1 | P a g e

CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDSCARBON – is an element, non metal, and present in very small amount in atmosphere.In Atmosphere – 0.02% and in Air - 0.03% as CO2 gas. All living things plants and animals are made up of carbon compounds called organic compounds.Bonding in carbon – its electronic configuration is K L. it is not possible to remove 4 electrons 2 4From its outermost shell, also not possible to gain 4 electrons to complete its octet. Therefore it shares 4 electrons with others. Therefore bond formed is covalent.

Self combination (catenation) – carbon can link or combine with one another by means of covalent bonds to form long chains of carbon atom. This property is also called Catenation .-C-C-C-C-C-c-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-

Tetravalency - tetra means 4 and valency refers to valency. Valency of carbon is four(which is quite large). Due to this a carbon atom can form large number of carbon atoms with a number of carbon atoms as well

as with a large number of other elements.

Types of hydrocarbons

1. Hydrocarbons 2. Haloalkanes3. Alcohols 4. Aldehydes5. Ketones6. Carboxylic acids

Hydrocarbons Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon mainly are called Hydrocarbons.( Hydrogen + Carbon). Methane (CH4), Ethane(C2H6) etc. it is of two types.

2 | P a g e

1. Saturated Htdrocarbons – a hydrocarbon which is connected by only single bond.it is further divided into one part.

i. Alkanes – a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only by single covalent bond. Methane (CH4),ethane (C2H6)

2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons – the hydrocarbon in which two carbon atoms are connected by “Double bond” or “Triple bond” . it is further divided into two parts.

ii. Alkenes – a hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atom are connected by a double bond. H2 C=CH2 called ethane. CH3-CH=CH2 called as propane.

iii. Alkynes- a hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond. HC≡CH as ethyne.

NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS PREFIX 1 METH 2 ETH 3 PROP 4 BUT 5 PENT 6 HEX

ALKANES

Saturated

Unsaturated

HYDROCARBON

3 | P a g e

a hydrocarbon in which the carbon atoms are connected by only by single covalent bond.

Methane (CH4),ethane (C2H6).It’s general formula is CnH2n+2 .

ALKANES(number of carbon) MOLECULAR FORMULAMethane(1) CH4

Ethane(2) C2H6

Propane(3) C3H8

Butane(4) C4H10

ALKENES

A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atom are connected by a double bond. H2 C=CH2 called ethane. CH3-CH=CH2 called as propane. It’s general formula is CnH2n .

ALKENES (NUMBER OF CARBON ATOM) MOLECULAR FORMULAEthene C2H4

Propene C3H6

Butene C4H8

Pentene C5H10

Hexene C6H12

ALKYNES

A hydrocarbon in which the two carbon atoms are connected by a triple bond. HC≡CH is known as ethyne. Its general formula is CnH2n-2 .

4 | P a g e

ALKYNES (NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS) MOLECULAR FORMULAEthyne C2H2

Propyne C3H4

Butyne C4H6

Pentyne C5H8

Hexyne C6H10

Homologous series – a group of organic compounds having similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the every successive compound differ by CH2.. example

Homologous series of alkane

ALKANES(number of carbon) MOLECULAR FORMULAMethane(1) CH4

Ethane(2) C2H6

Propane(3) C3H8

Butane(4) C4H10

ISOMERS :-the organic compounds having same molecular formula but structures are known as Isomers. Isomers are possible for 4 or more than four carbon atoms. Isomers of compound Butane are possible.

Functional Groups

Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes are already discussed above. They are also the types of functional group.

1. Halogen Group (X-Cl, Br, F, I) Prefixes forCl – ChloroBr- BromoF- Fluro I-Iodo Halogen are written as R-X (Where are is alkyl group and X can be halogen)Example- CH3-Cl chloromethane,C2H5-Br bromoethane, C2H5-F fluroethane etc.

2. Alcohol group ( -OH) Suffix for Alcohol – ol (R-OH)

No of C Molecular formula of alcohol group Structural formula1 Methanol CH3-OH 2 Ethanol C2H5-OH3 Propanal C3H7-OH

5 | P a g e

4 Butanal C3H7-CHO

CH3-OH methan+ol (“e” is removed from all alkane names) and becomes MethanolC2H5-OH ethanol, C3H7-OH propanal, C4H9-OH Butanol etc.

3. Aldehyde Group (-CHO) Suffix for aldehyde is – al (R-CHO)HCHO methan+al written as MethanalCH3-CHO Ethanal, C2H5-CHO propanal, C3H7-CHO Butanal etc.

No of C Molecular formula of Aldehyde group Structural formula1 Methanal HCHO2 Ethanal CH3-CHO3 propanal C2H5-CHO4 Butanal C3H7-CHO

4. Ketone group ( -CO- ) Suffix for ketone- “one”Ketone consists of one carbon and one oxygen atom. It starts from the three carbon atom.

No of C Molecular formula of ketone group Structural formula1 Propanone CH3-CO-CH3

2 Butanone CH3-CH2-CO-CH3

3 Propanone CH3-CH2- CH2-CO-CH3

4 Hexanone CH3-CH2- CH2-CH2-CO-CH3

5. Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) Suffix for carboxylic acid – “oic acid”

No of C Molecular formula of carboxylic acid group Structural formula1 Methanoic acid HCHO2 Ethanoic acid CH3-COOH3 Propanoic acid CH3- CH2-COOH4 Butanoic acid CH3- CH2- CH2-COOH

6 | P a g e

CHEMICAL PROPERTY OF CARBON COMPOUND

1. Combustion:- (Burning) :- The process of burning of any carbon compounds in air to give carbon dioxide, water, heat and light is known as combustion:

CH4 + 2O2 ------COMBUSTION----------►CO2 + 2H2O + Heat + Light

(a) Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) generally burn in air with a blue, now sooty flame.

(b) Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes, alkynes) are burned in pure oxygen, then they will burn completely producing a blue flame (without any smoke).

2. Substitution Reaction:- Reaction in which one or more hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are replaced by some other atoms( like chlorine).

CH4 + CL2-----------sunlight-----------► CH3Cl + HCl

7 | P a g e

3. Addition Reaction:- It is a characteristic properly of unsaturated hydrocarbon.

CH2 = CH2 + H2 ----------Ni catalyst, heat------------► CH3-CH3

Ethane

(Unsaturated) (Saturated)

i. Hydrogenation of Oils:- Addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain saturated hydrocarbon. Vegetables oils like ground nut oils, coconut oil, cotton seed oil and mustard oil are unsaturated oils they are in liquid state. They undergo addition reaction to form saturated compound.

CR2 = CR2 + H2 -------------------► H- CR2--------CR2-H

Vegetable oil Vegetable Glee

(Unsaturated fat) (Saturated fat)

(Liquid state) (Liquid state)

Properties of ethanol (CH3CH2OH)Common Name- ethyl alcohol

Physical properties:

(i) Colorless liquid having pleasant smell and burning taste.

(ii) Lighter than water and miscible with liquid in all properties, because of presence of hydroxyl group in it. It is neutral.

Rectified Sprit:- Ethanol + 5 % water = Rectified Spirit

8 | P a g e

Rectified spirit is commercial alcohol.

Absolve Alcohol :-. 100% pure alcohol.

Chemical Properties:-

(1)Combustion:- Burning in the presence of oxygen. Ethanol is highly inflammable. On burning gives blue flame.

C2H5OH + 3O2-----------------►2CO2 + 3H2O +Heat +Light.

Ethanol as fuel:- Since ethanol burns with a clear flame giving a lot of heat, therefore, it is used as a fuel. It is also used as an additive in petrol in courtiers like Brazil.

(2) Oxidation: - Means controlled combustion.

CH3CH2OH + 2{O} --------i or ii------ + heat ------------► CH3COOH + H2O

Ethanol nascent Ethanoic acid water

(Colorless) {Purple (5010)}

i. Alkaline KmnO4 = KmnO4 + NaOH ii. Acidified K2Cr2O7 = K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

(3) Reaction with Sodium metal:-

2C2H5OH + 2Na ----------------► 2C2H5-O-Na+ + H2.

(4) Dehydration:- (Removal of water molecule )

Conc.H2SO4; 1700C

CH3CH2OH ---------------------►CH2 = CH2 + H2O

9 | P a g e

(5) Esterification (formation of ester):-

CH3-COOH + C2H5OH ------------------►CH3-COOC2H5 + H2O

Ethanoic acid Ethanal ethyl ethanol water

OTHER ALCOHOL COMPOUNDS

Methanol :- Is a poison. Methanol damages the optic nerve causing permanent blindness in a person. Methanol is oxidized to methanol in the liver of a person. Methanol reads rapidly with the components of cell causing coagulation of protoplasm. Cells stops functioning. This leads to death of person.

Denatured Alcohol :- Ethyl alcohol which has been made unfit for drinking purposes by adding small amounts of poisonous substances like methanol, pyridine, copper sulphate etc. (CuSO4 imparts blue color when added with ethanol.)

TESTS FOR ALCOHOL

1. Sodium metal test:- add a small piece of sodium to the organic liquid taken in a dry test tube. If the bubbles (or effervesces) of hydrogen gas are produced it indicates that the given liquid is Alcohol.

2C2H5OH + 2Na ----------------► 2C2H5-O-Na+ + H2.

2. Ester test for alcohol:- the organic compound is warmed with some glacial Ethanoic acid and a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid. A sweet smell (due to the formation of ester) indicates that the organic compound is an alcohol.

CH3-COOH + C2H5OH ------------------►CH3-COOC2H5 + H2O

USES OF ETHANOL

1. In the manufacture of paints, varnishes, lacquers, medicines, perfumes, dyes, soaps and synthetic rubber.

2. It is used as an organic solvent in laboratory.3. It is also used as a fuel in the cars.4. Ethyl alcohol is used in alcoholic beverages like wine, beer, whisky, and other

liquors. Whisky (35%), wine (10-20%), beer (6%) of ethanol.5. It is also used as an antiseptic to sterilize the wounds and syringes in hospitals.

10 | P a g e

Questions with Answers:

1.An organic compound X with a molecular formula C2H6O undergoes oxidation with in presence of alkaline KMnO4 to form a compound Y. X on heating in presence of Conc. H2SO4 at 443K gives Z.which on reaction with H2Oin presence of H2SO4 gives back `X.` `Z` reacts with Br2 (aq) and decolorizes it. Identify X, Y, & Z.and write the reactions involved.

2. An organic compound ‘A’ is widely used as a preservative in pickles and has a molecular formula C2H2O2. This compound reacts with ethanol to form a sweet smelling compound ‘B.(i) Identify the compound ‘A’(ii) Write the chemical equation for its reaction with ethanol to form compound ‘B’.(iii) How can we get compound ‘A’ back from ‘B’?(iv) Name the process and write corresponding chemical equation.(v) Which gas is produced when compound ‘A’ reacts with washing soda?

Write the chemical equation.

3. Hydrocarbon `X` and `Y` having molecular formulae C3H8 and C3H6 respectively.Both are burnt in different spatula on the bunsen flame. Indicate the color of the flameproduced by `X` and `Y`. Identify `X` and `Y`. Write the structural formulae.

4. A compound `X` has molecular formula C4H10. It undergoes substitution reactionreadily than addition reaction. It burns with blue flame and is present in LPG. Identify`X` and give the balanced equation for its combustion and substitution reaction withCl2 in presence of sunlight.

5. `A` compound works well with hard water. It is used for making shampoos &products for cleaning clothes. A is not 100% biodegradable and causes waterpollution. `B` does not work well with hard water. It is 100% biodegradable and doesnot create water pollution. Identify A & B.

6. An organic compound P with molecular formula C2H6Ois an active ingredient ofall alcoholic drinks. It is also used in medicines such as tincture iodine, cough syrups.Identify `P`. Drop a small piece of sodium into the test tube containing `P`.A newcompound `Q` is formed with the evaluation of colorless and odorless gas Name thegas evolved and compound `Q` write the chemical reaction.

7. A cyclic compound `X` has molecular formula C6H6. It is unsaturated and burnswith sooty flame. Identify `X` and write its structural formula. Will it decolorizebromine water or not and why?

8. An organic compounds `A` is a constituent of antifreeze and has the molecularformula C2H6O. upon reaction with alkaline KMnO4, the compound `A` is oxidized toanother `B` with formula C2H6O2. Identify the compound A` and `B`. Write thechemical equation for the reaction which leads to the formulation of `B`

11 | P a g e

9. Two compounds `X` and `Y` have the same formula C2H4O2. One of them reactswith sodium metal to liberate H2 and CO2 with NaHCO3. Second one does not reactswith Na metal and NaHCO3 but undergo hydrolysis with NaOH to form salt ofcarboxylic acid and compound `Z` which is called wood spirit. Identify `X`, `Y`, and`Z` and write chemical equation for the reaction involved.

10. A compound `X` with molecular formula C2H4 burns with a sooty flame. Itdecolourise bromine water. Identify `X`. Will it dissolve in water or not? Will itconduct electricity in aq. Solution? Will it have high melting point or low meltingpoint ?

12 | P a g e

13 | P a g e