Slide 1

7 - 1Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Chpt 8: Solutions WaterSolutionsElectrolytesEquivalentsSolubility Percent Concentration Colloids & Suspensions OsmosisDialysis Slide 2 7 - 2Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Hydrogen Bonding of Water HH O ++++ ++++ ---- HH O ++++ ++++ ---- HH O ++++ ++++ ---- Hydrogen Bonds HH O ++++ ++++ ---- Polar Attraction Slide 3 7 - 3Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Hydrogen Bonding of Water Hydrogen Bonds Causes Surface Tension Surfactants reduce Surface Tension by disrupting H-bonding (soaps, detergents etc.) Slide 4 7 - 4Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Hydrogen Bonding of Water Frozen H 2 O: Slow moving molecules H-Bond in patterns (Hexagonal Ring Crystals) Slide 5 7 - 5Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Hydrogen Bonding of Water Solute particles interfere, causing the water molecules to slow down even more. This reduces the temperature. Slide 6 7 - 6Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Sugar Sugar in waterSaline Oxygen Oxygen in waterAir Dental fillings Solutions A solution A solution = A homogeneous mixture components. Slide 7 7 - 7Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Solutions Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Solvent Solvent : greater component in greater amount (The dissolver) Water Alcohol Solute Solute: lesser component in lesser amount (The dissolved) NaCl Sugar Slide 8 7 - 8Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Solutions cant be filtered outthe solute cant be filtered out stays mixed always stays mixed particles are always in motion particles are always in motion volumesnot additive volumes not additive evenly dispersedsolute evenly dispersed Slide 9 7 - 9Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Solutions Solid solutions dental fillings, 14K gold (58% Au ), Brass (Zn in Cu), Steel (C in Fe), Liquid solutions Gaseous solutions Air Air, Anesthesia gases Solid in Solid Liquid in Solid (Hg in Ag)Soda, Vodka, Saline, Gas in Liquid Liquid in Liquid Solid in Liquid Gas in Gas Slide 10 7 - 10Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Hydration Like Dissolves Like Polar water attracts to Na + and Cl - ions Polar water attracts to Na + and Cl - ions When an ionic solid dissolves in water, the polar solvent removes ions from the crystal lattice. Slide 11 7 - 11Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O -- ++ ++ H H O -- ++ ++ Hydration Slide 12 7 - 12Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + Hydration Slide 13 7 - 13Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + Hydration Slide 14 7 - 14Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + Hydration Slide 15 7 - 15Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H - H O + H - H O + H - H O + H - H O + H - H O + H - H O + H - H O + H - H O + H - H O + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + Hydration Slide 16 7 - 16Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + Hydration Slide 17 7 - 17Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + Hydration Slide 18 7 - 18Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + Hydration Slide 19 7 - 19Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + Hydration Slide 20 7 - 20Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions H H O - + H H O - + H - H O + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + H H O - + Hydration Like Dissolves Like Slide 21 7 - 21Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Hydrates Cu 2+ SO 4 2- 5H 2 O (s) Cu 2+ SO 4 2- Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (Blue) Copper (II) sulfate (White) + 2H 2 O Cu 2+ SO 4 2- H 2 O (s) Copper (II) sulfate hemihydrate (Plaster of Paris for casts) (Plaster of Paris for casts) CaCl 2 2H 2 O (s) CaCl 2 Calcium chloride (drying agent; attracts water) (drying agent; attracts water) + 5H 2 O Water of Hydration Slide 22 7 - 22Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Dissolving covalent compounds Covalent compounds do not dissociate. Slide 23 7 - 23Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Electrolytes Na + NaCl Na + Cl - C 6 H 12 O 6 IonicCovalent Dissolved Ions No Ions NaCl Na + + Cl - Slide 24 7 - 24Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Na + NaCl Na + Cl - Electrolytes Ionic Strong Lots of Ions Weak Only a few Ions H+H+ HF H+H+ F 1- HF NaCl Na + + Cl - HF H + + F - Slide 25 7 - 25Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Electrolytes: ionic compounds that form ions ionic compounds that form ions in polar solvents conduct electricity may be strong (100% dissociation) or weak (less than 100%) Electrolytes When ionic materials dissolve in water - they dissociate we show them as ions NaCl (s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) we can then call 1 M NaCl 1 eq/L Na + and 1 eq/L Cl - 1 M NaCl = 2 M ions Often used in medicine Often used in medicine Slide 26 7 - 26Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions An equivalent (eq) refers to avogadro's number. vogadro's number If there is 1 eq/L of Na+, then there is avogadro's number of sodium ions (6.02 x 10 23 ) in the solution. One mole of any ion with a +1 charge would be equivalent. Sometimes we focus on the total amount of charge, not the specific ion that carries it. If an ion has a +2 charge, than it would only take 1/2 a mole to give 1 equivalent of charge. (ex. Ca2+) Ions in our blood are often compared to each other in terms of their charges. ex. 1 mole of + charge is always equivalent to another mole of + charge. In terms of charges 1 mole Na + = 1 mole K + or 1 mole Ca 2+ = 2 moles Na + Slide 27 7 - 27Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Na + NaCl Na + Cl - Electrolytes in Blood Serum Electrolytes Eq/mol sodiumNa 1+ 1 potassium K 1+ 1 calciumCa 2+ 2 magnesiumMg 2+ 2 chloride Cl 1- 1 Sulfate SO 4 2- 2 Phosphate PO 4 3- 3 Equivalent = mols of charge Liter Equivalent = mols of charge Liter Slide 28 7 - 28Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Na + Cl - Electrolytes in Blood Equivalent = mols of charge Liter Equivalent = mols of charge Liter How many Eq from 6.0 g of Ca 2+ ? 6.0g Ca 2+ 1 mol Ca 2+ 1 liter 40.1g Ca 2+ 6.0g Ca 2+ 1 mol Ca 2+ 1 liter 40.1g Ca 2+ = Eq Ca 2+ = Eq Ca 2+ 2 mol charge 1 mol Ca 2+ 2 mol charge 1 mol Ca 2+ 0.30 Slide 29 7 - 29Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Na + NaCl Na + Cl - Electrolytes in Blood Serum Electrolytes meq/l sodiumNa 1+ 135 - 145 potassium K 1+ 3.5 - 5.0 calciumCa 2+ 4.5 - 5.5 magnesiumMg 2+ 1.5 - 2.5 chloride Cl 1- 95 - 105 bicarbonate, HCO 3 1- venous 19 - 25 arterial 22 - 26 1000 mEq = 1 Eq Slide 30 7 - 30Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Saturation Unsaturated: Can dissolve more. Saturated Have dissolved all possible Undissolved Solids in equilibrium w/ dissolved particles Undissolved Solids in equilibrium w/ dissolved particles Slide 31 7 - 31Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Saturation Supersaturated: Temporarily dissolves more than normal at given Temp. Precipitate Excess solute that falls out of solution Slide 32 7 - 32Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Solubility How much solute will dissolve in a solvent grams solute mls solution mls solution grams solute mls solution mls solution Factors affecting solubility PolarityPolarity TemperatureTemperature PressurePressure Slide 33 7 - 33Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Polarity vs Solubility Like Dissolves Like NaClH 2 O NaCl dissolves in H 2 O C 6 H 14 But not in C 6 H 14 NaClH 2 O NaCl dissolves in H 2 O C 6 H 14 But not in C 6 H 14 OilC 6 H 14 Oil dissolves in C 6 H 14 H 2 O But not in H 2 O OilC 6 H 14 Oil dissolves in C 6 H 14 H 2 O But not in H 2 O Polar Attracts Polar Nonpolar Attracts Nonpolar Slide 34 7 - 34Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Temperature vs Solubility Solubility (g/100ml water) Temperature ( o C) GasGas NaCl Slide 35 7 - 35Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Gases & most liquids less soluble when T increases Solids more soluble SolT T Sol Temperature vs Solubility Slide 36 7 - 36Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions solubility of a gas inversely temperature The solubility of a gas in a liquid is inversely related to the temperature. If T goes up Gas solubility goes down (gases escape) Temperature vs Solubility Gas Solubility TS T S T S Slide 37 7 - 37Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Carbonated beverages bottled cold. Temperature vs Solubility Divers with bends often packed in ice for transport to hyperbaric chamber. Slide 38 7 - 38Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Temperature vs Solubility Cold H 2 O holds more gas than warm H 2 O If hot rivers lose too much dissolved O 2 the fish cant survive. Slide 39 7 - 39Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Gases More soluble when P increases Solids & Liquids unaffected Sol P Pressure vs Solubility PSol Slide 40 7 - 40Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions HENRYS LAW solubility of a gasdirectly pressure The solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly related to the pressure on the liquid. PSol T If P goes up Gas solubility goes up (more gas will dissolve) Slide 41 7 - 41Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions If P goes down Gas solubility goes down (gases escape) HENRYS LAW PSol T Soda under high pressure Soda under low pressure Example: opening a soda Example: opening a soda. Slide 42 7 - 42Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions The Bends Lots of dissolved N 2 High P Less dissolved gases Lower P Quick ascent Get bubbles in blood & joints extreme pain Slide 43 7 - 43Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions The Bends Lots of dissolved gases High P Less dissolved gases Lower P N 2 accumulates in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Bubbles here can cause paralysis and convulsions. Effects often irreversible. N 2 accumulates in brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Bubbles here can cause paralysis and convulsions. Effects often irreversible. Slide 44 7 - 44Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Li 1+ Na 1+ K 1+ NH 4 1+ Solubility Pb 2+ Ag 1+ Hg 2 2+ Ca 2+ Sr 2+ Ba 2+ NO 3 1- Cl 1- SO 4 2- OH 1- CO 3 2- S 2- PO 4 3- SSSSSSSS S SSSSSS SSSSSS I I S S Slide 45 7 - 45Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Ionic equations Ionic substances dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. AgNO 3 NaCl AgNO 3 + NaCl Certain ions join together Others remain unchanged. Ag + NO 3 - Na + Cl - AgCl + NaNO 3 (aq)(aq)(s)(aq) Ag + + NO 3 - Ag + + NO 3 - AgCl (s) + Na + + Cl - + Na + + NO 3 - Slide 46 7 - 46Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Ionic equations Ionic substances dissociate into ions when dissolved in water. Ag + + NO 3 - Ag + + NO 3 - AgNO 3(aq) NaCl (aq) AgNO 3(aq) + NaCl (aq) Ag + NO 3 - Na + Cl - AgCl (s) + NaNO 3(aq) AgCl (s) + Na + + Cl - + Na + + NO 3 - NO 3 - (aq) Na + (aq) AgCl (s) Slide 47 7 - 47Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Total ionic equation Ionic equations Ag + + NO 3 - Ag + + NO 3 - AgNO 3(aq) NaCl (aq) AgNO 3(aq) + NaCl (aq) Ag + NO 3 - Na + Cl - AgCl (s) + NaNO 3(aq) AgCl (s) + Na + + Cl - + Na + + NO 3 - NO 3 - (aq) Na + (aq) AgCl (s) spectator spectator ions. Net ionic equation Ag + Cl - AgCl (s) Ag + + Cl - AgCl (s) Slide 48 7 - 48Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Ionic equations K + + NO 3 - K + + NO 3 - KNO 3(aq) NaCl (aq) KNO 3(aq) + NaCl (aq) K + NO 3 - Na + Cl - KCl (aq) + NaNO 3(aq) K + + Cl - + Na + + Cl - + Na + + NO 3 - All are spectator All are spectator ions. K + NO 3 - Na + Cl - KNO 3(aq) NaCl (aq) KNO 3(aq) + NaCl (aq) No Reaction So: Slide 49 7 - 49Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions = # ml solute 100 ml solution 100 ml solution mass percent = m/m % mass Concentration of solutions Percent = %Percent = % Molarity = M Molarity = M mass percent = m/v % mass percent = m/v %volume How much solute is in a solution = # g solute 100 g solution Volume percent = v/v % volume = # g solute 100 ml solution 100 ml solution Slide 50 7 - 50Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Mass/Volume % Mass solute x 100 = m/v % Total Total Volume 5 g NaCl 200 ml sln 5 grams 200 ml of solution If 5 grams of NaCl is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution, what is the concentration? Saline 0.9 m % solution Saline is a 0.9 m % solution of NaCl in water. v Part x 100 = %Whole = 2.5 m % v = 2.5 m % v = # g solute 100 ml solution 100 ml solution 2.5 x 100 100 Slide 51 7 - 51Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Volume/Volume % Volume solute Total Total Volume x 100 = 10 ml alc x 100 = 200 ml sln 10 ml alc x 100 = 200 ml sln 10 ml of alcohol 200 ml of solution If 10 ml of alcohol is dissolved in water to make 200 ml of solution, what is the concentration? Alcohol in beverages measured as v % v PartWhole x 100 = 5 v % v Slide 52 7 - 52Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Mass/Mass % Mass solute Total Total Mass x 100 = 5 g fat x 100 = 200 g ham 5 g fat x 100 = 200 g ham If a ham contained 5 grams of fat in 200 g of ham, what is the m/m % ? If a ham contained 5 grams of fat in 200 g of ham, what is the m/m % ? On the label, it would say 97.5 % fat free PartWhole x 100 = 2.5 m % m Slide 53 7 - 53Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions % as Conversion Factor How many grams of glucose does it take to make 2.00 L of a 5% m/v Glucose solution. 2.00 L sln 1000 mL sln 1 L sln 5 g Glc 100 mL sln = g Glu 100 5 g Glu 100 mL sln 5 g Glu 100 mL sln 5 g Glu 100 mL sln 5 g Glu or Slide 54 7 - 54Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions % as Conversion Factor How many milliliters of alcohol are in an 8 oz glass of wine that is 11% v/v. How many milliliters of alcohol are in an 8 oz glass of wine that is 11% v/v. 8 oz sln 1 qt sln 32 oz sln 946 ml sln 1 qt sln 11 ml Alc 100 ml sln = ml Alc 26 11 mL Alc 100 mL sln 11 mL Alc 100 mL sln 11 mL Alc 100 mL sln 11 mL Alc or Slide 55 7 - 55Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Concentration of solutions Percent = %Percent = % Molarity = M Molarity = M How much solute is in a solution # mol solute = M 1 L solution 1 L solution Slide 56 7 - 56Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Molarity M = M = moles solute moles solute = mol liters of solution liters of solution L moles solute moles solute = mol liters of solution liters of solution L A 1 M glucose solution contains the same # molecules as 1 M ethanol. [ ] = special symbol which means mols L [ ] = special symbol which means mols L Slide 57 7 - 57Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Molarity Calculate the molarity of a 2.0 L solution that contains 10 moles of NaOH. M NaOH = 10 mol NaOH 2.0 L 5 M NaOH = 5 M NaOH M = M = moles solute moles solute = mol liters of solution liters of solution L moles solute moles solute = mol liters of solution liters of solution L Slide 58 7 - 58Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions 1 mol HCl g HCl g HCl = 0.25 M molarity 18.23 g HCl2 liters Whats the molarity of a solution that has 18.23 g HCl in 2 liters? Molarity 18.23 g HCl 2 L sln 2 L sln 36.46 FWHCl FW of HCl = 1 H1.008 1 H x 1.008 1 Cl35.45 + 1 Cl x 35.45 36.46 g/mol FWHCl FW of HCl = 1 H1.008 1 H x 1.008 1 Cl35.45 + 1 Cl x 35.45 36.46 g/mol = # mol solute liters of sln liters of sln = # mol solute liters of sln liters of sln0.25 Slide 59 7 - 59Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Solution preparation Solutions are typically prepared in 2 ways: l mixing solute and solvent l mixing the proper amount of solute and solvent. l dilutionconcentrated solution l dilution of a concentrated solution. Slide 60 7 - 60Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions 100 ml sln 100 ml sln 1 L sln 1000 ml sln 0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln 58.44 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 1 mol NaCl Making a solution How many gs How many gs of NaCl do you need to weigh out? = grams NaCl 100 ml0.5 Msodium chloride Prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride. 2.922 0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl 1 L sln 0.5 mol NaCl or Slide 61 7 - 61Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Making a solution To make the solution: 2.922 gramsNaCl volumetric flask Weigh out 2.922 grams NaCl and transfer to a volumetric flask. Fill flask about 1/3 water Fill flask about 1/3 of the way with water and gently swirl until the salt dissolves. Dilute exactly to the mark mark, cap and mix. 100 ml0.5 Msodium chloride Prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride. Slide 62 7 - 62Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Dilution moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2 moles in soln 1 = moles in soln 2 C 1 V 1 = C 2 V 2 Slide 63 7 - 63Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Dilution solutiondiluted Once you have a solution, it can be diluted by adding more solvent. This is also important for materials only available as solutions M 1 V 1 = M 2 V 2 1 = initial 2 = final Any volume or concentration unit can be used as long as you use the same units on both sides of the equation. moles/liter x liters moles 1 moles 1 moles 2 moles 2 Slide 64 7 - 64Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Dilution C 1 = 1.5 MC 2 = ? V 1 = 100.0 mlV 2 = 2000 ml C 1 = 1.5 MC 2 = ? V 1 = 100.0 mlV 2 = 2000 ml What is the concentration of a solution 100.0 ml1.5 M NaOH2.000 liters produced by diluting 100.0 ml of 1.5 M NaOH to 2.000 liters? What is the concentration of a solution 100.0 ml1.5 M NaOH2.000 liters produced by diluting 100.0 ml of 1.5 M NaOH to 2.000 liters? C 1 V 1 = C 2 V 2 C 2 = C 1 V 1 V 2 V 2 C 2 = (1.5 M) (100.0 ml) = 0.075 M (2000. ml) C 2 = (1.5 M) (100.0 ml) = 0.075 M (2000. ml) Slide 65 7 - 65Chemistry for Allied Health: Solutions Colloids & Suspensions Colloid: Homogeneous mix not a solution But not a solution. 10 -7 to 10 -5 cm) 10 -7 cm) Particles larger (10 -7 to 10 -5 cm) than in a sln (