: 751-758.

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Jordan, D., R.J. Kremer, W.A. Bergfield, K.Y. Kim, and V.N. Cacnio. 1995. Evaluation ofmicrobial methods as potential indicators of soil quality in historical agricultural fields. Biologyand Fertility of Soils 19: 297-302.

Kuzel, S., V. Nydi, L. Kolar, and R. Tichy. 1994. Spatial variability of cadmium, pH, organicmatter in soil and its dependence on sampling scales. Water Air and Soil Pollution 78: 51-59.

Leinweber, P., H.R. Schulten, and M. Korschen. 1995. Hot water extracted organic matter:chemical composition and temporal variations in a long-ten-n field experiment. Biology andFertility of Soils 20: 17-23.

Martin Neto, L., A.E. Andriulo, and D.C. Traghetta. 1994. Effects of cultivation on ESRspectra of organic matter from soil size fractions of a Mollisol. Soil Science 157: 365-372.

Molina, J.M.C., H.H. Chang, B. Nicolardot, R. Chaussod, and S. Houot. 1994. Biologicallyactive soil organics: a case of double identity. Soil Science Society of America SpecialPublications 35: 169-177.

Neal, R.H. and T. Younglove. 1993. The use of a dry combustion infrared instructionaltechnique to determine total and organic carbon in California soils. Communications in SoilScience and Plant Analysis 24: 2733-2746.

Plice, M.J., and J. Lunin. 194 1. A rapid method of determining the total carbon content of soilsusing perchloric acid. Journal of the American Society of Agronomy 33: 851-855.

Rowell, M.J. 1995. Colorimetric method of C02 measurement in soils. Soil Biology andBiochemistry 27: 373-375.

Sparling, G.P. 1992. Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to soil organic carbon as a sensitiveindicator of changes in soil organic matter. Australian Journal of Soil Science 30: 195-207.

Ulmer, M.G., L.J. Swenson, D.D. Patterson, and W.C. Dahnke. 1992. Organic carbondetermination by the Walkley-Black, Udy dye, and dry combustion methods for selected NorthDakota soils. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 23: 417-429.

Veldkamp, E. and A.M. Weitz. 1994. Uncertainty analysis of delta 13C method in soil organicmatter studies. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26: 153-160.

Vickery, P.J., J.J. Lutton, and R.D. Bemett. 1995. A simple procedure for calorimetricdetermination of organic carbon in soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 26:899-911.

Walinga, T., M. Kithome, I. Novozarnsky, V.J.G. Houba, and J.J. van der Lee. 1992.Spectrophotometric determination of organic carbon in soil. Communications in Soil Scienceand Plant Analysis 23: 1935-1944.

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Wilcox, C.H., B.E. Frazier, and S.T. Ball. 1994. Relationship between soil organic carbon andLandsat TM data in eastern Washington. Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 60: 777-781.

Winters, E., and D.C. Wimer. 193 1. A total carbon procedure. Journal of the American Societyof Agronomy 23: 280-285.

Yabannaver, A.V. and R. Bartha. 1994. Methods for assessment of biodegradability of plasticfilm in soil. Applied Environmental Microbiology 60: 3608-3614.


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