INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

CANAL AUTOMATIONCANAL AUTOMATION TO IMPROVETO IMPROVECANAL AUTOMATION CANAL AUTOMATION –– TO IMPROVE TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY AND EXPAND IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY AND EXPAND IRRIGATION 

AREA COVERAGE AREA COVERAGE by

Prof. Nayan Sharma, WRD&M, IIT Roorkee 

by

and 

Honorary Professor, University of Nottingham, UKy f y f g

MODERNIZATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMMODERNIZATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

IsIs aa combinationcombination ofof technical,technical, managerial,managerial, andandorganizationalorganizational upgradingupgrading ofof irrigationirrigation‐‐ toto improveimprove resourceresource utilizationutilization andand waterwater deliverydelivery

serviceservice toto farmsfarms..‐‐ ToTo ImproveImprove irrigationirrigation waterwater managementmanagement forfor increasingincreasing

productivityproductivity andand minimizingminimizing adverseadverse effectseffects suchsuch asassalinizationsalinizationsalinizationsalinization..

‐‐ toto facilitatefacilitate canalcanal operationoperation..toto increaseincrease thethe operatingoperating fle ibilitfle ibilit ofof canalscanals‐‐ toto increaseincrease thethe operatingoperating flexibilityflexibility ofof canalscanals..

‐‐ toto monitormonitor canalcanal operationoperation inin realreal‐‐timetime..tt tt f tf t ff thth f ilitif iliti

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‐‐ toto ensureensure greatergreater safetysafety ofof thethe facilitiesfacilities..

History of Canal AutomationHistory of Canal Automation

•• EarlyEarly canalcanal automationautomation (pre(pre‐‐19501950's)'s) waswas characterizedcharacterized bybythethe useuse ofof hydraulichydraulic gatesgates..

•• DanaideanDanaidean gatesgates havehave beenbeen usedused inin CaliforniaCalifornia sincesince thethe19301930's's

•• FlapFlap gatesgates werewere investigatedinvestigated inin TheThe NetherlandsNetherlands byby•• FlapFlap gatesgates werewere investigatedinvestigated inin TheThe NetherlandsNetherlands bybyVlugterVlugter ((19401940))..

•• InIn thethe latelate 19801980ss andand earlyearly 19901990s,s, thethe emphasisemphasis shiftedshifted totoInIn thethe latelate 19801980ss andand earlyearly 19901990s,s, thethe emphasisemphasis shiftedshifted totophysicalphysical technicaltechnical interventionsinterventions suchsuch asas improvedimproved waterwaterlevellevel andand flowflow controlcontrol..

•• InIn thethe earlyearly 20002000ss thethe emphasisemphasis shiftedshifted backback almostalmostcompletelycompletely toto thethe creationcreation ofof waterwater useruser associationsassociations..

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Can Can India afford India afford notnot to modernize to modernize irrigation?irrigation?

TheThe increasedincreased yieldsyields ofof graingrain sincesince 19601960,, areare largelylargelyattributedattributed toto newnew varietiesvarieties (the(the “green“green revolution”)revolution”) andandexpandedexpanded irrigatedirrigated acreageacreageexpandedexpanded irrigatedirrigated acreageacreage..

ThereThere areare nono spectacularspectacular newnew highhigh--yieldyield graingrain varietiesvarietiesexpectedexpected inin thethe nearnear futurefuture..

ItIt isis nownow recognizedrecognized thatthat furtherfurther expandingexpanding irrigatedirrigatedacreageacreage generallygenerally isis notnot feasible,feasible, asas manymany waterwatersuppliessupplies areare alreadyalready overover allocatedallocatedsuppliessupplies areare alreadyalready overover allocatedallocated..

India’sIndia’s populationpopulation continuescontinues toto increase,increase, IrrigatedIrrigated agricultureagriculture isis expectedexpected toto produceproduce mostmost ofof thethe IrrigatedIrrigated agricultureagriculture isis expectedexpected toto produceproduce mostmost ofof thethe

additionaladditional foodfood neededneeded toto feedfeed thethe increasingincreasingpopulationpopulation..

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CanalCanal automationautomation methodsmethods DownstreamDownstream controlcontrol methodmethod –– D/SD/S demanddemand

i t di t d i ili il ii ii llorientedoriented primarilyprimarily inin mainmain canalcanal

DynamicDynamic regulationregulation methodmethod –– BasedBased onon cropcrop

waterwater requirementrequirement rightright upup toto irrigatedirrigated fieldfield::

exampleexample ProvenceProvence dede CanalCanal inin FranceFranceexampleexample –– ProvenceProvence dede CanalCanal inin FranceFrance

ControlledControlled volumevolume conceptconcept approachapproach –– LevelLevel

toptop canalcanal gategate controlledcontrolled suchsuch asas CaliforniaCalifornia

AqueductAqueduct inin USAUSA

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AqueductAqueduct inin USAUSA..

How Does Canal Automation Work?How Does Canal Automation Work?

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Canal Operations are improved if operation Canal Operations are improved if operation of structure is simple.of structure is simple.pp

•• Things that simplify operations:Things that simplify operations:Things that simplify operations:Things that simplify operations:–– Good flow measurementGood flow measurement–– FreeFree‐‐flow structuresflow structures–– longlong‐‐crested weirscrested weirs

•• Things that complicate operationsThings that complicate operations–– Lack of flow measurementLack of flow measurement–– Uncertain structure hydraulics & operationsUncertain structure hydraulics & operations–– Intermediate, nonIntermediate, non‐‐regulating structuresregulating structures

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•• ItIt isis possiblepossible toto determinedetermine wavewave traveltravel timestimesforfor operationsoperations fromfrom steadysteady statestate backwaterbackwaterforfor operationsoperations fromfrom steadysteady‐‐statestate backwaterbackwatercurvescurves (volume(volume compensation)compensation)

h d lih d li hh bibi i fli fl•• StructureStructure hydraulicshydraulics havehave aa bigbig influenceinfluence ononhowhow waveswaves traveltravel throughthrough canalcanal poolspools..

•• CanalsCanals underunder backwaterbackwater andand weirsweirs provideprovidefasterfaster (and(and probablyprobably moremore predictable)predictable)responseresponse timestimes..

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TailTail‐‐Ender ProblemEnder Problem

•• TheseThese approachesapproaches contributecontribute toto thethe tailtail‐‐

endedended problem,problem, wherewhere allall thethe mismatchesmismatches

endend upup atat thethe downstreamdownstream endend ofof thethe systemsystem..

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Solving the TailSolving the Tail‐‐Ender ProblemEnder Problem

Good measurement and accounting keep rightamount of water in canals and reduce thechance for serious mismatches.– This mean operators should keep track of and beaccountable for mismatches

Remote manual operation can identify andcorrect the problem. (SCADA)

New methods for automatic downstream

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level control are being developed.

Existing canal systems were not designed for Existing canal systems were not designed for accurate measurement, control and accountingaccurate measurement, control and accounting•• Canal control is difficult because:Canal control is difficult because:

–– Upstream changes are delayed downstreamUpstream changes are delayed downstream–– Upstream changes arrive graduallyUpstream changes arrive gradually–– Pool volumes change with discharge, roughness, and depth at Pool volumes change with discharge, roughness, and depth at structurestructure

•• Canal operators want steady flows and rigid schedules Canal operators want steady flows and rigid schedules ‐‐farmers want flexibility and responsivenessfarmers want flexibility and responsivenessfarmers want flexibility and responsivenessfarmers want flexibility and responsiveness

•• Common problems resultCommon problems result–– Flow rates fluctuateFlow rates fluctuate–– Flow rates may be too high or lowFlow rates may be too high or low–– Operations are unresponsive to needsOperations are unresponsive to needs

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Operations are unresponsive to needsOperations are unresponsive to needs–– Inadequate accounting for water entering and leaving canalInadequate accounting for water entering and leaving canal

Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) Systems ( ) y• SCADA systems can provide real‐time monitoring, remote supervisory or automatic control, troubleshooting, and automatic data reporting and archiving capabilities.

• Uninterrupted communication is the backbone of a SCADAUninterrupted communication is the backbone of a SCADA implementation.

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Basic SCADA components

HardwareHardware requiredrequired ––

V iV i ff tt l ll l ilil i ti t VariousVarious sensorssensors forfor waterwater level,level, soilsoil moisture,moisture,

weatherweather // LysimeterLysimeter

NeyrtecNeyrtec gatesgates

SoftwareSoftware requiredrequiredSoftwareSoftware requiredrequired ––

CanalCanal flowflow simulationsimulation

SoilSoil moisturemoisture simulationsimulation

ClimatologicalClimatological simulationsimulation

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ClimatologicalClimatological simulationsimulation

Radar Radar Based Water Level RecorderBased Water Level Recorder

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NeyrpicNeyrpic Gates / Weir use in Main Canal Automation Gates / Weir use in Main Canal Automation 

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Typical Typical Benefits of Canal AutomationBenefits of Canal Automation

1.1. SupplySupply--oriented oriented versus demandversus demand--oriented operations; oriented operations; 2.2. Improved Improved water deliveries for maximizing crop water deliveries for maximizing crop

productionproduction;;3.3. Adoption Adoption of modern onof modern on--farm irrigation systems; farm irrigation systems; 4.4. Improved Improved river (inriver (in--stream) stream) flows flows and river quality; and river quality; 5.5. Reduced Reduced spills and tailspills and tail--end losses; end losses; 6.6. Increased efficiency Increased efficiency and accountability; and accountability; 7.7. Elimination Elimination of operator “kingdoms”; of operator “kingdoms”; 8.8. Improved Improved social harmony; social harmony; 9.9. Increased flow Increased flow rate capacity; and rate capacity; and

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p y;p y;10.10.Compliance Compliance with environmental law and water rights.with environmental law and water rights.

Dynamic Regulation on the Canal De Dynamic Regulation on the Canal De Provence Provence in France in France 

DynamicDynamic regulationregulation isis aa remoteremote management,management, controlcontrol andandmonitoringmonitoring systemsystem

II i li l dd dd l dl d ll ll ff IsIs entirelyentirely automatedautomated andand ensuresensures permanentpermanent closedclosed--looploop controlcontrol ofofallall waterwater movementsmovements andand safetysafety devicesdevices

CommunicationCommunication ofof requirementsrequirements byby users,users, forecasting,forecasting, thetheh d lih d li tt ff t lt l tt dd f tf thydraulichydraulic aspectsaspects ofof aa controlcontrol systemsystem andand safetysafety..

SpecificSpecific naturenature ofof thethe CanalCanal dede ProvenceProvence andand itsits controlcontrol methodmethod isisanan entirelyentirely manman--mademade waterwater conveyanceconveyance andand distributiondistribution systemsystem

AA branchedbranched networknetwork ofof variousvarious typestypes ofof structure,structure, mainlymainlyfunctioningfunctioning byby gravitygravity flowflow..

SystemSystem incorporatesincorporates secondary,secondary, pumppump--operatedoperated conduitsconduits atat itsitsextremitiesextremities.. TheThe systemsystem suppliessupplies waterwater toto 4040,,000000 haha ofof agriculturalagriculturalland,land, 7070 townstowns andand villagesvillages andand aa greatgreat manymany industriesindustries.. ItIt operatesoperatesonon anan 'on'on--request'request' basisbasis..

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Flow Control and Transients in the California Flow Control and Transients in the California AqueductAqueduct CaliforniaCalifornia AqueductAqueduct ofof thethe CaliforniaCalifornia StateState WaterWater ProjectProject inin 19671967 toto

thethe presentpresent.. MethodMethod ofof gategate operationoperation forfor flowflow controlcontrol hashas beenbeen modifiedmodified toto keepkeepMethodMethod ofof gategate operationoperation forfor flowflow controlcontrol hashas beenbeen modifiedmodified toto keepkeep

upup withwith thethe changingchanging operationaloperational demandsdemands.. Initially,Initially, serialserial gategateoperationoperation waswas employedemployed..

ThenThen asas operatingoperating demandsdemands increasedincreased aa newnew methodmethod calledcalledThenThen asas operatingoperating demandsdemands increasedincreased aa newnew methodmethod calledcalledsimultaneoussimultaneous gategate operation,operation, usingusing thethe controlledcontrolled volumevolume concept,concept,waswas implementedimplemented..

FlowFlow changeschanges increasedincreased stillstill anotheranother methodmethod knownknown asas timedtimed gategateFlowFlow changeschanges increasedincreased stillstill anotheranother methodmethod knownknown asas timedtimed gategateoperation,operation, anotheranother variationvariation ofof thethe controlledcontrolled volumevolume concept,concept,

RecentRecent flowflow changechange teststests indicateindicate thatthat timedtimed gategate operationoperation willwillcontrolcontrol thethe fluctuationsfluctuations withinwithin thethe allowableallowable forfor flowflow changeschanges upup totocontrolcontrol thethe fluctuationsfluctuations withinwithin thethe allowableallowable forfor flowflow changeschanges upup totoandand includingincluding designeddesigned flowflow quantitiesquantities inin thethe rangerange ofof 1313,,100100 cfscfs((370370 m³/sec)m³/sec)..

RefinementRefinement toto thethe timedtimed gategate operationoperation cancan furtherfurther reducereduce thethe

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RefinementRefinement toto thethe timedtimed gategate operationoperation cancan furtherfurther reducereduce thethemagnitudesmagnitudes ofof hydraulichydraulic transientstransients duringduring majormajor flowflow changeschanges..

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FractionalFractional‐‐order order Mathematical Model of Mathematical Model of an an Irrigation Canal Irrigation Canal 

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Canal Canal Automation Proposed for Automation Proposed for SardarSardar SarovarSarovar Project Canal System Project Canal System 

• The Sardar Sarovar Project canal system is 458 km longNarmada Main Canal(NMC).

• NMC has design discharge capacity of 1134 cumecs(cubic meter per second).W ld B k t t d t t th l• World Bank, experts suggested to operate the canalconveyance system by Control Volume Concept (CVC).

• CVC in turn calls for simultaneous operation of all theCVC in turn calls for simultaneous operation of all thecontrol structures, and hence Remote Monitoring andControl System is inevitable for operation of the canalconveyance systemconveyance system.

• Irrigation water in the command area of SSP would bedelivered to farmer's group and not to the individual

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g pfamers as per the requirement of water.

• Actual demand of water were evaluated to deliver waterat the distant points in the region.

• Normally to distribute water as per variations in• Normally, to distribute water, as per variations indemand, it takes days and days to reach in commandarea. However, in SSP these variations in demands ofwater will be known in advance.

• This needs advanced planning and designing ofhardware as well as software of specific requirementhardware as well as software of specific requirement.

• There is overuse of water by initial command blocks(near the dam), and leaving less supplies to the areasdown the canal.

• Canal Automation will eliminate this discrepancies andequal benefits of irrigation will be available to entire

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equal benefits of irrigation will be available to entirecommand area.

• RMCS will ensure that required quantity of water willreach to farms.N h i th ld R t M it i d• Nowhere, in the world Remote Monitoring andControlled System for open channel network on such alarge scale has been implemented.g p

• Even the project envisaged for SSP Canal conveyancenetwork (600 km length) is larger than the existing canalautomation projects elsewhere in this worldautomation projects elsewhere in this world.

• Pilot Project for the Canal Automation on Main ControlCenter (MCC) at Gandhinagar and Divisional Operation( ) g pCenter (DOC) Vadodara, which will include NarmadaMain Canal (0 to 458 km), Vadodara Branch Canal andSakarda Branch Canal Systems

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Sakarda Branch Canal Systems.

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Thanks…

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