26 nov16 managing_irrigation_challenges_opportunities_and_way forward
TRANSCRIPT
Managing Irrigation: Challenges, Managing Irrigation: Challenges, Opportunities and Way ForwardOpportunities and Way Forward
Alok K SikkaAlok K SikkaInternational Water Management Institute
IWMI Representative‐India, New Delhi
Water for farmers…Water for farmers…
• 2 billion people depend on smallholder p p pfarming for their livelihoods
• Agriculture accounts for 70% of global freshwater withdrawals
• Climate change is likely to lead to more unpredictable rainfall
Water ScarcityWater Scarcity
Projected Water ScarcityProjected Water Scarcity‐‐20252025
Increased Incidence & Severity of Droughts Increased Incidence & Severity of Droughts Increased Incidence & Severity of Droughts Increased Incidence & Severity of Droughts D ht I id (%) i I diDrought Incidence (%) in India
Year RF Deficit
Dry reservoir/tank bedsRainfall departure from normal‐India
Year RF Deficit(Production loss) in (%)
2002 ‐19 (‐15.40) Dry wells( )
2009 ‐23 (‐4.12)
2014 ‐12 (‐3.25)
2015 14 ( 2 35)
Dry wells
200
2015 ‐14 (‐2.35)
50
100
150
200
% This year storage to last 10 years storage
% storage (MMI reservoirs) in 2009 compare to last 10 years average
Increased frequency in last decade
0AP JHAR GUJ HP KAR KRL MP CHH MAH ORI PUN RAJ TN TRP UP UTT WB
decade
Water ResourcesWater Resources• Irrigation uses 83% of water, Source Quantity (BCM)
diversion of water to agriculture expected to reduce (72% by 2025)
• Likely further reduction due to climate change
Q y ( )• Annual rainfall (1190mm) : 4000• Estimated Utilizable water : 1122• Surface water : 690
climate change• Low Irrigation Efficiency (≈38% in
MMI Projects) and 65‐70% in groundwater
• Net Irrig. Area : 64 Mha (44%) • Groundwater Contribution : 60%• Rainfed Area : 78 Mha (56%)
water• Attributed to inefficient
management of irrigation systems
Storage of water (BCM): World – 900
6
Storage of water (BCM): World 900North America -3600; India-253
Growth of Irrigation (source wise)Growth of Irrigation (source wise)Growth of Irrigation (source wise)Growth of Irrigation (source wise)
Irrigation potential utilised is only 89 M ha against 113 M ha I P created since Independence at a cost of RS 400,000 crores through MMI p , g
PlanPlan‐‐wise wise Irrigation Potential Created Irrigation Potential Created & & Utilized Utilized ((MhaMha))(( ))
Out of 113.53 M ha total irrigation potential created by the XI Plan, 47.97 M ha (42%) is from MMI projects and the remaining 65.56 Mha (58%) from minor irrigation schemes But the irrigation potential utilised is only 89 M ha, leaving a gap of 24 M haBut the irrigation potential utilised is only 89 M ha, leaving a gap of 24 M ha
Policies & Programmes in Water SectorMajor and Medium Irrigation Projects
Irrigation potential created increased from 9.72 M ha (1950 51) to 47 97 M ha (2011 12);Projects ha (1950‐51) to 47.97 M ha (2011‐12);
Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP)
108.21 M ha irrigational potential created (about 77% of UIP)
Command Area Development and Water Management Programme
About 22 M ha covered since inception uptoMarch, 2011
Repair, Renovation and Restoration (RRR) of Water Bodies
Restoration completed in 1054 water bodies in 15 States(RRR) of Water Bodies States
Artificial Recharge to Ground Water through Dug wells
Implemented in 1180 over exploited, critical and semi‐critical blocks in 7 States.
i l i i j l i l b 20%National Water Mission Major goal to improve WUE at least by 20%
National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI)
Promoting enhanced WUE
National Program on Aquifer Mapping & Management
Mapping & characterizing aquifer at 1:50000
Prime Minister Krishi Sinchayee Provide water access to each farm fieldYojana (PMKSY)
9
Bridging DemandBridging Demand‐‐Supply GapSupply Gap
• Researchers, managers, implementers and policy planners arechallenged to find out ways and means of bridging the growingdemand‐supply gap in water and agriculture and gap between IPCdemand‐supply gap in water and agriculture and gap between IPCand IPU and aging irrigation systems.
• Fundamental ways to bridge demand‐supply gap of water inagriculture are, to:• increase water supplies,• improve water productivity ‘More crop per drop’,p p y p p p ,• make economic choices• reduce water withdrawals, and make crop substitutions• demand management• demand management• co‐management of water (multiple water use)
• Environmentally benign strategies
Is there a Is there a Large Scope Large Scope for for Increasing Increasing WP? WP?
• Large variation in WP
• A significant gap exists between the actual and maximum WP
• Reducing the gap alone will substantially reduce additional need for irrigation water
Relationships of yield and consumptive water use (CWU) of foodgrains
4.0
5.0
4.0
5.0
1 0
2.0
3.0ie
ld (t
on/h
a)
1 0
2.0
3.0
d(m
ax y
ield
)d(C
WU
)
-1.0
0.0
1.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
CWU (mm)
Y
-1.0
0.0
1.0
Great opportunity to increase yield & WP in rainfed districts and irrigated areas with CWU below 300 mm with RWH
Source: Upali et al. (2010)
Yield Max yield function
d(max yield)/d(CWU)-100mm d(max yield)/d(mm)-200mm
300 mm with RWH
ModernizationModernization
“Process of upgrading infrastructure, operations and management ofoperations and management of irrigation and drainage systems to sustain the water delivery servicesustain the water delivery service requirements of farmers and optimize
d ti d t d ti it ”production and water productivity.”
Source: ‐ Lance Gore Arnaud Cauchois (ADB) Beau Freeman MikeSource: Lance Gore, Arnaud Cauchois (ADB), Beau Freeman, Mike Chegwin (Lahmeyer), Ian Makin (IWMI), September 2015
ModernizationModernization
• Understand the real constraints – before investing– MASCOTTE – FAO guidelines on modernization of irrigation service:
• What level of water delivery service does the system currently provide?
• What hardware (infrastructure) and software (operational procedures, institutional setup, etc.) features affect this level of service?
• What improvements in the various components could make a significant difference in service delivery to users?
• Manage Irrigation Assets for long‐term performance• Manage Irrigation Assets for long‐term performance– Current practice tends towards deferred maintenance (build‐ignore‐
rehabilitate‐ignore)
– Aging irrigation infrastructure
• Expand use of ICT to improve information and decision making
Innovations Innovations –– Farm and FieldFarm and Field
• Surface irrigation often performs poorly, but:– Improved farmer knowledge and simple tools
work;
– Laser grading and levelling can transform performance and reduce energy costs;
– Sprinkler, drip and trickle systems can reduce labour, fertilizer and water requirements., q
• On‐farm storage and/or access to groundwater enables farmers to get b f f i i ibetter performance from irrigation services
Capacity building for farmers is essentialCapacity building for farmers is essentialCapacity building for farmers is essentialCapacity building for farmers is essential
Modernizing Irrigation ServicesModernizing Irrigation Servicesfort
Modern management:
• Agree cropping pattern with water users at start of season based on available water supply
Additional effort required to move from one level to the next
gemen
t eff
Supply orientated management:
supply• Schedule to match demands• Measure and monitor allocations• Assess performance
Man
ag
Simple flood irrigation:
Supply orientated management:
• Fix cropping at design stage• Enforce designed cropping pattern• Control by level, maintain FSL in main canals
Time
• Construct channels• Flood land Burton, Martin. 2011. Water Management in India: Options for Change. Presentation at the 2011 FAO
Investment Days Meeting, December 15‐17.
Improving Irrigation PerformanceImproving Irrigation Performance
• Requires:
– strengthening links between main system and farmers'strengthening links between main system and farmers fields
– problems identified by Chambers in 1980s ‐Still is anproblems identified by Chambers in 1980s Still is an issue
– Results
• Expansion of groundwater use and local storage• Poor cost recovery, etc.Poor cost recovery, etc.
• Lack of maintenance
Improving Irrigation PerformanceImproving Irrigation Performance
• But the solutions are not isolated in system O&M, but require:
– Leadership to:
• Set and support clear objectives for systemSet and support clear objectives for system managers and operators
• Provide timely resources for operations• Provide timely resources for operations, maintenance and repairs
R d f f• Rewards for performance
Closing Gap between Potential Created and Closing Gap between Potential Created and UtilizedUtilizedUtilizedUtilized
Technology for system operation can:• Provide real‐time data• Remote operations• Use of space technology and ICT in
irrigation management• Dialogic tools (based on DSS) for
• Remote operations • Improved access to information• Offer new tools for manual system
tilinkage of canal operation and on‐farm water management
• Innovative ways of managing canalwater through PPP service
operations
water through PPP, serviceproviders, farmers’ company, orfederating WUAs into a PrivateCompanyCompany
• Bringing pressurized irrigation/micro‐irrigation as adjunct withcanals
Narmada Canal Project, Rajasthan: An Efficient Narmada Canal Project, Rajasthan: An Efficient Canal fed pressurized Irrigation SystemCanal fed pressurized Irrigation System
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Canal fed pressurized Irrigation SystemCanal fed pressurized Irrigation System
Isabgol Crop
Pump house
Sump wellIsabgol Crop
DIGGI Canal outlet
Canal
W i b 45 49% A ll i ll b i f i i iWater saving by 45‐49%: An overall environmentally benign system of irrigation
Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM)Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM)
PIM/water users association ‐ its all about people, institutions and governance
Use of Smart ICT for Efficient Irrigation Use of Smart ICT for Efficient Irrigation • ICT based technologies integrating• ICT‐based technologies integrating
weather, water and crop related information and advice
• The project uses satellite imagery• The project uses satellite imagery, combined with other data, to produce practical agricultural information for ffarmers.
• Complex water and crop growth models are run for each field using this
bi i f d d llicombination of data and satellite imagery, producing specific, customized advisories for each farmer
• Smart ICT project implemented in three countries in Africa – Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt
Smart Low Cost TechnologySmart Low Cost Technology‐‐wetting front wetting front DetectorsDetectors• A mechanical device to monitor the
wetting front• Iinstallation depth depends on the
application, soil & crop type
Simple technical advisory on water application will lead to a reduction in water demand and efficient
use of inputsSource: CSIRO, 2004
Smart Irrigation SchedulingSmart Irrigation Scheduling‐‐TensiometerTensiometer
A low cost instrument that helps measure soil moisture content
Two versions of tensiometerTwo versions of tensiometer
‐ High end with a pressure gauge
‐ Low cost versionLow cost version (developed and customised to specific crop through field p gresearch) without a pressure gauge –
Using an auger to drill a hole of a certain depth below ground (a function of effective crop root zone
•Results in rice and wheat–Saves 22 percent irrigation water in rice–Saves 15‐18 percent irrigation water in wheat
e.g 15 cm for rice and 35 cm for wheat)
Improving/ Stabilizing farmer incomes through resource sustainabilityA project of Columbia Water Center, Columbia University in Gujarat and Punjab
wheat
Rapid, Rapid, Unsustainable Unsustainable and and Inequitable Inequitable Groundwater DevelopmentGroundwater Development• Emergence of low cost pumps and government policies led to phenomenal growth of
groundwater development• GW abstraction structures increased from 4 million in 1951 to nearly 24 million• Groundwater irrigation contributes 61% of total irrigated area• Great regional differences in level of GW development• Virtual water, movement of food grains from water scarce region of western IGP to water
surplus eastern regionsurplus eastern region
Scope for sustainable development of GW in Eastern region
Issues & Issues & Opportunities in Eastern IndiaOpportunities in Eastern India
• Limited access to small farmers• Low affordability
VW Flow Direction
y• Higher cost of pumping• Technological push for GW use • Promoting institutional arrangements g g
including groundwater markets, water franchisees, community/group tube wells for increased access to waterwells for increased access to water
• Underground taming of flood waters for irrigation
• Complement government’s program of
Virtual water, movement of food grains from
Complement government s program of Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India
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gwater scarce region of western IGP to watersurplus eastern region
CommunityCommunity‐‐driven Decentralized MAR: driven Decentralized MAR: Building ResilienceBuilding Resilience
Large number of Check dams built by community with government support
utfi.iwmi.orgutfi.iwmi.orgcommunity, with government support
Underground Taming of Floods for Underground Taming of Floods for Irrigation: Pilot, Irrigation: Pilot, UP, IndiaUP, India
WaterWater‐‐Energy NexusEnergy NexusIrrigation Structures Overdraft
Electrification
Irrigation Structures (5000/dot
250000 India: Number of Electric 200000India: Electricity Use in Groundwater Irrigation
100000
150000
200000 Pumps: 1970‐2015
100000
150000
Groundwater Irrigation (m kWh)
0
50000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
0
50000
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
No. of electric pumps in irrigation use (100)Tofal Electricity Use in Agriculture (m kWh)
WaterWater‐‐Energy Nexus:Energy Nexus:Iterative Problems and SolutionsIterative Problems and SolutionsIterative Problems and SolutionsIterative Problems and SolutionsEnergy Subsidy Problems
• Water: Unsustainable aquifer depletionWater: Unsustainable aquifer depletion
• Energy: Utilities unable to raise price and go bankrupt, power grid decayed, energy supply became less reliable
$• Economic: Cost of subsidy is about ~ $9 billion/year
Solutions
Energy: Feeder separation and smart farm‐power rationingEnergy: Feeder separation and smart farm power rationing
Renewable energy use
Efficient pumping systems and matching of wells• Sol
• Water: Community‐driven decentralized managed aquifer recharge
Water smart interventions
State wise Estimated Solar Power PotentialState wise Estimated Solar Power PotentialTotal Solar Power in GWp: 748.98p
Solar Pumps: Possibility to Reality Solar Pumps: Possibility to Reality
Installed Solar Pumps till Number
2009‐10 1000
2015‐16 350000 5 6 35000
Till 2020 More than 1.5 Lakh Solar Pumps
India Targets 100 MW solar power by 2022 for achieving INDCsIndia Targets 100 MW solar power by 2022 for achieving INDCsSubsidised solar pumps connected to grids and Net‐metering
Solar Solar PowerPowerHarnessing Harnessing the power of the Sun the power of the Sun Harnessing Harnessing the power of the Sun the power of the Sun SPaRCSPaRC –– Solar Power as a Solar Power as a Remunerative Crop Remunerative Crop An innovative concept which linksAn innovative concept which links farmer’s solar irrigation pump to the electricity grid presenting farmer with the choice to sell the surplus powerpowerSPICE SPICE –– Solar Pump Solar Pump IrrigatorsIrrigators’ ’ Cooperative Cooperative EnterpriseEnterpriseInstitutionalizing the idea of SPaRC through a cooperative model
BACK ^
Climate Smart and Remunerative Solar Climate Smart and Remunerative Solar IrrigationIrrigationIrrigationIrrigation
Enhanced access toEnhanced access toground ground water for water for small small holdersholders
The opportunityThe opportunityTriple wins Triple wins • Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions
• India has 130,000 GW of installed pumping capacity in the form of electric and diesel tube wells
• Sustainable solar irrigation pumps with feed‐in
Reduction in greenhouse gas emissions• Sustainable use of groundwater• Water access & income to farmers The result The result • Launch of the world’s first Solar Pump
tariff for selling excess electricity to the gridLaunch of the world s first Solar Pump Irrigation Cooperative (SPICE)
PradhanPradhan MantriMantri KrishiKrishiPradhan Pradhan MantriMantri KrishiKrishiSinchayeeSinchayee YojanaYojana
PMKSYHarHar KhetKhet KoKo PaaniPaaniHarHar KhetKhet KoKo PaaniPaani
Moving from fragmented approach to converged ‘end to end’ solutionco e ged e d to e d so ut o
Focus: End to End Solution to Irrigation Supply ChainFocus: End to End Solution to Irrigation Supply Chain
• Rain water harvesting /Micro storage e.g. ponds/tanks. Water Sources
ChainChain
• Community water tanks/check dams. • Secondary storage structures (Diggie)• Groundwater sources‐Dug wells/Tube wellspp
ly Chain
• River lift irrigation• Cement Nala Bund, Kolhapuri Gate
rigatio
n Sup
• Command Area Development• Underground pipe conveyance system
then
ing Irr Distribution
ffi i• Drip & Sprinkler System;• Cropping alignment, on‐farm development• Efficient and energy saving (e.g. solar powered) water
Strengt Water Use Efficiency
gy g ( g p )lifting devices
Source: DAC
I di ’ M I i i D i d Di i
IWMIIWMI‐‐TATA Policy PaperTATA Policy Paper
India’s Most Irrigation Deprived Districts
India’s most irrigation deprived districts are primarily located in Central Indian Tribal 112 out of the 126 districts have unutilized p y
Highlands, Rajasthan and the Deccan region GW potential for future irrigation development
Source: Tushaar et. Al. 2016
IWMIIWMI‐‐TATA Research: Rethinking PMKSY TATA Research: Rethinking PMKSY
• PMKSY’s current avtar is a convergence of pre‐existing schemes with indifferent track record;
• Instead of spreading resources thin PMKSY shouldInstead of spreading resources thin, PMKSY should focus on unirrigated half of India’s agrarian landscape: 112 most irrigation‐deprived districts (<30% irrigated holdings);
• Quickest and most cost‐effective way of providing irrigation to these is by helping them make a well/borewell and acquire a pump with distribution pipe;distribution pipe;
• 105 out of the 112 irrigation deprived districts are notified by CGWB as ‘safe’ (<70% groundwater development);
• Key new opportunities:
• Solar irrigation pumps; and
• Reuse of municipal wastewater in pagriculture
Convergence for Better Use of W i A i l
Last Mile Coverage of Irrigation Water in Agriculture Project
Water lifting device on dug well in Damoh. Water being released from Kutni
dam to feeder canal in chattarpurFarmers lifting water from feeder
canaldam to feeder canal in chattarpurdistrict.
canal.
Mi i i ti dMicro irrigation and crop diversification, Damoh.
Farmers irrigating wheat crop from the pannchampur Minor.
A good stand of wheat crop.
Synergy between INDCs and SDGsSynergy between INDCs and SDGs
INDCs & Water
• Enhancing efficient use of water (WUE by 20%)
• Ensure water access
• Water harvesting & GWWater harvesting & GW recharge
• Wastewater reuse (also source of nutrients)
2.3 Doubling Agri Production2.4 Resilient Agri products
13.1 Adaptive capacity to CC13.2 Integrating CC measures 3.3 Capacity development on CC
source of nutrients)
• Increased forest/tree cover (C sink of 2.5‐3 bil. t of CO2equivalent)
• Solar pumps (100K)
l15.1 Sustainable Eco‐sys15 3 C b d d i
7.1 Access to renewable 1.5 Reducing vulnerability
Harmonize complementarities 15.3 Combat degradation energy
Key Messages Key Messages • Improving irrigation performance to enable reduced diversions &
return flows and enhanced livelihoods and food security.
• Combination of supply augmentation and demand management• Combination of supply augmentation and demand management
• Canal fed pressurized irrigation
• Mainstreaming of emerging innovations and technologies• Mainstreaming of emerging innovations and technologiesthrough on‐going National/State programs/schemes
• DSS integrating hydrologic, agronomy and socio‐economic models
• Promote use of ICT in irrigation management
• Modernization and revitalization of irrigation systems• Greater emphasis on use of solar irrigation
• Capitalize on co‐benefits of mitigation through conjunctivet f t dmanagement of water and energy
Th k !Th k !Thank you!Thank you!Email ‐ [email protected]