Download - 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 1/12
10/12/
Theme 3 – Clean Water: A Question of Quality
Water Reuse: Scale,Technolo , and Pros ects
1
• Chair: Anne Barker (City West Water)
•
– Ir Abdul Kadir Mohd Din (IWK)
– Jakyum Kim (K-Water)
– Robert Bos (WHO)
– Kyn Wallent (South Australia Water)
– Wen Kok Tze PUB Sin a ore – Michael White (ADB)
• Anchor: Michael White (ADB)
2
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 2/12
10/12/
Theme 3 – Clean Water: A Question of Quality
Water Reuse: Scale,Technolo , and Pros ects
3
Kok Tze Weng, Assistant Director – Water Supply (Network) Department, PUB Singapore
Overview
Water Reuse, Applications & Technology
Scale & Prospects of Water Reuse
NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience
4
Water Reuse, The Future
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 3/12
10/12/
Water Reuse
Use of treated used water for beneficial purpose Planned vs Unplanned
Non-Potable vs Potable
5Water Reuse, Scale & Applications
Worldwide
Technologies Applied
Treatment Process Description Examples
Preliminary Removal of large or dense visible objects to minimize Bar screens, grit separators
Treatment to cater to desired/target beneficial reuse purposes
operational and maintenance issues in downstream
processes
Primary Removal of suspended sol ids and organic matter
predominantly through sedimentation
Clarifiers
Secondary Removal of all biodegradable organic matter, normally
coupled with final clarification to remove excessive
suspended solids. Sometimes include disinfection processes
and nutrient removal processes
Activated sludge process, membrane
bioreactors, rotating biological contactors
Tertiary Removal of remaining suspended solids (remnants from
secondary treatment), and usually encompasses disinfection
Sand filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration,
ultraviolet disinfection
Advanced Removal of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and/or trace
constituents
Electrodialysis, ion exchange,
nanofiltration, reverse osmosis
6The Technology
For high grade reuse water,
Ultrafiltration/Microfiltration Reverse Osmosis Ultra Violet Disinfection
TreatedWastewater
High GradeWater
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 4/12
10/12/
Scale of Water Reuse Industry
Tremendous growth over past years in water reuse industry
• Expected to be rising more
desalination
• More Energy Efficient
7Water Reuse, Scale & Applications
Increasing Percentage of Water Reused
• Diminishing public opposition to reuse
• Declining cost of treatment
• Increasing environmental awareness
Public Private Partnerships
Design, Build 38%
Build, Own, Operate,Transfer 22%
Design, Build,Own 13%
Build, Own,Operate 11%
Moreconventionalarrangement
8Prospects of Water Reuse
, ,13%
PPP arrangement such as BOO, BOOT gaining popularity
Cost efficiency, shared risk
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 5/12
10/12/
Country
Information
Singapore
9
Land Area 710 km2
Population 5.08 mil
Average Annual Rainfall 2,400 mm
Average Water Demand 1.6 mil m3/day
NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience
From sourcing, collection, purification and supply of drinking water, to
treatment of used water and turning it into NEWater, drainage of storm water
The Water Loop
stormwaterstormwatertreatmenttreatment
managementmanagement
collectioncollection
reclamationreclamation
ofof
used waterused water
collectioncollection
used waterused water
desalinationdesalination
10
in drains &in drains &
reservoirsreservoirs
treatment oftreatment of
raw to potableraw to potable
water water
of used waterof used water
in sewersin sewerssupply ofsupply of
water to the water to the
population &population &
industriesindustries
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 6/12
10/12/
4 National TapsImported water
(Johor) NEWater
DesalinatedLocal catchment water
water
11NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience
• High-grade reclaimed water
Third National Tap: NEWater
water
• Purified using advancedmembrane technologies
• Qualit exceeds drinkin
12
water standards stipulated byWHO and USEPA
NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 7/12
10/12/
NEWater Production Process
Treated Effluent
Microfiltration
• Filter out & retainedunwanted particles etc.
Reverse Osmosis
• RO water free fromvirus & bacteria.
13
NEWaterNEWaterNEWaterNEWater Ultraviolet Disinfection
• UV to disinfect product water.
NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience
• 10,000 m3 /day production capacity,
operational since May 2000
•
NEWater Demonstration Plant
– Assess suitability of NEWater assource of raw water to supplement
water supply
– Test technology for reliability &
robustness
• Operational problems experienced at
14
emo p an eve ncorpora e n o es gnof full scale plant
• Help to understand & address someconcerns: e.g. “worry” about use of
hypochlorite damaging membranes
NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 8/12
10/12/
• 290 water quality parameters, over and above the 96 specified by USEPA and 113 specified by WHO
NEWater Study
Consistently Meet Water QualityConsistently Meet Water QualitySampling and Monitoring Program (SAMP)
• Over 25,000 analysis
• Most comprehensive water quality study of reclaimed water conducted to date
No Carcinogenic EffectNo Carcinogenic EffectMice Study
No Adverse Health EffectNo Adverse Health Effect
15NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience
No Estrogenic EffectNo Estrogenic Effect
Fish Study
Histopathological analyses of fish tissue and organs
Rainwater
Indirect Potable Use
2 mgd injec ted into reservoirssince Feb 2003, inc reasing
prog ressively to 10mgd(about 2.5%) by 2011
Raw w ate rImport ReservoirReservoir
Waterworks
NEWaterMixing
16
Population
IndustriesCommercial
Water
ReclamationPlant
NEWaterFactories
Desa lted Wa terSea
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 9/12
10/12/
• Processes
- wafer fabrication
Strategic Intent• To promote the use of NEWater for non potable usage. This will
free up large amounts of potable water for other potable purposes.
- pe roc em c a- power plants,
- manufacturing, etc
• Cooling towers
• hospitals
• commercial buildings• institutions, etc
17NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience
2060 Plan
• To expand NEWater in order to meet
50% of Singapore’s total water needs.
• Others- general washing
- toilet flushing, etc
N
Woodlands NEWater SR
Kranji
NF
Seletar NF
Mandai SR
NEWater InfrastructureKranji(9 mgd, upgraded to 17
mgd in 2007)
Dec 2002
Seletar (5 mgd)
Feb 2004
Tampines NEWater SR
Bedok NF
Changi NF JIWW JIWW
Ulu Pandan
NF
Jurong Hill 65 SR
• 87km of transmission mains (2200mm)to be laid by 2011
• Improve Supply Reliability through
linking up all supply clusters• Agreements signed: 469• Turn-on customers: 387
• Current Demand: 63 mgd
• Shell, ExxonMobil, SRC,Wafer Fab plants and etc.
18
Pulau Bukom
Kent Ridge NEWater SR
Bedok(6 mgd, upgraded to
18mgd in 2008)
Dec 2002
Changi (50 mgd)
Ma y 2010
Ulu Pandan (32 mgd)
Ma r 2007
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 10/12
10/12/
Public Buy-In
Seminars for grassroots leaders, students and business leaders
• 60,000 bottles distributed duringNational Day Parade 2002
Distribution of bottled NEWater to public
19NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience
• Demand reached one million
bottles in 3 months
• 17 million bottles distributed since
• NEWater Visitor Centre is the focalpoint of our public education on:
Role of NEWater as one of the 4national taps
The importance of water
The technology behind NEWater
20
• Targets mainly our younger generation
(e.g., students)
• Opened in Feb 2003
NEWater, The Singapore’s Experience
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 11/12
10/12/
The Future…
Growth strongest in EastAsia Pacific and Middle East
Technolo used movin towards
21Water Reuse, The Future
more Tertiary or Three-stagereuse
=> Expanded use of reuse water
Theme 3 – Clean Water: A Question of Quality
Water Reuse: Scale,
Technolo , and Pros ects
22
Issues for discussionIssues for discussion
8/3/2019 2010 Water: Crisis and Choices: Water Reuse
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/2010-water-crisis-and-choices-water-reuse 12/12
10/12/
Issues
Treated wastewater – A substitute for potable water?
Public erce tion of wastewater re-use
What are the public health and safety issues
Adapting existing wastewater facilities
Water Re-use – How viable is it for developingcountries?
Suitable water re-use technologies for developingcountries
Prospects for water re-use
23