7 - 1chemistry for allied health: chapter 9 chpt 9: solutions...

7 - 1Chemistry for Allied Health: Chapter 9

Chpt 9: SolutionsChpt 9: Solutions

WaterWaterSolutionsSolutions

ElectrolytesElectrolytesEquivalentsEquivalents

SolubilitySolubilityPercent ConcentrationPercent Concentration

Colloids & SuspensionsColloids & SuspensionsOsmosisOsmosisDialysisDialysis


Hydrogen Bonding of WaterHydrogen Bonding of Water

H

HOO

++

++--

H H

OO

++ ++

--

H

H

OO++

++

--

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen BondsH H

OO

++ ++

--

Polar AttractionPolar Attraction


Hydrogen Bonding of WaterHydrogen Bonding of Water

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

Causes Surface TensionCauses Surface Tension

Surfactants reduce Surface Tension Surfactants reduce Surface Tension by disrupting H-bondingby disrupting H-bonding

(soaps, detergents etc.)(soaps, detergents etc.)


Hydrogen Bonding of Water Hydrogen Bonding of Water

Frozen HFrozen H22O:O: Slow moving moleculesSlow moving moleculesH-BondH-Bond in patterns (Hexagonal Ring Crystals) in patterns (Hexagonal Ring Crystals)


Hydrogen Bonding of Water Hydrogen Bonding of Water

Solute particles interfere, causing the water moleculesto slow down even more. This reduces the temperature.


SugarSugar in water

SalineSaline

OxygenOxygen in water

AirAir

Dental fillingsDental fillings

SugarSugar in water

SalineSaline

OxygenOxygen in water

AirAir

Dental fillingsDental fillings

SolutionsSolutions

A solutionA solution = A homogeneous mixture components.


SolutionsSolutions

Na+

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

Na+

Cl-

SolventSolvent : component in greatergreater amount

(The dissolver)

•Water

•Alcohol

SoluteSolute: component in lesserlesser amount

(The dissolved)

•NaCl

•Sugar


SolutionsSolutions

•the solute can’t be filtered outcan’t be filtered out

•always stays mixedstays mixed

•particles are particles are always in motionalways in motion

•volumesvolumes not additivenot additive

•solute evenly dispersedevenly dispersed


SolutionsSolutions

Solid solutionsSolid solutionsdental fillingsdental fillings, , 14K gold 14K gold (58% Au ),(58% Au ),

Brass Brass (Zn in Cu),(Zn in Cu),

Steel Steel (C in Fe),(C in Fe),

Liquid solutionsLiquid solutions

Gaseous solutionsGaseous solutions AirAir,

Anesthesia gasesAnesthesia gases

Solid in Solid

Liquid in Solid (Hg in Ag)

Soda,Soda,

VodkaVodka,,

SalineSaline, ,

Gas in Liquid

Liquid in Liquid

Solid in Liquid

Gas in Gas


HydrationHydration

““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”

Polar water attracts toPolar water attracts to

NaNa++ and Cl and Cl-- ions ions

Polar water attracts toPolar water attracts to

NaNa++ and Cl and Cl-- ions ions

When an ionic soliddissolves in water, thepolar solvent removesions from the crystallattice.


H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H

H

O-+

H-

HO

+

HH

O- +

H

HO-

+

HH

O-+

H

H

O-

+

+

H HO-

+ +

HydrationHydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H

H

O-+

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

HH

O- +

H

HO-

+

HH

O-+

HydrationHydration


H

H

O- +H

H

O- +H

H

O- +H

H

O- +H

H

O- +H

H

O- +H

H

O- +

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

HH

O- +

H

HO-

+

HH

O-+

HydrationHydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H-

HO

+

H

H

O- +

H

H

O-+

HH

O- +

H

HO-

+

HH

O-+

HydrationHydration


H

H

O-+

H-

HO

+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+ H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

HH

O- +

HH

O-+

HydrationHydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+

H

HO-

+H

HO-

+H

HO-

+

H

H

O-+

HH

O- +

HH

O-+

HydrationHydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

H

H

O-+H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+ H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+ H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+ H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

HH

O- +

HH

O-+

HydrationHydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

HH

O- +

HH

O- +H

HO- +H

HO- +

HH

O- +

HH

O- +

HH

O- +

HH

O- +

HH

O- +H

HO- +H

HO

-+

HH

O-+

HydrationHydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

HH

O-

+

HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+HH

O-+ HH

O-+

HydrationHydration


H

H

O-+

H

H

O- +

H-

HO

+

H

H

O-+

H

HO-

+

H

H

O-+

HH

O-

+

HH

O-+

H

H

O-+

HH

O-

+

HH

O-+

H

H

O-+

HH

O-

+HH

O-+

H

H

O-+

HH

O-

+

HH

O-+

H

H

O-+

HH

O-

+

HH

O-+

HydrationHydration

““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”““Like Dissolves Like”Like Dissolves Like”


HydratesHydrates

Cu2+ SO42- • 5H2O (s)

Cu2+ SO42-

Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate

(Blue)

Copper (II) sulfate (White)

+ 2H2O

Cu2+ SO42- • ½ H2O (s)Copper (II) sulfate Copper (II) sulfate

hemihydratehemihydrate

(Plaster of Paris for (Plaster of Paris for casts)casts)

CaCl2 • 2H2O (s)CaCl2Calcium chlorideCalcium chloride (drying agent; attracts water)(drying agent; attracts water)

+ 5H2OWater

of Hydration


Dissolving covalent Dissolving covalent compoundscompounds

Covalent compounds do not dissociate.


ElectrolytesElectrolytes

Na+

NaCl

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

C6H12O6

IonicIonic CovalentCovalent

Dissolved Ions No Ions

NaCl Na+ + Cl-NaCl Na+ + Cl-


Na+

NaCl

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

ElectrolytesElectrolytesIonicIonic

StrongStrong

Lots of Ions

WeakWeak

Only a few Ions

H+

HF

H+F1-

F1-

HF

HF

NaCl Na+ + Cl-NaCl Na+ + Cl- HF H+ + F-HF H+ + F-


Na+

NaCl

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

Electrolytes in BloodElectrolytes in BloodSerum Electrolytes Eq/mol Serum Electrolytes Eq/mol sodium Na1+ 1potassium K1+ 1calcium Ca2+ 2magnesium Mg2+ 2

chloride Cl1- 1 Sulfate SO4

2- 2Phosphate PO4

3- 3

Equivalent = mols of charge LiterEquivalent = mols of charge Liter


Na+

Na+

Cl-

Cl-

Electrolytes in BloodElectrolytes in Blood

Equivalent = mols of charge LiterEquivalent = mols of charge Liter

How many Eq from 6.0 g of Ca2+?How many Eq from 6.0 g of Ca2+?

6.0g Ca2+ 1 mol Ca 2+

40.1g Ca 2+

6.0g Ca2+ 1 mol Ca 2+

40.1g Ca 2+

= 0.30 Eq Ca 2+

= 0.30 Eq Ca 2+

2 mol charge1 mol Ca 2+

2 mol charge1 mol Ca 2+


Na+

NaCl

Na+ Cl-

Cl-

Electrolytes in BloodElectrolytes in BloodSerum Electrolytes meq/l Serum Electrolytes meq/l sodium Na1+ 135 - 145potassium K1+ 3.5 - 5.0calcium Ca2+ 4.5 - 5.5magnesium Mg2+ 1.5 - 2.5

chloride Cl1- 95 - 105bicarbonate, HCO3

1- venous 19 -

25 arterial 22 - 261000 mEq = 1 Eq1000 mEq = 1 Eq


SaturationSaturation

Unsaturated:Unsaturated: Can dissolve more.

SaturatedSaturated Have dissolved all possible

Undissolved Solids in equilibrium

w/ dissolved particles

Undissolved Solids in equilibrium

w/ dissolved particles


SaturationSaturation

Supersaturated:Supersaturated: Temporarily dissolves more than normal at given Temp.

PrecipitatePrecipitate Excess solute that falls out of solution


SolubilitySolubility

How muchHow much solutesolute will dissolve will dissolve inin a a solventsolvent

grams solutegrams solute mls solutionmls solutiongrams solutegrams solute mls solutionmls solution

Factors affecting solubilityFactors affecting solubility

•PolarityPolarity

•TemperatureTemperature

•PressurePressure


PolarityPolarity vs Solubilityvs Solubility

Like Dissolves LikeLike Dissolves Like

NaClNaCl dissolves in HH22OO

But not in CC66HH1414

NaClNaCl dissolves in HH22OO

But not in CC66HH1414

OilOil dissolves in CC66HH1414

But not in HH22OO

OilOil dissolves in CC66HH1414

But not in HH22OO

PolarPolar Attracts Attracts PolarPolar

NonpolarNonpolar Attracts Attracts NonpolarNonpolar


Temperature vs SolubilityTemperature vs SolubilityS

olu

bili

ty(g

/100

ml w

ater

)

Temperature (oC)

GasGasGasGas

NaCl


Gases & Gases & mostmost liquids liquids lessless soluble soluble

when

T increases

Solids Solids more solublemore soluble

SolSolTT

TT

SolSol

Temperature vs SolubilityTemperature vs Solubility


The solubility of a gassolubility of a gas in a liquid is inversely inversely related to the temperaturetemperature .

If T goes upIf T goes upIf T goes upIf T goes up Gas solubility goes downGas solubility goes down(gases escape)(gases escape)

Gas solubility goes downGas solubility goes down(gases escape)(gases escape)


Gas SolubilityGas Solubility

TT

SS

TT SS

TT

SS


Carbonated beverages bottled cold.


Divers with bends often packed in ice for transport

to hyperbaric chamber.



Cold HCold H22O holds more gas than warm HO holds more gas than warm H22OO

If hot rivers lose too much dissolved OIf hot rivers lose too much dissolved O22

the fish can’t survive.the fish can’t survive.


Gases Gases MoreMore soluble soluble

when when

P increasesP increases

Solids & Liquids Solids & Liquids unaffectedunaffected

SolSolPP

Pressure vs SolubilityPressure vs Solubility

P Sol


HENRY’S LAWHENRY’S LAWThe solubility of a gassolubility of a gas in a liquid is directly directly related to the pressurepressure on the liquid.

P SolTT

If P goes upIf P goes upIf P goes upIf P goes up Gas solubility goes upGas solubility goes up(more gas will dissolve)(more gas will dissolve)

Gas solubility goes upGas solubility goes up(more gas will dissolve)(more gas will dissolve)


If P goes downIf P goes downIf P goes downIf P goes down Gas solubility goes downGas solubility goes down(gases escape)(gases escape)

Gas solubility goes downGas solubility goes down(gases escape)(gases escape)

HENRY’S LAWHENRY’S LAW

P SolTT

Soda under high pressure

Soda under low pressure

Example: opening a sodaExample: opening a soda.


The “BendsThe “Bends””

Lots of Lots of dissolved Ndissolved N22

High PHigh P

Less dissolved Less dissolved gasesgases

Lower PLower P

Quick ascent Quick ascent Get bubbles in blood & Get bubbles in blood & joints joints extreme painextreme pain


The “BendsThe “Bends””

Lots of Lots of dissolved gasesdissolved gases

High PHigh P

Less Less dissolved dissolved

gasesgases

Lower PLower PNN22 accumulatesaccumulates in in

brainbrain, , spinal cordspinal cord, , and peripheral and peripheral

nerves. Bubbles here nerves. Bubbles here can can cause paralysis cause paralysis and convulsions.and convulsions.

Effects often Effects often irreversible.irreversible.

NN22 accumulatesaccumulates in in

brainbrain, , spinal cordspinal cord, , and peripheral and peripheral

nerves. Bubbles here nerves. Bubbles here can can cause paralysis cause paralysis and convulsions.and convulsions.

Effects often Effects often irreversible.irreversible.


Li1+

Na1+

K1+

NH41+

SolubilitySolubility

Pb2+

Ag1+

Hg22+

Ca2+

Sr2+

Ba2+

NO31- Cl1- SO4

2-OH1- CO32-S2- PO4

3-

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

S

S


== # # mlml solute solute 100 100 mlml solution solution

mass mass percent = m/m % percent = m/m %mass mass

Concentration of solutionsConcentration of solutions

• Percent = %Percent = %• Percent = %Percent = %

•Molarity = MMolarity = M•Molarity = MMolarity = M

massmass percent = m/v % percent = m/v %volumevolume

How muchHow much solute solute is in ais in a solution solutionHow muchHow much solute solute is in ais in a solution solution

= = # # gg solute solute100 100 gg solution solution

VolumeVolume percent = v/v % percent = v/v %volumevolume

= = # # gg solute solute 100 100 mlml solution solution


Mass/Volume %Mass/Volume %

Mass solute x 100 = m/v % TotalTotal Volume

5 g NaCl200 ml sln

If 5 grams5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?If 5 grams5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution200 ml of solution, what is the concentration?

SalineSaline is a 0.9 0.9 m m % solution% solution of NaCl in water. vv

Part x 100 = % WholeWhole

= 2.5 m % v= 2.5 m % v

= = # g solute # g solute 100 ml solution100 ml solution

2.5x 100 100


% as Conversion Factor% as Conversion Factor

How many grams of glucose does it take to How many grams of glucose does it take to make 2.00 L of a make 2.00 L of a 5% m/v Glucose solution.5% m/v Glucose solution.

How many grams of glucose does it take to How many grams of glucose does it take to make 2.00 L of a make 2.00 L of a 5% m/v Glucose solution.5% m/v Glucose solution.

2.00 L sln 2.00 L sln

1000 mL sln1000 mL sln 1 L sln1 L sln

5 g Glc5 g Glc100 mL sln100 mL sln

= g Glu= g Glu100100

5 g Glu

100 mL sln

5 g Glu

100 mL sln

100 mL sln

5 g Glu

100 mL sln

5 g Glu

or


Concentration of solutionsConcentration of solutions

• Percent = %Percent = %• Percent = %Percent = %

•MolarityMolarity = M = M•MolarityMolarity = M = M

How muchHow much solute solute is in ais in a solution solutionHow muchHow much solute solute is in ais in a solution solution

# mol solute # mol solute = M = M 1 L solution1 L solution


MolarityMolarity

M = M =

moles solutemoles solute = molliters of solutionliters of solution Lmoles solutemoles solute = molliters of solutionliters of solution L

A A 1 M1 M glucose solutionglucose solutioncontains the same # contains the same #

molecules molecules as as 1 M ethanol.1 M ethanol.

[ ] = special symbol which means mols L

[ ] = special symbol which means mols L


MolarityMolarity

Calculate the molarity of a 2.0 L solution that contains 10 moles of NaOH.

Calculate the molarity of a 2.0 L solution that contains 10 moles of NaOH.

MNaOH = 10 mol NaOH

2.0 L= 5 M NaOH5 M NaOH

M = M =

moles solutemoles solute = molliters of solutionliters of solution Lmoles solutemoles solute = molliters of solutionliters of solution L


1 mol HCl 1 mol HCl

g HClg HCl= 0.25 M= 0.25 M

What’s the molaritymolarity of a solution that has 18.23 g HCl18.23 g HCl in 2 liters2 liters?What’s the molaritymolarity of a solution that has 18.23 g HCl18.23 g HCl in 2 liters2 liters?

MolarityMolarity

18.23 g HCl18.23 g HCl

2 L sln2 L sln 36.4636.46

FWFW of HCl HCl = 1 H1 H x 1.0081.008+ 1 Cl1 Cl x 35.4535.45 36.46

g/mol

FWFW of HCl HCl = 1 H1 H x 1.0081.008+ 1 Cl1 Cl x 35.4535.45 36.46

g/mol

= = # mol solute# mol solute liters of slnliters of sln= = # mol solute# mol solute liters of slnliters of sln

0.250.25


Solution preparationSolution preparationSolutions are typically prepared in 2 ways:

mixingmixing the proper amount of solute and solventsolute and solvent.

dilutiondilution of a concentrated concentrated solutionsolution.


100 ml sln100 ml sln 1 L sln1 L sln1000 ml sln1000 ml sln

0.5 mol NaCl0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln1 L sln

58.44 g NaCl58.44 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl1 mol NaCl

Making a solutionMaking a solution

How many g’sHow many g’s of NaCl do you need to weigh out?

= grams NaCl= grams NaCl

Prepare 100 ml100 ml of a 0.5 M0.5 M solution of sodium sodium chloridechloride. Prepare 100 ml100 ml of a 0.5 M0.5 M solution of sodium sodium chloridechloride.

2.9222.922

0.5 mol NaCl0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln1 L sln0.5 mol NaCl0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln1 L sln

1 L sln1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl0.5 mol NaCl1 L sln1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl0.5 mol NaCl

or


Making a solutionMaking a solution

To make the solution:Weigh out 2.922 grams2.922 grams NaClNaCl and transfer to a

volumetric flaskvolumetric flask.

Fill flask about 1/3Fill flask about 1/3 of the way with waterwater and gently swirl until the salt dissolves.

Dilute exactly to theDilute exactly to themarkmark, cap and mix.

Prepare 100 ml100 ml of a 0.5 M0.5 M solution of sodium sodium chloridechloride. Prepare 100 ml100 ml of a 0.5 M0.5 M solution of sodium sodium chloridechloride.


DilutionDilution

moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2 moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2

CC11VV11 = C = C22VV22


DilutionDilution

CC11 = 1.5 M = 1.5 M CC22 = ? = ?VV11 = 100.0 ml = 100.0 ml VV22 = 2000 ml = 2000 mlCC11 = 1.5 M = 1.5 M CC22 = ? = ?VV11 = 100.0 ml = 100.0 ml VV22 = 2000 ml = 2000 ml

What is the concentration of a solution produced by diluting 100.0 ml100.0 ml of 1.5 M 1.5 M NaOHNaOH to 2.000 liters2.000 liters?

What is the concentration of a solution produced by diluting 100.0 ml100.0 ml of 1.5 M 1.5 M NaOHNaOH to 2.000 liters2.000 liters?

CC11VV11 = C = C22VV22

CC22 = = CC11VV11

VV22

C2 = (1.5 M) (100.0 ml) = 0.075 M (2000. ml)

C2 = (1.5 M) (100.0 ml) = 0.075 M (2000. ml)


Colloids & SuspensionsColloids & SuspensionsColloid: Homogeneous mixColloid: Homogeneous mix

But not a solutionnot a solution.Particles larger (1010-7-7 to 10 to 10-5-5 cm) cm)

than in a sln (<1010-7 -7 cm)cm). But still don’t settle out.

Suspension:Suspension: Heterogeneous mixHeterogeneous mix

Large particles may settle out & can be filtered.


ColloidsColloids

Solid MediumSolid MediumStyrofoamStyrofoamJellyJelly,,OpalsOpals PearlsPearls,,Concrete Concrete

Liquid MediumLiquid Medium

Gaseous MediumGaseous MediumFog,Fog,

SmokeSmoke

Solid in Solid = solid solsolid sol

Liquid in Solid = GelGel

Cool whip,Cool whip,

milkmilk,,

paintpaint,,bloodblood

Gas in Liq = foamfoamLiquid in Liquid = emulsionemulsionSolid in Liquid = solsol

Gas in Solid = foamfoam

Liquid dispersed in Gas = AerosolAerosol

Solid in Gas = AerosolAerosol


Tyndal effectTyndal effect

Unlike solutions, colloidal suspensions exhibit light scattering.

1 2 3

1. 1. purple gold solpurple gold sol

2. 2. copper sulfatecopper sulfate solutionsolution

3. 3. iron(III) hydroxideiron(III) hydroxide colloidcolloid


OsmosisOsmosis

Na+

Cl-

Na+

Na+

Cl-

Cl-

Semipermeable membraneSemipermeable membrane

Concentrated SlnConcentrated Sln Dilute SlnDilute Sln

Solvent & small particles moveSolvent & small particles move

Solvent Tries to dilute the Concentrated slnSolvent Tries to dilute the Concentrated sln


OsmosisOsmosisApply P

To return To original level

Hydrostatic PHydrostatic POn membrane


Osmotic pressure (Osmotic pressure ())

n R TV

PP required to stop osmosis.

P =

Remember Ideal Gas EqnPV=nRT

Modified form:

nMR T =

Mols of particlesMols of particlesmolmol

Gas ConstantGas Constant


nnMMRRTT

Osmotic pressure (Osmotic pressure ())

=

Mols of particlesMols of particlesmolmol

Mols of particles Liter Sln

MR T =

molmolLL

= = osmolarity (osmol)

L atmL atmMol KMol K

KK


Solution TypesSolution TypesIsotonicIsotonic• Concentration is Concentration is same on same on

both sidesboth sides..Red blood cell & plasma

IsotonicIsotonic• Concentration is Concentration is same on same on

both sidesboth sides..Red blood cell & plasma

HypertonicHypertonic• Concentration Concentration greater outsidegreater outside

• crenationcrenation - water leaves cell

HypertonicHypertonic• Concentration Concentration greater outsidegreater outside

• crenationcrenation - water leaves cell

HypotonicHypotonic• Concentration Concentration greater insidegreater inside • hemolysishemolysis - cell swells &

ruptures

HypotonicHypotonic• Concentration Concentration greater insidegreater inside • hemolysishemolysis - cell swells &

ruptures


Hypotonic Hypertonic Isotonic


IsotonicIsotonicNormal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl Normal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl 5% Glucose Sln5% Glucose SlnUsed to replace body fluids

IsotonicIsotonicNormal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl Normal Saline (NS) = 0.9% NaCl 5% Glucose Sln5% Glucose SlnUsed to replace body fluids

HypertonicHypertonicUsed to draw water from tissueTo reduce swelling Gargling with salt Hsalt H22OO, Sitz bathsSitz baths with epsom salts

HypertonicHypertonicUsed to draw water from tissueTo reduce swelling Gargling with salt Hsalt H22OO, Sitz bathsSitz baths with epsom salts

HypotonicHypotonicUsed to rehydraterehydrate tissueHypotonicHypotonicUsed to rehydraterehydrate tissue

Osmosis and IV solutionsOsmosis and IV solutions


DialysisDialysis

Na+

Cl-

Na+

Na+

Cl-

Cl-

Membrane w/ bigger holes than osmosisMembrane w/ bigger holes than osmosisConcentrated SlnConcentrated Sln Dilute SlnDilute Sln

Solvent & small particles moveSolvent & small particles move

The process where The process where solventsolvent and and other small other small moleculesmolecules can can pass pass through a membranethrough a membrane..


water, ions and small molecule

out

DialysisDialysis

By passing large amounts of a pure solvent past the membrane, we can flush out all but the largest components.

purewater in


Remember earlier stoichiometry problems.Remember earlier stoichiometry problems.

For Example:NaOH + HCl NaOH + HCl NaCl + HOH NaCl + HOH

Remember stoichiometryRemember stoichiometry

200g NaOH

1

1 mol NaOH 40g NaOH

1 mol HCl =1 mol NaOH

5 mol HCl5 mol HCl

How many moles of HCl are needed to react with 200 g NaOH?


Now Solution StoichiometryNow Solution Stoichiometry

NaOH + HCl NaOH + HCl NaCl + HOH NaCl + HOH

250mL NaOH sln

1

2.5 mol NaOH = 1 L NaOH sln

0.625 mol NaOH0.625 mol NaOH

1 L NaOH sln1000 mL NaOH sln

0.625 mol NaOH

1

1 L HCl = 0.100 mol HCl

1 mol HCl1 mol NaOH

6.25 L of 0.100 M HCl sln6.25 L of 0.100 M HCl sln

How many L of 0.100 M HCl0.100 M HCl are needed to react with 250 ml of 2.5 M NaOH2.5 M NaOH?


Colligative propertiesColligative properties

“Bulk” properties that change when you add a solute to make a solution.

• Based on how much you add but not what the solute is.

• Effect of ionic materials is based on number of ions produced.

Colligative propertiesColligative properties• vapor pressure lowering• freezing point depression• boiling point elevation• osmotic pressure


Boiling point elevationBoiling point elevation

When you add a solute to a solvent, the boiling point will go up.

BP elevation = Kb x molalityt = n x Kb x m

The more you add, the higher it goes.It will only work until you reach saturation.

ExamplesExamples Cooking pasta Antifreeze


Ionic vs. covalentIonic vs. covalentsubstancessubstances

Ionic substances have a greater effect per mole than covalent.

1 mole / kg of water for glucose = 1 molal1 molal

1 mole / kg of water for NaCl = 2 molal ions2 molal ions

1 mole / kg of water for CaCl2 = 3 molal ions3 molal ionsEffects are based on the number of particles!Effects are based on the number of particles!This is the “n” we referred to earlierThis is the “n” we referred to earlier..


Liquid water: Liquid water: Held by Held by HydrogenHydrogen bonds bonds


Freezing point depressionFreezing point depressionWhen you add a solute to a solvent, the freezing point goes down.

FP depression = Kf x molalityt = n x Kf x m

(where n is # particles per formulan is # particles per formula.)

The more you add, the lower it gets.This will only work until you reach saturation.ExamplesExamples “Salting” roads in winter

Making ice cream

How does this happen???How does this happen???

molkg

molkg


Frozen HFrozen H22O:O: slow moving molecules form slow moving molecules form

hexagonal rings resulting in crystals.hexagonal rings resulting in crystals.

Solute particles interfere, causing the water moleculesto slow down even more. This reduces the temperature.

7 - 1chemistry for allied health: chapter 9 chpt 9: solutions...

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