39563114 acsm testing

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

1/51

ACSM Based Fitness

Testing

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

2/51

Blood Pressure

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

3/51

Resting Blood Pressure - ACSM

Patient should be seated for at least 5 minutes in a chairwith their back supported and their arms bared andsupported at heart level. Patients should refrain fromsmoking cigarettes or ingesting caffeine during the 30 min.

preceding the measurement. Wrap cuff firmly around upper arm at heart level; align cuff

with brachial artery

The appropriate cuff size must be used to ensure accuratemeasurement. The bladder of the cuff should encircle atleast 2/3 of the upper arm. Many adults require a largeadult cuff

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

4/51

Resting Blood Pressure - ACSM

Place stethoscope bell below the antecubitalspace over the brachial artery

Quickly inflate cuff pressure to 20 mm Hgabove estimated systolic blood pressure.

Slowly release pressure at a rate equal to 2to 3 mm Hg per second, noting the firstKorotkoff sound

Continue releasing pressure, noting when

sound becomes muffled (4th phase diastolicBP) and when sound disappears (5th phasediastolic BP). For classification purposes, thelatter is used.

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

5/51

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

6/51

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

7/51

Body Composition

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

8/51

Hydrostatic Weighing

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

9/51

Hydrostatic Weighing - ACSM

Based on Archimedesprinciple when a body is immersedin water, it is buoyed by a counterforce equal to theweight of the water displaced. This loss of weight inwater, corrected for the density of water, allowscalculation of body volume.

However, the volume of air in the lungs at the time ofmeasurement (usually residual volume must be accountedfor.

Bone and muscle tissue are more dense than water,whereas fat tissue is less dense. Therefore, a person withmore FFM for the same total body mass weighs more in

water and has a higher body density and lowerpercentage of body fat.

Although hydrostatic weighing is a standard method formeasuring body volume, several sources of error areinherent in the procedure

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

10/51

Dr. Pritschet Dr. Emmett

JEBP

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

11/51


Archimedes and King HieronArch knew that density = mass /

volumeArch knew the mass of the crown

Volume = mass on land minus themass in water Underwater, Arch weighed gold

and silver each with the samemass as the crown

However, the volume for the goldwas different from the crown.Eureka, the crown is a fraud.

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

12/51


Example. A person weighs 75 kgin air and 3 kg in water.

72 kg of water was displaced

Volume = 72 kg = 72 liters or72,000 cm3

Density = mass / volume

Therefore the density would

equal 75 kg / 72,000 cm3, or1.0416 g/cm3

So?

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

13/51


Body fat = (495 / D) - 450

This is the Siri equation. (495 / 1.0416 g/cm3) 450 =

25.23% body fat.If all measurements are

correct, the entire

procedure has a 1%margin of error for bodyfats between 4 and 30%.

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

14/51

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

15/51

Plethysmography - ACSM

Body volume can also be measured by airdisplacement rather than water displacement(hydrostatic weighing).

One commercial system uses a dual-chamberplethysmograph that measures body volume bychanges in pressure in a closed chamber.

This new technology shows great promise and can

more easily accommodate individuals who cannotperform the procedures associated withunderwater weighing.

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

16/51

Air Plethysmography (Bod Pod)

Similar principle as UWW

Air instead of water

Comparison

Error = 2-3%

Costly

Convenient for subject Low tech skills

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

17/51

Skin Fold Measurements - ACSM

Abdominal verticalfold; 2 cm to the right ofthe umbilicus

Triceps Vertical fold;halfway between theacromion and olecranonprocess

Chest Diagonal fold;1/2 the distance

between the anterioraxillary line and thenipple (men) or 1/3 ofthe distance for women

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

18/51

Skin Fold Measurements - ACSM Subscapular Diagonal

fold (45 angle); 1 to 2cm below the inferiorangle of the scapula

Suprailiac Diagonalfold; in line with thenaturla angle of the iliaccrest taken in the anterioraxillary line immediatelysuperior to the iliac crest

Thigh Vertical fold; on

the anterior midline ofthe thigh, between theproximal border of thepatella and the inguinalcrease (hip)

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

19/51

EIU ATP/AFP Equations

Body Density (BD) Equations

Males. BD = 1.1125025 - (0.0013125 x SK. FLD. SUM) +(0.0000055 x SK. FLD.SUM2) - (0.000244 x age)

Males - Triceps, Subscapular, and Chest

Females. BD = 1.089733 - (0.0009245 x SK. FLD. SUM) +(0.0000025 x SK. FLD.SUM2) - (0.0000979 x age)

Females Triceps, Suprailiac, and Abdominal

Percent body fat = [(4.95/BD)-4.5] x 100

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

20/51

Bioelectric Impedance

Measurement ofbody water.

Impedance or

(resistance)decreases with bodywater.

Assumption that

body water is at aconstant value.

3-4% error

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

21/51

Bioelectric Impedance

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

22/51

Bioelectical Impedance Analysis(BIA) - ACSM

Abstain from eating or drinking with 4 hoursof the assessment

Avoid moderate or vigorous physical activitywithin 12 hours of the assessmentVoid completely before the assessmentAbstain from alcohol consumption within 48

hours of the assessment Ingest no diuretic agents, including caffeine,

prior to the assessment unless prescribe by aphysician

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

23/51

Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry -ACSM

Can be used to assess total bone mineral aswell as regional estimates of bone, fat, andlean tissue.

It uses a three component model to predictbody fatness and offers advantages overdensitometry techniques.

DEXA is typically found in clinical settingand can be used to measure bodycomposition across the life span

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

24/51

Duel-Energy X-RayAbsorptiometry (DEXA)

New gold standard?

Comparison

Error = 1-5% (software)

Very costly Very high tech

Quick

Subject friendly

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

25/51

Infrared Interactance -ACSM

Based on the principle of lightabsorption and reflectionusing near-infrared

spectroscopy to provideinformation about thechemical composition of thebody

Further research is needed todevelop and cross-validate

gender-specific equations forinfrared interactance and todetermine whether this is anaccurate method for assessingbody composition

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

26/51

Men

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

27/51

Women

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

28/51

Body Mass Index

BMI = wt (kg) / ht (m)2BMI = (704.4 x wt (lb) / ht (in) 2.

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

29/51

Body Mass Index

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

30/51

Waist-to-Hip Ratio

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

31/51

Waist-to-Hip Ratio - ACSM

Individuals with more fat on the trunk, especiallyabdominal fat are at increase risk for variousdiseases.

The waist to hip ratio has been used as a simplemethod for determining body fat patterns

Waist to hip ratio = circumference of waist dividedby the circumference of the hips

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

32/51

Waist-to-Hip Ratio - ACSM

Men Women

Very High HealthRisk

> 0.94 > 0.82

Ages 60-69 > 1.03 > 0.90

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

33/51

Waist Circumference - ACSM

The waistcircumference can

be used alone asan indicator ofhealth risk because

abdominal obesityis the issue.

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

34/51

Muscular Fitness

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

35/51

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

36/51

Muscular Strength

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

37/51

Muscular Strength 1 RM

The subject performs a light warm-up of 5-10 repsat 40 to 60% of perceived maximum.

Following a 1-minute rest with light stretching, the

subject does 3 to 5 repetitions at 60 to 80% ofperceived maximum.

The subject should be close to a perceived 1-RMin step 2.

A small amount of weight is added, and a 1-RM liftis attempted.

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

38/51


If the lift is successful, a rest period of 3 to 5minutes is provided.

The goal is to find the 1-RM within 3 to 5 maximal

efforts.The process of titrating the increase in weight up

to a true 1-RM can be improved by priorfamiliarization sessions that allow approximation ofthe 1-RM.

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

39/51


Clear communication with the subject isneeded to facilitate determination of the 1-RM.

The process continues until a failed attemptoccurs.

The 1-RM is reported as the weight of the

last successfully completed lift.

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

40/51

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

41/51

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

42/51

Muscular Endurance

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

43/51

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

44/51

Flexibility

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

45/51

Flexibility - ACSM

The ability to move a joint through itscomplete range of motion (ROM)

Importance in athletics and the ability to

carry out activities of daily livingMaintaining flexibility facilitates movement

Movement beyond a joints shortened rangeof motion can cause tissue damage.

Factors that determine flexibility: Joint capsule

Body (joint) temperature

Ligaments and tendons

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

46/51

Flexibility Devices

A. Goniometer

B. Electogoniometer

C. Flexometer

D. Inclinometers

E. Tape measures

Joint specific

There is not one good test for over-all flexibility

A.

B.

C. D.

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

47/51

YMCA Sit and Reach Test

Place a yard stick on the floor

At a right angle, place a piece of tape at the 15

inch markHave participant sit with the yard stick between

their legs

Heals of the feet should touch the edge of thetaped line and be 10 to 12 inches apart

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

48/51

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

49/51

Sit and Reach Box

If a standard sit-and-reach box is available, heelsshould be place against the edge of the box

The participant slowly reaches forward with bothhands as far as possible, holding this position

momentarily

Knees remain extended

Participant should not hold their breath

This norms are based on a sit-and-reach box inwhich the zero point is set at 26 cm. Whenusing a box in which the zero point is set at 23cm, subtract 3 cm from each value in the tables

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

50/51

8/2/2019 39563114 ACSM Testing

51/51

39563114 acsm testing

Documents