2010 water: crisis and choices: water reuse

8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse

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Theme 3 – Clean Water: A Question of Quality

Water Reuse: Scale,Technolo , and Pros ects

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• Chair: Anne Barker (City West Water)

•

– Ir Abdul Kadir Mohd Din (IWK)

– Jakyum Kim (K-Water)

– Robert Bos (WHO)

– Kyn Wallent (South Australia Water)

– Wen Kok Tze PUB Sin a ore – Michael White (ADB)

• Anchor: Michael White (ADB)

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Water Reuse: Scale,Technolo , and Pros ects

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Kok Tze Weng, Assistant Director – Water Supply (Network) Department, PUB Singapore

Overview

Water Reuse, Applications & Technology

Scale & Prospects of Water Reuse

NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience

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Water Reuse, The Future



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Water Reuse

Use of treated used water for beneficial purpose Planned vs Unplanned

Non-Potable vs Potable

5Water Reuse, Scale & Applications

Worldwide

Technologies Applied

Treatment Process Description Examples

Preliminary Removal of large or dense visible objects to minimize Bar screens, grit separators

Treatment to cater to desired/target beneficial reuse purposes

operational and maintenance issues in downstream

processes

Primary Removal of suspended sol ids and organic matter

predominantly through sedimentation

Clarifiers

Secondary Removal of all biodegradable organic matter, normally

coupled with final clarification to remove excessive

suspended solids. Sometimes include disinfection processes

and nutrient removal processes

Activated sludge process, membrane

bioreactors, rotating biological contactors

Tertiary Removal of remaining suspended solids (remnants from

secondary treatment), and usually encompasses disinfection

Sand filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration,

ultraviolet disinfection

Advanced Removal of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and/or trace

constituents

Electrodialysis, ion exchange,

nanofiltration, reverse osmosis

6The Technology

For high grade reuse water,

Ultrafiltration/Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis Ultra Violet Disinfection

TreatedWastewater

High GradeWater



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Scale of Water Reuse Industry

Tremendous growth over past years in water reuse industry

• Expected to be rising more

desalination

• More Energy Efficient

7Water Reuse, Scale & Applications

Increasing Percentage of Water Reused

• Diminishing public opposition to reuse

• Declining cost of treatment

• Increasing environmental awareness

Public Private Partnerships

Design, Build 38%

Build, Own, Operate,Transfer 22%

Design, Build,Own 13%

Build, Own,Operate 11%

Moreconventionalarrangement

8Prospects of Water Reuse

, ,13%

PPP arrangement such as BOO, BOOT gaining popularity

Cost efficiency, shared risk



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Country

Information

Singapore

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Land Area 710 km2

Population 5.08 mil

Average Annual Rainfall 2,400 mm

Average Water Demand 1.6 mil m3/day


From sourcing, collection, purification and supply of drinking water, to

treatment of used water and turning it into NEWater, drainage of storm water

The Water Loop

stormwaterstormwatertreatmenttreatment

managementmanagement

collectioncollection

reclamationreclamation

ofof

used waterused water

collectioncollection

used waterused water

desalinationdesalination

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in drains &in drains &

reservoirsreservoirs

treatment oftreatment of

raw to potableraw to potable

water water

of used waterof used water

in sewersin sewerssupply ofsupply of

water to the water to the

population &population &

industriesindustries



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4 National TapsImported water

(Johor) NEWater

DesalinatedLocal catchment water

water

11NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience

• High-grade reclaimed water

Third National Tap: NEWater

water

• Purified using advancedmembrane technologies

• Qualit exceeds drinkin

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water standards stipulated byWHO and USEPA




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NEWater Production Process

Treated Effluent

Microfiltration

• Filter out & retainedunwanted particles etc.

Reverse Osmosis

• RO water free fromvirus & bacteria.

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NEWaterNEWaterNEWaterNEWater Ultraviolet Disinfection

• UV to disinfect product water.


• 10,000 m3 /day production capacity,

operational since May 2000

•

NEWater Demonstration Plant

– Assess suitability of NEWater assource of raw water to supplement

water supply

– Test technology for reliability &

robustness

• Operational problems experienced at

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emo p an eve ncorpora e n o es gnof full scale plant

• Help to understand & address someconcerns: e.g. “worry” about use of

hypochlorite damaging membranes




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• 290 water quality parameters, over and above the 96 specified by USEPA and 113 specified by WHO

NEWater Study

Consistently Meet Water QualityConsistently Meet Water QualitySampling and Monitoring Program (SAMP)

• Over 25,000 analysis

• Most comprehensive water quality study of reclaimed water conducted to date

No Carcinogenic EffectNo Carcinogenic EffectMice Study

No Adverse Health EffectNo Adverse Health Effect


No Estrogenic EffectNo Estrogenic Effect

Fish Study

Histopathological analyses of fish tissue and organs

Rainwater

Indirect Potable Use

2 mgd injec ted into reservoirssince Feb 2003, inc reasing

prog ressively to 10mgd(about 2.5%) by 2011

Raw w ate rImport ReservoirReservoir

Waterworks

NEWaterMixing

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Population

IndustriesCommercial

Water

ReclamationPlant

NEWaterFactories

Desa lted Wa terSea



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• Processes

- wafer fabrication

Strategic Intent• To promote the use of NEWater for non potable usage. This will

free up large amounts of potable water for other potable purposes.

- pe roc em c a- power plants,

- manufacturing, etc

• Cooling towers

• hospitals

• commercial buildings• institutions, etc


2060 Plan

• To expand NEWater in order to meet

50% of Singapore’s total water needs.

• Others- general washing

- toilet flushing, etc

N

Woodlands NEWater SR

Kranji

NF

Seletar NF

Mandai SR

NEWater InfrastructureKranji(9 mgd, upgraded to 17

mgd in 2007)

Dec 2002

Seletar (5 mgd)

Feb 2004

Tampines NEWater SR

Bedok NF

Changi NF JIWW JIWW

Ulu Pandan

NF

Jurong Hill 65 SR

• 87km of transmission mains (2200mm)to be laid by 2011

• Improve Supply Reliability through

linking up all supply clusters• Agreements signed: 469• Turn-on customers: 387

• Current Demand: 63 mgd

• Shell, ExxonMobil, SRC,Wafer Fab plants and etc.

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Pulau Bukom

Kent Ridge NEWater SR

Bedok(6 mgd, upgraded to

18mgd in 2008)

Dec 2002

Changi (50 mgd)

Ma y 2010

Ulu Pandan (32 mgd)

Ma r 2007



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Public Buy-In

Seminars for grassroots leaders, students and business leaders

• 60,000 bottles distributed duringNational Day Parade 2002

Distribution of bottled NEWater to public


• Demand reached one million

bottles in 3 months

• 17 million bottles distributed since

• NEWater Visitor Centre is the focalpoint of our public education on:

Role of NEWater as one of the 4national taps

The importance of water

The technology behind NEWater

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• Targets mainly our younger generation

(e.g., students)

• Opened in Feb 2003




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The Future…

Growth strongest in EastAsia Pacific and Middle East

Technolo used movin towards

21Water Reuse, The Future

more Tertiary or Three-stagereuse

=> Expanded use of reuse water


Water Reuse: Scale,

Technolo , and Pros ects

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Issues for discussionIssues for discussion



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Issues

Treated wastewater – A substitute for potable water?

Public erce tion of wastewater re-use

What are the public health and safety issues

Adapting existing wastewater facilities

Water Re-use – How viable is it for developingcountries?

Suitable water re-use technologies for developingcountries

Prospects for water re-use

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2010 water: crisis and choices: water reuse

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