5 koh kheng water resources 2009 (wuhan)

7/30/2019 5 Koh Kheng Water Resources 2009 (Wuhan)

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7th Colloquium of the IUCN Academy ofEnvironmental Law

Wuhan, China----------------------------------------------

Water / Freshwater Resources: Law, Policy andGovernance

Singapore Case Study

------------------------------------Dr KOH Kheng-Lian

Emeritus ProfessorFaculty of LawNational University of Singapore;

Director, Asia- Pacific Centre for Environmental Law;469G Bukit Timah RoadEu Tong Sen Building

Singapore 259776Tel: (65) 6516 6246

Fax: (65) 68721937/ 67790979E-mail: [email protected]


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Stop Press!

The Centre for Aquatic Science Research (CASR)

Dutch PM Jan Peter Balkenende attended launch onFriday, 23 Oct 09Clean Water Venture:Joint Initiative bySingapore-Delft WaterAlliance comprising NUS,PUB and Delft Hydraulics.

Dr Yaacob Ibrahim ofMEWR said It is veryimportant to ensure our

water quality is beingmonitored on a continuousbasis.


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Dutch PM pointed out similar challenges to

water management between N & Spore:

(1) half of N below sea level 7 m belowsea level.

(2) melting ice from North Sea demandnew action for water management.

(3) uncertainty, unpredictability: exchangeknowledge, have shared value.


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Clean Water Venture Projects of CASR

Green Roofs

retains storm water and lessenschances of flooding (keeps homes

cool integrated approach).

experimenting with plant- basedmaterial to remove contaminants egdried seaweed from Labrador andSentosa


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contd:

- Weather monitoring: provide rain forecasts6 to 12 hours in advance instead of 1 hr.

- maximise water catchment by giving moretime to plan for heavy downpour (currently

water is released into the sea whenreservoir is full).

Many of the projects take into consideration

impact of climate change (infra)


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Introduction

I. Singapores Water Consumption, Water Supply &

Challenges

II.Water Policies, Laws, Governance & Management

A. Relevant Policies & Laws

(a) International Context

(b) ASEAN Context

(c) Singapore Policy & Legal Frameworks

B. Singapores Water Governance & Management

Conclusion


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Introduction----------------------------------------------

PUB (Singapore Utilities Board) Awards:

2006: Water Agency of the Year Award atthe Global Water Awards ( organized byGlobal Water Intelligence), Dubai.

2007: Stockholm Industry Water Award

The Award recognises innovative corporatedevelopment of water and wastewater processtechnologies, contributions to environmental

improvement through improved performance inproduction processes, new products and othersignificant contributions by businesses and industriesthat help to improve the world water situation.


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2009: PUBs Deep Tunnel Sewerage System(DTSS) won Water Project of the Year atthe Global Water Awards, Zurich

Awarded for water technology andenvironmental protection $3.65 billion issuperhighway conveys used water fromhomes and industries through 48 km tunnel

sewer and runs 20 55 m below groundto acentralized water reclamation plant fortreatment Changi Water Reclamation Plant

Capable of treating 800,000 cubic m (176 mgallons) of used water a day to intl stds.

Integral part of water management ofNEWater (infra)


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Relevant Facts and Figures

Singapore is a 646 sq km, heavily urbanised, islandcity-state in Southeast Asia, located at the southern tip of theMalayan Peninsula between Malaysia and Indonesia.

Singapore has a total land area of 699 km and 193 km ofcoastline. It is separated from Indonesia by theSingaporeStrait and from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor (2008)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Singapore

Population: 4, 839.4 (2008)

Source: http://www.entersingapore.info/sginfo/country-facts.php

Warm and fairly humid summer temperatures throughoutthe year (approximately 30C/86F during the day and

23C/74F in the evening). There is no distinct wet/dryseason. Most rain falls during the northeast monsoon(November to January) and showers are usually suddenand heavy.

Source: http://www.worldtravelguide.net/country/250/climate/South-East-Asia/Singapore.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Johorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Johorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Singaporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straits_of_Johorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Straithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_Peninsulahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urbanisedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore


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I. Water Consumption, Water Supply &

Challenges-------------------------------------------------------

A. Water Consumption

Domestic water demand is 724, 000 cubicmetres per day (157 litres per capita perday), 2007.

Aim to reduce to 155 litres a day.


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Singapore Consumption Trends

Accessed on 28 May 07 -


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B. Water Supply

The "four tap" strategy aims to reduce reliance on foreignsupply and to diversify Singapore's water sources:

1. Reservoirs and catchments

About 680,000 m3 (or 149.58 million gallons) ofSingapores water consumption is sourced from reservoirsand catchment areas in the city. Represents about 60% ofthe countrys daily needs.

2005 - fourteen raw water reservoirs in Singapore (seemap).Since 2005 3 more added. Reservoir in the City(Marina Reservoir completed end 2008); Punggal &Serangoon. Reservoirs.

Marina Reservoir will meet 10% of Singapores currentwater demand (infra).

Source: http://www.eco-asia.info/content/en/sp-marina-barrage,

accessed 15 September 2009
http://www.eco-asia.info/content/en/sp-marina-barragehttp://www.eco-asia.info/content/en/sp-marina-barragehttp://www.eco-asia.info/content/en/sp-marina-barragehttp://www.eco-asia.info/content/en/sp-marina-barragehttp://www.eco-asia.info/content/en/sp-marina-barragehttp://www.eco-asia.info/content/en/sp-marina-barragehttp://www.eco-asia.info/content/en/sp-marina-barragehttp://www.eco-asia.info/content/en/sp-marina-barrage


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Primary domestic source ofwater is rainfall,

collected in reservoirs or water catchment

areas.

Prior to the opening of the Marina Bayreservoir, rainfall supplied approximately

30% of Singapore's water; that should nowbe about 47% due to the additionalcatchment area.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_catchment_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_catchment_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_catchment_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_catchment_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir_(water)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainfallhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water


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2. Desalination

13 September2005, first desalination plant by .SingSpring is majority-owned by CitySpringInfrastructure Trust (CitySpring).

Located at Tuas, can produce 30 million gallons ofwater (136,380 m) each day. Worth S$200 million,it is one of the biggest in the world and meets 10percent of the country's water needs.

Sea water is forced through plastic membranes withmicroscopic pores to extract dissolved salts. Silt isremoved by dousing the seawater with chemicalsthat coagulate the particles.

Brime is discharged into the sea experiment beingdone as to impact and what can be done ( see TanYong Soon & others, Clean, Green and Blue ( 2009) ).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resources_of_Singapore
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySpring_Infrastructure_Trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySpring_Infrastructure_Trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySpring_Infrastructure_Trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySpringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySpring_Infrastructure_Trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySpring_Infrastructure_Trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySpringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySpringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySpring_Infrastructure_Trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CitySpring_Infrastructure_Trusthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desalinationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_13


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3. NEWater

NEWater factories - Bedok, Krangi

and Seletar, and Water Reclamation Plants,producing about 32 million US gallons perday (1.4 m/s). These four NEWater plantscan meet 15 % of Singapore's water needs.

Some of the NEWater is used at waferfabrication plants and other non-potableapplications in industries. The rest is fedinto nearby reservoirs.

Fifth NEWater plant at Changi in 2010 -capacity of 50 million gallons per day,NEWater will be able to meet 30% ofSingapore's water requirements throughrecycling.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedokhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seletarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_fabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_fabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_fabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_fabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafer_fabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seletarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedok


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Today, Singapore has water flowing out of

the 4 taps and will continue to do so

because of the nation's policy of ensuring itsfour water sources: reflects national

security.

It will invest about S$330 million over thenext five years to develop the local water

industry. - CNA /ls

4. Imported Water from Johor, Malaysia(infra)


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C. Water Challenges & Solutions (Current & Past)

1. Climate impact and adaptation Water Supply:

Impact

- Increase in annual precipitation for Southeast Asiawith a median of +7%

- Increase in the frequency of extreme warm and wetseasons and decrease in the frequency of extreme

dry seasons

Programmes

Expanding Local Catchments

Marina Reservoir

Punggol & Serangoon Reservoirs

Diversifying into drought-resistant water sources NEWater Desalinated water


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Climate Change Impact

Expected increase in

intensity of extremerainfall

Expected sea level rise (upto 59 cm)

Drainage AdaptationPolicies/Programmes

Review of drainage

design criteria Set platform level forland reclamation at least1.25m above highestrecorded tide level

Locate keyinfrastructures at least1-m above highestrecorded flood level

Drainage infrastructureand improvementprogrammes

Building up RainfallForecast Capability

Source: http://www2.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/c40/c40tokyo/pdf/session2/singapore.p


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2. Multiplicity of uses- domestic, commercial,industrial, sanitation (competing).

3. Increase supply of water from non-conventional sources, such as desalinationand water reclamation, to at least 25% ofSingapore's water demand.

4.Reduce per capita domestic waterconsumption to 155 litres a day by 2012.

5.Urbanization, fast changing socio-economic conditions (if population reaches6 million).


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5. Shared water resources with Johor tension(infra)

6. How to Price Water (Impact on Users)

- Important leverage in managing our waterdemand.

- Reflects scarcity and the high incremental costs ofadditional water supplies. The Water ConservationTax (WCT) is charged to encourage prudent use ofwater.

- Currently, potable water and used water are pricedseparately. As potable water and used water arenow part of the same water loop, it is timely to viewboth as a single product. PUB considering movingtowards charging a single price, as this betterreflects the holistic manner in managing waterresources.


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7. Sanitary Appliance Fee (SAF) charge per unit.Feedback that the SAF confusing, since having moresanitary appliances may not result in more used waterbeing discharged. Charging on the basis of volume of water

used will thus be more equitable. Currently, used waterfees have two components, comprising the SAF andWaterborne Fee (WBF). PUB considering restructuring theSAF and WBF into a single volumetric fee, and charging asingle price for both potable water and used water.

The domestic water tariff has a two-tier structure, with thethreshold between the two tiers set at 40 cubic metres per

month. A higher price is charged for the second tier todiscourage excessive use.

Based on current average per capita consumption of 158litres per day, 40 cubic metres would be sufficient for largefamilies of up to 8 persons. The majority of households inSingapore consume less than 40 cubic metres monthly.

Hence, 40 cubic metres is a reasonable threshold, beyondwhich a higher tariff applies in order to encourage waterconservation.

http://app.mewr.gov.sg/web/contents/Contents.aspx?ContId=844


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8. Flood Prevention and Control

Over the past 30 years, PUB invested $2 billion indrainage infrastructure - reduced flood prone areasfrom more than 3,000 ha in the 1970s to 127 ha

today. The flood on 19 Dec 2006 was a good test ofthe efficacy of drainage system. Despite receiving thethird highest rainfall in 75 years on that day, themajority of the drainage system held up well, withsome flooding in isolated pockets of Singapore.

PUB has an ongoing drainage improvement programto reduce flood-prone areas from 127 ha to 66 ha by2011. As it appears that we could see more instancesof extreme weather, PUB will accelerate the drainageimprovement program. These will be completedwithin the next 3 years instead of 5 years asoriginally planned, at a total cost of about $175 mil

($176.3 mil).

See Clean Water Venture of CASR (GreenRoofs,supra)


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9. Warning System- to strengthen earlywarning system & flood alleviationmeasures.

- Every occurrence of extreme weather is atest of the drainage system and the floodalleviation measures that PUB has put inplace. At places where they have not, PUB

will investigate and implement long-termmeasures in Bedok North, Commonwealthand Joan Road areas. While the long-termmeasures are underway, PUB will also put inplace interim measures. The aim is tominimise and prevent recurrence in the

same location.

See latest research, early warningmeasures, 6 to 12 hrs in advance,supra.


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10. Wastewater system

Singapore has grown over last 20 years, so has itswaste problems. To meet the environmental

demands associated with continued economic andpopulation growth, PUB sought to replace the entiresanitary services infrastructure with one that canhandle wastewater needs for the next 100 years.PUB, in joint venture, has helped to meet thischallenge through the islands new Deep TunnelSewerage System (DTSS), a complex andgroundbreaking undertaking that surpasses theexisting infrastructure in reliability, ease andeconomy of operation. The gravity-fed, island-widesystemwith built-in growth capacity and waterquality improvementswill be critical to handlingSingapore's burgeoning waterfront renaissance.The

project, which features contractors and designconsultants from eight countries, "is truly aninternational effort," And it's not a piecemeal effort.It's a complete conversion to a new infrastructure.


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contd:

Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (Phase 1),

SingaporeUS$2.5 billion deep tunnel sewer system tomeet Singapore's needs for wastewatercollection, treatment and disposal for thenext 100 years. Phase 1 of the scheme was

completed in 2008, and comprises a 48km-long deep tunnel, a centralised waterreclamation plant, a network of link sewersand a deep-sea outfall.

Who is responsible? PUB is the client. CH2M

Hill and Parsons Brinckerhoff conducted thefeasibility study. MWH provided design andconstruction supervision of the outfall.Phase one of the DTSS project involved 49main contractors and consultants, and more

than 300 sub-contractors and suppliers.


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The deep tunnel sewer system (DTSS) is a major steptowards ensuring the long-term sustainability ofSingapore's water resources. With a diameter of up to sixmetres, the 48km-long North Tunnel was built in six phasesalong a specially selected route at a depth of up to 50

metres below ground, using trenchless technology. Thecolossal engineering challenge is matched only by PUB'svisionary foresight.

The Changi Water Reclamation Plant, completed in 2008,will initially treat 800,000m3/d of gravity-fed wastewaterfrom the deep tunnel. The plant is mainly built

underground, and its compact design means it occupiesless than a third of the area needed for a conventionallayout. The treated effluent will be used to produceNEWater at a unique second plant, which will be built onthe roof of the Changi WRP.

The implementation of the DTSS will have far-reachingeffects beyond wastewater treatment and reuse. Landcomes at a premium in Singapore, and thedecommissioning of old pumping stations and wastewatertreatment plants will free up valuable land for other uses.

http://www.globalwaterawards.com/2009/tunnel.html


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The Deep Tunnel Sewerage System (DTSS) was conceived as along term solution to meet the needs for used water collection,treatment and disposal to serve the development of Singaporethrough the 21st Century.

Today, Singapore is 100% sewered. However, as we continueto grow and urbanise, we will need to build more pumpingstations and expand water reclamation plants to collect andtreat used water. These take up precious land and requirehuge investments in costly equipment.

Thus, in 2000, PUB started building the DTSS to cater toSingapore's increasing population and expanding economy.The DTSS comprises a 48 km north tunnel stretching fromKranji to Changi, a water reclamation plant with a capacity of176 million gallons (800,000 cubic metres) per day, a 5 km seaoutfall at Changi, and some 60 km of link sewers.


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The DTSS will free up prime landcurrently used to site the existing six

water reclamation plants and about130 pumping stations, as well as thebuffer land surrounding the waterreclamation plants. The compactdesign of the Changi Water

Reclamation Plant occupies aboutone-third of the land area required fora conventional plant.

At the same time, the centralisationof the used water treatment at ChangiWater Reclamation Plant will be morecost effective.


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Tunneling works for the North Tunnel, as well asthe Spur Tunnel, which can cater for futureTunneling works for the North Tunnel, as well asthe Spur Tunnel, which can cater for future

expansion of the DTSS, have been completed.

The tunnels with diameters of up to 6 metres werebuilt at depths ranging from 20m to 50m metresbelow ground. A network of smaller link-sewerswere built to link the existing network of sewers tothe tunnels.

More than half of Singapore's used water willeventually be directed through the North Tunnel tothe Changi Water Reclamation Plant for treatment.Part of the treated effluent will then be dischargedthrough the deep sea outfall into Straits ofSingapore. The rest of the effluent will bechanneled to NEWater factories. In this way, PUBwill 'close the water loop'.expansion of the DTSS,have been completed.


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The tunnels with diameters of up to 6 metreswere built at depths ranging from 20m to50m metres below ground. A network ofsmaller link-sewers were built to link theexisting network of sewers to the tunnels.

More than half of Singapore's used waterwill eventually be directed through theNorth Tunnel to the Changi WaterReclamation Plant for treatment. Part of thetreated effluent will then be dischargedthrough the deep sea outfall into Straits ofSingapore. The rest of the effluent will bechanneled to NEWater factories. In this way,

PUB will 'close the water loop'.


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The DTSS will be constructed in two phases.The first phase of the project, beingimplemented now, comprises of 48

kilometres of tunnels stretching from Kranjito Changi; a 800,000 cubic metres per daywater reclamation plant with a 5 kilometreslong sea outfall at Changi and some 50kilometres of link-sewers. It is scheduled to

be fully operational by end 2008. Thesecond phase will consist of a deep tunnel toTuas, a water reclamation plant there withsea outfall into the Straits of Singapore, linksewers and an extension to the Changi

water reclamation plant. This phase will beimplemented after the first phase whenthere is a requirement to handle more usedwater arising from developments.

http://www.pub.gov.sg/dtss/Pages/default.aspx
http://www.pub.gov.sg/dtss/Pages/default.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/dtss/Pages/default.aspx


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11. Brine Discharge from Desalination Plant

Currently, brine is discharged into the sea.

Often, scientific models are used todetermine how far offshore the brine mustbe discharged so that tidal dischargesdilutes the brine and minimizes its impacton the marine ecosystem. Although this

method is widely used and is effective, analternative method might be to close theebrine loop in the same way the water loopwas closed with NEWater. (Tan Yong Soon& Others, Clean, Green and Blue, pp 157 -

158). Research is being conducted.

12. Run-offs from building construction.

II W t P li i L & G


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II. Water Policies, Laws & Governance

-----------------------------------------------------------------

A. Policies & Legal Frameworks

Singapores water policies reflect some of theelements in international/regional instrumentsand initiatives, eg, UN MDG, Agenda 21, WSSDPlan of Implementation, ASEAN Strategic Plan ofAction on Water Resources Management, WorldWater Forum, ADB water policy, etc (infra).

PUB Vision: Water for All - diversification; R&D in used water technologies; water quality andinternational standards; Conserve efficientuse of water, reduced water use in non domesticsectors; Value behaviour change in water use,

value water resources;

Enjoy 3Ps (public, private and people)

generate awareness; improve quality of life.

http://www.amic.org.sg/new/files/WaterSummit.pdf


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(a). International Context

1. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs),2000 Singapore

AdoptedMDGs 1/3 of the Goals depend on Water, eg MDG 7 Ensureenvironmental sustainability The goal is half , by 2015, thepropotionof people without sustainable access to safe drinkingwater and sanitation.

Goh Chok Tong (former PM), gave examples of Singaporescontributions towards the MDGs:

Water will be a critical resource in the 21st century and wehave singled it out as an area for critical attention. Throughevents such as the Singapore International Water Week, theLee Kuan Yew Water Prize and the newly formed Institute forWater Policy, Singapore hopes to promote innovative solutionsto address water shortages around the world. In August 2007,Singapore and the World Health Organisation (WHO) signed apartnership agreement to jointly promote the safemanagement of drinking water globally. Singapores PublicUtilities Board (PUB) is also working with the Asia PacificWater Forum and Asian Development Bank to help the regionattain water and sanitation-related MDGs.http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/idx_fp.asp?web_id=10
http://www.siww.com.sg/http://www.siww.com.sg/http://www.pub.gov.sg/http://www.pub.gov.sg/http://www.pub.gov.sg/http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/idx_fp.asp?web_id=10http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/idx_fp.asp?web_id=10http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/idx_fp.asp?web_id=10http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/idx_fp.asp?web_id=10http://app.mfa.gov.sg/2006/idx_fp.asp?web_id=10http://www.pub.gov.sg/http://www.pub.gov.sg/http://www.siww.com.sg/


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2. Agenda 21, see Chapter 18, Protection of the Qualityand Supply of Freshwater Resources - Application ofIntegrated Approaches to the Development, Management

and Use of Water Resources.

Spore adopted Agenda 21: The relevant programme areasfor Singapore:

A. Integrated water resources development and

management;

B. Protection of water resources, water quality andaquatic ecosystems;

D. Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation;

E. Water and sustainable urban development;..

G. Impacts of climate change on water resources.


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3. Johannesburg Plan of Implementation of the WorldSummit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)(Continuation of Agenda 21):

Increase access to sanitation to improve human health prioritizing water and sanitation in nationalsustainabledevelopment strategies .. The provision of cleandrinking water and adequate sanitation is necessary to protecthuman health and the environment. In this respect, we agree tohalve, by the year 2015, the proportion of people who are unableto reach or to afford safedrinking water (as outlined in theMillennium Declaration) and the proportion of people who do nothave access to basic sanitation, which would include actions at

all levels to:

(a) Develop and implement efficient household sanitationsystems;Provision of clean drinking water and adequate sanitation by

2015 -

Singapore has already achieved these; for sanitation last nightsoil buckets phased out in Jan 87.

http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/documents/WSSD_POI_PD/English/WSSD_PlanImpl.pdf

4 Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 (Singapore ratified in 1994)


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4. Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 (Singapore ratified in 1994)

[Note: Non- water Agreement but relevant as ecosystem approach -protectingthe source eg rivers, wetlands as critical part of water mgt.]

CBD: Recognises inland water ecosystems (COP 7 Decision VII/4)

Objectives

(a) Adopt integrated land and catchment/watershed/river basinmanagement approaches that incorporate the ecosystem approach, andthe conservation and sustainable use of inland water ecosystems,including transboundary catchments, watersheds and river basins.

(b) Encourage the adoption of such integrated watershed, catchment andriver basin management strategies to maintain, restore or improve the

quality and supply of inland water resources and the economic, social,cultural, spiritual, hydrological, biological diversity and other functionsand values of inland water ecosystems.

(c) Integrate into land-and water-use management approachesappropriate adaptive management and mitigation responses to combat,and prevent where possible, the negative impacts of climate change, ElNio, unsustainable land use and desertification on the biodiversity ofinland water ecosystems.

Marine Ecosystem- Desalination brine can affect marine ecosystem (supra)

[Singapore has not ratified the RAMSAR Convention, Bonn Convention theseMEAs recognize the water ecosystems. They escalate response .... acrosssectors such a human health, water supplyand drainage, ..]


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(b). ASEAN Context

1. ASEAN Strategic Plan of Action on WaterResources Management, 2005

Vision: attainment of sustainability ofwater to ensure sufficient water quality ofacceptable quality to meets the needs of thepeoplein terms of health, food security,

economy and environment.

Vi i 4 j t f t t


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Vision: 4 major aspects of water management:

- Access to safe water- Provision of sufficient water that will ensure

food security for the region- Provision of sufficient water to spur and

sustain the economies of the region-Protecti0n of the ewater environment to preserve

flow regimes, biodiversity and cultural heritage aswell as the mitigation of water related hazards.

Mission:

To enhance understanding of the importance of waterto the economy and livelihoods at all levels of societythrough implementatin of worlds best integrated

water resources management and capacity building.


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Objective is to inform ASEAN on the current

state of knowledge regarding water resources

data and information, data gaps and needs,

and major issues that are arising in terms of

water resources management in Member

Countries and across ASEAN Project

Contribution to Regional Integration Process

The aim of the project was to develop acoherent set of targets and actions to improvewater resources planning and management acrossall ASEAN Member Countries.

Ten project concepts were developed and

submitted to AWGWRM, namely:

ASEAN Integrated Water Resource ManagementCountry Strategy


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The Plan reflects the commitments not only

of Agenda 21 but also the MillenniumDeclaration and the Johannesburg Plan of

Implementation of WSSD in provision ofclean drinking water and adequatesanitation by 2015 ].

Singapore has already achieved these; forsanitation last night soil buckets phasedout in Jan 87); the Singapore experiencealso adopts the policies and principles in

the World Water Forum, etc

Vision and Mission


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Project Concept 3: River Classification Systems

Singapore participated in this project ( July 2007):

- ASEAN Water Data Management and Reporting System Design;- Risks and Impacts from Extreme Events in ASEAN countries;- Knowledge Sharing and Exchange;

- Exchanging Information and Creating Awareness in aStructured Basis

between Peak Bodies;- Integrated Land Use Planning;- Increasing Long Term Awareness, Knowledge and Community

Participationin Integrated Water Resource Management;

- Education on Sanitation and Pollution Management.

- Development of a list of potential sources of funding atinternational and ASEAN

- Member Country level to implement the Strategic Plan of Action.This included

potential collaborative mechanisms for countries to worktogether to implement the

plan.


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2. ASEAN Marine Water Quality Management Guidelinesand Monitoring Manual

To develop a harmonized framework

Guiding Principles include:

To achieve sustainable development of ASEAN

Marine and Estuarine ecosystems. To employ integrated (coordinated and

cooperative) approach to water qualitymanagement.

To involve community development (local,

indigenous groups and private sector) inresource management.

To utilize collaborative and complementaryapproaches for monitoring marine water qualityand in responses to marine water quality

events.


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3. Hanoi Plan of Action

6.9 Implement an ASEAN regional water conservationprogramme by the year2001;

6.13 Implement the Framework to Achieve Long-TermEnvironmental Goals for Ambient Air and River WaterQualities for ASEAN Countries.

4. Vientiane Action Programme

Programme Area: 3.3 Promoting EnvironmentalSustainability. Measure: 3.3.9.4 Promote awareness toenhance integrated water resources Management.

Outputs

Development of national assessment guidelines andquestionnaires.

Preparation of a Report on the State of Water ResourcesManagement in ASEAN.

Preparation of an ASEAN Strategic Plan of Action on WaterResources Management,including regional projectproposals to implement the strategic plan of action.

(c) Singapore: Water Policy & Legal


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(c). Singapore: Water Policy & LegalFrameworks

Water as a national security : Why? Aim at self-sufficiency (had depended on Malaysia vulnerable).

Water imported from Johor tensions have arisen

Provision of safe and cheap water

Global warming may cause water crisis "More andmore cities and countries see access to water as asecurity concern and a potential trigger of conflict,"PM Lee Hsien Loong said Water Summit inSingapore.

(24 June 2008)

http://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSSIN27852320080624


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(i). Soft Laws

Water Master Plan 1972 outlined local water resources

water catchment, recycled water, desalination [1963 toFebruary 64 drought, water rationing 6 hours a day]

Singapore Water Conservation Plan, 1981: URAs efficientuse of land and water bodies; contains strategies includinginstallation of water saving devices, reuse and recycling ofwater, substitution of potable water with alternative

sources, regular auditing of water consumption for largeusers and education.The Plan was formulated to check our growing water

demand and ensure that water is being used efficiently.The many water conservation measures implementedunder the plan are continually being reviewed and newmeasures are introduced.

http://www.pub.gov.sg/conservation/ConservationMeasuresIntroduction.aspx
http://www.pub.gov.sg/conservation/ConservationMeasuresIntroduction.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/conservation/ConservationMeasuresIntroduction.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/conservation/ConservationMeasuresIntroduction.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/conservation/ConservationMeasuresIntroduction.aspx


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Lee Kuan Yews memoirs, From First World toFirst, The Singapore Story1965- 2000:

One compelling reason to have a cleanSingapore is our need to collect as much aspossible of our rainfall of 95 inches a yearPlan to dam up all our streams and rivers(Estuarine Reservoirs Scheme). The plan tookabout 10 years to implement...all sewage,sullage and other soiled water from homesand factories emptied into the sewers. Onlyclean rainwater runoff from the roots, gardensand open spaces was allowed into the opendrains that flowed into dammed up

rivers.[Landuse planning]


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The Singapore Green Plan (SGP 2012, 2006edn)- developed in 2002

10-year national blueprint to build asustainable environment.

SGP states that to ensure the sustainabilityof clean water supply, is the core of water

policy in Singapore. Following strategies:

Chapter 2 Clean Water on Tap

Enhance robustness and resilience ofwater supply sources

Develop effective water demandmanagement strategies

Build up a vibrant water industry

Encourage great private sectorartici ation


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Study and explore alternative policies, technologiesand strategies to ensure long- term sustainabilityof Singapores water supply

Recommendations by MEWR and its two statutory

boards, the National Environment Agency (NEA),and the Public Utilities Board (PUB). Together thethree Focus Groups managed Singapore's limitedresources through vibrant partnerships andcooperation across the 3P sectors - private, public,and the people - crucial in meeting Singapore'senvironmental sustainability challenges.

Singapore Blue Plan 2009[ as one of water taps is from water courses, and fromthe sea ( desalination), this Plan is important as ittakes the ecosystem approach]

http://www.nss.org.sg/pdf/blueplan-final.pdf

Code of Practice on Sewerage and Sanitary Works
http://www.mewr.gov.sg/sgp2012/about.htmhttp://www.mewr.gov.sg/sgp2012/about.htmhttp://www.nss.org.sg/pdf/blueplan-final.pdfhttp://www.nss.org.sg/pdf/blueplan-final.pdfhttp://www.nss.org.sg/pdf/blueplan-final.pdfhttp://www.nss.org.sg/pdf/blueplan-final.pdfhttp://www.mewr.gov.sg/sgp2012/about.htm


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Code of Practice on Sewerage and Sanitary Works

The Code contains information on the minimumrequirements in the design and construction ofsewerage and sanitary works. The requirements

stated are also supplementary to the Sewerage andDrainage (Sanitary Works) Regulations. Title : Codeof Practice on Sewerage and Sanitary Works (1stEdition - Mar 2000 with amendments underaddendum No.1- Feb 2001 and addendum No.2- Nov2004)You may wish to : View on-line or

Download the code of practice. The code of practicecontains information on the basic planning, designand procedural requirements for surface waterdrainage, and specifies the minimum engineeringrequirements for the provision of functional facilitiesfor surface water drainage. General amendments andrevisions are expected from time to time.

Code of Practice on Surface Water Drainage (Fifth Edition -
http://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/ViewOnlineSewandSan.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/Documents/COPSSW%20nov2004.pdfhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/ViewOnlineSewandSan.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/Documents/COPSSW%20nov2004.pdfhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/Documents/COPSSW%20nov2004.pdfhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/ViewOnlineSewandSan.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/ViewOnlineSewandSan.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/ViewOnlineSewandSan.aspx


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Code of Practice on Surface Water Drainage (Fifth Edition with amendments under Addendum No. 4 - Sep 2006)

Year ofpublication : Mar 2000> You may wish to : View on-line or Download the code of practice.Singapore StandardCP 48 : Code of Practice for Water Services

The Code of Practice is published by SPRING Singapore andit contains authoritative guidance on the design,installation, fixing and testing of potable water serviceinstallations in all residential, commercial and industrialbuildings or premises.

Singapore Standard CP 48 : Code of Practice for WaterServices

The Code of Practice is published by SPRING Singapore andit contains authoritative guidance on the design,installation, fixing and testing of potable water service

installations in all residential, commercial and industrialbuildings or premises.

http://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/default.aspx

(ii) Hard Laws
http://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/SurfaceWaterDrainage.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/Documents/HeadCOPFINALSep2006-1.dochttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/SurfaceWaterDrainage.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/SurfaceWaterDrainage.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/Documents/HeadCOPFINALSep2006-1.dochttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/Documents/HeadCOPFINALSep2006-1.dochttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/Documents/HeadCOPFINALSep2006-1.dochttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/SurfaceWaterDrainage.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/SurfaceWaterDrainage.aspxhttp://www.pub.gov.sg/general/code/Pages/SurfaceWaterDrainage.aspx


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(ii). Hard Laws

1. Singapore/Johor Water Agreements: Imported Water

1961 Agreement

This was called the Tebrau and Scudai Rivers WaterAgreement. It was signed on 1 September 1961 between thecity council of the state of Singapore (the predecessor of thePublic Utilities Board or PUB) and the government of the stateof Johor. By then, Singapore was a self-governing state withinthe British empire while Malaya was already an independentnation. The 1927 agreement was declared void in thisdocument.

The agreement gave Singapore the full and exclusive right todraw off all the water within the designated land at GunongPulai, Sungei Tebrau and Sungei Scudai for a period of 50

years up till 2011. Singapore was to pay an annual rent of $5per acre for the land and a charge of 3 cents for every 1,000gallons of water. Singapore also agreed to provide Johor witha daily supply of treated water up to 12% of the raw water itdrew, subject to a minimum of four million gallons(18,184m3), and at a price of 50 cents per 1,000 gallons.

1962 A t


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1962 Agreement

Called the Johor River Water Agreement, this was signed on 29September 1962 between the Singapore city council and the Johorstate government. Valid for 99 years up till 2061, it gaveSingapore the full and exclusive right to draw water from Johor

River up to a maximum of 250 million gallons per day (mgd) (1.14million cubic metres a day). In return, Johor was entitled to a dailysupply of treated water from Singapore up to 2% of the raw waterit supplied.

Singapore had to pay rent for the land it used "at the standardrate applicable to building lots on town land". The water pricesremained the same as in the previous agreement - 3 cents per

1,000 gallons of raw water supplied to Singapore and 50 cents per1,000 gallons of treated water sold to Johor. After Singapore andMalaysia stopped using a common currency, the prices becamedenominated in Malaysian ringgit.

The 1961 and 1962 agreements provided for a price review after25 years, with arbitration being the agreed course of action ifbilateral price negotiations failed. However, the Johor government

chose not to revise the prices at both opportunities, in 1986 and1987.

The Independence of Singapore Agreement (also known as theSeparation Agreement) signed between the governments ofSingapore and Malaysia on 9 August 1965 guaranteed the 1961and 1962 water agreements.

1990 Agreement


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g

This was signed on 24 November 1990 betweenPUB and the Johor state government. It wassupplementary to the 1962 pact and would also

expire in 2061. A separate document was signed onthe same day by the governments of Malaysia andSingapore to guarantee adherence to the agreement.

Under this agreement, Singapore was allowed toconstruct a dam across Sungei Linggui to facilitatethe extraction of water from Johor River, with Johor

setting aside about 21,600ha (216km2) of land forthe project. Singapore agreed to pay RM320 millionas compensation for the permanent loss of use of theland and its associated revenue, in addition to apremium of RM18,000 per hectare (per 10,000m2)and an annual rent of RM30 for every 1,000ft2 (per92.9m2) of the land. The cost of building andmaintaining the dam would be borne by Singapore.

I t Si ld b (f J h ) t t d


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In return, Singapore could buy (from Johor) treatedwater generated by the new dam. This would be overand above the 250mgd of raw water that it was allowedto draw from Johor River under the 1962 agreement.The price of this additional supply would be calculated

based on a fixed formula: the weighted average ofJohor's water tariffs plus 50% of the surplus from thesale of this water by PUB to its consumers afterdeducting Johor's price and PUB's cost of distribution,or 115% of the weighted average of Johor's watertariffs, whichever was higher.

This agreement was a follow-up to the memorandum ofunderstanding (MOU) signed on 28 June 1988 betweenthe two countries' prime ministers at the time, LeeKuan Yew for Singapore and Mahathir Mohamad forMalaysia. The signing of the MOU was hailed as abreakthrough in Singapore-Malaysia water relations,

the culmination of six years of difficult negotiations.

Beyond 2061


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eyo d 06

The Singapore government has stated that it will not renewthe 1961 agreement which expires in 2011. Attempts toreach a new deal with Malaysia to secure water supply forSingapore beyond 2061 have not borne fruit despite years oftedious negotiations. To reduce Singapore's dependence onimported water, the government has taken steps to increasethe size of the local water catchment area and to build up thesupply from non-conventional sources, namely NEWater(reclaimed water) and desalinated water. With the variouswater projects progressing well, government officials haveassured Singaporeans that the country can be self-reliant in

water by 2061 if it needs to be.

Source: Valerie Chew

http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.html
http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.htmlhttp://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.htmlhttp://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.htmlhttp://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.htmlhttp://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.htmlhttp://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.html


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2. Urban Redevelopment Authority Act (Cap 340)-deals with the functions, duties of URA. Land useplanning, etc:

URA together with other agencies such as Housing& Development Board, National Environment Agency,Jurong Town Cooperation, and Land TransportAuthority deal with water management such ascollection of rainwater and stormwater catchments,ponds, rivers, judicious siting of pollutive

industries other aspects of land use planningrelating to water and its management.

3 Th P bli Utiliti A t (C 261)


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3. The Public Utilities Act (Cap261)

Deals with functions, duties and powers of PUB, supply of

piped water for human consumption, tariffs for water, etc.

Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations: watermetering and water saving devices are mandatory egsince 1992, low capacity flushing cisterns (LCFCs of 3.5to 4.5 litres per flush) have been installed in all newpublic housing apartments. These cisterns are an

improvement over the dual flush cisterns that use 4.5 or9 litres of water per flush. With effect from Apr 1997,installation of LCFCs was made mandatory for all newpremises.

Sanitary Appliances and Water Charges Regulations :water tariff system which includes a waterconservation tax to encourage water conservation and

applies to NEWater and Industrial water( which is non-potable and reused water); also water borne fees to offset the cost of treating used water and for maintenanceand extension of the public sewerage system.

Public Utilities (Central Water Catchment Area Parks)Regulations: water is in public domain and priorapproval is needed to draw water from any reservoirs

and streams.


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4. Public Utilities Act: s 50 - Unauthorisedconnection with main, contamination, wastage, etc

Unaccounted-for Water (UfW): defined as the

difference between the amount of water suppliedfrom the waterworks, as measured through itsmeters, and the total amount of accounted-for water.Accounted-for water includes water consumption asrecorded by customers meters, water stored inservice reservoirs, and authorized free use such asfor flushing and sterilization of mains and routinecleaning of service reservoirs.

Apparent water loss - loss arising from meterinaccuracies and improper

Real water loss - water loss due to leaks and illegaldraw off from the transmission and distribution system.

Contd:


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Contd:

Challenge in water resource management isreduction and control of UfW - used as a measure

for efficient water management. Singapore early 1980s - UfW was about 11 % of

total output. PUB intensified efforts to reduce UfW

Today, reduced to about 5.18% of the totalproduction.

contd:
http://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=Percentage+of+unaccounted+for+water+in+Singapore&btnG=Google+Search&metahttp://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=Percentage+of+unaccounted+for+water+in+Singapore&btnG=Google+Search&metahttp://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=Percentage+of+unaccounted+for+water+in+Singapore&btnG=Google+Search&metahttp://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=Percentage+of+unaccounted+for+water+in+Singapore&btnG=Google+Search&metahttp://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=Percentage+of+unaccounted+for+water+in+Singapore&btnG=Google+Search&metahttp://www.google.com.sg/search?hl=en&q=Percentage+of+unaccounted+for+water+in+Singapore&btnG=Google+Search&meta


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Main reasons for UfW:

- Poor engineering, construction, and maintenance

- Poorly managed metering, billing, or collection

- Poor consumer relations

- Illegal connections and theft, endemic in some cities

- Leakage

Measures for effective reduction and control of UfW :

- Strict enforcement of cases of illegal or unauthorizeddraw off in Singapore under the Singapore Public UtilitiesAct (section 50 (2), any person who dishonestly orfraudulently abstracts, uses or consumes, or dishonestlyor fraudulently diverts or causes to be diverted, any

water; without the written consent of the Board,supplies for consideration any other person with anywater supplied to the first-mentioned person for anypurpose by the Board; or alters or tampers with anymeter supplied by the Board, shall be guilty of an offenceup to S$50,000 or to imprisonment for a term not

exceeding 3 years or to both and, in the case of acontinuin offence to a further fine not exceedin 2 500

contd:


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- Other offences include unauthorized connection withmain pipe, under the management or control of PUB,and wastage of water.

- Comprehensive strategy to promote efficient use ofwater resources

- Recent years, it has added two new alternative sourcesof water supply (namely, NEWater and desalination toaugment its traditional sources, namely, imported waterand water from catchment areas.

- Current construction of Reservoir in the City where allthe four National Taps will flow into it will furtherreduce UfW and bring about management of the entiretransmission and distribution system.

Environmental Pollution Control Act (Cap 94)

Control of pure water, regulations of std quality of water;deals with water pollution control (discharge of toxicsubstances or hazardous substances into inland waters andtreatment of trade effluent, removal and cleaning up of

polluting substances, sewage, etc). Heavy penalties.

5 Sewerage and Drainage Act (Cap 294) (2001)


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5. Sewerage and Drainage Act (Cap 294) (2001)Deals with discharge of dangerous trade effluent; sewage,protection of water causes

Hazardous Waste (Control of Export and Transit) Act(Cap 122 A)

Gives effect to Basel Convention

Environmental Public Health Act (Cap 95)

Deals with drains, sewers and wells (restriction onconstruction of wells, tanklikely to be used for drinking,domestic or other purposes)

EPH (Toxic Industrial Waste) Regulations

Lists the categories of toxic industrial waste subject tospecific legislated controls,eg protection of waterresources eg cannot intercept water from any place for sea(s31)


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6. Environmental Public Health (Quality of PipedDrinking Water) Regulations 2008

The regulations relating to standards for quality of pipeddrinking water came into operation on 1 August 2008,made pursuant to the Environmental Public Health Act.The Director General may issue or approve a code ofpractice on the requirements for water sampling plansand water safety plans. Earlier on in January 2008, thefirst edition of the Code of Practice on Piped drinkingWater Sampling and Safety Plans was prepared inexercise of the powers conferred under the Regulations:http://www.nea.gov.sg

Every supplier is required to prepare and implement awater safety plan and water sampling to ensure that thepiped water drinking water complies with the standards

specified in the regulations. Non- compliance is subjectto an offence liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding$10,000 and, in the case of a continuing offence, to afurther fine not exceeding $500 a day or part thereof. Asupplier is also required to keep and maintain records ofthe water sampling plan and remedial measures andother actions, if any.

7 Prevention of Pollution of the Sea Act
http://www.nea.gov.sg/http://www.nea.gov.sg/http://www.nea.gov.sg/


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7. Prevention of Pollution of the Sea Act(Cap 243)

Gives effect to the International Conventionfor the Prevention of Pollution from Ships1973 as modified and added to by theProtocol of 1978, and to other internationalagreements relating to the prevention,reduction and control of pollution of the sea

and pollution from ships; to make provisionsgenerally for the protection of the marineenvironment and for the prevention,reduction and control of pollution of the seaand pollution from ships, and for matters

related thereto.

[Clean sea water is important forSingapores desalinated water ]

B Water Governance & Management


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B. Water Governance & Management

1. Definitions

Water governance differs from the moretechnical and operational term watermanagement (subset)

Water governance is the range of political,organizational and administrativeprocesses through which interests arearticulated, input is absorbed, decisionsare made and implemented, and decisionmakers are held accountable in thedevelopment and management of waterresources and delivery of water services.

2. MEWR (Ministry of Environment and WaterResources)


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Resources)

1 July 2002 - to deliver& sustain clean and healthenvironment and water resources; manages water as

a strategic national resource, and to achieveenvironmental sustainability.

PUB (Public Utilities Board) to ensure an efficient,adequate and sustainable supply of water PUB is partof MEWR

family.

PUB reconstituted on 1 April 2001 - comprehensivewater authority - integration of the Sewerage andDrainage Departments from the Ministry of theEnvironment (ENV). Env and Water Industry (EWI)

Dev Council: raised status of water industry & its intlrole as water hub for business. Publication WaterNettargeted at 3P ( People, Private Public sectors).

NEA (National Environment Agency) to ensuresustainable quality environment .


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PUB Organizational Chart

ttp://www.pub.gov.sg/about/Pages/OrganisationChartImage.aspx.aspx?Print2=yes


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PUB manages, Singapore's reservoirs,

waterworks, rivers, drainage system,water reclamation plants andsewerage system to optimise the use

of Singapore's water resources.

Vision, Mission and core values, etcwere introduced to reflect the Board's

new image:


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PUB Vision: Water for All: Conserve, Value, Enjoy.

PUB Mission: To ensure an efficient, adequate & sustainable

supply of water.

Values: Value Conscious -- We value our environment,our water resources and our people; & we ensure value formoney in everything we do

3P approach: ownership - we do not merely represent PUB:together WE ARE the PUB

Innovation - relentlessly pursue knowledge & innovate tocreate value

Caring - through respect and a positive work environment,

we motivate our staff to develop their highest potential

Excellence - we provide service to our customers withprofessionalism & integrity

Th W t R l ti D t t (WRD)


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The Water Reclamation Department (WRD)established to take charge of treating usedwater including the production of industrial

water and NEWater.

[Formerly, ENV dealt with sewagetreatment and sewerage system; PUB

responsible for water resources and supply]


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3. Integrated Water Resources Management

(IWRM):

a process which promotes the coordinateddevelopment and management of water,land and related resources, in order tomaximise the resultant economic and socialwelfare in an equitable manner withoutcompromising the sustainability of vitalecosystems . Include principles set forth in

Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.


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contd:

Principles of Water Governance:

- Water as economic good- Participation of all stakeholders

- Social dimensions

- Best technologies- Equitable allocation of resources- New paradigm- Multi-faceted, incorporates human rights,ecosystem, health, etc ( old paradigm

sectoral)- Bottom up policy, etc

Two approaches in water management


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pp g

Supply side increase water supply

Unlike some countries in the region, wherethe management of ownership of waterinfrastructure are transferred to the privatesector, this is not the case in Singapore.

Water is a national security

Demand side eg waterconservation .education, water scarcity

Approach:


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Approach:

Adaptive approach reflects environmental,

technological, economic, social factors.Involves paradigm shift from top downcontrol to a management as learningapproach. The change towards adaptive

management could be defined as learningto manage by managing to learn.

PUBs strategies to fulfil mission of ensuring


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PUB s strategies to fulfil mission of ensuringadequate supply of water at affordable cost :

Yield maximization and diversification ofwater resources;

Reclamation and reuse of water;proper treatment and disposal of wastewater;

Stormwater management; and

Water demand management.

These strategies are PUBs role as regulator,supplier and manager of Spore's water andwater-related services.


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Environment and Water Industry

Development Council (EWI) was set up inJune 2006

Under the Ministry of the Environment and

Water Resources (MEWR). Identified by theSingapore government as a key growth areafor the economy, a total of S$330m hasbeen committed by the National Research

Foundation (NRF) over five years.

The Singapore Water Reclamation Study (NEWater


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The Singapore Water Reclamation Study (NEWaterStudy) was initiated in 1998 as a joint initiativebetween the Public Utilities Board (PUB) and theMinistry of the Environment and Water Resources

(MEWR). The primary objective of the joint initiativewas to determine the suitability of using NEWater asa source of raw water to supplement Singapore'swater supply. NEWater is treated used water that hasundergone stringent purification and treatmentprocess using advanced dual-membrane(microfiltration and reverse osmosis) and ultraviolet

technologies. NEWater could be mixed and blendedwith reservoir water and then undergo conventionalwater treatment to produce drinking water (aprocedure known as Planned Indirect Potable Use orPlanned IPU).Planned IPU as a source of watersupply is not new. It has been practised in severalparts of the United States for more than 20 years. AtWater Factory 21, Orange County Water District,Southern California, high quality water reclaimedfrom treated used water has been injected intoground water since 1976.

Management of water


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Supply of water 4 taps and closing of the loop(supra)

Conservation of water: save water campaign 1970sonwards water is precious (brought down waterconsumption by 4.9 per cent)WCU 1981Pricing water tariff and water conservation tax

metering and charging for water water considereda social good; 1991 WCT introduced to discourageexcessively consumption of water, 5% tax levied onwater used in residential premises in excess of 20cubic metres a month (supra)Non domestic use 10% tax1983 water saving devices eg low capacity flushing

system 4.6 litres per flush installed in all newhousing units since 1992. Now mandatory for allnew and ongoing projects (half flush not more than 3litres; full flush not more than 4.5 litres)

Management of leaks in the water


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gdistribution system

Minimizing unaccounted-for-water(Spore lowest rates in the world 5%) ; caused by earth movement, soilsubsidence, mainly from brittleasbestos cement pipes. Now changed

to copper, stainless steel, andsteel/ductile iron pipes wereinternally lined with cement mortar.

Public Awareness, holistic approach 3Ps

Conclusion


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Water Awards testimony of sound water policies;effective water governance & management eg turninglimited portable water to recycled NEWater innovativeand sustainable.

I will give a few quotations which speak for themselves

Prof Asit K Biswas, the 2006 Stockholm WaterPrice Winner, in an article stated (at 4th WorldWater Forum) :

A main reason as to why Singapore has been very successful inmanaging its water and wastewater is because of its concurrentemphasis on supply and demand management, wastewater andstormwater management, institutional effectiveness and creatingan enabling environment, which includes a strong political will,effective legal and regulatory framework and an experience andmotivated workforce.


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PM of Singapore, Lee Hsien Loong, said

(The Straits Times, 6 November 2006):

clean waterways are features that setSingapore apart from the other cities.Efforts will include linking up Singapore

waterway, turning them into recreationalspots and blending them in with parks andgreen spaces. The aim? To turn Singaporeinto a city of gardens and water Therewere economic opportunities in this field, as

countries will need expertise on how tosustain development.

Minister of MEWR, Dr Yaacob Ibrahim said (The Straits


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Times, 24 Nov 2006): even water can be sexy.

To bond Spore to water, the Minister,, introduced the

ABC approach: the Active, Beautiful and Clean Waters

Programme

What improvements can you suggest for water supply in Singapore?

Singapore is No 1 in managing water f i i id


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resourcesperProf Asit K Biswas, President,the Third World Centre for WaterManagement, Mexico: The Straits Times, 26

August 2006

Christopher Gasson, Publisher of GlobalIntelligence, organizer of Global WaterAwards: Singapore DTSS is a visionary

project whose value will be appreciated wellinto the bext century. Only PUB has theforesight to invest to that timescale.

Is there room for improvement water

pricing, institutional organization, impact ofclimate change, see challenges (supra).

Thank You