5/19/2018

1/213

gilgameSiani

gilgameSiani

5/19/2018

2/213

Georgian Book Support Foundation

qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondi

5/19/2018

3/213

5/19/2018

4/213

5/19/2018

5/213

Gilgamesh

The Ancient Mesopotamian Epic

From Akkadian and Sumerian translated

by Zurab Kiknadze

Tbilisi

Memkvidreoba

2009

mxatvarinugzar meZmariaSvili

qarTuli wignis mxardaWeris fondimemkvidreoba

fondis saqmianobas nivTierad uzrunvelyofsgiorgi leJava

zurab kiknaZe, 2009ISBN978-9941-9106-0-9 memkvidreoba, 2009

5/19/2018

6/213

5

gilgameSis eposi

qalaqi

gilgameSianis _ Suamdinaruli eposis asparezi moicavs qalaqsda mis gareT Soreul sivrces, teritorias qveynis kidis miRma. gmi-ris gza qalaqSi iwyeba da qalaqSive, mis galavanTan mTavrdeba. aseveZveli epikosi Tavis poemas qalaqis qebiT iwyebs da qebiTve amTavre-bs. amitomac, sanam uSualod eposze da mis personaJebze daviwyebdeTsaubars, visaubroT Sumeris qalaqzeda qalaqebze, sadac namdviladdairwa civilizaciis, SesaZloa, pirveli akvani.

IV aTaswleulis bolosTvis, roca damwerloba pirvel nabijebsdgamda, Sumeris 2-3 milioniani mosaxleoba TxuTmetiode mcire da mo-zrdil, erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoSi iyo ganawi-lebuli. sakuTar landSaftTan, sakulto da kulturul tradiciebTan

erTad, rac maT erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda, maTTvis saerTo iyo:tipuri sistema qalaq-saxelmwifos Sida mowyobisa; yvelasaTvissaerTo kulti enlilisa nipurSi, romelic warmoadgenda mTeliSumeris religiur da nacionalur centrs; saerTo saxelwodeba mTe-li mosaxleobisa SavTavianebi (Sum. sang-giga), rac Semdgom se-mituri modgmis xalxzec gavrcelda da, bolos, mTeli kacobriobissaxelwodebad iqca; saerTo ena da saerTo warmoSobis damwerloba,

vuZRvnilamara gvaramaZes

ana aSaTi ina xud libbi

5/19/2018

7/213

6

romelsac, farTo arealze gavrcelebis miuxedavad, identuroba ardaukargavs, masTan erTad saerTo ganaTlebis sistema, skolebis (e-duba) qseliT warmodgenili, cxadia, adgilobrivi TaviseburebebisgaTvaliswinebiT; bolos, rac mTavaria, erTiani sarwyavi sistema,romelic yvela qalaq-saxelmwifos sazrunavi iyo, radgan am erTia-ni qselis wesrigze da gamarTulobaze iyo damokidebuli TiToeulimaTganis keTildReoba.

qalaqi, romelsac am Cvens narkvevSi movixilavT, zogadic aris

da kerZoc, saxeldobr uruqi _ Cveni eposis gmiris samSoblo. igi,rogorc yvela sxva qalaqi, mdinarisa Tu arxis napirzea gaSenebuli,gars akravs daba-soflebi, Ria dasaxlebani, romelTaTvisac qalaqiwarmoadgens religiur, ideologiur, ekonomiur da politikur cen-trs. qalaqis struqtura, Tu mas TvalsaCinoebisTvis koncentruliwreebis saxiT warmovidgenT, Semdegi iqneba:

pirveli wre _ es aris sakuTriv qalaqi (uru), romelsac realu-

radac daaxloebiT wris forma aqvs: igi SemozRudulia galavniT,romelic misi imedi da siamayea: igi icavs mas momxduri momTabaretomebis Semosevisgan da aZlevs mas xilvad formas, ganasxvavebs rada gamoyofs mas usazRvro garesamyarosgan. galavani qalaqis Rirs-SesaniSnaobaa, misi SesaZleblobis maqsimumi, rac mas qalaqad aqcevs.galavans SigniT da galavans gareT _ gansxvavebuli sivrceebia. erT-erTi Sumeruli qalaqis uruqis ori epiTeti ori sxvadasxva kuTxiTgansazRvravs mas, rogorc qalaqs: galavniani uruqi da moednianiuruqi. wre centrs moiTxovs da es centri, Tumca am SemTxvevaSi arageometriuli, qalaqSi taZris saxiT aris warmodgenili. taZris gar-Semo Tavs ikrebs ara mxolod sakulto-religiuri, aramed sameurneocxovrebac. arqaul xanaSi yvelaferi, rac qalaqs abadia _ savargu-lebi, saqoneli, baR-venaxebi, saZovrebi, arxebi sataZro sakuTrebaa.

5/19/2018

8/213

7

TiToeul qalaqs Tavisi sakuTari panTeoni aqvs qalaqis mTavarimfarveli RmerTiT saTaveSi, romelic, rogorc wesi, enlilis Zea.

yovel qalaqs hyavs mfarveli deda-qalRmerTi, romelic ganasaxie-rebs qalaqs, moqalaqeni ki _ misi Svilebi arian. iseve, rogorc bevrsxva civilizaciaSi, SumerSic qalaqi dedruli saxiT aris warmodge-nili, romelic Tavis kalTaSi ifarebs moqalaqeebs. am aspeqtSi qala-qis qalRmerTis epiTetia mravali Svilis deda (ama-dumu-dumu-ne).Svili (dumu) SumerSi, iseve rogorc yvelgan, Tavisufali adamianis

metaforaa, Tavisuflebas mxolod dedis (resp. qalaqis) wiaRSi hpo-veben. amitomac am enaSi Sesityveba dedasTan dabruneba (ama-ar-gi)Tavisuflebis aRmniSvnel idiomad iqca. sanam tyveobas Tavdaxsnilidumuar SeaRwevs qalaqis kedlebs SigniT da simbolurad ar dadebsTavs dedis (ama) kalTaSi, ar CaiTvleba Tavisuflad. amrigad, yove-li qalaqi dasaxlebulia misi SvilebiT anu Tavisufali moqalaqee-biT da sxvadasxva gradaciis araTavisufali xalxiT, romlebic sxva-

Ta da sxvaTa garemoebaTa (gaRatakeba, valis gadauxdeloba, tyveoba,motaceba, ltolvileba...) mizeziT gadadian am kategoriaSi. amrigad,qalaqs hyavs mis wiaRSi, qalRmerTis kalTaze, dabadebulni RviZliSvilebi, mkvidrebi, romlebic floben sakuTrebaSi uZrav qonebas damonawileobas iReben qalaqis politikur cxovrebaSi, da qalaqs hyavsgerebi, xiznebi, monebi Tu moxarkeni, romelTac ar gaaCniaT amgvarimemkvidreobiTi sakuTreba, ris gamoc moklebulni arian mkvidro-bis statuss. mkvidroba anu Tavisufleba dabadebiT eniWeba adamians,magram igi SeiZleba ewyalobos mas sagangebo ritualiT, romelicdedis saSodan dabadebis imitaciaSi mdgomareobs (Svilad miRebis ri-tuali aRwerilia gilgameSianSi).

Tavdapirvelad, winaredinastiur an damwerlobamdel da Semdgomadredinastiur xanaSi (Zv. w. XIX s.-mde), qalaqs (uru) marTavda

5/19/2018

9/213

8

sakrebulo (unqen), romelic Sedgeboda ori palatisgan _ senatis-gan anu uxucesTa (abba) sabWosgan da moymeTagan (guruS). uxucesebi,

rogorc saxeli mowmobs (abbaSum. mamebi), didi ojaxebisa Tu sa-gvareuloebis meTaurebi anu maTi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. xolomoymeni, guruSebi_ es sityva zogadad axalgazrda mamakacs aRniS-navs _ iaraRis tarebis SemZleni. Tu uxucesebis bageTagan rCeva ga-modioda, guruSebirealurad axorcielebdnen am rCevas. uxucesTaiaraRi sityva iyo, moymeTa ki _ fizikuri Zala. rogorc romaeli

patriciebi (mamaTa mcodneni) iyvnen qalaqis mamaTa Svilebi, asevemoymeni qalaqis uxucesTa memkvidreebi iyvnen. moymeobis asakis (anu,socialur planSi: statusis) gasvlis Semdeg isini uxucesTa sabWo-Si TavianTi mamebis adgilebze gadainacvlebdnen. eqstremalur dakrizisul viTarebebSi sakrebulo irCevda winamZRols, belads, mxe-darTmTavars, lugals anu did kacs, romelic, rogorc wesi, moy-meTa wridan iyo.

lugaliqarizmatuli winamZRoli iyo: erTaderTi niSani, risTvi-sac mas xalxi irCevda, mxneoba da siqvele iyo, rac adamianebSi ndobasda darwmunebulobas iwvevda, rom arCeuli adamiani qveyanas krizisi-dan gamoiyvanda. magram amomrCevelma isic icioda, rom es Tvisebebiara imdenad misiTandayolili pirovnuli Rirsebebi iyo, ramdenadacqalaqis panTeonis wyaloba mis mimarT. qalaqis RvTaebebi, TiToeulimaTgani Tavis sferoSi, lugalsaniWebdnen yvelafer imas, rac auci-lebeli iyo winamZRolisTvis. xarizma am niWTa erTobliobaa, romle-bsac is atarebda, vidre qalaqis panTeoni swyalobda mas.

qalaqis mefes religiuri funqciebic akisria. zogierT qalaqSi esfunqciebi win aris wamoweuli anu ar aris mkveTri zRvari samoqala-qo da religiur xelmZRvanelobas Soris. aseTi gamgebeli ensiswode-bas atarebs. en-si(g)SeiZleba niSnavdes etimologiurad saZirkvlis

5/19/2018

10/213

9

ufals, igulisxmeba taZris saZirkveli, rac imas niSnavs, rom qalaqismiwieri patroni taZars uyris safuZvels; is principulad taZris mSe-

nebelia (uZvelesi romis qurumis saxelwodeba pontifeqs, rac xidismSenebels niSnavs, aseve religiur moRvaweobasTan aris dakavSire-buli: qurumi agebs simbolur xids, romelic amqveyniur da miRmursamyaroebs akavSirebs erTmaneTTan).

garda RmerTebis samsaxurisa, mefe-qurums aqvs kidev ori fun-qcia, romelic asaxavs Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa meurneobis

saxeebs: igi Tavisi xalxis, romlis patronadac panTeonis mTavarmaRmerTma (qalaqis zeciurma patronma) ganawesa, erTdroulad mwyem-sic aris da miwaTmoqmedic. aman asaxva hpova mis titulaturaSi: igiaris, Sesabamisad, sipada engar. rogorc mwyemsi (sipa), is valde-bulia, saukeTeso sacxovrisi mouZios Tavis samwysos (SavTaviane-bs). arqauli xanis sabeWdavebze Zroxebis win gamosaxulia lugaliTu ensi, romelsac maTken TavTavebi aqvs gawvdili. is aris Tavisi

xalxis WeSmariti mwyemsi (sipa-zi). rogorc engari(miwismuSaki),mefe-qurumi axorcielebs qveynis guTnisdedis movaleobas, am si-tyvis farTo azriT. mas ara mxolod pirveli xnuli gahyavs yana-Si, aramed axali arxis gayvanac an arsebulis ganaxlebac evaleba.arxebze zrunva qveynis keTildReobaze zrunvis realuri da sim-boluri gamoxatulebaa. mefis koronaciis teqstSi prioritetuladswored es saqmianobaa wamoweuli (vin gaTxris arxs, vin gaTxrisarxs? am ritorikuli sityvebiT iwyeba teqsti, romelic axali me-fis gamefebas auwyebs). mSvidobiani xanis mwyemsi da guTnisdedaomianobis dros samxedro meTaurad evlineba xalxs.

arqaul xanaSi arCeuli lugali, rogorc ki krizisi daiZleoda,rigiT moymeobas ubrundeboda. magram droTa ganmavlobaSi, gamudme-buli saSiSroebis pirobebSi, arCeviTi lugaloba (nam-lugal) memkvi-

5/19/2018

11/213

10

dreobiT mefobaSi gadadis. safuZvlianad icvleba mefobis koncepcia:am dros panTeonis mier arCeuli lugalis xarizma mis memkvidreebzec

gadadis da ukve dinastiac xarizmebiT aRWurvili xdeba. dinastiis xa-rizma gadadis mis yovel wevrze TaobebSi. amrigad, yoveli pirmSodabadebiTve ziarebulia mefobis xarizmas. da isev, sanam panTeoni anmisi meTauri swyalobs da keTili TvaliT uyurebs dinastias, misi yo-veli warmomadgenlis warmateba garantirebulia. da rogorc yovelmefes aqvs imTaviTve gansazRvruli bala(zeobis xangrZlovoba), aseve

yovel dinastias aqvs sakuTari bala, romlis manZilze is axorciele-bs qveynis patronobas.mefobis institutma sasaxle (e-gal saxli didi) daupirispira ta-

Zars (e-dingirsaxli RvTisa), romelic warmoadgenda qalaqis yvelaganzomilebis centrs, da sabolood misi uzurpacia moaxdina. sataZromeurneobis gverdiT gaCnda samefo meurneoba, ris Sedegadac qalaqisSvilebi (dumu-dumu), romlebic rogorc Tavisufali meTemeni, Cabmu-

li iyvnen mis meurneobaSi, mefis uuflebo da umkvidro msaxurebi aR-moCndnen.

droTa viTarebaSi lugali RvTaebrivi auriT imoseba. Suamdina-reTis istoriam icis gaRmerTebuli mefeebi da dinastiebi. gaRmerTe-bulni iyvnen aqadis dinastiis mefeebi _ Sar-qali-Sari(mefe yvelamefeTa), naram-sini(mTvaris RmerTis nandauri), romelic aqadisRmerTadac iwodeba. GgaRvTaebrivebulia uris III dinastiis mefeSulgi (Zv. w. XXI s.) da yvela misi momdevno mefe am dinastiidan. TulagaSis ensisgudeas warweraSi misi xarizmatuloba tradiciis obie-qturi faqtia, romelic misi pirovnuli TvisebebiT ar aris ganpiro-bebuli, RvTaebis rangSi aRzevebuli Sulgi Tavs nebas aZlevs, iamayosam xarizmebiT, rogorc Tandayolili madliT:

5/19/2018

12/213

11

me mefe var, (dedis) saSoTganve gmiri var,Sulgi var, SobiTganve Zlieri mamri var...

brwyinvale anis (cis RmerTis) gulSi arCeuli var,enlilis mier bedgadawyvetili var...

qalaqis meore wre. galavans gareT qalaqs uSualod ekvris savargu-lebi _ saxnav-saTesi, samiwaTmoqmedo teritoria (a-gar, gana)... qalaqigalavniT aris SemozRudul-daculi, xolo saxnav-saTesi miwebi daucve-

lia. isini momTabare urdoebis mudmivi samiznea: isini moiswrafvianyanebisken, vidre miwismuSakebs mosavali ar auRiaT, raTa Serekon Ta-vianTi jogebi yanebSi. Cveulebriv, yanebSi qalaqis an dabebis mkvidrTasaqoneli mosavlis aRebis Semdeg Zovs. am TiTqos simboluri aqtiTqalaq-saxelmwifos farglebSi mSvidobianad Tanaarsebobs meurneobisori fundamenturi sfero _ mwyemsoba da miwaTmoqmedeba. mwyemsobamdidi xania ukan moitova momTabaruli xana da mkvidrobaze gadavida.

magram Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifo, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is qveynis ganapi-ras mdebareobs, magaliTisTvis, evfratispira ganTqmuli uri, nomadu-ri tomebis Semosevis mudmivi safrTxis winaSe iyo.

da, rac yvelaze metad aris mosafrTxilebeli da gansakuTrebulizrunvis sagani, es arxebia, Suamdinaruli civilizaciis udidesi, Tumcefemeruli monapovari, romelic seravs qalaq-saxelmwifos mTels te-ritorias da qmnis mis ganumeorebel landSafts, rasac yvelaze metadatyvia adamianis xeli. maTi funqcionirebis saukeTeso xanaSi arxebiTavisi mravalricxovani ruebis Tu rusxmulebis meSveobiT ara mxo-lod arwyulebdnen marCenal niadags, aramed qalaq-saxelmwifos Sig-niT da qalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris komunikaciis saukeTeso saSuale-ba iyo. arxebiT ukavSirdebodnen erTmaneTs ara mxolod adamianebiTemidan TemSi, dabidan dabaSi, qalaqidan qalaqSi, aramed RmerTebic

5/19/2018

13/213

12

arxebis meSveobiT stumrobdnen erTmaneTs (am stumrobaTa amsaxveliJanric ki Seiqmna Sumerul literaturaSi).

qalaqis mesame wre. yanebi gadadis saZovrebSi... es udabnos piria,sadac miwas mwiri mcenareuli safarveli mosavs. aq cxovroben mwyem-sebi zustad imgvaradve Tav-TavianT binebSi, rogorc dRes, sadacmwyemsuri kultura jer kidev boginobs.

qalaqis meoTxe wre. saZovrebs iqiT sanadiro sanaxebia: aq Zovenqurcikis, kanjaris jogebi. monadires am adgilebSi gaTxrili aqvs or-

moebi, dagebuli aqvs xafangebi... es xelsawyoebi mis samonadireo osta-tobasTan erTad, aris kulturis is minimumi, romliTac qalaqi udabnospirze amkvidrebs Tavs da ukacriel tramalebs upirispirdeba.

qalaqis mexuTe wre. udabno (eden). sanadiro adgilebi SeumCne-vlad gadadis udabnoSi... es unayofo zonaa, aq mkvdaria sicocxle.qalaqs, mis Semogarens, aqedan moelis xifaTi rogorc adamianTa-gan, ise mxecTagan da stiqiisgan, rogoric aris samxreTis xorSaki

qari, romelsac moaqvs mxurvaleba da qviSa. bunebas maTi saxiTieriSi moaqvs kulturaze, romelsac qalaqi Tavisi zonebiT gana-saxierebs da am zonebiTve icavs Tavs. aq binadroben, Tu miTosSigadavinacvlebT, demonebi, itimebida udugebi, romlebic Tavs esx-mian adamianebs da asneuleben.

istoria

Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa istoria SeiZleba ramdenime perio-dad daiyos:

idiliuri warsuli, romelic miTosma Semoinaxa. Sumereli is-toriosofi amgvarad uyurebs warsuls: Tavdapirvelad qalaqebi

5/19/2018

14/213

13

erTmaneTTan TanxmobaSi iyvnen, cidan Camosuli mefoba, romelicmoicavs kulturis cnebasac, mSvidobianad gadadioda erTi qalaqi-

dan meoreSi: eridudan badTibiraSi, badTibiradan larakSi, lara-kidan siparSi, siparidan SurupakSi. Zveli koncepciiT, mefoba er-Tiada amitomac gamoricxulia erTdrouli mefobani. mefobas qa-laq SurupaqSi mouswro warRvnam. warRvnis Semdgom mefoba kvlavcidan Camovida da pirveli qalaqi, sadac aRdga igi miwis pirisaganwarxocil civilizaciasTan erTad, iyo qiSi. civilizacia ki aRdga,

magram amieridan mefoba brZoliT gadadis erTi qalaqidan meore-Si. morigeobis warRvnamdel saSualebas _ Tanxmobas cvlis iaraRi_ rkina.

metoqeobis periodi. qalaq-saxelmwifoTa urTierTobaSi Cndebabzari: hegemoniis pretenziiT morigeobiT Tavs wamoyofs xan erTi,xan meore qalaq-saxelmwifo. Tumca damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwi-foTa erTi xelmwifebis qveS moqcevis mcdelobebi warumartebelia.

verc erTi qalaqi amas ver axerxebs. erT-erTi dawinaurebuli qa-laqis _ umas mefe mxolod droebiT ipovebs qveynis mefis tituls(lugal-qalama). metoqeoba, urTierTundobloba, gauTavebeli br-Zola yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg, urTierTawiokeba (ris magaliTadikmarebs teqsti, romelic mogviTxrobs uma-qalaqis mier lagaSisaklebas), sabolood, katastrofis winaSe ayenebs arxebis sistemas,romlis simrTele TiToeul qalaqSi gamaval arxzea damokidebuli.

sxva obieqtur da subieqtur faqtorebTan erTad, romlebic saer-Tod iwvevs imperiis warmoSobas, SumadinareTis pirobebSi ara-naklebi iyo faqtori arxebze zrunvisa, rac axal pirobebSi centra-lizebuli xelisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. Sumeris qveyanaunda gamoTxoveboda damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoTa mamapapursistemas. roca damwerlobis meoxebiT istoriis konturebi gamoCn-

5/19/2018

15/213

14

da, werilobiTma dokumentebma aCvena omis mdgomareoba, romelSicSumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoebi imyofebodnen.

imperiis periodi. qalaq-saxelmwifoTa erTi xelmwifebis qveSgaerTianeba mxolod gareSe ZaliT moxerxda. pirvelad aqadeli sar-goni (daaxl. Zv. w. 2316-2261) ipyrobs Sumerul qalaqebs da aarsebspirvel imperias, romelic as wels gastans. meored uris III dinastia(Zv. w. XXII-XXI ss.) itvirTavs am amocanas. mis dros adgilobrivimefeebi da ensiebi imperators damorCilebuli gubernatorebi xde-

bian. Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa TavisTavadoba im saxiT, rogora-dac klasikur xanaSi arsebobda, samudamod Cabarda warsuls.rac ar unda iTqvas qalaq-saxelmwifoTa TviTkmarobis da damou-

kideblobis sasargeblod, istoria Zalauflebis erT xelSi moqcevismxareze iyo. Sida da gare procesebi imperiebis warmoqmnas uwyob-da xels. istoriis suligansxvavebuli saSualebebiT aRwevda amas _Sumeris qalaq-saxelmwifoTa SemTxvevaSi es iyo arxebze zrunva, rac

mefeTa erT-erTi miucilebeli movaleoba iyo. istoriam aCvena, romtigros-evfratis auzSi irigaciis SenarCunebis erTaderTi pirobaqalaq-saxelmwifoTa Soris mSvidobiani urTierToba iyo. saocnebomSvidoba ki erTi mbrZanebeli xelis gareSe miuRweveli iyo.

imperias SuamdinareTis politikur istoriaSi Seuqcevadi xasiaTimieca. sargonis, uris III dinastiis, babilonis, aSuris, kvlav babilo-nis, aqemeniduri iranis, aleqsandre makedonelis imperiebi memkvi-

dreobis principiT erTmaneTs enacvlebian am miwaze. TiToeuli impe-ria iyo civilizaciis erTgvari Sejameba Secvlil viTarebaSi da, ama-vdroulad, misi axali safexuric, erTgvari pasuxi warsulis mimarT.TiToeul maTgans Tavisi ganmsazRvreli niSani hqonda.

5/19/2018

16/213

15

galavniani uruqi da misi mefeni

mdinare evfratis qvemo welze, mis marjvena napiras, mdebareob-da Zveli Sumeruli qalaqi uruqi (unug).igi idga qveynis ganapiras:samxreTiT da dasavleTiT mis sanaxebs ukacrieli udabno ekra, cxeliqarebisa da momTabare urdoebis saTareSo, magram es ar abrkolebdaam qalaqs, rom uxsovari droidan vidre Zveli welTaRricxvis dasas-rulamde intensiuri kulturuli cxovrebiT ecxovra. adgilobrivi

gadmocemis Tanaxmad am qalaq-saxelmwifos mefes, legendarul enmer-qars, mzis Svilad wodebuls, Seuqmnia damwerloba _ naTqvami sityvasolebad uqcevia, Tixis zedapirze aRubeWdavs, _ damwerloba, rome-lic mTels Sumers moedo da mis farglebsac Sors gascda. am soli-seburi (sxvanairad: lursmuli) niSnebiT Caiwera, oRond gacilebiTgvian, ukve istoriul xanaSi, Sumeruli miTosi da Tqmulebebi, romel-Ta umetesoba swored uruqis sazogadoebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

uruqi gamorCeulia Sumeris sxva qalaq-saxelmwifoTagan, pirvelrigSi, imiT, rom misi patroni qalRmerTia, qalaqi inana-iSTaris kal-Tas aris Sefarebuli, riTac konceptualuri igiveoba dedasa da qala-qs Soris aq praqtikulad aris xorcSesxmuli. qalRmerTi aris uruqiscivilizaciis damafuZnebeli, rogorc mogviTxrobs miTosi inanas mo-gzaurobisa okeanis siRrmeSi, sibrZnis RmerTis enqis samflobeloSi,saidanac mas Tavisi sapatronebeli qalaqisTvis moaqvs civilizaciis

sawyisebi.meore Tavisebureba am qalaqisa is aris, rom qalaqis mefe Cabmu-

lia sakraluri qorwinebis miTosur dramaSi. uruqis mefe, miTosuridumuzis rolSi, euRleba inanas taZris qurum-qals, romelic am drosqalRmerTs ganasaxierebs. maTi yovelwliuri SeuRleba qalaqis samo-mavlo keTildReobis saimedo garantiaa. dumuzi-inanas miTosi uru-

5/19/2018

17/213

16

qis mefobis legitimaciis mwvervalia. uruqis mefes SeeZlo dumuzissityvebi gaemeorebina: me ubralo kaci ar var, me inanas qmari var.

mesame niSani uruqis gamorCeulobisa misi literaturuli (epikuri)tradicaa.

uruqelma rafsodebma mTels SumerSi gauTqves saxeli mis mkvidrT_ enmerqars, lugalbandas da gilgameSs, _ romelTa saxelebi erTma-neTis miyolebiT ixsenieba uruqis e. w. I dinastiis mefeTa siaSi.

am sami mefis garSemo sinamdvilisa da miTosuris erTmaneTTan Se-zavebiT droTa viTarebaSi dajgufda epikur TqmulebaTa ciklebi. ma-gram maT Soris ukanasknels _ gilgameSs xvda wilad gamxdariyo gmirimsoflio mwerlobaSi pirveli eposisa, romelic daiwera aqaduradSumeruli poemebis safuZvelze daaxloebiT oriaTasi wlis Semdegim xanidan, roca istoriuli gilgameSi uruqis qalaq-saxelmwifoSimefobda. ratom maincdamainc gilgameSi gamoirCa am samSi, roca sx-vebs aranakleb warmtaci Tavgadasavali hqondaT, kerZod, lugalban-

das, miuval mTebSi anazdeulad dasneulebuls da martod darCenils,roca Tanamgzavrebs mkvdari egonaT da Sua gzaze miatoves (im imediT,rom ukanmobrunebisas waasvenebdnen uruqSi), is ki, gulSeRonebuli,sasicocxlo sunTqvas evedreboda mzis RmerTs, uTus _

deda ar maxlavs, mama ara maxlavs,Zma ar maxlavs, megobari ar maxlavs,

deda ar metyvis: Svilo Cemo,Zma ar metyvis: Zmao Cemo.

ratom ara enmerqari, Ze uTusi, mTianeTis yviTeli furis rZiT ga-mokvebili, romelsac sami epiuri poema mieZRvna Sumerul enaze, ra-tom ar gascilda Sumerul enas misi dideba, rom araferi vTqvaT yru

5/19/2018

18/213

17

cnobaze, rom man inana cidan Camoiyvana da mis miwier taZarSi daamk-vidra? ratom ara mesqiagaSeri, Ze uTusi, da mama enmerqarisa, romlis

qmedebani oTxiode sityvas (zRvaSi Cavida, mTaze avida) SemorCa?arc erTi poeti aqaduri xanisa ar dainteresebula mesqiagaSeris,enmerqarisa da lugalbandas pirovnebebiT da RvawliT. erTaderTigilgameSi iyo, romelmac miizida igi.

gilgameSi

ratom maincdamainc gilgameSis Tqmulebebi Sekra erT eposad aqa-delma poetma, Znelia am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. is ki faqtia, romsanam gilgameSi aqaduri eposis gmiri gaxdeboda, manamde misi saxeliSumeris istoriaSi erT mniSvnelovan dinastias daukavSirda. urisaxalSumeruli saxelmwifos mefeni (Zv. w. XXII-XXI ss.) didebis Sa-

ravandiT mosaven gilgameSis saxels, Seracxaven TavianT did Zmad(SeS-gal), raki eamayebaT uruqeloba da gilgameSis dedis, ninsunas,wiaRidan warmomavlad Tvlian Tavs; dumiliT gverds uvlian dide-bul enmerqars an masze adreul mesqiagaSers, unda vifiqroT, romuris ukanaskneli, III dinastiis, mefeebma _ urnamum, Sulgim da sxvebma_ xeli Seuwyves gilgameSis saxelis gandidebas aqadurenovani kultu-ris wreSic. swored maT xanaSi iqna Cawerili Tqmulebebi gilgameSze,

romelTagan mxolod xuTma moaRwia Cvenamde.Cvenamde SemorCenili mxolod xuTi Sumeruli TqmulebiT vicnobT

uruqeli mefis sagmiro Tavgadasavals. esenia: inana, alvisxe da gil-gameSi, gilgameSi da zeciuri xari (fragmentulia), e. w. gilgame-Sis sikvdili (fragmentulia) da gilgameSi da aga. es Tqmulebebicalkeuli epizodebia gmiris cxovrebidan, romlebic ar qmnian erT

5/19/2018

19/213

18

qronologiur jaWvs. sruliad gaurkvevelia _ rusuli bilinebis ms-gavsad _ calke aRebul TavgadasavalTa adgili gmiris biografiaSi.

TiToeuli ambavi xdeba Tavis Caketil droSi, win ar uZRvis, an ar mos-devs meores. Sumerul mwerlobaSi ar yofila cda am ciklebis gaer-Tianebisa erT TxrobiT nakadad. maTi monaduri arseboba SeiZleba Se-vadaroT isev klasikuri Sumeris erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebul, TavissazRvrebSi Caketil da damoukidebel qalaq-saxelmwifoebs, romelTagaerTianebas amaod cdilobdnen Sumeris beladebi, vidre sargon aqa-delma (Zv. w. XXIII s.) Tavis imperiaSi ar moaqcia da erTian istoriuldroSi ar CarTo isini. sargon aqadelis politikuri Zalisxmeva mog-vianebiT (daaxl. Zv. w. XVIII s.) ganmeorda sityvier xelovnebaSi, rocaaqadelma poetma erTmaneTs daukavSira Sumeruli poemebi, gaxsna ramaTi daxSuli kari da erT uwyvet droJamul mdinarebaSi moaqcia.Sumerul TqmulebebSi gacxadebulma ambebma axali motivacia SeiZina:sruliad garkveuli TvalsazrisiT gadamuSavebulni, isini ganlagdnen

Tanmimdevrul epizodebad, romelTagan erTi inaxavs meoris dvritas,winamavali amzadebs momdevnos da ase jaWviseburad miedineba erTianiepikuri dro, romelSic xorcs isxams gmiris Tavgadasavali. mTavarigmiri _ da es niSandoblivia aqaduri eposisaTvis _ TiTqos xelaxlaibadeba yoveli epizodis Semdeg, aRmaval gzaze gadis Tavisi ganviTa-rebis etapebs, vidre wertili ar daesmis mis Tavgadasavals, romlisdasasruls epikoss SeuZlia Tqvas masze, rom man siRrme ixila. epo-

si iwyeba swored am sityvebiT Sa nakba imuru.is mniSvnelovani ram,rasac gmirma miaRwia Tavisi Tavgadasavlis bolos, naxsenebia eposisdasawyisSi da amiT ikvris wre epikuri Txrobisa.

ra siRrme ixila gmirma iseTi, rasac sagangebod axsenebs epikosipirvelsave striqonebSi? Suamdinaruli miTosidan Cven viciT, ra Si-naarsis Semcvelia es sityva. siRrme aris wyaro sibrZnisa, romelic

5/19/2018

20/213

19

Tavis miTosur simbolod okeanis ufskruls saxavs. siRrme _ nakbu_ aris zedwodeba enqis, sibrZnis RmerTisa, romlis samkvidrebeli

okeanis ufskrulebSia, sadac CaRrmavda gmiri siWabukis balaxis amo-satanad. siRrme aris kacobriobis ufskero warsuli _ Rrmaa ju-rRmuli warsulisa (Tomas mani), _ saiTkenac gaemarTa gmiri, rocaeZebda pasuxs adamianuri yofis ukidures saidumloze.

amrigad, roca eposis dasawyisis striqonSi amovikiTxavT, rom man,romlis saxeli jer ar viciT, siRrme ixila, Zveli poetis Txzulebawarmogvidgeba ara ubralo saTavgadasavlo romanad, aramed filo-sofiur-eTikuri mimarTulebis nawarmoebad, sadac mTavari maxviligadatanilia gmiris sulier ganviTarebaze. aq pirdapir unda iTqvas,rom werilobiT pirveldadasturebuli vrceli eposi, romlis mxo-lod ori mesamedia Cvenamde moRweuli, amave dros iyo pirveli faus-turi yaidis Txzuleba, romelic mxolod garegnul msgavsebas iCenssagmiro-saTavgadasavlo eposebTan. aqadur eposSi, gansxvavebiT Su-

meruli TviTkmari poemebisgan, sagmiro epizodebi ar aris TviTmiza-ni, aramed TiToeuli maTgani emsaxureba gmiris pirovnebis srulyo-fas, TandaTanobiT sublimacias _ fizikuri gmirobidan sulier gmi-robamde _ da es gamoxatulia swored dasawyis striqonSi.

avtorisaTvis, _ wers Tomas mani (gulisxmobs sakuTar Tavs, ja-dosnuri mTis avtors), _ sikvdilica da sneulebac, da yvela Semza-ravi Tavgadasavali, romelsac igi Tavis gmirs SeamTxvevs, mxolod da

mxolod pedagogiuri saSualebaa, riTac miiRweva uzarmazari Zalisaqtivizacia, Cveulebrivi gmiris amaRleba misi Tavdapirveli doni-dan. im tipis nawarmoebs, sadac amgvari saSualebebiT xorcieldebagmiris sulier-inteleqtualuri Zalebis aqtivizacia, mwerali ini-ciaciur Txzulebebs uwodebs. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis gilgameSianic. aqiniciaciis zRurblis rols asrulebs yoveli epizodi, yoveli Tavga-

5/19/2018

21/213

20

dasavali, romlis wiaR gavliT gmiri erTi safexuriT maRldeba Tavisadrindel yofaze. Cvens eposSi iniciaciis (anu zRurblis gadalaxvis)

_ siaxlis ziarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani da qmediTi saSualebaa per-sonaJTa Sexvedrebi, romelTac amave dros Tavisi funqcia aqvT siuJe-tis ganviTarebaSi. gmiri xvdeba meore gmirs da am SexvedriT TiToeu-lis buneba safuZvlianad icvleba: gmiri eziareba qalis saidumlos,rac Tavs daaRwevinebs siveluridan da Seqmnis adamianur arsebad; aneziareba megobrobas, risi wyalobiTac igi Tavisufldeba qvena insti-qtebisgan da masSi zneobrivi kacis dabadebiT iwyeba axali cxovreba;an igi pirispir dgeba sikvdilis winaSe, romelic SeZravs mis arsebasda gaaRviZebs masSi moazrovne adamians; an igi xvdeba arsebas, romeliccdilobs gadafiqrebinos mas SeuZleblis Zieba, Tumca aseTi rCeva ki-dev ufro umZafrebs Ziebis wyurvils; an igi, sakvdilis wylebis gada-mlaxavi, Seeyreba Tavis winapars da moismens misgan ukanasknel sityvas.

epizodebisTvis amgvari motivaciis misaniWeblad aqadel poets Su-

meruli masalis safuZvliani gadamuSaveba mouxda. pirvel rigSi undaSeiniSnos, rom man enqidus pirovnebasa da ambavs sruliad gansxvave-buli TvaliT Sexeda. gilgameSis erTguli msaxuri, misi Tanamdgomida mrCeveli gasaWirSi, magram socialur kibeze erTi safexuriT da-bla mdgari enqidu, romelic sxvagvarad ar ixsenieba Sumerul Tqmu-lebebSi Tu ar gilgameSis monad (arad), xolo gilgameSi _ mis bato-nad, aqadur eposSi gardaiqmneba megobrad da RviZl Zmadac, Tavisi

Zveli batonis Tanasworad. waiSleba socialuri gansxvaveba, daviwye-buli iqneba, rom gilgameSi uruqis mefea, xolo enqidu _ udabnodanmoyvanili, ufro sworad, Semotyuebuli uruq-qalaqSi monadirisa dadiacis mier. eposis saTanado adgilas sagangebod aris naCvenebi issayovelTao zrunva, rasac gamoiCens veluri enqidus mimarT jer dia-ci SaSxaTi, mere mwyemsebi da uruqis moqalaqeni, romlebmac TavianTi

5/19/2018

22/213

21

mefis oreulad miiCnies gankacebis gzaze Semdgari mxec-kaci, mere gil-gameSi, romelmac orTabrZolis Semde daimegobra igi _ Tumca es am-

bavi winaswar iqna moswavebuli gilgameSis sizmrebSi, sadac man ixilaucxo kacis oranebi, varskvlavebi da najaxi, viTarca sasZlos romexveoda ukiduresi siyvarulis niSnad, da dedas moutana, _ da uka-nasknelad ninsuna, deda gilgameSisa, romelmac sagangebo ritualiTsabolood xeli daasxa maT Zmobas da iSvila ucxo kaci, da udabnosmkvidri uruqis moqalaqed gaxada.

am ori arsebis Zmadnaficoba mTlianad aqadeli poetis Semoqme-debis nayofia (am motivs igi versad povebda Sumerul TqmulebebSi),analogiuradve, swored aqaduri xanis xelovnebaSi Cndeba motivimarCbivi gmirebisa, saxeldobr, cilindrul sabeWdavebze, sadac he-raldikuri wyobiT gamosaxulia ori mamri arseba, TiToeuli TaviskerZ nadirs Serkinebuli. ar aris aucilebeli, rom maTSi gilgameS-enqidu vigulisxmoT, Tumca erT maTgans cxadi zoomorfuli niSnebi

aqvs, magram aq niSandoblivia Sumeruli xelovnebisTvis ucxo motivimarCbivobisa, rac aqadur eposSi ori gmiris Zmadnaficobis saxiT ga-movlinda.

am axal motivs uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs: misgan iRebs sa-Taves eposis mTeli eTikur-filosofiuri paTosi. Zmadnaficoba arisiniciaciis pirveli zRurbli, romlis gadalaxviT mTavari gmirierTi safexuriT maRldeba misi Tavdapirveli donidan. es gilgameSs

exeba ufro metad, razec Tavis adgilas iqneba naTqvami. xolo enqidusrac Seexeba, mas sakuTari Tavgadasavali aqvs am Zmadnaficobamde, daes ambavic ar ipoveba Cvenamde SemorCenil Sumerul Tqmulebebsa damiTosSi da, SesaZlebelia, arc ki arsebula.

5/19/2018

23/213

22

enqidu

gilgameSianSi moTxrobili enqidus ambavi gamodgeboda calkeeposis masalad, vinaidan mis TavgadasavalSi SekumSulad gadmoicemamTeli kacobriobis gza, imgvarad, rogorc es warmodgenili hqondaSuamdinarel miTologoss. am mxriv, aqadeli epikosi originalursarafers qmnis _ igi eyrdnoba kacTa modgmis gaCenisa da ganviTarebismiToss. oRond siaxle imaSia, rom man kacobriobis filogenezis xan-grZlivi procesi erTi kerZo kacis magaliTze aCvena.

enqidu ibadeba ara imgvarad, rogorc uruqSi ibadebian ded-mamisSvilni, dedis saSodan, aramed ise, rogorc gaCnda miTosur xanaSipirvelkaci, anu Seiqmna qalRmerTis xeliT miwis mtverisagan, ga-moisaxa danerwyvili Tixisagan; Seiqmna maSin, roca kacobriobas gan-vlili hqonda ganviTarebis xangrZlivi gza da mis erT mcire StosuruqSi ukve daefuZnebina qalaquri cxovreba Tavisi sikeTiTa da

ukuRmarTobiT; Seiqmna uruq-qalaqis mosazRvre udabnoSi, sadac jerar dadgmuliyo kacis fexi, ar Sexeboda Semoqmedis xeli, ar aRsru-lebuliyo Sesaqmis Rvawli _ udabno ukacrielia da msgavsadve iqSeqmnili arsebac ar aris gansrulebuli, igi naxevarkacia, romelsacmoelis gankaceba.

amrigad, im udabnoSi, sadac igi gamosaxa qalRmerTma arurum, ukanmobrunda miTosuri dro pirvelSesaqmisa da gaCnda drouli xarvezi

uruqsa da udabnos Soris. es manZili unda daZlios enqidum, man undagaiaros kacobriobis gza udabnodan dabamde, magram amas Tavisi Za-lebiT ver SeZlebs. aq saWiro gaxdeba Sexvedra, romlis sainiciaciodaniSnuleba zemoT iyo naxsenebi. swored aqedan, udabnodan, daiwyebada Semdeg erTmaneTs mihyveba sxvadasxva sivrcul monakveTebSi Sex-vedrebis mTeli seria, romelTac paralelurad sxva daniSnulebac

5/19/2018

24/213

23

aqvT: Sexvedrebi daZravs gayinuli wertilidan siuJetur dros daamasTanave warmarTavs gmiris svlas zemoxsenebul or punqts Soris,

xolo Cven viciT, rom es ori punqti, udabno da uruqi, kacobriobisganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodiT Soraven erTmaneTs. epikosi ga-moiyvans enqidus udabnos uZraobidan da TiTqos elvis siswrafiT,ukanmouxedavad gaatarebs am gzaze.

pirveli Sexvedra _ usaxelo monadirisa da enqidus Seyra udabnospiras, TiTqos SemTxveviTia da, Tumca mas ar SevyavarT ambis Suagul-Si, magram amzadebs sxva Sexvedras, ufro mniSvnelovans. amis garda,es epizodi siuJetisagan damoukideblad sagulisxmo miTosuri azrisSemcvelia: aq erTmaneTs ejaxeba ara ubralod monadire da nadirTbatoni, aramed maTi saxiT _ kultura, umartives formaSi gamovleni-li, rogoricaa Txrilebi da xafangebi, da buneba, romelic daJinebiTcdilobs waSalos kulturis kvali, _ rogorc monadire Civis: velur-ma aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili; daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli,

_ da aRidginos Tavdapirveli mdgomareoba. udabno moiwevs win _enqidu moulodnelad Semodis Tavis jogiTurT monadiris sanaxebSi,jer auqmebs monadiris namoqmedars, mere, SesaZloa, moadges uruqsacda udabnod aqcios misi samkvidrebeli. aseTi safrTxe emuqrebodamtkiced SemozRudul galavnian uruqs, amitomac gasagebia monadi-ris uzomo SeSfoTebac _ SiSma daibuda mis SiganSi, saxe gauxda SorigziT mavalis, _ da is gulisyuric, rac gamoiCina am ucxo ambis gamo

jer misma mamam, mere gilgameSma, roca urCies, diaci SamxaTi waeyvananadirT batonis Sesacdenad. Tumca gilgameSi arc moeloda, rom isucxo moyme mis sabediswerod iyo gaCenili.

misi movlineba udabnos piras gagvaxsenebs gamoCenas sxva ucxomoymisas, romeli jda mtirali wylisa pirsa da romlis ucnaur-ma saqcielma da ukvalod gauCinarebam daasevdiana im qveynis mefe,

5/19/2018

25/213

24

rodesac mis gazrdils winaTgrZnobis natamalic ar hqonia. mefisasulma moixmo Tavisi satrfo da daakisra im moymis moZebna, rom

misi povniT ukuyroda mis patrons sevda da arkacuri gardakoc-na warxociliyo. uxalisod wasuli moyme moZebnis sxva moymes damxolod amis Semdeg gairkveva, rom mefis danaRvlianeba martoodensababi iyo am oris Seyrisa da maTi samudamo daZmobilebisa. aseTiveTiTqos umniSvnelo sababia aqadur eposSi monadiris marcxi, misiyofiTi sazrunavi, ris wyalobiTac udabnos piras gamoCenil ucxomoymes unda Seyroda uruqis mefe, raTa gacxadebuliyo misi bedi dagamovleniliyo masSi _ rogorc im ufliswulis rCeulSi _ manamdefaruli eTosis potencia.

orivegan Suamavali qalia, orivegan qalis wyalobiT aRmoCndebamegobari. magram uruqelma qalma jer velurs unda apovninos saku-Tari Tavi. monadire waiyvans udabnos piras roskip SamxaTs, romlissakuTari saxeli gvareobiTi saxelia im diacebisa, iSTaris taZri-

sadmi rom arian Sewirulni da am qalRmerTis kults emsaxurebianuruqSi. SamxaTebi ewodebaT maT anu mxiarulni, radgan iSTaris-gan STagonebuli diacuri saqmiT (Sifir siniSTi) sixaruli moaqvTmowifuli mamrisTvis. roskipi SamxaTi erT-erTi am diacTagania.

uruqSi momzadda SeTqmuleba veluri moymis mimarT, magram mona-dire Tavisi martivi gonebiT verc ifiqrebda, Tu ra movlenis xel-Semwyobi gaxdeboda momavalSi misda uneburad. monadires mxolod

erTi ram surda, gaeTavisuflebina Tavisi sanaxebi samonadiro saqmismtrisagan, diacis SewevniT moeSinaurebina jogis winamZRoli da dau-brkoleblad enadirna. gilgameSis fiqrebic amaze Sors ar wasula.amaT Soris yvelaze brZeni da mimxvduri is mxiaruli diaci iyo, rome-lic guldajerebiT gahyva monadires udabnosken, raTa aResrulebinaTavisi misia. ar iqneboda swori imis Tqma, TiTqos roskip SamxaTs

5/19/2018

26/213

25

mxolod es mxiaruli saqmeni, romlebic xorcTa xvdebian, ebaraiSTarisgan.

am qalRmerTis impulsi, erTi himnis umartivesi sityvisamebr, `ma-makacis diacTan mimyvani, diacis mamakacTan mimyvani~, vlindeba ada-mianis cxovrebis erT mniSvnelovan xanaSi: dgeba iseTi asaki, rocamamri aucileblad unda Sexvdes dedrs da am Sexvedram igi unda ga-moiyvanos bavSvobis asakidan, xeli daasxas mis mowifulobas da ma-namde faruli potencia sinamdviled aqcios. am misteriuli SexvedriswyalobiT xorcieldeba veluris saboloo gankaceba am sityvis or-gvari azriT: pirvel yovlisa, enqiduSi sqesis gaRviZeba moaswavebsmis Sesvlas mowifulobis asakSi; meore mxriv, iSTaris taZris mxeva-li SamxaTi agrZelebs enqidus RvTaebrivi gamCenis, arurus, saqmes,_ qalRmerTma Tu Seqmna enqidu viTarca xorcieli arseba, axla meo-re qali, mokvdavi, gardaqmnis mas gonier da zneobriv arsebad, raTaaziaros uruqis mowiful sazogadoebas. igi ver movidoda uruqSi im

Sinagani da garegnuli saxiT, rogorc gaCnda udabur velze. xologaCnda igi gareuli jogebis batonis, sumukanis, aRiT (banjgvlebsdaufaravs sxeuli misi... tanT sumukanis samosi mosavs). qalTan Sex-vedra, romelic aRwerilia yovelgvari narTaulobisa da evfemizme-bis gareSe, sruliad Secvlis mis fizikur da sulier saxes. daibadebaaxali arseba, romelic veRar ivlis Zveli cxovrebis wesze. am fe-riscvalebas igrZnobs jogis suli da mas zurgs Seaqceven misi bunebis

Tanaziari mxecebi. amieridan enqidus moeWra ukan dasabrunebeli gza,samagierod igi ganmzadda uruqSi Sesasvlelad.

qali Seqmnis mas, qali zrunavs masze _ Semosavs, scxebs zeTs sur-nelovans, daapurebs, aswavlis qcevas qveynis wesisamebr, aswavlisadamianur sityvas; ucbad ar waiyvans xmaurian qalaqSi, aramed jermwyemsebis binebTan miiyvans, raTa nel-nela SeaCvios adamianTa sa-

5/19/2018

27/213

26

zogadoebas; aq udabnodan mosuli kaci udabnos Semotevisgan ifaravsmwyemsTa sabadebels, _ xelSi iaraRi upyria da lomebs ugeriebs maT

faras. gamoxdeba xani da qali Seatyobs, rom dadga dro saZovrebi-dan misi daZvrisa, rom metxans misi aq gaCereba aRar iqneboda, romaq ar iyo misi samudamo samyofeli, aramed iq, sadac megobars undaSexvedroda; qali gaumxels mas gilgameSis arsebobas da megobrobismcnebas, xels CasWidebs da RmerTiviT waruZRveba uruqis gzaze.

ar aris Zneli imis mixvedra, rom es mokle gza udabnodan uruqa-mde, romelsac enqidu gadis Cvens Tvalwin, SekumSuli gameorebaa imSoreuli gzisa, kacTa modgmam rom gaiara Tavisi arsebobis manZilze.igic qalRmerTma Seqmna miwis mtverisagan, bunebas gamostaca, moaTvi-niera, aswavla wesrigiani cxovreba, qalaqi aaSenebina da samudamod,SesaZloa, mis sazianodac, iq daamkvidra. enqidus cxovrebis gza uda-bnodan uruqamde miTosurad aireklavs mTeli kacobriobis filoge-nezs.

Sumeruli miTosi icnobs enqidus magvar naxevarkacs, romelsac ase-ve qali aziarebs adamianur kulturas. es marTua, RvTaeba, romelicganasaxierebs semituri modgmis amorevelTa momTabare toms, rome-lic Sumeris miTosur istoriaSi marginalurad aris miCneuli, rad-gan igi moklebulia fundamentur koncepts _ adamianobas (Sumeru-lad nam-lu-ulu, aqadurad ameluTu). marTus, rogorc kulturulkacobriobas mowyvetili adamianis yofa, romelic arc Tu Sorsaa

enqidus cxovrebis nirisagan, qrestomaTiulia Sumerul mwerlobaSi.magram gankaceba ar aris marTus problema. misi problema kulturo-logiuria.

marTus miTosSi gveuwyeba kacis ambavi, romelsac, rogorc mTe-li tomis RvTiur eponims, Tavisi xalxi kacobriul kulturaSiSehyavs, Tavad ki Sumer-aqadis panTeonSi imkvidrebs adgils. ai,

5/19/2018

28/213

27

rogor axasiaTebs marTus Sumeruli teqstebi. erT kosmogoniurmiTosSi kacobriobis gulSematkivarma RmerTma enqim dovlaTis

ganawilebisas da xalxebis bedis gadawyvetisas marTus, romelsacqalaqi ara aqvs, romelsac saxli ara aqvs, cxovelebi aCuqa. Su-merul teqstebSi marTus Tansdevs stereotipi: marTu, romelmacxorbali ar icis. am formulaSi xorbali (Se) ara mxolod miwaT-moqmedebis, mkvidri cxovrebis da civilizaciis, aramed adamianobissimboloc aris. puris codna da Wamaa, riTac adamiani sxva cocxalarsebaTagan gamoicnoba. es misi privilegiaa. ai, es privilegia armianiWa marTus yovlis ganmkargvelma RmerTma enqim iseve, rogorcarurum ar mianiWa enqidus adamianuri sma-Wamis unari, mxolod cxo-velebi misca sapatroneblad. marTus Sumereli adamiani ar Tvlissrulyofil adamianad. xorblis umecari misi mudmivi epiTetia,Tan sdevs mas teqstidan teqstSi, sadac ki ixsenieba igi. samagierod,rogorc enqidus, mas aqvs didi Zala, rac SiSis zars scems civili-

zebul qveyanas. is eqspansiuria, miiwevs win, rogorc enqidu TavisijogiTurT, magram Sumeri igeriebs mas, rogorc monadire igeriebsenqidus:

mas Jams marTu, xorblis umecari, mTels Sumers da aqads Semoadga,magram uruqis kedeli frinvelTsaWer badesaviT gadaefina udabnos...

uruqma Tavisi miTosuri badiT moigeria marTu, magram is sxvagziT SeiWra Sumeris civilizaciaSi. gamoCnda qalRmerTi, Sumeruliqazalu-qalaqis mefe-RvTaebis asuli, romelmac, miuxedavad imisa, rommarTu da marTus xalxi

5/19/2018

29/213

28

mudam udabnoSi daexeteba,tyavebiT arian Semosilni,

karvebia maTi sacxovrebeli,umi xorcia maTi saWmeli,ar ician saxli, ar ician qalaqi,roca kvdebian, ar imarxebian, _

Seiyvara marTu. daqalebis kiTxvaze, roca maT amgvarad dauxasiaTesveluri, kidev mosurveb misTxovde marTus? qalwuli ar daubrko-lebia marTus barbarosobas, misi pasuxi uryevi da lakoniuri iyo:marTus mivTxovdebi. da CaisiZa Tavis qalaqSi.

gavyveT enqidus gzas. vidre kacobriuli bedis matarebeli es ucxokaci udabnodan uruqs miaRwevdes, vnaxoT ra qalaqia igi da ra xdebamis galavanSi. uruqi upiratesad qalRmerTis qalaqia. Sumerul epo-qaSi am qalRmerTs inana erqva, cis dedofali. uruqSi idga mTeli

SumerisTvis saTayvano taZari eana _ ciuri saxli, sadac TqmulebisTanaxmad enmerqaris afqals anu brZenkacs (erT-erTs im miTosur SvidbrZenTagan, Cveni eposis prologSi rom arian naxsenebi) Camouyvaniacidan inana. mas hyavs gulis rCeuli satrfo _ mwyemsi dumuzi, mokv-davi kaci, romelic qalRmerTis siyvarulis wyalobiT RvTaebis rang-Si amaRlda, misive sityvebiT me ubralo kaci ara var, me qalRmerTisqmari var. igi Zvel qalaq badTibiridan wamosuli, _ am qalaqis me-

fed ixseniebs mas Sumerul mefeTa sia, _ sabediswerod daukavSirdauruqs, mis mosazRvre velebs, sadac mwyemsavda inanaseul wminda fa-ras da saidanac periodulad mihyavdaT miwis sulebs qvesknelSi. ise-ve rogorc miTosur xanaSi inana airCevs mwyems dumuzis Tavis qmrad,aseve istoriul xanaSi igi irCevs mefes, agreTve mwyemsad wodebuls,dumuzis kvalze, da sakraluri qorwinebiT euRleba. Tu dumuzi ambobs

5/19/2018

30/213

29

erTgan me igi var, vinc wmida muxlebze, inanas muxlebze rokavs, ms-gavsi narTaulobiT, riTac gamoxatulia SeuRlebis ukiduresi aqti,

inana mimarTavs Tavis rCeuls, mefes: brwyinvale xbosaviT irokebCems wmida kalTaze sakraluri qorwinebis ritualSi, romelic pir-vel biZgs aZlevda qveynis nayofierebas, inanas rolSi gamodioda ta-Zris mxevali da am dros misi saxeli iyo iSxara, ara mxolod misi,aramed yoveli qalwulisa siZesTan Sexvedrisas qorwinebis pirvelRames. radgan iSxara warmoadgenda inanas aspeqts viTarca xorcielisiyvarulis qalRmerTisas. mis niSans, Rriankals, davinaxavT saxviT

xelovnebaSi, kerZod, cilindrul sabeWdavebze, gamosaxuls sareclisqveS, romelzedac SeuRlebuli wyvili wevs.

am wes-Cveulebam, rogorc mravalricxovani teqstebi mowmobs,axalSumerul epoqamde moaRwia da sruldeboda igi uris III dinastiisdros qalaq urSi, xolo misi dacemis Semdeg qalaq isinSi, sadac gadai-nacvla imperiis dedaqalaqma. magram igi savsebiT qreba sxva Sumerul

tradiciebTan erTad babilonur xanaSi, roca nagulisxmevia gilga-meSis aqaduri eposis Seqmna. am drois adamianTa SegnebaSi, rogorcCans, igi gaazrebul iqna barbarosuli xanis amoralur Cveulebad daamgvarive negatiuri SefasebiT moxvda aqadur eposSi. igi aRar ariskurTxeuli RvTaebrivi kanoniT da mTlianad miwerilia uruqis mefisTviTnebobas, rac, eposis mizandasaxulobis mixedviT, unda aRikveTos.Txrobis dasawyisSive uruqi warmodgenilia gilgameSis barbarosu-

li moqmedebis asparezad. mainc ras sCadis iseTs uruqis mefe, rom misiqveSevrdomni iZulebulni gamxdaran, Seevedron RmerTebs, Seuqmnanmas Tanaswori Zalis oreuli, romelic win aRudgeba mis Zaladobasda Sveba miecema uruqs? raSi gamoixateba misi saqcieli? teqstSi verSevxvdebiT gilgameSis moqmedebis dawvrilebiT aRweras swored imisgamo, rom epikoss bundovani warmodgena aqvs im Zvel sakralur ri-

5/19/2018

31/213

30

tualze. magram man icis, rom rituali dakavSirebuli iyo seqsualurmomentTan da amitomac am motivze agebs igi gilgameSis daxasiaTebas,

oRond eposis aSurul versiaSi es gadmocemulia sxvagvarTqmiT, nar-Taulad; warmoCenilia dauokebeli fizikuri energia, romelic, erTimxriv, vlindeba brZolis JinSi, meore mxriv, Tavis wminda saxiTac:ar uSvebs gilgameS qalwuls dedasTan, // asuls gmirisas, sasZlosmoymisas. amrigad, gilgameSis energia ori mimarTulebiT icleba,erTi saxidan meoreSi gadadis, rogorc iSTaris magaliTze vxedavT,romelic morigeobiT warmarTavda sasiyvarulo da sabrZolo saq-

meebs. erTsa da imave himnSi igi warmodgenilia omis qalRmerTad _odes me, qalRmerTi brZolaSi viyivleb da siyvarulis gamriged _mamris diacisTvis damamSvenebeli, diacis mamrisTvis damamSvenebe-li. iSTaris am ori aspeqtis ukidures da uzomo gamovlenas aujan-yda uruqis mosaxleoba. amgvarad warmosaxavs gilgameSis TviTnebo-bas aSuruli versiis avtori.

Zvelbabilonur versiaSi, romelic aSurulze adrindelia, ufrokonkretulad aris warmodgenili es motivi. aq aSkarad ismis gamo-Zaxili sakraluri qorwinebisa, kerZod, misi erT-erTi saxecvlile-bisa, romelic pirveli Ramis uflebis saxelwodebiT gaxda cnobili.uruqis gzaze momaval enqidus Seeyreba daRvremili uruqeli kaci dakiTxvaze, _ ra gagWirvebiao, aseT ambavs moaxsenebs: sanTioboSiveravin dadis, // morCilebaa mokvdavTa xvedri. // ers daekisra go-

drebis zidva, // mxiarul diacebs eris gamokveba. // mxolod galavnianuruqis mefisTvis // xmianebs saqorwilo dafdafi...// sxvaTa wilxve-dril sasZlos euRleba, // pirvelad igi, Semdgomad sasiZo...

enqidus feri ecvleba am ambis mosmenisas. es mniSvnelovani momen-tia: gulSi man ukve miiRo gadawyvetileba, igi momzadebuli SedisuruqSi, icis, ra unda moimoqmedos, icis am adgilis zusti misamarTic,

5/19/2018

32/213

31

sadac gilgameSs unda Sexvdes. marTlac, maTi pirveli Sexvedra san-TiobosTan xdeba, sadac gaSlilia iSxarasTvis sareceli da sadac

gilgameSi apirebs Cveulebisamebr Sesvlas, magram amjerad ver Seva,radgan enqidu Ronieri muxliT gadauRobavs sanTiobos kars. am aqtiTenqidum gilgameSis winandel cxovrebas gadauRoba gza da iSTarisamoralur kultisTvis samudamod zurgi Seaqcevina.

enqidusTan damegobrebiT masSi gaiRviZa SamaSis, mziuri RmerTis,zneobrivma sawyisma, radgan swored SamaSia megobrobis sulisCamdg-meli, igia is RmerTi, romelic martosul moymes megobars apovnine-

bs. mis winaSe ideba megobrobis fici, rogorc viciT etanas Tqmule-bidan, sadac megobrobis mowadine gveli da arwivi maRal mTaze adianda iq, SamaSis TandaswrebiT, aRuTqvamen erTmaneTs erTgulebas. gil-gameS-enqidus megobrobasac SamaSis xeli ifaravs, SamaSi miuZRvebamaT sikeTis damkvidrebis gzaze. man aRZra isini xumbabasken gasalaS-qreblad, raTa gaeCexaT kedaris uRrani da mzis sxivisTvis gza gae-

kafaT; SamaSi mfarvelobs maT am saSiS gzaze da SamaSive esarClebamaT RmerTebis winaSe, roca isini erT-erTis sikvdils gadawyveten.amieridan, rogorc ityodnen, SamaSis Zali dasadgurda maT SiganSi.

iSTari

magram dawunebuli da Seuracxyofili dedofali iSTari ecdebaaRidginos uruqSi Tavisi Selaxuli uflebebi, ufro sworad, gaax-senos gilgameSs mis mier ukugdebuli sakraluri qorwinebis Zveliwesi. kedaris tyeSi laSqrobidan dabrunebuls, misi didebis apoTeos-Si, rodesac igi enqidusTan erTad moadgeba uruqis kedlebs, vnebianiTvaliT gadmoxedavs iSTari da SesTavazebs gaiziaros misi siyvaru-

5/19/2018

33/213

32

li. Sen qmari iyav, me coli viqnebi! _ ase etyvis saqorwino ritua-lis sityvebiT. es winadadeba moulodneli ar unda yofiliyo uru-

qis mefisTvis. rogorc viciT, es iyo misi ara mxolod privilegia,aramed saRvTo vali, romelic Sedioda mefis funqciebSi da usaTuodunda aResrulebina, Tuki surda qveynis mefed darCeniliyo. gmiriszneobrivi simaRlis SesanarCuneblad da srulyofilebis kidev erTsafexurze asayvanad epikosma uari aTqmevina mas am winadadebaze, rad-gan mis TvalSi es iSTari aRar aris is didebuli qalRmerTi, dedo-fali, rogorc Cans igi Sumeruli xanis ZeglebSi an, Tundac, mis Tana-

droul sataZro himnografiaSi. iSTaris is saxe, rasac mkvaxe sityve-biT amxels gilgameSi, modis ara saRvTo kultidan, aramed desakra-lizebuli miTosidan, romelic droTa viTarebaSi Seivso zRapruliepizodebiT. xalxis warmodgenaSi iSTari, rogorc Cans, gardaisaxaverag qalRmerTad, romelic boroti ganzraxviT siyvarulis qselSiabams mimndob da gulubryvilo arsebebs da mere Rupavs, TiToeuls

_ sxvadasxvanairad. moaruli zRaprebis personaJebi iyvnen albaT, isarsebani, romelTa tragikul beds gauxsenebs gilgameSi misi sivera-gis dasamtkiceblad. esenia: Wreli frinveli, romelsac ratomRacfrTebi daulewa; lomi, ToTxmeti xaro rom gauTxara; cxeni, We-nebiT gaoflils wyali rom asva; mwyemsi, akteonis msgavsad missaveZaRlebs rom daaglejina; mebaRe iSulanu, romelmac maTgan gansxva-vebiT uaryo misi siyvaruli, ris gamoc qalRmerTma obobad aqcia;

meeqvsea _ Tamuzi (Sum. dumuzi), Suamdinaruli miTosis tragikulifigura, udrood daRupuli mwyemsi, rogorc nayoofierebis yvelaRvTaeba, sezonebis gardauval wrebrunvas damorCilebuli, romlissikvdilSi aranaklebi wvlili miuZRvis mis satrfo qalRmerTs, Ta-vis sanacvlod rom Cagzavna qvesknelSi, Tumca Tavadve marTavs we-liwdeul glovas daRupulze. magram am epizodSi, sadac sekularuli

5/19/2018

34/213

33

miTosi eposis logikas aris damorCilebuli, Tamuzi iSTaris umizezomsxverplia: Tamuzs, sayvarels Seni siyrmisas, // wlidan wlamde glo-

va gaduwyvite. ratom, risTvis? _ ar azustebs epikosi.aq unda SevniSnoT, rom daRupulTa ricxvi eqvsia, arasruli ricxvi.

sakraluri (Cvens epizodSi: zRapruli), azriT igi arc aris namdviliricxvi, damoukidebeli odenoba. igi miiswrafvis Sesavsebad uaxloesiricxvisaken. meSvide daRupuli gilgameSi unda iyos. iSTari iwyebsTamuziT da unda daasrulos gilgameSiT, romliTac Seikvreba misiavbediTi sasiyvarulo wre. magram, rogorc zRaprebSi xdeba, swored

is imarjvebs, visi cdac sakralur ricxvze modis, iqneba es ricxvisami, Svidi, cxra Tu Tormeti. am gardauvali wesis ZaliT gilgameSiuaryofs qalRmerTis siyvaruls. magram eposSi am aqts sxva motivicudevs safuZvlad. pirvel rigSi, es aris misi Tavisufali nebis gamo-vlineba, radgan igi ara mxolod uaryofs iSTaris siyvaruls, aramedgmobs kidec, aginebs moaruli andazebiT _ RriWe kari xar, qaris

verdamWeri, // sasaxle _ mamrTa damRupveli, // kupri _ damsvrelimisi mzidvelis, // ...kirqva xar, zRudiT monaSali, // ...xamlni, patronisferxTa mkbenelni. narTaulad, magram gulisrevamde misuli zizRiT,roca mebaRe iSulanus sityvebs umeorebs _ deda Tu ar micxobs, sxvapurs ver SevWam, // puri viT vigemo, avi da binZuri? am uarisyofaSi,sabediswero Jams, _ mas mxarSi udgas SamaSi Tavisi mziuri eTosiT, _gmiri gamoiCens sulier simSvides, rom ar dasces sanTiobis karTan

miRweuli simaRle, igi fxizlobs, ar xiblavs iSTaris macduri da-pirebebi sibilwesTan ziarebis wil _ oqrovani etlebi, qariSxlisraSebi, ama qveynis dideba (Sens winaSe muxls moiyrian Tavad xelmwi-feni, zepurni mTavarni), nayofierebis saswaulni: sam-samad momgebiTxis arve, marCbivad _ cxvrebi, rasac aRuTqvams sakraluri, misTvisuwmiduri, qorwineba qalRmerTTan.

5/19/2018

35/213

34

ra moelis gilgameSs am uarisTvis, rasac qalRmerTis SeuracxyofacdaerTo Tan? mis winamorbeds iSTaris satrfialo istoriaSi, mebaRe

iSulanus qalRmerTi Seexo RvTiur-magiuri SexebiT da obobad aqcia.magram igi uSualod ver exeba gilgameSs, romlis sxeulSi ori mesame-di RvTaebrivi xorci dgas. gamwarebuli qalRmerTi, eposis mixedviT,ubralod, Wirveuli qali, mieWreba cis RmerTis kars CiviliT _ gil-gameSma gamixsena Cemi siaveni, // Cemi siaveni da mwikulebani, razeccis RmerTi, mis mamad xsenebuli _ WeSmaritad Sen gamoiwvevdi, // dagilgameSmac gagixsena siaveni... _ upasuxebs Tavisi asulis danaSaulSi

darwmunebuli. arafris gagonebis msurveli, isteriamde misuli dia-ci Tavisi uarismyofelis dasasjelad moiTxovs zeciur mozvers, Tuarada, imuqreba qveynierebis wesrigis gaukuRmarTebiT: Sevlewav bWee-bs qvesknelisas, // da axal wesebs davamyareb, // mkvdrebs amoviyvan,cocxlebis SemWmelT // da mkvdrebi cocxalT aRematebian. xolo ze-ciuri mozveri, romelic SeiZleba warmoadgendes iSTaris, mZvinvare

furis, mamrul saxecvlilebas, _ igia risxva misi, _ amgvari bunebisaa:misma gamoCenam Svidwliani unayofoba da SimSili unda daasadgurosqveyanaSi. Tu gavyvebiT miTosis logikas, es asec unda moxdes: sakra-luri qorwinebis gauqmebas gardauvalad unda mohyves stiqiuri ubedu-reba, am kerZoobaSi, mozveris saxiT gacxadebuli, romlis cecxlovansunTqvaze piri eReba miwas da Tavis napralebSi STanTqmiT emuqrebaqveyanas. mozverma-gvalvam unda gadabugos miwis piri, msgavsad qarTu-

li Tqmis wiTeli xarisa, romlis naZovarze balaxi ar amodis. gilga-meSma sakraluri ritualis uaryofiT Tavad gamoiwvia nayofierebismteri _ gvalva da Tavadve unda aaridos igi qveyanas.

gmirebi klaven mozvers, rasac iSTaris ufro meti damcireba mo-hyveba. axla enqidu megobris mosarCle da misi zneobis damcveli, SigSublSi rom aZgera mozvers maxvili, Seutevs iSTars arnaxuli Ta-

5/19/2018

36/213

35

vxedobiT: beWs mohglejs mozvers, _ beWs Tu marjvena mxars, rome-lic samsxverplo nawilad iTvleboda, Cveulebriv, ritualebSi, _ da

esvris qongurze mdgar qalRmerTs mis yurTaTvis manamde gaugonar,cinikur sityvebTan erTad: netav SemeZlos Seni Sepyroba, // WeSma-ritad masaviT gagxdidi, // gadagkidebdi mxrebze mis nawlavebs! asemoeqceodnen uruq-qalaqis ukanasknel meZavs, xolo iSTari miiRebs amSesawiravs da SamxaTebiT garSemortymuli masze godebas wamoiwye-bs. amaze Sors sekularizaciiT gamowveuli profanacia ver wavidoda.magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom epikosi TiTqos TanaugrZnobs da niSnis

mogebiT aRwers am profanaciul qmedebebs, is iZulebulia gza miscessasjelsac, romelsac siwmidis xelmyofeli gmiri imsaxurebs.

xelixelCakidebuli gilgameS-enqidu Sedian uruqSi, sadac uruqeliasulni _ winaaRmdeg maTi RvTaebrivi dedoflisa _ xotba-didebiTegebebian gamarjvebulT: gilgameS brwyinvalea moymeTa Soris, // en-qidu qebulia mamacTa Soris! amas mohyveba lxini, lxins _ Zili, Zils

_ sabediswero sizmari, sadac enqidus ecxadeba RmerTebis neba, romor megobarSi erTi auciloblad unda mokvdes, enqidu unda mokvdes.maTi didebisa da sixarulis mwvervalze, roca RmerTebsac ki

Seswvdnen da aRar epuebian, roca daamarcxes daumarcxebeli, swo-red maSin daesmeba wertili erT-erTis sicocxles. TerTmetdRianiagoniisa da sizmareuli koSmarebis Semdeg, roca man ixila sakuTariTavi, cocxliv SaveTSi Camavali, _ xolo manamde mwared wyevlida

SamxaTs, Tavis macdunebels da mSobliuri velebidan sikvdilis qa-laqSi Semotyuebuls, mere ki SamaSis SegonebiT adamianad sikvdilisupiratesobaSi dajerebulma, ukan waiRo wyevlis sityvebi da sabo-lood daloca qali, Tavisi kacmyofeli, _ meTormete dRes kvdebaenqidu acremlebuli megobris Tvalwin.

5/19/2018

37/213

36

maZiebeli gmiri

am ambis Sedegad eposis zneobrivi paTosi gadairTveba axal re-gistrSi da cocxlad darCenili gmiric ganicdis fericvalebas. sikv-dili kacisa, romelTanac Sexvedram Tavis droze axali gziT war-marTa misi cxovreba, axla safuZvelianad SeZravs mis gonebas dasulis siRrmidan amoutivtivebs manamde ucnob gancdebs, dafarulSiSs sakuTari arsebobis gamo. Tu adre gilgameSisTvis sikvdiliiyo mudam sxvaTa sikvdili da mas ar exeboda, axla, roca mokvda

misi RviZli, misi oreuli, darwmunda, rom sikvdili ar yofilaucxo da Soreuli; man axlos igrZno misi sunTqva da, rac igrZno,aRmoxda _ sikvdili miwevs saZile oTaxSi! is gamarTavs glovas,zariT SeZravs cas da miwas, mouxmobs sagodeblad sulier-usulos,mTel bunebas, rom Seusvenebliv itiron masTan erTad, TiTqos misimegobari qveynierebis pirvelmkvdari yofiliyos. mere Tavisi aR-

sasrulis garduvalobiT gulSeZruli daagdebs qalaqs, fufunebas,gacudebul mefobas da gaiWreba velad, udabnoSi, misi megobris mi-tovebul samSobloSi. mxecqmnili TiTqos Tavidan iwyebs cxovrebasaxali fiqrebiT da sazrunaviT.

am dasakargavSi vxedavT erTxans (es adgili xarveziania dedanSi)lomistyaosans, erTi fiqriT gasenils _ nuTu mec movkvdebi enqidusdarad?, _ Tavadac simbolurad mkvdars, radgan udabno qvesknelis

winkaria, dumuzis gauCinarebis adgili, adgili sagodebeli, sadac mi-Tosuri xanidan mis dromde dakargul gulisswors mistiroda inanasstviri. axla martosuli moyme, axlos arvisgamkarebeli, mistiris Ta-vis megobars, _ Tvalwin udgas mxiaruli dReebi, laSqrobebi, xumbabasganadgureba, zeciur mozverTan brZola da kidev sxva Tavgadasavalni,_ mistiris sakuTari Tavisadmi sibraluliT aRvsili: viT movisveno

5/19/2018

38/213

37

anu viT davdumde, // Zmobili Cemi miwad gardaiqca. // nuTu mis msgav-sad mec daviZineb // da verasodes veRar avdgebi?.

dasruldeba udabnoSi uazrod xetiali da isev sikvdilis SiSi Tusikvdil-sicocxlis idumalebaTa Secnobis wyurvili axali laSqro-bisken aRZravs. magram es laSqroba ar hgavs winandels, igi sxvagvargmirobas moiTxovs misgan. gzaze ar Sexvdeba STasanTqmelad daRire-buli gveleSapi, arc asTaviani urCxuli, magram moelis sxva gansacde-li, ufro saSiSi, vidre xumbaba iyo an zecieri mozveri. ver uSvelisTavis anabara darCenils da arc dasWirdeba fizikuri Zal-Rone. su-

lier ZalTa ukiduresi mokreba iqneba saWiro, rom Seupovrad gaia-ros moriel-kacebis Semzarav elvarebaSi, ukan mouxedavad ganvlosTormetmijniani gvirabi, _ sadac zrqelia wyvdiadi, naTeli ar Cans,_ SamaSis kvalze, Zexorciels rom ar gauvlia manamde, isev gaaRwiossamzeoze da ar moixiblos zRapruli walkotis xilviT, iq rom daxv-deba, da samudamod Sig ar CarCes; ar gautydes guli roca SamaSi, misi

mfarveli, sibraluliT gadmoxedavs da etyvis, rom amoa misi garja_ eha, gilgameS, rad daexetebi, // sunTqvas maradiuls ver moipoveb!igi mainc midis kacuris zRvars gadacilebuli, _ kiTxva-kiTxviT mar-qviT, maswavleT gza uTanafiSTisken, _ da miadgeba okeanis napirs,sadac daxvdeba qali vinme siduri, meRvine qali, romelic ecdebadaabrunos uriqidan daZruli kaci, Seagonos, rom adamiani ar gaCe-nila ukvdavebisTvis, arc sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlos saZieblad,

rom ar unda eZebos imaze meti, rac RmerTebs miuciaT misTvis:

aw savse gqondes stomaqi, gilgameS!moilxine dRiTa da RamiT,dReniadag marTavde nadims,dRiTa da RamiT rokvide, mRerde,

5/19/2018

39/213

38

spetaki gecvas tanze samoseli,Tavs ganibande, tans ganibande,

zrunavde Svilze, xelT rom geWireba,Sens mkerdze ixaros meuRlem Senma, _rameTu esaa xvedri mokvdavisa.

amas STaagonebs sirinozi gilgameSs, yinva-armurisgan saxeda-mwvars, Zilmiukarebels, mSier-mwyurvals, tanze samoselSemocve-Tils, romelsac TiTqos unda monatreboda myudro cxovreba da uru-

quli fufuneba. magram man swored amgvari yofa, viTarca araWeSma-riti, moitova ukan da ar dabrundeba, vidre ar miaRwevs adamianurSesaZleblobaTa ukanasknel zRvars. uTanafiSTis samyofelia es mi-jna, im kacisa, romelsac Zveli andrezis Tanaxmad ukvdaveba mianiWesRmerTebma da amitomac unda flobdes sikvdil-sicocxlis saidumlos.iq misaRwevad Tavs unda idvas Zexorcielisgan Caudenili _ unda ga-dalaxos sikvdilis wylebi, romelTac erTaderTi ciuri SamaSigadalaxavs yoveldRiurad, roca brundeba dedis saxlisken okeanissiRrmeSi. amrigad, kvlav SamaSis gzas mihyveba igi, Tumca am RmerTmaSuagzaze gadauwyvita TiTqos imedi.

SoreTSi, mdinareTa dasabams iqiT aRaraferia, iq aris qveyniskide, iq mTavrdeba samyaro. uTanafiSTic ukanaskneli arsebaa, ro-melsac gzis dasasruls unda Sexvdes. mxolod kacisgan, misi msgavsi

arsebisgan, unda moisminos ukanaskneli pasuxi da gabrundes ukan.mTeli Tavisi gamwarebuli arsebiT, sikvdilis wylebis gada-

mlaxavi, wardgeba igi winapris winaSe, ganumeorebs yvelafers, rasaceubneboda siduris da yvela Semxvedrs, _ Tavgadasavals, ambavs mego-brobisas, im megobarTan gayris ambavs, uruqidan wamosvlis mizezs, _da gulSi gazepirebulis amoZaxilze _ aw Sen gixile, uTanafiSTi, //

5/19/2018

40/213

39

sikvdils nu vixilav, risac meSinis! // ambavi mamcne sikvdil-sicocxli-sa, _ winapari, romlis imediT gamoiara tanjvis gzebi, im siduri-

sirinoziviT ki ar ecdeba gaaxsenos siameni ama soflisa da dauamosnaRveli, aramed rogorc kaci kacs pirdapir gascems pasuxs kiTxvazeda dauxatavs amaoebis naRvlian suraTs, etyvis:

aucdenelia, gilgameS, uwyalo sikvdili.gana samudamod viSenebT saxlebs?gana samudamod irtymis beWedi?

gana samudamod iyrebian Zmebi?gana samudamod mZulvareben mtrebi?... _

magram mainc, _ ar cxreba STamomavali, _ xom hqonia gamonaklisiam sastik kanons? maS gamagebine, uTanafiSTi, _ evedreba netar wina-pars, _ rogor warudeq RmerTebis krebuls da im krebulma ukvdavebarogor moganiWa? STamomavali ver atyobs winapars rame gansxvavebas,_ SoreTSi dasaxlebuli kaci misi msgavsi aRmoCnda (SesaZloa, gil-gameSs upiratesobis grZnobac ki gauCnda misi xilvisas, rogorc orimesamedi RvTaebriobis matarebels); magram garegnul msgavsebaSi rodiyofila saqme. winapars unikaluri bedi hqonia: misi bedi gadamwydaraqveynierebis tragikul dReebSi; igi yveba sayovelTao katastrofis am-bavs, erTxel kidev gaicocxlebs gancdaSi da msmenelsac ganacdevinebs

warRvnis Semzarav sanaxaobas; mas gauvlia warRvnis wylebi, uxilavsukanmoqceuli qaosi, is dasabamieri dro, roca mTeli samyaro zRvaiyo oden; xmeleTTan erTad STanTqmula warRvnis morevSi da masTanerTad kvlav aRmocenebula qaosidan; da is cremli, romelic waskdaZveli samyaros ganadgurebis mxilvels, sixarulis cremlad Seicvala,roca xedavda ganaxlebul qveynierebas _ mziT ganaTebul cas da miwas.

5/19/2018

41/213

40

am kosmiur saidumloebasTan ziarebuli kaci erTi safexuriT undaamaRlebuliyo, amitomac akurTxa igi enlilma: adre uTanafiSTi kaci

iyo, amieridan RmerTi unda iyos Cveni msgavsi. uTanafiSTis gaukvda-veba iseTi gamonaklisi iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi, rogorc warRvnismovlena, rac RmerTebis aRTqmiT aRar ganmeordeba. yovel SemTxeva-Si, gilgameSis saukunes igi ver mouswrebs, rom misTvis SeikribonRmerTebi da saswaulebrivad mianiWon ukvdaveba, _ ase etyoda winapa-ri, misi ukanaskneli imedi. winaparma ara mxolod uTxra sityvierad,aramed mimarTa ukidures Rones: moulodneli gansacdeli mouvlina,

rom cdaSi daemtkicebina misTvis adamianis ususuroba sikvdilis wi-naSe, raki sxvanairad ver daajerebda am Seupovar kacs. man moixmaragrZneulebis unari _ igi xom iyo magiis RmerTis, enqis, mosavi darCeuli, da warRvnis dros misganve xsnili, _ mohgvara Zili, sikv-dilis tyupiscali _ aba, Tu ifxizleb eqvs dRes da Svid dRes, _ dagmirTagmiri, romelsac TiTqos araferi darCa qveynad daumarcxebe-li, romelmac uruqidan qveynierebis kidemde Zlevamosilad ganvlokacTagan uvali gza, sikvdiliviT waiRo Zilma _ ha, kaci gmiri, ukvda-vebis mZebneli, ambobda misi Semyure winapari, _ da ase iqneboda mde-bare usulo gvamiviT da iZinebda uTvalavi wlebi (risi gaxsenebachzaravda dReniadag), rom kvlav winapris magiur Sexebas ar gamoefxi-zlebina. ra Svidi dRe-Rame da ra Svidi saukune, xolo gamofxizle-buls moeCvena, rom mxolod erT wams moeria ZilquSi.

am ubralo, Tumca sastikma eqsperimentma sabolood mouspo mra-valtanjul gmirs ukvdavebis mopovebis yovelgvari imedi. igi miad-ga ukanasknel zRvars, romlis miRma ar igulveba arc realuri, arczRapruli samyaro. zambara, romelmac gastyorcna igi Soreul gzaze,bolomde gaiSala, amoiwura yoveli SesaZlebloba, eposis droc iwu-reba, _ aw ra viRono, uTanafiSTi, sad wavide? _ ekiTxeba winapars.

5/19/2018

42/213

41

pirvelad marcxdeba igi Tavis mravalfaTerakian TavgadasavalSi,xelcarieli brundeba ukan, winaaRmdeg imisa, rogorc xdeba sagmiro

eposSi Tu zRaprebSi, roca gmiri bevri marcxis Semdeg ambis dasas-ruls usaTuod imarjvebs, eweva mizans _ miagnebs ukvdavebis wyarosan xelT igdebs jadosnur sagans da Tavis qveyanaSi miitans faTera-kiani mgzavrobis jildod da dasturad. gilgameSi amgvars veraferswaiRebs uTanafiSTisgan; ver waiRebs ganWabukebis balaxsac, TanamgrZ-nobelma winaparma rom apovnina SeuZlebeli ukvdavebis sanacvlod;man dakarga balaxi, risTvisac okeanis fskeramde CaRrmavda (da si-

Rrme ixila), gvelma mostaca igi da iqve mis Tvalwin misi gulisdasawyvetad gamoscada Tavis Tavze mcenaris Zala: myisve gadaiZroZveli perangi, ganiaxla qvewarmavalma siWabuke.

ukuqceva

am ukanaskneli gansacdeliT mTavrdeba eposi, mTavrdeba erTbaSad,mowyvetiT, TiTqos epikoss ar eyo qani an ar CaTvala saWirod, romumwvervales simaRlemde aeyvana xelmocaruli gmiris drama; magiuribalaxis ase uazrod da SemTxveviT damkargavi, _ Tumca garkveuliazriT es faqti, SeiZleba, arc CaiTvalos SemTxveviTobad: udabnosmcxunvarebaSi damaSvralma kacma ver gauZlo cTunebas da civi magri-

lebeli wylis gulisaTvis daudevrad miatova napirze Zvirfasi ganZi,_ xelidan gamSvebi erTaderTi saCuqrisa, risi gamotanebac SeeZloSoreTidan mis Sembralebel uTanafiSTis, ar SeZravs godebiT casda miwas, maSindeliviT, roca megobris dakargvisas kosmiuri glovagamarTa; xvedrs Serigebuli Caikeceba iqve, sabediswero adgilze dacremlmdinari Sestiris ur-Sanabis, erTaderT kacs am udabur gzaze:

5/19/2018

43/213

42

risTvis damiSvrnen mklavni, ur-Sanabi?ZarRvebSi sisxli risTvis mewureba?

sikeTe CemTvis ver movipove _miwis lomisTvis vzrunavdi Turme.axla Sors miaqvs zRvis talRebs balaxi...

uSualod amis Semdeg iwyeba uruqisken ukuqceva, romlis droukiduresad SekumSulia, TiTqos gilgameSi sxva, umoklesi gziTbrundeba Tavis qveyanaSi, _ ar gamoCndeba arc macduri siduri,

niSnis mogebiT rom daxvdes win xelmocarul mogzaurs, arc mo-riel-kacTa sadarajos Sexvdeba sadme, marCbiv mTebs, romelTawiaR gadioda mze-SamaSis yoveldRiuri savali, arc SamaSi Cans misciur Tanamgzavrad, arc sxva saxifaTo mijnebi. mxolod lakonu-rad aRiniSneba sivrcis, TiTqos sizmareuli, gadalaxva mxolodeposisaTvis Cveuli stereotipiT _ oc berus manZilze amtvriespuri, ocdaaT beruze saTevi moawyves. meti araferi. man erTxelukve gaiara uZnelesi, adamianur SesaZleblobaTa zRvars gadaci-lebuli gza, romelic metad aRar unda ganmeorebuliyo. igi brun-deba sxva gziT, sxva gamocdilebiT, ukve sxva kaci, romelmac Tum-ca ver miaRwia Tavidan daTqmul mizans, magram brundeba sxva co-dniT da gamocdilebiT aRsavse, mxilveli mokvdavTagan unaxavisaidumloebisa da siRrmisa, STambeWdeli warRvnamdel ambavTa da

Tavad warRvnisa, rom sabolood marad saxsenebel qvaze amoekve-Ta yoveli gancdili _ aq dedani ambobs: yoveli danaSromi,radgan misi mogzaurobis misteriuli azri am sityvebSi marxia:Sori gziT iara, daSvra da dabrunda.

sagulisxmoa, rom eposi misi prologis striqonebiT mTavrdeba,magram amjerad am sityvebs Tavad gilgameSi warmoTqvams. uruqis saa-

5/19/2018

44/213

43

rako galavniT moqaduli mimarTavs ur-Sanabis, mezRvaurs, romelmacTiTqos imitom moacila igi xmeleTis gzebiT, rom ukan waeRo uruqis

ambavi, uTanafiSTisTan mis eliziumSi, gaedo xidi warmaval awmyosada maradiulobas Soris. iseve rogorc preistoriuli Svidi brZenka-cis Rvawlma uSoresi warsuli awmyosTan daakavSira:

uruqis zRudeze adi, gaiare, ur-Sanabi,saZirkvels daxede, aguri mosinje,iqneb gamomwvari ar iyos aguri,

iqneb Svid brZenkacs libo ar Caedos!

am mimarTviT mTavrdeba gilgameSis eposis meTermete dafa (CvensTargmanSi: eposis bunebrivi dasasruli. magram mogvianebiT, _ al-baT maSin, roca ricxv `Tormets~ sakraluroba mieniWa, _ epossdaemata meTormete dafa, romelic warmoadgens vrceli Sumerulipoemis bolo nawilis sityvasityviT Targmans (enqidu qvesknel-Si). oRond es damateba organulad ver eTviseba Sinaarss: am da-faSi enqidu cocxalia da meored kvdeba, aw sruliad sxva mizeziT.kvlav aRiZvris sikvdil-sicocxlis Tema: gilgameSi gamoixmobs en-qidus (am dafaSi igi mis monad ixsenieba, rogorc yvela SumerulTqmulebaSi) suls qvesknelidan da aambobinebs SaveTis binadarTaambavs.

gilgameSis amqveyniur Tavgadasavals sxva dasasrulic aqvs,oRond es ukve eposs aRar ekuTvnis, aramed kultisa da rwmenissferos: rogorc sikvdil-sicocxlis kiTxvis mZafrad ganmcdelida gulisxmismyofeli, igi iniSneba mkvdarTa msajulad da Save-Tis sxva RmerTebs amoudgeba mxarSi. gilgameSs vxedavT qvesknel-Si ara ubralo mkvdrad, aramed misi saxeli ixsenieba SamaSis, ner-

5/19/2018

45/213

44

galis _ qvesknelis meufis gverdiT, ufro metic: igi gaTanabrebu-lia nergalTan _ gilgameSi nergalia, romelic qvesknelSi zis.

Tavisi vnebuli sicocxlis sanacvlod sikvdilis Semdeg man didebadaimkvidra, rogorc SaveTs CamavalTa patronma da meoxem. gvian-droindel biblioTekaSi mravlad inaxeboda religiuri Sinaarsisdafebi, sadac gilgameSi RvTaebis rangSia ayvanili. ai, misi saxe,viTarca qvesknelis ganmgeblisa:

gilgameS, srulyofilo mefev, anunaqTa msajulo, romelic moixi-lav qveynis kideebs! qvesknelis ganmgebelo, qvemourTa (e. i. mkvdarTa)

batono, Sen msajuli xar da RmerTiviT Wvret yovelives. qvesknelSidgaxar da samarTals aRasruleb. Senmieri samarTali ar Seicvle-ba, Seni nabrZanebi ar daiviwyeba! Sen dahkiTxav, Sen gamoiZieb, SenasamarTleb, Sen Wvret da yovelives awaRmarTeb. SamaSma gangebanida ganaCenni Sen mogando. mefeni, didebulni, ufliswulni Sens wina-Se qeds ixrian. Sen Wvret maT niSebs da maT mowevnads Sen ganageb!rogorc egviptis faraoni erwymoda sikvdilis Semdeg osirisis bune-bas, aseve gilgameSma Seizava SamaSis arsi, mziuri RmerTisa, romlisgzaze araerTxel uvlia sicocxleSi.

gilgameSi, gansxvavebiT Sumerulisgan (ix. gilgameSis sikvdili),aqadur eposSi ar kvdeba, ar Cadis qveknelSi, ar xdeba misi erT-erTi msajulTagani. igi adamianad brundeba qveynis dasasrulidanda adamianadve rCeba. es aris aqaduri eposis paTosi. qvesknelSi

igi msajulia, xolo qveyanaSi mis ukvdavsayofad uruqis kedelia daasparezobebi, romlebic mis saxelze imarTeba. erTi Sumerul-aqadu-ri bilingva gvauwyebs: gilgameSis Tve. mecxre dRes (an cxra dRes)Wabukebi erTmaneTTan saWidaod qalaqis karibWesTan gamodian.

5/19/2018

46/213

45

* * *

msoflio mwerlobis uZvelesi eposis gilgameSianis aRmomCenadSeiZleba CaiTvalos londoneli jorj smiTi yofili stambis mu-Saki, lursmuli teqstebis amwyobi, SemdgomSi swavluli asiriolo-gi; aRmoCenis TariRad 1872 weli, roca jorj smiTma gamoarkvia,rom mis mier britaneTis muzeumSi mikvleuli dafa, warRvnis ambavirom ewera zed, Seadgenda vrceli, Tormetdafiani eposis erT mcirenawils. mas Semdeg, asi wlis manZilze axali aRmoCenebiT ivseboda

eposis teqsti, da masze dRes ufro meti ram viciT, vidre asi wlis wi-naT misma pirvelaRmomCenma icoda. magram sruli saxiT igi mainc armoRweula Cvenamde: dResdReobiT xelTa gvaqvs eposis mxolod orimesamedi nawili.

Cvenamde SemorCenili fragmentebi mowmobs ramdenime versiis arsebo-bas: erTia mokle Zvelbabilonuri versia, romelic Zv. w. XVIII-XVII ss.-iTTariRdeba. kolofonebis mixedviT misi saTauria aRmatebuli [kacTa]zeda (SuTur eli); meorea vrceli aSuruli, e. w. ninevuri, romelicmefe aSurbanifalis (668-627 w. Zv.w.) biblioTekis nangrevebSi aRmoCndada XII-XI ss.-iT aris daTariRebuli. es versia Tormeti dafisgan Sed-geba da biblioTekis katalogebSi Setanili iyo saTauriT romelmasiRrme ixila (Sa nakba imuru); mesamea periferiuli, anu versiebi,romlebic savaraudod SuamdinareTis (aSurisa da babilonis) fargle-

bs gareT aris Seqmnili ufro adre (Zv. w. XV-XIV ss.), vidre ninevuriversia Camoyalibdeboda. aseTebia: fragmentebi Zveli israelis qalaqmegidodan, sulTan-Tefedan da boRaz-qoidan (mcire azia).

eposis popularobas mowmobs misi fragmentebi xeTur da xuritulenebze, romlebic Tavisufali Targmanebis STabeWdilebas tovebs,Tumca, SesaZloa, isini damoukidebeli versiebi iyos. gilgameSis epo-

5/19/2018

47/213

46

sis fragmentebi aRmoCenilia Crdilo siriis naqalaqar eblaSi, rome-lic, rogorc qalaq-saxelmwifo, Zv. w. III-II aTaswleulSi yvaoda. ro-

gorc fragmentebidan Cans, am qalaq-saxelmwifoSi eposis Taviseburivarianti Seqmnila, romelic sagrZnoblad unda yofiliyo gansxvave-buli Zvelbabilonuri versiisgan. samwuxarod, metismeti fragmentu-lobis gamo maTi gamoyeneba TargmanSi ver moxerxda.

miuxedavad Zvelbabilonuri versiis aRiarebuli originalobisada siZvelisa, aSuruli versia warmoadgens kanonikur teqsts da amo-savals im hipoTeturi mTlianobis dasadgenad, sadac yvela sxva versia

poulobs Tavis adgils. igi gviCvenebs eposis ganviTarebis erT-erT dasaboloo etaps, romlis Semdeg igi aRar gadamuSavebula. aSurbanifa-lis biblioTekaSi daculi teqsti (aris azri, rom zogierTi dafa TavadaSurbanifalis mier aris Cawerili). warmoadgens gilgameSis eposis uka-nasknel saxes da masSia asaxuli ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi mis Sinaarszeda mizandasaxulobaze es garemoeba, upirveles yovlisa, Cans prologSida gvian damatebul me-12 dafaSi. Tu Zvelbabilonuri versia iwyebodauSualod gilgameSis portretiT, rogorc me-2 dafis kolofonidan Cans,aSuruli versiis avtori garkveuli mxatvruli da ideuri mosazrebe-biT eposs iwyebs prologiT, romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari interpola-ciad miiCnevs. amgvari interpretacia amosavlad Zvelbabilonur versiasgulisxmobs, romelic arc SedgenilobiT da arc ideurad ar emTxvevamogviano aSurul versias. magram ar iqneboda marTebuli am axali ga-

damuSavebisadmi interpolaciis cnebis miyeneba, radgan winaaRmdeg Se-mTxvevaSi ara Tu prologi, aramed bevri sxva pasaJi, rac Zvel versiaSiar arsebula, interpolaciad unda CaiTvalos. aq ufro saqme gvaqvs axalSemoqmedebasTan. aSuruli versiis saTauri (romelman siRrme ixila...)garkveuli Tvalsazrisis gamomxatvelia, iseve rogorc me-12 dafis mima-tebis faqti. dafaTa am ricxvis gamo Zveli mkvlevarebi gilgameSis eposs

5/19/2018

48/213

47

miiCnevdnen astraluri mizandasaxulobis Semcvel nawarmoebad, sadacTiToeuli dafa TiTqos dakavSirebulia zodiakos saxlTan, romelsac

mzesTan erTad gadis solaruli gmiri gilgameSi. Tumca yuradRebasipyrobs gmiris Tanaziareba mzis RmerTTan rogorc eposSi, ise xTo-nur kultSi, da misi svla mzis gzaze (SamaSis gzaze), magram ramdenadaces tendencia sxva punqtebSi (dafebis Sefardeba weliwadis TveebTan anzodiakos niSnebTan) ar Cans, amdenad Zneli xdeba am Tvalsazrisis gazia-reba. dRes igi uaryofilia mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesobis mier.

TiToeuli dafa mTavrdeboda Semdegi Sinaarsis minaweriT, kolo-

foniT: dafa meamdene. vinc siRrme ixila. gilgameSis nakveTi. Tanax-mad Zveli dednisa Cawerilia da Semowmebuli. zogierT dafas axlavsSeniSvna: ar dasrulebula (nu-til), bolo dafas dasrulda (al-Til). zogierTi kolofoni Caweris TariRsac iZleva. uaxlesi Canawe-rebi elinistur xanas ekuTvnis (Zv. w. 127 w.). erTi versiis me-10 dafaselevkosisa da antioqosis babilonSi mefobiT (Zv. w. me-3 s.-is dasawyi-si) aris daTariRebuli. dauzianebeli, sruli saxiT TiTqmis arc erTidafa ar aris Semonaxuli. striqonTa Soris intervalis zoma saSuale-bas iZleva ganisazRvros striqonTa raodenoba TiToeul dafaSi: 300striqoni, rac 12 dafis kvalobaze iZleva 3600 striqons (sagulisxmoa,rom es ricxvi warmoadgens erT-erT mrgval ricxvs SuamdinaruliTvlis samocobiT sistemaSi 6060).

eposis mTliani teqsti pirvelad gamoica gasuli saukunis dasawyis-

Si P. Jensen, Assyrisch-babylonische Mythen und Epen, Berlin, 1900, axalifragmentebis SevsebiT 1930 wels: Reginald Campbell Thompson, The Epicof Gilgamesh: text, transliteration, and notes, Clarendon Press, Oxford.bolos, di-dixnis intervalis Semdeg, 2003 wels kvlav gamoqveynda eposis lurs-muli teqstebis korpusi transkripciiTa da inglisuri sityvasityviTiTargmaniTurT, romelic samocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mopovebul

5/19/2018

49/213

48

fragmentebs Seicavs: A.R. George, The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic: Introduc-tion, Critical Edition and Cuneiform Texts, 2 vols. Oxford: Oxford University Press,

2003, XXXXVI, 986gv. lursmuli teqstis transkripcia mocemulia wig-nis pirvel tomSi (531-741 gv.). Tu 1930 wlis gamocemaSi sxvadasxva ver-siisa da redaqciis 108 fragmenti iyo gamoqvenebuli, axali gamocema184 fragments Seicavs, maTgan 25 manamde sruliad ucnobi iyo.

saqarTveloSi, gasagebi mizezebis gamo, didia interesi am uZvele-si eposisadmi. pirvelad igi Targmna cnobilma sazogado moRvawem daswavlulma mixeil (mixako) wereTelma (1878-1965), romelic eqvTime Ta-

yaiSvilis rCeviT dainteresda asiriologiiT da swavlobda mecniere-bis am dargs londonis, laipcigisa da haidelbergis universitetebSi,asiriologiis Zlier centrebSi. ocian wlebSi, im dros, roca germa-nul, inglisur da frangul enebze jer kidev TiTo-orola Targmaniarsebobda, xolo sxva evropul enebze saerTod arc iyo Targmnili.m. wereTelma gamoaqveyna qarTuli Targmani calke wignad, romelicamJamad bibliografiuli iSviaTobaa da amitomac saWirod mimaCnia misisatitulo warweris mTlianad motana: gilgameSiani: babilonuri epo-si mesame aTaswleulisa qr. w. babilonur teqstTagan Targmnili m. we-reTlis mier mTargmnelis SeniSvnebiTurT. gamocema konstantinepolisq. k. savanisa konstantinepoli. sabeWdavi qarTvelTa kaTolike savanisa1924. am wignSi, romelic Seicavs 138 gverds, mTlianad aris naTargm-ni im droisaTvis arsebuli fragmentebi gilgameSis eposisa. Targmans

erTvis originaluri gamokvleva, sadac gamovlenilia paralelebihomerosis poemebTan, dantes jojoxeTTan, msoflio folklorulnimuSebTan da, rac mTavaria, vefxistyaosanTan. movigonoT, wersmTargmneli gamokvlevaSi, Cveni ukvdavi rusTavelis qmnilebac, ve-fxistyaosani: gaWra tarielisa nestanis saZebnelad, cxovreba misimxecebTan, vefxistyaosnoba, lom-vefxis xocva, kveba nadiris xorciTa

5/19/2018

50/213

49

es xom gilgameSis saqmec iyo... (gv. 107). manve pirvelma gaamaxvilayuradReba megobrobis saerTo motivze am or eposSi, agreTve sxva mo-

tivebze, gansakuTrebiT: SevadaroT agreTve locva avTandilisa cismnaTobTadmi da locva gilgameSisa SamaSisadmi, sinisadmi da iStari-sadmi RmerTTadmi, romelnic babilonelTa warmodgeniT cis mnaTob-nic iyvnen (gv. 108). es usaTuod sagulisxmo paralelia, miT umetes, romorivegan locva mnaTobTa mimarT gzaSi xdeba, xolo gzac orive eposSimniSvnelovani konceptualuri momentia. Sors wagviyvanda m. wereTli-seuli gamokvlevis Tundac zerele ganxilva, is ki unda aRiniSnos, rom

asiriologiisa da, kerZod, gilgameSis eposis Seswavlis imdroindelidonisaTvis igi qarTuli filologiuri mecnierebis Zvirfasi SenaZeniiyo. mecnieri am problematikas Semdgom aRar Sehxebia da, samwuxarod,arc gilgameSianis meore gamocemaze uzrunia.

m. wereTlis gilgameSianis Semdeg gilgameSis eposis sami gansxva-vebuli Targmani gamoqveynda:

akademiuri Targmani:1. gilgameSis eposi, aqaduridan Targmna da komentarebi daurTo

z. kiknaZem, saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba,1963. es aris akademiuri, bwkareduli Targmani yvela versiisa dafragmentisa, axlavs vrceli filologiuri xasiaTis komentarebi dagamokvleva.

mxatvruli Targmanebi:

2. gilgameSi, romelman siRrme ixila..., aqaduridan Targmna z. kik-naZem, nakaduli, 1963. es aris mxatvruli Targmani.3. gilgameSiani, Zveli Suamdinaruli eposi, aqaduridan da Sumeru-

lidan Targmna z. kiknaZem, ganaTleba, Tb., 1984. es gamocema sagrZ-noblad aris gadamuSavebuli: gadaxalisebulia enobrivi qsovili,teqstSi Camatebulia zogierTi, manamde gamouyenebeli fragmenti, zo-

5/19/2018

51/213

50

gjer Secvlilia fragmentTa Tanamimdevrobac, ris gamoc dedniseuldafebs aRar daemTxva Targmaniseuli dayofa Tavebad; swored amitom

Tavebs ewoda ara dafa, aramed kari; meTormete dafis teqsti, ro-gorc eposisTvis araorganuli, gadatanilia damatebaSi, im teqstTan,romlis nawilsac igi warmoadgens. erTiani teqstis aRqmis gasaad-vileblad calkeuli epizodebi dasaTaurebulia mTargmnelis mierda frCxilebSia Casmuli imis niSnad, rom isini dedniseuli ar aris.m. wereTlis kvalze nawarmoebis saTaurad nacvlad gilgameSisa angilgameSis eposisa dasmulia gilgameSiani.

oriode sityva Cveni Targmanis axali gamocemis teqstis Sesaxeb. igiZiriTadad imeorebs 1984 wlis Targmanis teqsts, magram bunebrivia,axal gamocemaSi aisaxeboda is masala, romelic eposis originaluriteqstis ukanasknel gamocemaSia warmodgenili (ix. zemoT: A..R. George,The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic).kerZod, axali striqonebiT Seivso pro-logi, romelic aris gilgameSis erTgvari Curriculum vitae; enqiduzegilgameSis glovis teqsts aseve Seemata stiqonebi, ramac kidev ufro

dramatuli gaxada es pasaJi. striqonebi Caemata xumbabasa da uTanafiS-Tis epizodebs, gasworda zogierTi uzustoba. unda iTqvas, rom bevriaxladgamovlenili teqsti imdenad fragmentulia, rom mxatvrul Targ-manSi misi gamoyeneba ar xerxdeba. mas mxolod eposis SeswavlisTvis,kerZod, epizodebis dasazusteblad SeiZleba hqondes mniSvneloba.

zurab kiknaZe

1983/2009

5/19/2018

52/213

5/19/2018

53/213

5/19/2018

54/213

53

dafa pirveli

(winkari _ Sesxma)

1 romelman siRrme ixila, qveynis safuZveli,yoveli Seicno, STaibeWda,idumalebani vinc srulad ganWvrita, sibrZnis mflobelma, yovlis mecnaurma,saunjes miagno, gaxsna dafaruli,mcneba mogvitana warRvnamdel dReTa.Sori gziT iara, damaSvrali dabrunda;qvaze amokveTa yoveli gancdili.uruqis qalaqs zRude Semoavlo

10 wmida eanas kurTxeul beRels.axede zRudes, lariviT gamarTuls!qvakuTxeds daxede mis dars vin Seqmnis!zRurbls xeli Seaxe, Soridan motanils!eanas moadeq, iSTaris samyofels,ris dars momavali ver Seqmnis mefe!uruqis zRudeze adi, gaiare,saZirkvels Caxede, aguri mosinje,

iqneb gamomwvari ar iyos aguri?

5/19/2018

55/213

54

iqneb gamomwvari ar iyos aguri?iqneb Svid brZenkacs libo ar Caedos?

20 ixile dafaTa skivri kedarisa,gaxseni misi brinjaos saketi,

amoiRe laJvardis dafa, waikiTxe yvela gasaWiri, gilgameSs rac gadaxda.

yvela mefeze upiratesia,uruqis mamaci naSieri, mrqeneli xari,

win midis winamZRolia,ukan midis Tavis moZmeTa imedia,Zlieri napiri, mcveli Tavisi xalxisa,mZvinvare talRa, qvis kedlis mngreveli,

30 lugalbandas mozveri, srulqmnili Zalisa,didebuli furis ZuZunawovi, fur-ninsunasi,

maRalia gilgameSi, srulqmnili, zardamcemi,gamxsneli mTianeTis gadasasvlelTa,gamTxreli Webisa mTaTa ferdobebze,vrcel zRvaTa wiaRmsvleli mzis aRmosavlamde,samyaros kideTa momxilveli, sicocxlis mZebneli.mpovneli uTanafiSTisa Tavisi ZaliT.

aRmdgeneli sakurTxevelTa, warRvnam rom waleka,kacTaTvis wesTa damamkvidrebeli.40 vin aris misi msgavsi mefeTa Soris? da gilgameSiviT vin ityvis: mefe var! gilgameSi aqvs saxelad SobiTganve,

aRzevebulia kacTa modgmaze,

tanSi RmerTebis xorci Cadgmia

5/19/2018

56/213

55

tanSi RmerTebis xorci Cadgmia,ori mesamedi RmerTia, erTi mesamedi kaci,

misi sxeulis xati beleTcerim gamosaxa,misi aRnaqvsi nudimmudma srulyo,Tavs adgas uruqis samefo gvirgvini,mozveriviT dadis qedmaRali,

50 toli ara hyavs laxtis moqnevaSi,uruq-farexSi midi-modis,

(gilgameSis zvaoba)

dafdafis xmaze amxedrebs meomrebs.idumal drtvinaven uruqis moymeni:

ar uSvebs gilgameSi vaJs Tavis mamasTan, asuls dedasTan,

dRedaRam zvaobs qedmaRali.igi xom mwyemsia uruq-farexis?igi xom Cveni mwyemsi da mefea?

Zlieri, brwyinvale da brZenTabrZeni?60 ar uSvebs gilgameSi qalwuls saqmrosTan,meomris asuls, sasZlos moymisas.

SeesmaT RmerTebs maTi Civili: ~Tqven SeqmeniT amayi xari uruq-farexSi,

toli ara hyavs laxtis moqnevaSi

5/19/2018

57/213

56

toli ara hyavs laxtis moqnevaSi,dafdafis xmaze amxedrebs meomrebs.

ar uSvebs gilgameS vaJs Tavis mamasTan,asuls dedasTan.dRedaRam mZvinvarebs misi zvaoba,maTi Civili moesma anus.

70 ~aruru! SesZaxes, ~didebulo!~~aruru, Seni Seqmnilia mamaci mamri.

Seqmeni axla misi oreuli,mis gulis grigals gautoldes!dawyvildnen, uruqs Sveba moeces!

(enqidus Seqmna)

ra esma arurus sityvebi igi,cis RmerTis xati gulSi Caisaxa.merme ganibana xelni arurum,

Tixa mozila, velze daagdo,velad moavlina gmiri enqidu,

80 velTa naSieri ninurTas Zalisa.banjgvlebs daufaravs sxeuli misi,Tmebi mozrdia dedakaciviT,nisabas darad ahyria varjebi.ar icis xalxi, arc mkvidri mxare,tanT sumukanis samosi mosavs.

qurcikTan erTad saZovrad dadis,

5/19/2018

58/213

57

qu c k e d v d d d ,farasTan erTad wyaros ewafeba,

pirutyvTan erTad wyliT guls ijerebs.

(monadiris ambavi)

vinme monadire, maxeTa damgebi,

90 wyaros win Seeyreba enqidus. erT dRes, meore dRes, mesame dRes wyaros win Seeyreba enqidus.

Sexedavs monadire, saxe moeqceva:jogs Semohyolia mis sanaxebSi!SeSinda, gaxevda, dadumda,

guli SeuRonda, saxe moeRrubla,wuxili Sevida mis SiganSi,saxe gauxda Sori gziT mavalis.

monadirem daZra bage, ametyvelda,100 ase eubneba mamamiss:

mamav, vixile me moyme vinme,udabnodan jogs Semohyolia,mtkicea Zali misi am qveynad,anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula.maradJams velad iareba,maradJams jogTan erTad wyaros ewafeba,

maradJams wyaros win uwyvia fexebi,

5/19/2018

59/213

58

dJ wy w uwyv fe e ,SevSindi, axlos ver mivedi.

aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili,110 daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli,xelidan maclis udabnos nadirs,aRar manebebs velze nadirobas.

daZra mamamisma bage, ametyvelda,

ase eubneba monadires: uruq-qalaqSi mkvidrobs gilgameSi, aravin uvis Tavisze Zlieri, mtkicea Zali misi am qveynad, anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebuli. wadi, uruqisken ibrune piri,

120 amcne ambavi ima moymisa,roskips mogiCens, Tan waiyole velurs gaxednis Zlieri mamriviT.odes veluri jogs wyalTan miiyvans,SemoiZarcvos qalma samoseli,gamoaCinos simwife Tvisi;

Sexedavs veluri, miuaxlovdeba, jogi zurgs Seaqcevs, mis velze gazrdili.

esma monadires rCeva mamisa, gaswia, uruqisken ibruna piri.

130 daZra monadirem bage, ametyvelda,

5/19/2018

60/213

59

d d e ge etyveldase eubneba gilgameSs:

gilgameS, vixile me moyme vinme,udabnodan jogs Semohyolia,mtkicea Zali misi am qveynad,anus laSqariviT ganmtkicebula.maradJams velad iareba,maradJams jogTan erTad wyaros ewafeba.

maradJams wyaros win uwyvia fexebi,SevSindi, axlos ver mivedi.140 aavso Txrilebi, Cemi daTxrili,

daSala maxeni, Cemi dagebuli.xelidan maclis udabnos nadirs,aRar manebebs velze nadirobas.

gilgameSma daZra bage, ametyvelda,ase eubneba monadires:

wadi, monadirev, waiyole SamxaT roskipi, roca veluri jogs wyalTan miiyvans, SemoiZarcvos qalma samoseli,

gamoaCinos simwife Tvisi.150 Sexedavs veluri, miuaxlovdeba,jogi zurgs Seaqcevs, mis velze gazrdili.

(enqidus Secdena)

5/19/2018

61/213

60

wavida monadire, waiyola SamxaT roskipi.gzas gahyvnen, mgzavrobas Seudgnen. daTqmul velamde sam dReSi mividnen;

Casafrdnen roskipi da monadire;ori dRe isxdnen wyaros napiras.bolos movida jogi wylis sasmelad,

movidnen mxecebi, wyliT guls ixareben,maT mohyva enqiduc, velze naSobi.160 qurcikTan erTad saZovrad dadis,

gareul jogTan wyaros ewafeba,mxecebTan erTad wyliT guls ijerebs.ixila SamxaTma veluri kaci,

moyme gareuli, velTa wiaRisa.ha, igi, SamxaT, Seixsen mkerdida kalTa Seni gadaiSiSvle;odes daginaxavs, axlos modgeba.dae, aiRos simwife Seni,nu daimorcxveb, waarTvi jani.

170 samosi dafine, zed dagawveba,diacis saqme uqmeni velursros vneba misi garsSemogenTeba,jogi zurgs Seaqcevs, mis velze gazrdili.

maSin SamxaTma Seixsna mkerdi,

5/19/2018

62/213

61

da kalTa Tvisi gadaiSiSvla,

enqidum aiRo simwife misi,qalma ar imorcxva, jani waarTva,samosi dafina, daawva enqidu.diacis saqme aCvena velurs.

180 da vneba misi garsSemoenTo.eqvs dRes da Svid Rames nerbavda SamxaTs,

da ra daucxra enqidus vneba,piri ibruna Tavis jogisaken;xedavs enqidu garbis qurciki,da velur jogsac zurgi uqcevia.wamoxta enqidu Sekvria sxeuli,muxlebi daudga, jogs veRar mihyveba.

dasustda enqidu, ver irbens Zvelebur,magram gabrZenda, ganevrco goneba.

190 mobrunda, SamxaTs muxlebTan daujda.Sehyurebs enqidu saxeSi roskips,da rasac SamxaT roskipi etyvis,

ismenen misni sasmenelni.ase eubneba enqidus roskipi;mSvenieri xar, RvTisdaro enqiduv,rad daZrwi velad gareul jogTan?modi, galavnian uruqs wamomyevi,migiyvan brwyinvale, RvTaebriv saxlSi,

anus da iSTaris binad migiyvan!

5/19/2018

63/213

62

200 sad gilgameSia, siqveliT sruli,

xalxze rom mZlavrobs mozveriviT,Seiyvareb Sens Tavze umetes,raki Senc misi msgavsi yofilxar.wamo, daagde udabnos sawoli!

ase mouTxrobda enqidus SamxaTi.

sityva Seiwynara, miendo naubarsda rCeva qalisa gulSi Cauvarda.megobars natrobs veluris guli,da ase etyvis enqidu roskips:

210 SamxaT, galavnian uruqs wamiyvane,mimiyvane brwyinvale, RvTaebriv saxlSi,

anus da iSTaris binad mimiyvane.sad gilgameSia, siqveliT sruli,xalxze rom mZlavrobs mozveriviT,ar Sevepuebi, amayad vetyvi,viyvireb uruqSi: uZleveli var!es me var, bedi vinac icvala,

Zlevamosilia velTa naSieri!wavideT, enqidu, me Segaxvedreb,220 vici gilgameSis bina-samyofeli.

wavideT, enqidu, galavnian uruqs,sad xalxi brwyinavs didebul samosSi,sadac zeimia maradJamieri,

sadac utkbilesi galoba ismis,s r s p r n q s

5/19/2018

64/213

63

sadac roskipTa turfaa anaqvsi,

simwifiT hyvavian surneliT savseni,Tavad didkacebsac sawols ar uyofen.hoi, enqiduv, lxinis unaxavo,giCveneb gilgameSs kacs dalxinebuls,

230 ixile igi, mis saxes Sexede,siqveliT mSvenia da mamrul ZaliT,

simwifiT hyvavis sxeuli misi.ver Seedrebi ZaliT gilgameSs,igi ar isvenebs arc dRiT, arc RamiT.enqidu, ganagde Seni siamaye!zeciur SamaSs uyvars gilgameSi,anum enlilma da eam ganuvrces goneba.

vidre moxvidodi Seni velebidan,sizmrad gxedavda uruqSi gilgameSi.

(gilgameSis sizmrebi)

240 adga gilgameSi sizmris asaxsnelad,ase eubneba dedas:dedav, mesizmra wuxel sizmari:viTa RvTaebrivi anus mxedrobamomvlenodnen zecis varskvlavebi.Cems win ecemoda varskvlavi erTi:

aweva vcade, simZimem damZala;w b r Z r

5/19/2018

65/213

64

waReba vcade, ver davZari.

uruqis eri idga mis ukan,eri Seikriba mis winaSe,250 xalxi awydeboda irgvliv,

moymeni axlos jgufdebodnen,Cvili bavSvebiviT fexebs ukocnidnen.me ki movexvie viTarca sasZlos,

da Sens winaSe davagde igi,raTa sworgeyo igi Cems mimarT.

deda gilgameSisa, brZeni, yovlismcodne,Tavis Zes ase eubneba;furi ninsuna, brZeni, yovlismcodne,

ase eubneba gilgameSs:260 zecis varskvlavi rom gaCnda Sens winaSe,anus ZalasaviT Sen win rom daeca,

rom scade aweva, simZimem dagZala,rom scade waReba, da ver dasZari,merme Cems winaSe rom daagde,raTa swormeyo igi Sens mimarT,viT