20150316 pp mlo-cursus

dr. Arthur ten Cate

Nederlands Instituut v Militaire Historie

Geschiedenis‘Vredesoperaties’Dr. Arthur ten Cate en Max Tiemessen BA

Ministerie van Defensie2Geschiedenis Vredesoperaties

OOV-2

PME

Security/COIN

Mil gezag

Stab-OpsTact act: Stabilisatie

PSO/CBO/VN-ops


“The fog [of war] is thickest at the low end of the conflict spectrum (…) The constantly changing and imprecise array of terms created to name such conflicts reflects the profound discomfort of conventional armed forces with unconventional war. ‘Small wars’, ‘imperial policing’, ‘counterinsurgency’, ‘counter-revolutionary warfare’, ‘Low Intensity Conflict’, and ‘Military Operations Other than War’, have been offered up to describe essentially the same phenomenon. This same shifting and imprecise use of terminology has also come to characterize the literature of peace operations.”

(Thomas Mockaitis, Small Wars and Insurgencies 1999)


De belangrijkste vraag ….The First , the Supreme, the most far reaching act of judgement that the statesman and the commander have to make; is to establish …the kind of war on which they are embarking…neither mistaking it or trying to turn it into something that is alien to its nature. This is the first of all strategic questions and the most comprehensive.


Crisisbeheersing vs. Soevereiniteit: de onmiskenbare samenhang tussen het denken over

vredesmissies en staatsvorming vanaf 1600.

1. Denken over vrede, (internationale) crisisbeheersing en statelijke soevereiniteit in de 17e en 18e eeuw.

2. Denken over vrede, (internationale) crisisbeheersing en statelijke soevereiniteit na het Concert van Europa in 1815.

3. Denken over vrede, (internationale) crisisbeheersing en statelijke soevereiniteit na WOI.

4. Denken over vrede, (internationale) crisisbeheersing en statelijke soevereiniteit na WOII.


“Statelijke soevereiniteit: de door andere staatkundige eenheden erkende, exclusieve gezagsuitoefening door een staat of vorst over zijn grondgebied.”

(D. Hellema, Humanitaire interventie en soevereiniteit

2004)


“The foundation-stone of this work is and must remain the State. Respect for its fundamental sovereignty and integrity are crucial to any common international progress. The time of absolute and exclusive sovereignty, however, has passed; its theory was never matched by reality. It is the task of leaders of States today to understand this and to find a balance between the needs of good internal governance and the requirements of an ever more interdependent world.”

(An Agenda for Peace 1992)


“Sovereignty is more than just a functional principle of international rights. For many states and peoples, it is (…) a recognition of their equal worth and dignity, a protection of their unique identities and their national freedom, and an affirmation of their right to shape and determine their own destiny.”

(The International Commission on Intervention and Sovereignty, R2P-Rapport 2002)


Noordwest-Europa

(ca. 1600)


“[f]ully convinced…that there is a common law among nations, which is valid alike for war and in war, I have had many and weighty reasons for undertaking to write upon this subject. Throughout the Christian world I observed a lack of restraint in relation to war, such as even barbarous nations should be ashamed of.”

(Hugo de Groot, De Jure Belli ac Pacis [Over het recht van oorlog en vrede] 1625)

“The power of the state is limited in order to protect citizens from the arbitrary exercise of authority.”

(Kant, Zum Ewigen Frieden [Naar de eeuwige vrede] 1795)

Hugo Grotius inDelft


“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.”

(United States Declaration of Independence 1776)

“Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.”

(Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen [Verklaring van de rechten van de mens en de burger] 1789)


Europa

(ca. 1815)


“At the core of the balance of power theory is the idea that national security is enhanced when military capabilities are distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others”.

(Kegley & Wittkopf, World Politics: Trends and

Transformation 2005) The Balance of Power Shifts


“Sick man of Europe”

Territoriale afkalving van het Ottomaanse Rijk (1798 – 1923)


“His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom … [has] the desire of putting a stop to the effusion of blood, and of preventing the evils of every kind … for the object [of the Treaty] … has been inspired no less by sentiments of humanity, than by interests for the tranquillity of Europe.”

(Verdrag van Londen - 1827)


Stellingen m.b.t. een tweetal kenmerken die typisch lijken voor zowel negentiende-eeuwse als hedendaagse internationale interventies en vredesoperaties:

A. Vredesoperaties zijn afhankelijk van de politieke wil van een internationaal erkende grootmacht die bereid is de kar te trekken.

B. Strategische belangen spelen altijd een (doorslaggevende) rol in crisisbeheersingsoperaties en humanitaire interventies.


Veranderingen in de Europese staatskundige constellatie tussen 1914 en 1919


“Any war or threat of war, whether immediately affecting any of the Members of the League or not, is hereby declared a matter of concern to the whole League, and the League shall take any action that may be deemed wise and effectual to safeguard the peace of nations.” (Volkenbondpact, Artikel II)


“To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace”

(VN-Handvest, Artikel 1.1)


Gemachtigd militair ingrijpen te mandateren

Gericht op het promoten van

ontwikkeling en samenwerking

Veiligheidsraad ECOSOC, World Bank, UNAIDS, FAO, UNHCR,

UN-HABITAT, ICAO, ITC, WHO, UN Women etc.

VN -organen / -organisaties die militair ingrijpen mandateren of ontwikkeling en samenwerking

promoten


“The absence of war and military conflicts amongst States does not in itself ensure international peace and security. The non-military sources of instability in the economic, social, humanitarian and ecological fields have become threats to peace and security. The United Nations membership as a whole, working through the appropriate bodies, needs to give the highest priority to the solution of these matters.”

(Boutros Boutros-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and

peace-keeping 1992)


PAUZE


Misverstand 1: de ‘comprehensive approach’ (CA) of ‘3D aanpak’ is een recent instrument van crisisbeheersing, tot wasdom gekomen in Afghanistan na circa 2004, na een moderne ontwikkeling, verdieping en verbreding in internationale crisisbeheersingsoperaties sinds de jaren negentig.

Misverstand 2: het concept van CA ontwikkelde zich na het besef van overlap met en door teruggrijpen op succesvolle lessen die zijn geleerd tijdens counterinsurgency-operaties, bezettingen en koloniaal optreden uit vroeger tijden (‘Thompson’) en bij recente stabilisatie-operaties in complexe inzetgebieden.


“The most advanced and sophisticated experiment in international co-operation ever attempted”

(Walter Lippmann, “Today and tomorrow” 1961)

“ONUC revealed the need for a comprehensive response to civil conflict, a response combining humanitarian aid, diplomacy and nation building under the security umbrella of a military force – a response not unlike a counterinsurgency campaign.”



“The absence of war and military conflicts amongst States does not in itself ensure international peace and security. The non-military sources of instability in the economic, social, humanitarian and ecological fields have become threats to peace and security.”

(An Agenda for Peace: Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and

peace-keeping 1992)


“to help but not to intervene, to advise but not to order, to conciliate but not to take sides…”


“The United Nations in the Congo has neither sought to replace the Congo Government nor to make it a captive. The UNF is in the Congo as a friend and partner, not as an army of occupation.”

(SGVN Dag Hammarskjold, 1961)


Primaat van de politiek (Diplomacy): 1960 - 1961

- civiele leiding missie- eerst diplomatieke oplossing gezagscrisis (september 1960 - augustus 1961)- militair optreden secundair aan politieke bemiddeling

Primaat van de peace-enforcement (Defence): 1961-1963

Primaat van de wederopbouw (Development): 1963-1964


“The most advanced and sophisticated experiment in international co-operation ever attempted”

(Walter Lippmann, “Today and tomorrow” 1961)

“ONUC revealed the need for a comprehensive response to civil conflict, a response combining humanitarian aid, diplomacy and nation building under the security umbrella of a military force – a response not unlike a counterinsurgency campaign.”


20150316 pp mlo-cursus

Documents