18 manuel zapata los senderos de los ancestros

8/3/2019 18 Manuel Zapata Los Senderos de Los Ancestros

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manuel zapata olivella


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3

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manul zapaa l vlla

compilacin y prlogode alfonso mnera


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Ministerio de Cultura

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n

Cp r e s e n t a C i n

Manuel Zapata y la nacin inclusiva 11

Alfonso Mnera

p r i m e r o s t e x t o s : 1 9 4 0 - 1 9 6 4

Genio y figura 49

El porro conquista a Bogot 53

Problemas del libro colombiano. Los inditos 61

Miserias de New York 69

Los negros palenqueros 76

Del folclor musical 82

La raza negra y el arte 87

Harlem olvidado 96

Del folclor colombiano 104

Personajes populares 109

Del folclor costeo 115

Razones del mestizaje folclrico colombiano 121


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Los pasos del folclor colombiano.Alabados y lumbales 125

Los pasos del folclor colombiano.El folclor andino 128

Los pasos del folclor colombiano.Canciones de laboreo y vaquera 131

Los pasos del folclor colombiano.La msica de los valles 135

Los pasos del folclor colombiano.El tamborito y la mejorana 138

Los pasos del folclor colombiano.El acorden en el Magdalena 141

El Tuerto Lpez y el nacionalismo literario 145

Los pasos del folclor colombiano 149

d e l e t r a s n a C i o n a l e s

y o t r a s f u e n t e s 1 9 6 4 - 1 9 8 5

Comparsas y teatro callejero en los carnavales colombianos 153

Aculturacin del arte popular colombiano 158

La nueva novela hispanoamericana ante Europa 163

Junta Nacional de Folclor 174

Esto somos, esto defendemos 181

Letras Nacionales responde a ocho preguntasen torno al nacionalismo literario 185

Chovinismo literario y complejo nacionalista 195

El pueblo presente y los artistas abstrados 198

Las mentes vacas 205

La cultura nacional, un reto 209


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Mis ajetreos en el novelar hispanoamericano 212

Aportes materiales y psicoafectivos

del negro en el folclor colombiano 220

El folclor y sus relaciones con la artesana y el arte 228

El folclor como afirmacin de la nacionalidad 233

La crtica, un compromiso nacional 237

Mara, testimonio vigente del romanticismo americano 242

o t r o s t e x t o s : 1 9 6 5 - 2 0 0 0

La copla de los negros colombianosy su raigambre espaola 289

Negritud, indianidad y mestizaje 293

Opresin y explotacin del africano enla colonizacin de Amrica Latina 297

Faulkner y el costumbrismo 319

La crtica desalienadora 329

Identidad del negro en Amrica Latina 341

Medicina y brujera 355

Caractersticas del contexto literario analfabetay semiletrado de la Amrica Latina 366

El sustrato psicoafectivo y recreador del negro

en el castellano hispanoamericano 372

Indianidad y africanidad en la gnesisdel hombre americano 378

Afroamrica, siglo xx i: tecnologa e identidad cultural 396


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Manuel Zapata y la nacin inclusivaAlfonso Mnera*

Universidad de Cartagena

Conoc a Manuel Zpt O 1965, msm q mz d ss tts ts tts, qjts-

s y d ss pdbs: pb d st . T y ts d s y

pm hs mp s d s s d s s

Ns, q s d dpst s ds d ss pts d

bs y sts hs, sts y d ts pss q gb

tg. pd tbjb , y ps d s b, -

g sd pt, m s m , s d

ss mjs mgs d td d s dstg p ss ds y

mt d zqd. E m s , pds mz-

ds p J hd, Am y R d g, s

* Q t td gd td b d ds dms js stdts, hy ms gs: Od d y LG. Es tbj dmb ts

d s sts d Zpt y s s, y dst tssm s pms ss d st td.


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12 Alfonso Mnera

z y mhs ts q s m bj sd tst d

dz d g hd, td Gy y s pts

d md d 1947.

N Zpt s sts d s gd d T-

s, y dsps sp q hmb d mds d tg, q,

p t, gstb sts my tmp p ps

tbj ps b, t y m h s mpss. A st

g st y mst d s ts d d m p-

d, dstd sb s d ps q bgb jd s s tg td s mt P.

s q m pd ptb stdd, y q ss spds, y

gs mpdd d s js tbjds q

d, gb ms d ss mgs s sts y s bs

phbds. Y, qzs s q sst, s d ss hjs.

E 1965 t y t y s d hb d

L, db. Hb d y stdd tg hst -m bht, bj g spt d s pd, mst

y s t, At Zpt. Hb md ss st-

ds d md, d pm pm gg

s bsqd d ss tss ts s, yd s

s mts d P, y jd p Ep y As, hst Rs

y h, dgd tst dg d t mb

bt y smbt, m stmbb m

sm g. Hb ts sspdd ss stds d md

mpsd p s ps gmd md tm

hst g y s Estds Uds. Hb pbd s

d ss s, s s sg m d s bs

d s jt d sts q stb mbd tt

mb s s dsds, y s tb ptd s md pm m d .


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Los escritos de Manuel

Zpt s d s sts mbs ms ds

y tdds t, dsps d G qz. Ds

d ts sb s b s t pbds s d

s sts ms pstgss d t t d s s-

dds tms. Y mb, mt s

pd t y s st spb b d stds y

dgd d st t pp st dstd ds-

ps d s mt, h ps ss s. P, sb td, q hms ttd d td s mps d ss dts

d syst.1 E m p s pbs d md d ss g-

s ts, d ss ss pmts, d ss s

y ts tmps sm t y d s d d-

s d q gb bj pt d sm t s

st q s d d z ms s pms s.

hs d ss mjs ds s sb mt pq-s ts pds y sts d td d y d ds

pd gg. hs d s d p , -

sds p mg d s bs hs, q tstg,

dsd my tmp, bjt t d s ps d st -

stgd. N hb tmd d g Bgt psg ss

stds sts, d y stb sbd ps m-

ss sb mb y stjd s ms tsts pps.

E st md, p dsg, s tgs y mps

d st mt, q tg d pd

y, s p p, s pd s bsqd y dmt. Y

1 E t bt y pd, Lz dm,stgd d Isttt It d Estds d b d

Usdd d tg, std mpt d ptmt b syst y st d Zpt.


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14 Alfonso Mnera

hz Jqs Gd s ts d ps d G qz y

Jg G s d Ht Rjs Hz, ds mbs q st-

my d b d . L q hms sd

p st tm s ppmt mp dsmd

d ss sts d ps. E st s hy dbd pp-

st q tsd smp m g d ts:

h dt, q s d std d dd, s q stt-

y jt d sts ms sstt d g d sts

sts t dd d pd y p ds d ty t mbs.2

Asmb s ss q d y mdds d sg

psd, d G qz hb st td C

d dd, y s hmbs q s t p ts mb s-

g yd q Fd Sz st mj jmp

d st y q s pss pt d g At t-

ms q s sts pss d Tt Lpz. E sstmps, s q s hs d y hb sd

ps d b tt b gmt,

s pb y tssm mb d q s

stb pdd s ts mbs ms d sts

d p, q s pb d td ms d ts, p q

t g td d t js d Jms Jy,

2 dd tdd m d s mtssttts y sps d pt md d pd ptst. Sd mps d s /t d pbd md m pd g d dh pt d pd y p d d s ps, mbts y dmss mts y sbjts,d st s td y s st (Qj, 2000:342). Zpt hb tdd y pst dd dsd s

s sst d sg psd q z hb sd dsd s tmpsd qst msm t d dm mp.


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g W, Pst y Wm Fk pdzj

tt d dd , d ss psjs y d s ms p-

ts d hb pp. h ts d q G qz

z ss ts dsmbts, Zpt O s hb -

td d s ms tssts dss Bgt d s

tt t s z d.

D g m, d dd mj q y yd dg

ms d sts ts t y t pp mb-

, tdmt dspds p s mtsts ts, ps q h s hb mh d s dd mpt p p-

gs spt d . Y hz y t z gss

ts, m ps td sdds tm-

s y ps, y ss ms d ps y ts d sts

q sb msm tmp q gzb sts y ts

stb pbs jds p sh td g.

H ddd mt p btmt ts pts: pm h hh s d ss tbjs ts

, sb tms ts , t-

t, pt s pbms ss. b pd q

d 1940 1965. E sgd, h sgd mst d s

dts q p mds p ,

s q tbj d m sstt ss s sb

sm t, sb sm y dsm, sb

t d s bts y smbts y sb -

sm t, ps t d s ms ds y zds d

s s sst y stt d psd sg. Ls s-

ys y ts d ps d Zpt dgb s q

ts gs d md sb Am s, Lpd Sd

Sgh y dd Gsst. Y s qzs d sts t-ts q mdds d sg xx ps m


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16 Alfonso Mnera

td, tgd p zs ts htgs, s q s

y ts jg pp t q td

dsdd d s t, y q d d m bt s

msms d mps d hst y s s t-

s sts. E t pt ms ts y sys

pbds dsps d 1965 mds dts -

, s s dst tmb s tms ts sds .

En la defensa de lo nuestroT ps tds s d sb m-

pd tg D d C, ttd G y

g. P s ms ts 1 d mz d 1942. E , y s

ts d q s t G qz tg, s

psb t y, gdd y ps d s pbs, y

mddd d s st t, st m. A

s st md d hb st, d q hst s-ts phmbs s ps t pd q sm ps

zd d pb ts t.

E st pq t pdst, st dsd Bgt, s -

s dsd my tmp, s md d tpg q q

mpd gg gmtd d mb, msm q s

ps p . d d hbb d , Zpt s-

b tsst q,

[] h td ts qmp d q ms s

rca t h gbd s d dss qst A N 1

d ms bs. Hst d b pm gd

st ms q s td ms d ptgm!

Es ms q s spj d st m db s d

p sts js y hms s. Ss spdsmsmpsts db dst d py , sq d


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s hs q m. Ah st msmt dspsts

bds mpss Lh Bmdz, Sts Pz, Pt

Pt, Jq g y tts ts. P, h d!.

s ms td, my d 1947, ss bs

st Cm jy d pdsm t ttd

E p qst Bgt (Zpt, my d 1947: 8-9 y 53-56).

Atpds ds dds p ms sgmt d s

stds ts md, y p ms md sg sdg mb, Zpt sb bt mst,

mz dstz d ts hst, mt

tpg y sg b p std d m

sp d t pp. Y ms d smp ss d ss

ms mss s pz d t pp d p m-

d , pb tdmt gmtd; d

mst dd bst s stmt pt m pdt d g bt t g y s pj-

s stts y s; d m ss gs hsts,

s s pp, pdt d t mtp d dgs y

gs pbs ptds, s s s d tg

ms d mss ttss ds d p y s ps

ss s ms ds d m d mg d s s-

ts pt.

N sst tt d p pm p d st mg-

t p m std t q s st std:

A d s sgs q g, p, m

sg ptbt d mg mt h pt,

t g sg. H tbd qmt

d st , msd y dd td mst, ms . Tmb jg g pp


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18 Alfonso Mnera

d mss, tsts y mz d ps

pts q ph bm p tsm m

dg d st s d s Bms. Bgt h dsptd

d tmb d s bgss, d d d s ms y

s p, dsd d bs, d py y t

sts. E b dj sh ss ts mpgds d

gb s phs ds. N ps s s sgs

q t pt m pdts d mstzj d s

gbs mts dsds pd g gs d j st (Zpt, my d 1947: 8).

S bdts s ts d Zpt, pbds t

1940 y 1965 pds y sts, y tm t s

mb. Tds g dd d msm stmt: s d-

s t d t s td tstt,

y s ppst ddt d s ss tds ps yhst y gg hb pdspst smt d ss -

gs, g y d s t ts. Hy, d

s jts, s s q tst 140 kmts p h m-

ps ts y s mgs ds d ts pmt

t d d sts y ds, s st tbj mg-

s ps q h ps sst s. bd y

t s p pj d byss bd bmb-

, y sb p s hs s gs sts

dzd mp.

S mbg, y ps s dt t d gg -

, ds ss tt Zpt ss sts d st

p, mt pptbs ss ts sb mb y

ss sys ts sb mb: pm, dt- s gs ts y s d ss msts tsts


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q mz pt, ds p s mgts

pbs d h s sst sdd d std

s gs s dgs d mhs d ss pss

d spt . L sgd, mst q tds ss mss

gs, ptmt ts s s d s ts, t

q s mpt; s z s t tsg d -

gs dgs, zmbs y mstzs p tt pt. E pp

d s bgs, gts d s s, s d dspb, t y

m s Zpt, dsps d ss y bs.E gs d sts ts s st t pp dmb

d Zpt, t s mhs q jg: d dgd z d s

t pp sb q stdb y tzb tmt. E

s d ss pqs sts, sb td s pbds

st Vd, t s t s s q h d

s pms gs q gz tpts d t y d

gt. L mss dts sb sts jgs gdsy, s dd, s t pgs pss, d b

p hst , ss. Es d, p hst d

, q ps s st td td s qz y spd.

Rmd sp ss ds ms, q tt: D -

: s gts d S Jt (Zpt, j-j d 1953: 44-47)

y Psjs pps: s ds d dp (Zpt,

gst-sptmb d 1953: 24-27).

P dms d , ts pps ms mp-

tts st gstds s ts q gms st pm

pt. E ss msms s d 1947 y 1948 sb

s d bs p st Sbd q g ss

mpss sb Nw Yk d s pbs. L pm p

tt ss d Nw Yk (Zpt, sptmb 6 d 1947: 13-15)y s pb 6 d sptmb d 1947. pm my g y


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20 Alfonso Mnera

s dst d sp dsb ss t s sb-

md q hbtb s ss dstds p tm dm

d g dd. Adms d std d s dds bs,

s dt st sy tdd pt. L ds-

ps mst s s d ptsm td s spd.

D tt mpsst, ds p sts pgs g d

psjs tsms, dd d pz d md, pb-

d d bhs, dgdts y ts ds p dd

p q g.s dt, 1948, pb Hm dd (Zpt, d-

mb 25 d 1948: 6-14). Aq s p d d d gd

b d s gs d Nw Yk, mgts d s mhs d

s. N s dd y s tsm d t d -

ttdd g y d mmt jzzst, s dd d ,

pt d h t dsm , dt s

pst dd m. Zpt tstg p ds ts y d mt d s mmt tst q

s t g g p s dhs s d

s dsdts. E msm sb t S-

bd, hms sdd d ts y hms d st

mp. S tt d L z g y t (Zpt, m-

b 27 d 1948: 7-15). Ot z sb Nw Yk, h p g

d g tst g P Rbs.

Tmb mz d 1948 t st Cm s

pm st Pq d S Bs, mpd d s ds-

tgds tjs. Ls gs pqs (Zpt, mz 13

d 1948: 30-31 y 45-46) s tt d t. s, sb td p-

q t s pms pps d Zpt sb

td qz t y sg d pq pbdd s dsdts d s ms.


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Letra s Nacionales: 1965

d s z t d d st

t 1965, hb pbd y s y s hb gd

pm Ess s D d . Hb d b-

pt d md, gzd pm gs d t

mb y ptpd d Jt N d

F, dms d hb dd y pmd ds d mpss

ts d s tsts pps. S my b ,

E Chm u , hb md mts gssd s d s ts ms ss q hb sgd -

m d sts mjs sts. T p tt td

tdd, mt y p p tt q s

pp, ddb t: h d st t d s

bt p j tt mb y p q m

ds d sm t.

P, dms, hb st, ts d d gs sys s q p y ss ds ds sb

tt, ptmt ds d s q st m-

p. E Tt Lpz y sm t

(Zpt, 1962: 1183-1185) y L hspm t

Ep (Zpt, 1964: 31-36) msm bt. E pm

tt, qzs p pm z, sm sg s d q

td p sm t ppst d b d b

pt tg.

L ps d Tt d s b jmp d

sm t. N t q s dg s msm q

hb d sm t ps d Tt s bs

ts pts gt. Est s t s p sm t

qms sg d s tts ms d sm qp sts ds. P s sts pbs dsms


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22 Alfonso Mnera

d m p pp, ttdd y ddd d s

tms tgs. Y p pt gd y pq

pt bss.

E sgd, L hspm t Ep,

h d s pss ms ds y qbds d st -

pt, q s, ms td d d st, g y

b d bt . Ah dj ds m-

ts sttts d s md d ps tt mb. Epm g, s sst y tpq. Es d,

mps q hb y st d sts st-

s q tbjd dsd s d s s t p

d tt md st ps d q s md-

t sm d s s ss, pdmts ts

y ts d tmp, ds s bs d

K, Pst, Jy y Fk, s pd p y p z-mt m tmtd p hst d gs ts d

s mbs.

Hy t t my m d q t sts s

hs G qz y pd Smd. S s d

p phmt q h d t k

p tt gmts mbs. S g hst d q s

t d t t gsj sts mstzs.

N mptms ss ts. ms q m sgd

p s, msm d pt d mt Pst, s

ppd s s q st.

L m s, y st s q m s ts ps

pzds, q y q ps d q s hb

Um, dj d dsb q t t s js pdsbs Ep s ps.


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Y sgd g, s pst tdmgg, ps q t

d t. S m d p s pss d t

pp bst p q hb d jd q s

tms tds s sts d qs pss hstmt

zgds dm d t, d z y d b-

st s tmp. L jd d mb

dm d s ms mds, tds ss mpjdds,

msm tmp q db sb p pb p dd.

P s, s st tm, dd dq ms bt s st p s b d. E -

mt d t g s b d ss ms

pss.

L dd d 1958 1968 s d s mmts d ms ts

t sb std d mb, sb s

hst y t. Es msm tmp pd d ptmsms

pts dsds y d hds psmsms. hs ssdss p hst ss s. S m-

t dtd bptdst d Ft N, s d

ss gsms ss, m, s q p

t d mt ds d s gps gs q m-

t d s tms t s: s farc y eln.

E dsm y hppm ps dst d sts

mps d jtd, mts sdds m N,

s psts pts d zqd d pss y stdts -

t st md mmt tmpst t.

Es p d gds hgs bs y stdts, msm tm-

p q pd m Ts tm ds d d gs

s gs s d q mmt, d p ss

s p tmb p md q mt pSptm.


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24 Alfonso Mnera

Zpt hmb d zqd dsd ss pms sts

d s s t, y d d hb ptd mm-

t d ss s pts dmts d 1965,

q d , py tsst d

ts tts m j j y s Js Rys.

D md q mbt d s tss dspts dgs

d s sst, tm ptd m smp hb tmd

y tm. Y , p msm, ps dsd s

pm m, , ps pt , s mbgdds, st d s spd. E s dt d pst d g

pyt t, q s st d:

Hy tt mb. Tt, ps, , t,

sy. s st p mst, jzg

y t. Tmms spsbdd q d h qd

sm hst h st ps. Us m gzds

t s sb. Ots z mpd sgd q mp pb d b. Hy qs

ps q t d sb db st dd

z d b s.

L tt s m hst y s. Ap m

sdd. Es hb d s ps ts q

pd gds mm pp st. P s

ts pts y ms tmps, hy qs,

ddd tss pts, g st d

tt pbs q s pmds. Ls

ts y ts d s sbygds hb d mdz

t, pmtsm, st , pdd, ss

pts y d ts dd. Ptd st jg

jst t m s pgs. A dsph d sspps ss, s ps dst tt t


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tds, , hs, dms y d s s mpsb

, mpdmt g s s bjts. E

pm s, qd y sd (s s), s sm

ttd ptst y s h d d y ds

dt d ts s. S hy mstzj t q s

pd t (Am Lt), s gmt t d t.

E mbs ss ptd mpjs d pdd d

q s dj s zds dh d jzg b y

m ps t.E hh t m m t ss pps ys;

d d s ts. Est dd d

st d tdd d q s ptm d pb y

d qs jzg. Aq sg . L tt

tdmt s d bg, t dm d

, p d tp, pd d . L t,

t, ps, m dt psmt ds y ts t dm y tt. L sdd,

g, st s d m dm tst

m q s t d d, d st

d gmd s. Hb ps tts tts m

tgts ss s t dtds msm

hb, msm dd psg y t. Ls mts d

st dd d d ts tss pts

p ms d s hb sd y g: dt

t. y t s m d dd t. Pd

dsts sb m b tt. D s mt

g d s g. L q dmt db

dmt dss s st d tt d pb dd.

Dt d st ps, s pp pst b d sts mbs spt bgt,


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26 Alfonso Mnera

pm, s s t t y pt, smp

q s mtmt mt d . Nsts

pgs st s d qs ds stt

tsm s ts. Tmp d qs q s d

d ps d sb. P st ttd mp hz

phmt d s ps mds p t

s. Sms pt d Am, d md, bms, dms

(Zpt, 1965: 3-5).

E sgt m, 1, spd s ts d Hd T-

z y d ts mtsts d qh t, t sp

d mst q tt spd h pg-

ts t sm t (Zpt, mz-b d 1965:

9-15). Dmt , t ts, p d st m

d q Zpt ps mb, pm q d,

t sm t, dms d q mst mmmb mptt, td s, d s jt d tts

bs y tms q s s t, sst y

stt sty psmt ps ms t-

s, mts y s sb sts dsts s.

Lm t ps tmp d s s ps

d hst, sm mhs spts m m s

dsps dd Gsst. ms pt:

Hbtmt s td t sts p tt

ps d sm d . t s

s stds d s ds js st md. D h q s

ptd dd hst d tt d

qs. Ls tms ss d s s ht

ds: Dsbmt, qst, , Idpd,Usz. T p q mpt p m


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y q st, sg s z, t st pp,

s pt, tt pst. L d d

stt q t z pstd. Y s tmp d q hb

d hbd s s q bms d tt

zd s tmb spst d zd (Zpt,

mz-b d 1965: 9-15).

E s p st dmbmt gd q Zpt, d

m t, dd s ts. p dsts pts: pm g, ps s mdd

s d st hst q sg mt . Es

d, s q s py s ts q d p-

s d zd, p hst pp d zd. E

sgd g, mpsdb ps d zd y

gst d s hst d sst s

hs. Y t g, pps q s hst t s j st, std d st d hbd.

E dt d m 2, d my-j d 1965 (Zpt, 1965:

8-10), sst ds d sm t, p q s

s d ps hst y d sthz dg. E

p d ps d dmb ps ps mt std

s d s pt, qd p pspt ps-

q db hgm yt y s s hst d

psmt dmt d Odt, p h dt d

s s ts mgds d s pbs ptds d

Am, As y .

Nst sm m s g sth.

Tms t d s s gs y ss,

q sg q s stms s . Smsss p s hh d st, d pst sm d


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28 Alfonso Mnera

s ts d hmdd (Am, As, y Ep).

st d sb s tms d q ptdms

tmpts d md, m sbjtmt h d

hd qs q pstms d tt

s.

S h s, s mbg, h t s js

dds hdds d j j q spt t

dg, sbstm g y tdsm mstz. D

h s gst pyt t y p td j, d mhs s b d st s

d msm qt d s ts d d q s mbb p

pts d p.

P ms d ps pt y

d s bts dd d sm t. E s dt-

s d Zpt, q pdms st b, ts t sptss t ts dd d s s b s t

sb t pdm d psmt d, q

gb st y d t d t smtd y m-

gd d d , y, sb td, d s ss tts.

E pm d s st pst s td pm

t s d t t y tst s. E d-

t d m 3 h d st tm t, pt

pt q tt E spsm (Zpt, j-gst

d 1965: 14-19). st pp d s ts, tt d qs

q s s js tds p mpg s s

mps q s b st md, m d qs

q dsp tt mb s . E d

ss ps m q,


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E st md s ptd t s tms tbj d

std s ds q dtm y st.

S ts s mp pdt d s bss sbjts

d ts s s st dd . As s

ms m d btd d q t std

m p s t q s hg bgs d

bg ps mtmt mps. Q s q

st s t d ss stmts, d ss ts, d s

m, p z pbmt y s ts d tsttds. P s s, p m pjs,

ms d sq s std js d

tt ts d ps ss ss. Psmt

pq sts sts s g my sb sb q

tmt sb, h pytd ss bs ddd pp

d st ps dd bug h djd d s mp. L st d

s s ds dd s tmb. Etsp q s m sts ts q dj d sb sb

p y s t dd? Pm: s h

d ss s q s p, s g q st. Sgd:

sgmd s s gmt, s ptd d bs

sdd d st psg, ddst, sbjt,

q pt s pbms d hmb dszd, s ms

hzt q smptsm (Zpt, 1965: 17-18).

E m 12 gs dss sb pp d s ts,

dt q tt L t, mpms

(Zpt, my-j d 1967: 12-15), q sst s pt d

st: s d, tss d q d b pd

sp t d s t gg, s y t, y stdmb d q s g tt q stb mdd


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30 Alfonso Mnera

Am Lt, d m d sts m gs Ls G-

qz, pdt d s md mpt y pd d

ss s y d bsqd y phmt d s mts q

d msm d ss gts ms s . Zpt

s s d p st, y mhs d s ms q

sg, s tdmb d q pt d qb q p

g y sdd d st tt tm

st smt s p d s s ts

smpts h tbj s y sstmt d dd ds pbs tms md q s dspj d s

s d p b s ttdd.

E sgd d s spts q d tbj dt d

Zpt t q s ds d

t y d t d s d bj, q p m my m-

d bts y smbts. Ispb d ss pstds

dd d sm t s s tgs tssm y d t y t pps, q, m hms st,

s mt t d ss sts y d s tdd d gst t.

A p s bjts d Fd mb d Ist-

gs Fs, d p 1973, d: Ss bjts s

t pmdmt stg d st d

t mb, p g d ts d s t-

dds dms d ps: tdd d s ps bts

y smbts q stty ms d 80% d st pb-

(Zpt, 1985). E m 37 d 1977 pb p

q hb d Smps It d Ltts Hsp-

s, bd s d s Usdd d N

. Zpt, dbd ppst, tt: tst-

s d tt t bt y smtd d AmLt (Zpt, 1977: 83-90). Dsps d m q: gs


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j jd p st tt bt sb s ms dst-

ds sts tmps, s db z st d q

st tt st hy td s pp gdd

m s. Agg:

L mpt d st tm g tt t q

gp ms d 80% d pb tm h sd

jstmt d q pst m sbstt d

st tt st, bstt mt q s h

hh d s pmt j s ts tms. Lszs d t ssymt st tmmt ds

msp q smp s t d t dg y ss

tbzs mstzs s pts s (Zpt, 1977: 84).

E st sy, mt, Zpt mpd b d sm

q sdb s tsts d tt bt y

smtd. L hy, ms d tt s d hb sd p-bd, pmt td hst q pt zd

sz h y s st mps d dt s sb-

dds d s pp z , mj dh, td b

d h sh. E t spt, q st pst s

, s g d s d, s ms ds

sts y pds, s s pt y hst d d sm

y t d g dg d st

t. E mhs d s dts d s st tms s

ds d ps s zs q s m, s ts mz

bg y t y tdd d t y d t q p-

d d. L t bt y d pyt hgm

dmt dsd d tds sts y dsmt-

s, y d q s t td pdtd ss s, d ts mstzj d ms d ds, gs


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32 Alfonso Mnera

y sps g d s sgs. b m

g tmt z d gs d t

Ng gst d 1977, gzd p Zpt,

hst pt d dt m m hmj dh t,

y td st md p ts y pss d sts

d ps, my d s, js y td dsds.

Fmt, mb Zpt ppst d h d

s d s js sts. spt

sd, q pdt d ss s ms pds,b s pgs d st y s s d tt qs m-

hhs gds d p pt, md pdds

g dd y bs d dt gs q d -

ss pms ts y pms. E sb Zpt

O, s d s mt, s zs qs

s:

Zpt O s d 1965. Empzbs t d dt d st , q mt

tdd y gs mpj y td d Rs Bsh, s

sps t, q hb d s gmd p

Ep, t z d gs d U St, dd hb

jd gp d dzs q hb dd y dg s

hm D.

st p g d

sts q mpzbms pb p ss hs: Gm

Esps, Pp , Rbt Bgs t, Rd

G, Ls Fyd, Umbt d, D Rz Gmz, Fy

Btg y Abt Dq Lpz, t ts

[] N hy st q d gsdd d ,

s tgb tdd (zs, 2005).


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Adms d s dts, hms qd st b ds

d s sys pbds p Zpt st, m

mst d q td p t t, q stb

t y s b s tt st. E pm, sb

Fk, pmt m mzd stb y s s

sst b d g st tm, q tt -

y s sts d s g (Zpt, gst-sptmb

d 1976: 15-21), y sgd, sbM. Es, jtmt

st p Rg sqz 1957, d s sys ms p-tts sb b d Jg Iss, ptmt ss

d ps g b. A d d tpg h-

, Zpt s dt ms std stst d sm

y d tp d mtsm dM (Zpt, my-j d 1967:

15-44).

, m mhs d s p, st -

tmtt, ys pgs s b dt gs pds, ssmp p zs d d m. Zpt s qdb s d-

y s pts, y hb ts q sp mjs ps.

As y td, p s ss, g d t s, y

t y ds ms. N m b m dd d

q st pyt dt mbs q y yd ts-

m d t y tst d mb sd

y td d s s sst y stt, m td q q

pdj mt b y tdmt t d st g

st y dgd d st t pp.

Ra za e identidad: 1966-2000

Ls s psts , dms d my

ts mt d s y ts, ts pd dmd d ss ds sb pp d s zs y s pss


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34 Alfonso Mnera

ts d m d dtdd s pbs d Am

Lt, y d m pt mb. hs d ss -

ss qd gstds bs m E hmb mb;

v mu!; P m z hb pu; u vz.

Ap d hb ppu m dm p;y

b d g. E mzj m dd uu.

P ts d ts bs, ss tss psts

dd d ts pbds dstts sts y p-

ds s y tjs, mst d s s ms st b.

L dd d s sst d psd sg s s dstg

p s tsms sts y pts t d

, s, y sb td, p s q t g m-

d. E t t d b y s mmts

d b d s pss s y bs tj

sg bstmt d s mmts y d s d-gs sts y t g d s hs ts

y tmpsts. E pt, s s sst m,

t td, sd d mmt md t -

sm, d p s dhs s s

Estds Uds y d pd t dAphd.

Zpt , y st s my mptt p td s b,

ptgst d pm g bt md p s

dhs d s pbs pmds y dmds p pd d

dg pdmt st. Y m tst q

gzb mhs, sms y gss ts, p-

ppmt m st dmt mpmtd

dh s.

N s st g p ss ms dtd d d s ds d Zpt t pp d s zs


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hst d , p, s dd, pdms sbz gs d

s mts sttts d st ps. N s ts st

d ss ts. N st d ms d q pt mp-

tt d ms y ptt psmt b st md

sys q d ms mt y t q s

gmts bsds pts mps, m s s

d mhs d s sts d ts m Am s y dd

Gsst.

E 1967 pb E m m d dd,pq st q, m s h , t-

z pb p s d m gb s pt d

t d s pbs pmds q tb d

s sts pps y, d m ms t, q b

pb s mts d s ts ts, , s -

ps, tps q q mp s qstds

s ts pd. E s dbd d tg d zp mb qstds y qstds y p s s

pss d dg y t t s hs ts

st d s pts d ss d hst m-

b d sg xx. Y , s m s d ts pts

y ss, s m d sts td tt -

b y q tm dst d hst mb

dmd p s dds pps d md d, t

hst s mmt tz s tgs s p p s

dms d ps, d sm y, sb td, p -

pp d t.

Ah b, hy td t mbgdd sts pm-

s tts p ps y s mgs d st

hst. S md d sjt dp, s d d q szd bd s t y ts O Att, s


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36 Alfonso Mnera

m bsmt t pds mg q m-

pd s d s smb s tt dspj y s ss s

tbs ds, d q q mp spt

ttmt, s d d s t . Est t-

s st pst t sy q pb s msm d 1967

B Cuu y Bbg d B d Rpb. A

dsb s s d ts sst s:

Dsds y dds, my p d q

pd t sg. E bjt mt, qpj st zs j h dsd, s smb.

P ms dt m:

S mbg, ps sts dtds, s ss, mpsds

p sdd d ps ds, stmts d ms,

hmts, ms d p s pp sbsst

mpds p msm m d ts p ss s, tjds, mts, tt g h

mts ms mhs ms d s t mt

Dt d t smt, g s ts

hbts ms, mts, mts, tt. L

stt q pdm td t d tst

dg y hsp. E mstzj, t

g, p s stmts mss, s bs,

mt, ps, gt y gd (Zpt,

1967: 1386-1386).

Ig ts s st t t d mz d s ts

pps y d sjt t hbd y s, s,

ds mt d pz ttdd d q ss hz, t t g, qzs


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hdd d s js dsss msts, pt p-

tbd d s s ts ts d , ts,

d, s dss, tt, q dd s mds smpts

d s gds bs. (Zpt, 1967: 12).

Us s ms td, dd d s stt, Zpt pt-

p tmt g mmt d s gtds, dd

p Sd Sgh y s, y ss sts mst s pd

mt d d mmt t sm y

s bss ts s q s ssttb psmt -b. Y msm, m djms ts, s d ss

dss Am Lt, s d ss ds, s q

ms stdd. p d q sm s

h sttd hstmt mdt z d s p-

ts y s dsss, m q L gtd dsbd t

pt y mt p ts d pts

d dsz. (Zpt, j d 1976: 45).E xlii gs It d Amsts,

Zpt y ttd Ops y pt d

z d Am Lt (Zpt, j-sp-

tmb d 1976: 89-107). Amd q d jt d ts

q h pts, y q d Fd Otz, E Wms y

Gbt Fy Gz Ag Bt y Dy Rb, tt

ps pbm d pt d g z d

s pss tms, y smt, m s stmbb

qs s, dsd s stdsts d m s y d s

m, s q h h dsd q m

tdd s d g, y ss tbs t y s-

dd d s pbs tms. E d ss spts ms

mptts q ttb Zpt g td hst msm, d hb sd psd pst


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38 Alfonso Mnera

gs mgs. P s, dsps d tt s

d ps y pt d g Am y d s -

s sts p jst s pt, y s

dd:

S mbg, tdd s, s ms ps

d g, s m s d d y ss dsdts mts,

zmbs y mstzs mtdd, hbts tmpmts,

gs stmts y mts pms sjts s z

pts tds, q pdt . S ts d sts msms tds d tst y

t pdms mpd s pts d s gs

dgs m d qz d sstm . L

sm d st ps dtm t d hmb y t

tms: psmt mpmg, mddds d

stsm, bs, stmts mss, ts, stmbs,

tss, tt. Td tt d mmz ts pts ts d s d pz, gs, pts pmgs,

tt, g mt ms mptt d t:

tdd s d hmb (Zpt, 1976: 106).

Y ggb, bd mp p stg

mb, td p ds, s s t d

pp d sptdd y gsdd p d

md:

Ls msms d y ds d g,

tt t d Am y d md h sd

sds ttmt. ts hy qs

dmt j d G z d st z; d

sm s psmt tmp; d s m dm d bst p; d ps


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s mst md, s ssy mpt

m y gs d z tmp

(Zpt, 1976: 47).

E s d 1993, Am, sg xxi: tg

dtdd t, s ts s d pp -

t d h spt , q p d m

tmp s sts d Zpt, s t h dd d

pt mt, pst q p pm z:E tt d td , tsmtd s pp

g ts d mpst p zd, pt

d ps tgd mbt d m y md

mbt, psd pb mt d s bt, jg

ddbmt pp d hsd d s pbs dspss

Am. Est tm s tdb s dms ts

, pq s smt st sthmt gd mdp d ss ts. E mt b m m

sm d s dts (sts) y s s, ds p s

pbs s ms, s bs, s ms (t, g,

g, sts) y s hmts, d dsb. Est

s p d hmdd q s pbs ms ptds

d md, s s, d ss zds ps

s mgs stmts. U s t d m,

g y pz t s hmbs y md q s t (Zpt,

1993: 165-175 y 169).

N m ts h dst dz d st pt p

mps d p hst d s pbs s, y,

pt, d s st pst. L q q st s q s dt s sys d Zpt sb dsp,


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40 Alfonso Mnera

gtd y hst d s ms: s td d m-

p s pspsts ts d psmt st, y

s sz p st pp z d s Am. E

mt m pt sp d gsdd md

s, sg Zpt, pp q db g m d

md tt std p s pbs qstds,

bsd pt y z d gds gps

hms mt mbds, s tdd d tds

s q s st dsd d msm g y mpt msm dst. d Zpt hb d bdd d

mstzj h st sy p d p d

t md p y pt q dstg

mz d s zs m p , s p -

z s pdmt ptmst d q hmdd

t pg d s pp t mdt dd d s

ss hms, bsd stm y spt dsdd. p mptt sst pt : t d sts

sts d Zpt sb pp d z hst d

pd sts m hy, p m p d

s s sst d psd sg p t ss s-

. N tg m dd d q s tmp ps Nw

Yk d s s t, pt s h mmb

q sd j gmd s g Lgst

Hghs, s ptp ptg s gss t-

s spds s mmts d gtd y s mdd y

md s gds psds s y bs, ts

m Sd Sgh y s, db st d

pg p mpd q stb mbd md

d mdds d sg xx. P dms, s tssm s mts ys mps b d g d q s dspd d


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t y d t d s bts y smtds, stb, p

m d td, tds s pp hst dd. E

ss s d d s m td d tts

gs s pd s, s hm st sg, s hm-

pt, s t hm tt q pd

dstts s sm mpt mb pq

d pm mtd d sg xx, y s m my pt

d g hst d d s m, md d td s d

tmts, p g s mt s p msm, d d ss s y ms d y

g d ss gs, ss ms dts mms.

Referencias bibliogrficas

zs, . (2005). Zpt O. vyuv.

Qj, A. (-t d 2000). dd d pd y

s s.Ju Wd-Sym Rh, vi, 2, p. 342.dm Sb, L. (-j d 2009). L st d mstzj

y tg pstm-st d mt b d

g y Chg, g pu d Zpt O. Cud

d u d Cb Hpm , . 9, pp. 218-229.

Zpt O, . (mz 1 d 1942). G y g. D d C,

p. 12.

Zpt O, . (my d 1947). E p qst Bgt. Cm,

. lxiii, N0 1582, pp. 8-9; 53-56.

Zpt O, . (sptmb 6 d 1947). ss d Nw Yk.

Sbd, pp. 13-15.

Zpt O, . (mz 13 d 1948). Ls gs pqs. Cm,. lxv, N0 1622, pp. 30-31; 45-46.

Zpt O, . (mb 27 d 1948). L z g y t.

Sbd, pp. 7-15.


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42 Alfonso Mnera

Zpt O, . (dmb 25 d 1948). Hm dd.Sbd, pp.

6-14.

Zpt O, . (j-j d 1953). D : s gts d S

Jt. Vd, N 57, sgd p, pp. 44-47.

Zpt O, . (gst-sptmb d 1953). Psjs pps: s

ds d dp. Vd, N 58, sgd p, pp. 24-27.

Zpt O, . (1962). E Tt Lpz y sm t.

B Cuu y Bbg, . , N 9, pp. 1183-1185.

Zpt O, . (1964). L hspm tEp. B Cuu y Bbg, . viii, N 1, pp. 31-36.

Zpt O, . (1965). Est sms, st ddms.

, N , pp. 3-5.

Zpt O, . (mz-b d 1965). spd

h pgts t sm t. ,

N 1, pp. 9-15.

Zpt O, . (my-j d 1965). hsm t ympj st. , N 2, pp. 8-10.

Zpt O, . (j-gst d 1965). E spsm .

, N 3, pp. 14-19.

Zpt O, . (my-j d 1967). L t mpms

. , N 14, pp. 12-15.

Zpt O, . (my-j d 1967).M. Tstm gt d

mtsm m. , N 14, pp. 15-44.

Zpt O, . (1967). Apts mts y psts d g

mb. B Cuu y Bbg, . x, N 6,

pp. 1385-1386.

Zpt O, . (1967). E m m d dd.

Pg d Cuu, p. 12.

Zpt O, . (j d 1976). Ngtd, dtdd y mstzj.Rv d H, . 1, N0 2, p. 45.


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Zpt O, . (j d 1976). Ngtd, dtdd y mstzj.

Rv d H,. 1, N 2, p. 47.

Zpt O, . (j-sptmb d 1976). Ops y pt

d z d Am Lt. Rv

Uvdd d Md, pp. 89-107.

Zpt O, . (gst-sptmb d 1976). Fk y

stmbsm. , N 31, p. 15-21.

Zpt O, . (1977). Ds ppsts: tsts d tt

t bt y smtd d Am Lt. , N0 37, pp. 83-90.

Zpt O, . (1985). , N0 42

Zpt O, . (1993). Am, sg xxi: tg dtdd

t. E U, Astd (mp.), Cbu uu

d Am. Bgt: Isttt mb d Atpg, pp.

165-175; 169.


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Por los senderos de sus ancestros

Tex to s esco gido s: 19 40 -2000


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Primeros textos: 1940-1964


49/418


50/418

49

Genio y f igura 1

Vivio en el md d s pdjs. Rst q mpzms

q s, d s dst p d ps, s

d s j dsp; d q t mt d p-

t d s j. Etmt msm pmtms

s sts d ms d hm tgms s p-sjs d t, q d tt s, s pstb s tts

t, p dst b z dsptb,

s jzg ptd d y d.

Ag smjt t st b ss psd 11

d mb y 14 d b. Ls sts q hbtm-

t s dj bsb sg d t bstz bgt,

ss ds z bds sp ss pms, dsd- s t y b s mps d btd, s y m. N

hbsm, m td s ms ds, s

z y sg smds hg d st-

g. Ls s h d tssm tstds p td ,

q p hbs pst t, mts t mptd,

smt tst sm, h tmb s tms s

ts ts d ps y dgs. E ss hs hb d td:

hmbs mpymds, b y ts d Aq, bg,

ms, ms y z zgzgt d bsp t-

d d s msm, pd mg dsd m ,

ss d Sptm. m d sps,

1 Tmd d D d C, tg,dmg 1 d mz d 1942, p. 12.


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50 Manuel Zapata Olivella

tssm btt b dh d sb y

st p. Ets, sms tsd d sts

sts y st t.

Y hbd d td p, dgms g d st gj.

Es t pdj, p s s hb tmt dtm-

d tp gst d ps, y ms t, t

d st ps.

Dsd ts, stms ds d q hbms -

tmt dm; q dms mhs d y , y s, gmt ms q s s g g y bst d ts-

, p q pst.

P t td t, stds, dm-

qss, tqs y dms, tds t pq d,

msm tgts tm t; ptp p-

sd d s bs b mt d ptm y ts

ss hy hb d ss. Djms g q d y ms mb.

L tst tp d s gsms s t y t,

y s sts s my smpts q dgms. D st s

d t, mts s sys, s g t m

y hbt q jms ssphms d s. Nst t y t

s s dd ms tp d g; hy sdd d gg

mts d mt, bst d s pb y

pgms dmsd st pd. Es mt d g -

ts s st, pq dms d t hbms

pdz t q ps stmbd shs s

d td mpsb q pt sgd d dh; s m s

hbms t dm dstt. E st t t, p-

q hst sts phmbs s ps t pd q sm


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Por los senderos de sus ancestros 51

ps zd d pb ts t. E tmp-

mt st tmb s db; d st dbms st my

gss. L t gtb d g, ps t y s

dbdds, dd d psmts, tg y q-

td, s s q mt s y tt st pb.

P s p d sd st md, s d

h z y td, y t pdd qz. P, d-

ms, m tds s hms d gds y gs dts. Q

sth m pt sb st tm s tgs, pq ss ms y pq p s sb. L pt h md tds

s dms d s pss, q s s tms d q

ph s smjts. E std d s mpt s-

d s d dptmt. N s q dj d st, s

q d ts, hhs y tpsds, ms dspjd

s gds hmbs d ss jsts y pdbs tbts, y s

zms tt s smjts q bms p mps mpj d dd s dspstgms p smp. Hy

sdd d spt y s dmss d s s t-

sms q psms.

H td ts qmp d q ms s C

t h gbd s d dss, qst A N 1, d

ms bs. Hst d b pm gd s-

t ms q s td ms d ptgm! Es

ms, q s spj d st m, db s d p

sts js y hms s. Ss spdsms mp-

sts db dst d py , sq d s hs

q m. Ah st msmt dspsts bds m-

pss Lh Bmdz, Sts Pz, Pt Pt, Jq

g y tts ts. P, h d!


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Nst mh sb sb st pt d tt ts-

d q s st t. P q

tst y mg s ds s md; g y g

hst spt.

dd Ust d Bgt d s tms ds d b.


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53

El porro conquista a Bogot 2

un cuano lo sgs q g, p, m

sg ptbt d mg mt h pt, t

g sg. H tbd qmt d st

, msd y dd td ms t, .

Tmb jg g pp d mss, tsts y

mz d ps pts q ph sbs-m p tsm m dg d st s d s

Bms. Bgt h dsptd tmb d s bgs,

d d s ms y s p, dsd d bs, d

py y t sts. E b dj sh ss t-

s mpgds d gb s phs ds. N

ps s s sgs q t pt, m pdts

d mstzj d s gbs mts dsds pdg gs d j st.

G a i t a s c a r i b e s y t ambor e s a f r i c anos

P q mhs ts st d d h s

gs bmb. S my s s s mss d Am-

q s sp d ss s. T z s ys y ts

ts d tp, qstds p s ts ms,

p dsd tg gt, psd p jp z,

pt gst, st R, hst zdg y hp-

g ms, d t p, s ds d s gss

gps gds d s Ats, djd, jt

2 Tmd d D d C, tg,dmg d mz d , p. .


55/418


sg d ss spds, s t , ms, js, q

btb d s ph. P mb s hb qd d

t d dd sts hs, q, js d m ss

ts ss, p q s mtp.

E hst d d t Att h dspd

tds q d hb sd stmds hy d my hm-

gdd st sgmt d g. P jmp, s bs

gs y s bds q s b hst pps d sg

tg, td s, p mzds d mt Ptb,Pm. Fsts pps m dg, bds s sbs

d S y B, ts ptts, hy gs gsts

d p dd, y ts, s gds p sts tsts,

s, s, tpmt sds p s sts s, -

tdmt qb, q h bstzd dmt d

st q pdms m d mt g.

P st d ms , pst q t ms s td,q p, pb q s q gz mtp -

dd d ms st, t s g pmt d

s gts d s psds bs y d s tmbs s. Est

s s tbz, s stsm, s s s pd sg, d

ms q ts g y sd h s h mpst Bgt y

q mz td s t Agt y .

Ls mds gts y tm d s tmbs h dd py,

mb, mp, bg, t, dg, gt,

ps y msm p. A s ms g bg, ms

d , p smp mdd q s ss gs

ds s mpd d tph, d , d

dmst. E m q d s mtpb b,

, pb mt. Y, mt, gd q d y g spdds p s ms bs,


56/418


sts s tm dstts stds, s d g y ms d

ps. Hy s q m p, p bj s tm,

pp p dsm g q s t d s bgd

mps, s sd g d st m mb,

s d zs, mpjs psgs, s pgs ms bs d

st hst y gss d ms tds

st tmpmt.

L ucho b e rmd e zSb s pjs, d, y dst,

st pp d. E st pd m pq s

msp. A ms gs d s bgs, psds,

gts y qs s pmt t s ss st-

ts, d t sdd , tt ms gs t ms

dstd. P pb t ssgds s ms

s hs d dss s mds, pys, pzs y s d sdds y pbs. E mt pmt d s js

ptds bjb ss sts p pts d g, tds

p pmt d z g d gs ds. s td,

s s bts bb sdds d s mds pts

zdg d hj d y p p, p pt

ts d s gds mss, s t gst y d

pz. E s s, d s pmt ts b-

tds, q t t pp sb s ss d s bs

bs y s pdb ss ps y s bb. Ls ts

pmt mhs hjs hjs d ms dstgds s d

jg mz h s ms jss d

s ds y bs js. P ms.

Hb mhs ts y mpsts pps, mss td g g d , p s qsts d


57/418


dd ps mb s s d s bds d mss p-

bs. j mtb jzz bd y hst, d

mb b tt mt ps. A bmb

s s s tb, q s t ts . P s

p s pd qtd p p t d s bgs

z d gs js mss. U d s sst d

bd mt d St t. E j ms q tds -

gb d ss ds d d bd mt m

mm h, st std p s ms tt t s t, ms q td, p t sgd m d-

t. E mb, t d z ms t pp,

mt. Ag hb m . P mpd q

p mb s gts d ss tpsds y tmb

tmb d g t mtd p ts d s tmb-

s. L p b qst qs s. E pmt

spt. S dd mp ss pps mds, t td. S qt js m d bd mt y

gz pq qst, q tmp s

ms A N 1, d tg. Pstmt, gz tt

It, dd , t, mddd d s

js gts bs, g pss. Dsps Oqst b

y, p tm, p m d gsm, d y mddd

, s hst Bgt. L b stdsmt

tpt, ps d y hb ppd m, s

b d, y hy, dsd G d Gd, ts d

td t Agt, s s m m d mj

qst d pb, d d g mpst A Tb,

js d std d d bd mt sm, y

pspts d s ms N Yk, mdst sstbs q d dj d t ss p tpt


58/418


ms d s pb. Es s hmpt bg d smpt

Lh Bmdz.

con t r a L a i n v a s i n

S tt mg q p s d Bmdz, m

hy ts q s dg t mt, pq y hms st

h sd s g pp. P s ms d s q s

s db t d ms st. N. m B-

mdz hy ts mpsts y s td d s mp t psb q s s mss sts s dd

dmt d d, p td t d Att, pm,

pb y tj, dsps. E B, d st -

mt, sg Pt Pt, m Smt, Esb

ts, D Lmt, d J. Pd, t s-

qz, Sts Pz, Ns G, J d . Ast d y

ts. E Att s spds mpsts Fs G,Oswd Sz, Ls . y y, gd, Js Bs, Ip

j y tts ms hsts sms t d Pd v,

Dz g, Db O y ts ts q ps Bgt.

N bstt, pt qt p

p. Ats d t t, dd sh s

gmt sts. P s mmb mds g

pt s pms gts, d Bj, B, y s

ts dspds bsbsts. A s gts s s d

smps ds gjs, y s tms s s ps jg

pt d dd Ust, ps sq s s djd

std d ps, ts, ht y Pt s ds d

Bgt!, Dsd ts s ptds ss d s mbm-

bs dmt mbtds. Ls msts dsd sds mt, d z q s pp st, t


59/418


s ms dt. Db ms p h p,

sjd mz s gdts ms gtss. P s p-

s d p tb s b, s tmd dz

y std sts, hst m pt d g-ps.

Ags mts ms y d dt Bgs dbs

pgs d ms q s q hz jstmt. P -

m d td, s pgsb. E s sts ms pps

gd tsstmt, mbd, d hh, psg

mbt. As sg s tds y hs P, - d t d bgts y sts q s stmb

tmpt d Ast d. E Ng y h s ds d

s bgtts s ts bbs d t, ts s

ts d mb, dzd s tds s p S M.

E ds ms gd q s hb hh p y ms-

pp mb t g d s ptd

p st d Ed, s m ptp tds s mpsts pps, bss my s y q

djb mtdds, s qs d s. Aq

st hh sts mpsts pps. Lh Bmdz

s ps t s b, sgd d s ts sts,

q mpd q t dsj ms q

d gd d s js, q td Bgt hb gd,

s d s d, q ms st.

Los morenos en L a s p t i m a

Ds s h q Ng y pt m mbjd d

s tms d b mb h ts zts. S t

td. A d sgt d hb dbtd X s p

h d pst, td tb E g u yS M. E gd std ms d m


60/418


s ts ds y s d p. T sb d zdg y

g d hpg y tm d dz. E spt sm d

Am s b q ms mb. P s t-

s d st tt sts sb s

bgts. F ps bs mpzs. L Oqst b

1944 tj t zs, g, bg, tm y

tst. Td sb d tm mb s stmp

ds s ggt.

Ls tmps sts q y dt hs psb sm s, d t tm d Sptm, m-

d t p m pgmt, s h td p b

d bdt mg st d P y d Att, -

md ms d s tts gs d s s d

L Hb, st ds d s s gds q mp

ts p d g y d mt. s Spt-

m, m s Hm s hb d htt. s qt y b p, m s Bq s hb spd

sb s Ads. Rss bs s hzts, m s s ps d

tg sth bgt.

Ls sts t t d Sptm, t S-

. S mt tm std d Pp, s h mpd, hst

m jgd d h Gzz. E qt Zg, gt

d D d C, g tm t d t d pd.

Hy tms pq s bqs, s s, s

pm s md d bsb, ps h mzd mpt

pts d s Ats. Ag mt: P q s mp-

t d tg? A sts s sb. N td s ptds

t y gsm tst zmt p t

d ddd, m hts d pps tm, p h tds s d s ms d , z s b, s


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s s tmp m ds d , bj j ttm-

d bt d s hms y Ajd Gmz, s

hms , y mss pts, hy sts d p,

pds qst d Pm. T s d b-

j, ss tmbs d hhs tgs. L dd d

st, dd ms y spt, mp t

dz g.

por qu s e su i c i d anU g pt y mg m, [s mpt g]

dss d s sds Bgt sgmt d p.

Nd s sds Tqdm sb q dj -

g d p, m dj. Hst q gd st pd s t s

s q t s psgs, p t s q -

s tg q h bd Bgt d ms st, spt

bgt m ms d, s ps t mt s ms ps-mst. Es t q s dds sts qs dd

pb ps g dss d b hm y g, s-

d s pt t, stpd y bmb. L q

pd t sd ms, dj, y s s d sp-

sts, p j d b b, dg q dsd q s bgts

pd b ps m mh ms d. Est m p-

, smpmt, g.


62/418


Problemas del l ibro colombiano. Los inditos3

l ineiio e d d ss d s ts y

ms q mb. Ls sssms tts s q

p psd F d Lb m d s tst ts-

d; s ptds mts q s pb s ds

sb d bs bs; mpsbdd d pb-

s p sts d d; s pyts p dmpss dts, m G mb; sst d

gs mtsts s tts q s s dg

d pts y sbs tss, s msts dts d q st-

ms qb q spt sgmt q b h

tmd ts pss.

s m q pbm s s , s q,

g gdz, s pst ts pss tms, m, st R y B, p t ts tbs g d

tt. L d stb q ss pss h td

dtsm m m pgs p ds t, m

y mtb std d d p

dt spt q m s tmmts d t

pst, ms y t. E B, Estd h d

d p d d s bs dts; , Gb

h pmtd s js sts m ms t p-

stms, m s hz s pts; y st R s

dts mz g pt s dd

hzt dtst. Y sts q hms? Tds hsm

3 Tmd d st Cm, . lxiv, N 1593,Bgt, 16 d gst d 1947, pp. 8-9, 49, 53.


63/418


pbm, t p s spts, p s h gd

pt st td mgtd d s gdd.

N bst t mddd d s bs pbds y

bstd ds d g t s dts. P bt

b sh d bs pdbs s s stm pb-

d s q y sst h d p s js

dds, bs ms; mpd q hy t pz d

jzg b s p dms d tmp y s t-

d msm s pbms q hmb. Es tmpd dsh pts qsts, m pb d g,

p d s gs, sgd t m

p pb y sg d tmp, s qms

s m d bs sts q stt ts p-

ss hms.

E mb tds st dts, h dh g t

Gm Abd, d s dts tstds p st -. Tds ms msts, gg, Fd Gzz y L d

G, t sd dsds t , s,

ps, p dd tdd t q ms. E Estd

t d p stm t, p s g,

y s h dd s d q s st tgs tds p-

tmt, s pss dds, m t

Gzz y L, qs s s sd m s y t-

s. N hy mb g d dg t dd

s pd pb bmt, m E Hj Pdg, d .

Q p std d b mb? pgt -

tstd, dss d g ps sb s sts

dts. Gm Abd s td d ps, q,

m sd my d sts tts, db dds ts msts q pmt j d sb. H tmd


64/418


stds d md y s dd bs ds s p-

s. P pbm d b ts tmt, y s

tst:

E mb b s t d j. ts st

st s h d. L d d b st mh y

pdtdd, ps s tts s sts, y s s

sts s tts. A st s gg q, p ss t

d st pb, b t t, ms q tg s-

ds d d pt tt, y st hd sbst d pd sts gs, pq hy ts mds ms

hsts p g d.

Qu h ud?

Tg mmtt d ss d dd pd s ds -

bs, t z ts, gds. H psd s pms

sts dsd 1938 hst pst, tt mb, ps s

ts s dst. q s dspt pb sts ss mds. z, p jmp, s s st d hb

pbd ss pms pms, C p u ,

s gz, ps t sst g. Ot tt p-

ptd m p p d Cmp d uv, d j

, dd s pts, p q d gg

d s ps. S hb spd s y z

dz, hb pbd b tsdt. P p q s

tb ds d sp ms dpmt.

P qu pub ud u b?

P s pt q tg d md d b, q

tmb, sg d q s pd.

Dj pt p tst s st y t

tt, Ad Ps, bd d pds sts y -dds, p bstd d ss dds bs, d q


65/418


q m m pp g d s jtd. A st pgt

sb ssz d s bs, spd:

L st s d b, s d s ts. E st

q s mgs d pb mb, s q s dt-

, bstd mmt t tj, mtd tps

sys q s d bg, pbz d m-

ps, tgd d m y sst d psd. E

pb t q d spd sts bs q s pp ms

d ppgd q d s stbds d Bt y t-g, d md y d s ms d h. P st z

q pb s sb d m b d Jm Ibz

y d Js Ls d Pz; s Os Lzz g

mz.

C ud qu db muh bu d d

pub, p jmp? Qu p d gd qu d humd

b d Au Suz?E s d At Sz s st d g d pb,

ps t s sts tms d pb. Ns q s pd

h s d h ds. L gd d ts bs s pd

ds gts gs, q ds t tt y ms

s ts d ms d Sz q b d gd

q pd mpd.

Qu p d dud d d Cmb?

Tg q b b s. Aq s t q

st pb t gds dtds, s pbm d

s pts d md. Dmt dsd pd

bs ps b, ptmt q, m d

Nt Dz, hst pd s pstd. Hbd gt-

stmt, hy tt gq q ps dsd. P s pbs s b tmb t ,


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sd ss sts m g d bd. E st

pb q s s btd, jds d s gps, sp-

d mmt d ds gtd.

P qu h pubd g b?

Esp. Q h b b. N h dd

ds p td Qbd, ppst d b

d tt q tg, Mu Su V, q s pd -

pst pq mdt s ts ds ts d h

d. mpd q b, d t pts, tg , y dsd ts sty pd. Est tg

mpst p gsdd d md, m s q td

stb jd. Ah m gst sp.

Qu b d?

Ds s td pp. xd, q p-

bm d s js q sp d h, d s psds y

ms q spt pt, y t, td s mb,sb pbm .

N m h t bs ts m ts,

pt y st , dt, s hms ms d gs

ts pbds d s b pp j d,

y d gs pms. L q h t gg s spsb-

dd t. Obs tms, y my bs, m Cu

bd d m mm, d Edd Zm Bd, m j, m-

j mb dsps d vg. Esty sg d q

s s dt, ps st gtd, stt -

t. Ats dtsts s h hh bs ts, m

q Gmz Fdz hz d ts s s d

gt. Ls ts st, t z, s s, s mbs p-

bts, m t A At. E d q s dt b d ss pms t tdmt.


67/418


Ig ud gd d muh d bu-

d m u d?

E t b y b t. N dsz

pgj d ts sts, p q st h std

tds s dds y ps. E ts spts m p b

st h, m q sst Jms Jy dt dh s

p pb s pm b. q s t b dd

dd d s b, y m tmb. N bstt, q s

hm q tds s dts s stds. P s jst tm-b sd s ps d b, q sg s d

pb d b, y t m st sgd.

qu ud pdu d bu b?

Es ps q t d ds d sts d-

ts s g bst p d mhs

ts. P dt qd ts ms p ds -

. Y q s ts s y mt m pb d ss bs, g s bjt, s s b

d pjs y dt m pd, d s pg p

pg. Es s t std h, ps t t

spsbdd h q db d; sd q t-

d tdd hm s h bd d pg.

N h ttd d pb d s At Lg-

d, dd tt d y t, d s q h pbd gs

Supm d E mp. Est ttd m s dbd

mt q tg d q h gd g q

g ddmt p. Estm q hy my p gz

pb ss sptss, m s std d tt

st st mhs ts.

Qu b pubd m u pb?Et b d q t d q s pd


68/418


tg m b. Hy d s, y m g

s psb. E ps, p jmp, s s jg, s h d-

d ps; st, p d ds pts ds

p tds. Hy ts bs q pm mt,

pq st tds p ms d ts: mjgt, p-

q td md gst dsds pb s st b

d, y p s mts d mbt md. P t-

, s ms bs ssds d mstd yt, mp

, y bt t pdst q s ddt. Ls tss sg sd ms t. N hms

pdd d p t s, g std, p -

d mbt d b t y d spdds. Aq s

hy s pdg, sbs mhs mts, s g

. L Rdds N s q pd h-

bs t dd g.

q st mb mhs dds tgtsy ptds p sb, p s s pst dtd d

d, y p dt t s st b ms ps-

d, q s p s sdds d sbsst, y gms

s d q s dt q tj. As

pbm d d Rd Gmz Sst, t d ts

y s dts. Tg dss d pb b d-

t tj d pq hy ms dds y b t

my ds md d hb st.

Qu p d b mb?

S mjbs. Dsgdmt, p t d m-

ps y d pbdd, mhs d s s qd mt.

Gmz Sst h pbd s bs D

d P, st uv Hz, d , y MudIu, d , p, sg ss pps ds, hst


69/418


h h d t d psts pb

b mpt.

E md pbt mb s bs

td y mt s ts d Est j Ph, d

s tstds q t pbd . E

t s p d zs p p-

s q st . L mps d p y d

ts ddzs s mt d s s zs

sb b t stt. L b gtd st sts ttds s gd m dg d d

t mst, s m dt msts t

s stts ds mthmt, s q t b

td s q p. Est td s s-

ts d ss dts, y, z d mps gz

y jst t, sg mpts ss s tds.

C ud qu Ed db mu y b d ?

Es s q yd st. S h t q b

dt pbq bs tds s ds d dg t-

. S db stb bgs d spt p btd

d ds, y ppd p s bss psts d gm

q sstt.

F pt t, t d s gd, j Ph h s-

t Imp d pg y du, yVm d gu,

dd g gs ds sb sdd tmp y

t q db ds pz.

q s tds ps psts p s t-

stds s s tb p std y s

pbm d dtsm, t z ms g d s spts g-ts d b mb.


70/418


Miserias de New York 4

n orno a hmb pq s gmb s ds

d hmbs. E s sts gds y s mds ds

pd s q tmd qtd s tsgb, s mpjb

m ps hmbts h bt d pts y mss

q hmb dmt s .

U d p p d zpts?E pq m s zpts q gb tmbss d s

ms d mpd y s td m.

B.

t p st u?pgt bst ds, q h-

b gd s hms tj d p z.

E dd d g spst pq stb pd

td t pq, q hb d mp td st d p j q s m hb d Bwy.

ts tt, ds mstb pdz d h ss-

t, hd szs p q s mp tt s z.

Atds p tmt, s tsts s mb t

s d p: d z ms, hmbt p dsp

bj q mt d hmbs mgss, bhs y hm-

bts, q tmt s b p m qd

ptp d mpd pd d st q s h -

dspsb. hs d s s djb st d d p

t, s sst. P s, q bmb gt.

A s, md d s, ss ms ts s ms-

s bss js. P stb gt p.

4 Tmd d Sbd, Bgt, 6 d sptmb d 1947, pp. 13, 15.


71/418


Fmt s db q hb td tmt p,

pq b m z, t j y tst d

p yq, s m q. E msm Gb

tm st ssz d gs y t q st s

p s d ps hd bz sp

pbp.

P , gp s ds, s hmbs d d p

t y s ts s bs. E g dd

ts s h ts h qdd hmb pq. Etspdms ss s sts, q s dd g hb

hh b g. E s ms ptb pd d b-

ts y s ts mds. E p s y h,

ss , s j, s hy, t z pstd gs

tgs. L ms t zqd y smgs

s md d h Tw. E gdm t gpd

s m d s ggtss psts d q ssts s s, q s z m th sb Bwy.

L gt t d, gs b ps

pt t d ds, y ts s smb s ss d

mp y t, bsd t z s t. Tt

m t bd q tstd d, p sb

td s gbds p mtps. Ds q sg d s

sts y tds q b ss bs s ds d s pts

s sqs. Aq d ps, s s ms d qs p-

ds. spd t h s ggtss ss, p

pts hms q hy d b d dd bs d

ms qtd, hg d ms, hmb y dssp q

p Bwy.

Ls ms d tsts q dmt st Estt d Lbtd, q bqbts sh q s gs s p


72/418


d s mgts q h d mpz s ms

q Dg R pt Rk t, s s msms

q dsps d sb ps 102 d Emp Stt dsd m

hm p d smbs tdds spt hm q

tm g s s, s pts d s bs, bj s m-

ss ts d s ss d mp y t, y ts d p

dd s mss ms d 15 y 20 tds mz s

tsts. Adms d sts ps sps, s b h

sbt d ubwy, ts d tps ggtss q tdgmt sdd dds dts. U pt -

yq h ptd d q tt Sd d Subwy:

md y s hj bt d bt md Dt d I-

. Nsts ptms p s tmt d

ms d hmbs hpts, q s d hmb s m

mtmt, ss; s mgs tds p ms.

A Bwy d dmt, m, s dspsds dN Yk. Ags d s st s, ps ,

ds m pst d sq t d bs. Nd

d ptbs, p d s dsts tsts. Ots

g s zpts q g s h gd, tj, s

bjs, s mss, smb, gt dstmpd j

q s t md tmp, ps d ss s.

Tds sts bjts t mpds Bwy. P-

m s s tds d mp y t p s

m. E dd, q ds s ts d

pd, ps s jms dj s s h h p

d ts stts q bs tj g, ms

b y bt g p pd tbj b st-

t, dd s h d tbj d m, smp yd s pst ts pds d st. Ats d gs


73/418


s ds, st gst ts tts p st pstbs

y s dmtds.

P s s y s ts st d, s dd s-

t y dmtsm, ps d q j s tms pss

t mp, pq d d 50 -

ts mp dj d m sdh d tgts

tg d whsky pd mpt d 30 ts p pg

t d s hts ys pts sm dts d s

ts d bs. Ests hts b ts hspds q sppms hbtts d . hs d s t bd

hst p ms d ts gbds, q dt d s t

d bss s 30 ts d t y s sdhs,

tg d y j d gs. P hy s q -

h s spd s mpt y ts s g td

d b y, t tgs y mds, bs m h s

dy tm d s tmbs ts. P d pdgz d tb t, tg q dj sp p tds

m y spd, ts s hs s h

ms dss, spmt s d , d t,

s sqs, p z jzs d s gbds.

hs d s s ts, ps h pgd s mss y

h q sst bmt tp d g s h ds-

mzd pz pq h tbj y s 20 ds q

Gb pg smmt z p s -

sdds pss d hg. Sb s dsg s, s t

dp tmp q g d s bjts p s q

h pd h gd zs. Ets , hmb y

dssp m spt d t sdd,

y mpj Bwy p d s tms ds d ss d h: mpmb q d Amd, s zpts y


74/418


s bts q d Ejt, b mb d mj, h-

mt d mg y td q q t mpd

Bwy, q s t s s hs. d h

m ms sdds y mgs.

Ls ps s sts sts hmbs. Ls m

mpdds y s pmt gt, dspt y hst ts

s s. Es sb q d d sts ts s ts

t m p ps t. Dsps d -

gs ptzs, d d dss d tg, ds ms d, z s b dst y ss m

st mt. Es mj ds s qtd q -

tss, pq s ds ts, s ts d s q

d t tm d s ms. Ags

s ss spds, ts s sd dbj d bz, y hy

qs tm ptt d pds mst s s

s, dd s d gp y bt d bd.E msm Bwy, p st s , hy s ts

ds ddds t d jys. S ts s mds y

mpds. Ests s sp d hts ts y ms-

ms, s d s qts stts, d s sts y ps,

dd tmb g s sdds hs gs. Ets

md, hm mg dmt, d b,

j d d ps t ps. E Bwy

t ss pts, ds d jys, q s qt d j

st d mt q s pmt dstg dmt p

d mt. E mtd d , pdz d s, s s-

m jy pm d m y s . Ots s s

d d s tts jys dd s mp. L

z t y ssp d mpd dtm pzd gm. P t spss, ts ts, mhs d s


75/418


qsms mds s h d sp d pts,

y d ss pbs js s h thd s

d, dd s mpds y dds y t

st d dtts. L gt y mmt s gs

s q s m d ms dstt, t hpts. P

q s bs stds y st ssd p b mt

sd sbmt s sdds.

ch i n a townLs hs s h mdd d Bwy, p hy -

mts t ss s ttss, ss pgds, ss stts, ss

tts, ss ds y s pds d q .

d b, m s p mpmtd. h-

Tw t tst dsd Qt Ad dsd Bdwy,

p Bwy d mhs d s ts q s h ps

m md Ch. S h d b q hy gttsd st st st d N Yk, q t d -

g s mb. Es t q s tmp s s

gmtmt tzds m d d s Ams, hy

ds q pz mts, s st tj d s ts,

p q s mb s dpmt.

Ls ss s ptj y b ms sss, s pts p-

qs s bt ts hss, s ts mst

bs mpss h, mgs d Bd, ts d m y

tps d sd. Nd d st m mymt t. A

s p s gd std d tmp, ts bjts d -

, m t d q s tsts p s hs.

Ls tsts g, sh t g q s p

sq y s t pdz d hst, s s m ts, dj sp h, y psg, m gs mdss,


76/418


s ts ts, s pd dt. P hy sdd d tps s

s pq s pts d stt j hd d

gdb, pq tpz t d psd s td

sb ss bzs s ps d g d.

N s y hb h, s ms y s stds t -

db s yq. S s t mh mg s

pd q s st h, p s s s ts-

mg p mg. S t gs stts my

b pstds, d bstt d y mzs hs my bstds. Hy md t, p d ms y mh ts,

p p s ts s mt s j pb d N Yk, s -

z s pgs d s tds hbd gtss bgs

d ps, tpt t mh pz q sb

my b s yqs p t dd y

b ddt p s pms s. Tmp s

q std s dj ps st st yd h-, y q spd q hb gs, q s p m.

h Tw tmp h spd d mgts

tds p m y s s d htt.


77/418

76

Los negros palenqueros 5

l ee e dt kmt 52 d t q

tg s sbs d B. H y md dsps d

hb bdd s ms d tg, hbms gd

g, dd qms t p g, q s

dj mt Pq, pb dd p g

bd Bks Bh, Bj, s mzs d 1600.Es jp pd t hst Pq! dj j d

p tzd y p ss.

Aq m hz tmb st ptmsm, p

tt mps Hs Ktz, q stb dspst sm

hz d pm tm d Pq d

S Bs, gmt:

Esty sg d q jp t.,mst, q hy ds y mts p dd pts

ps s bs sst j, q db m

m pm d s m.

S s ggs d q t, t! m tg-

mt j pt, std sb s ms d p.

hb st tbj mhs ggs Ig d S, y

sb q s gt zb t pps. E j pd -

my b s ms, p s hbdds d mq,

db ps. S pb st. Nd ps dd q

jp pt hst s msm s ss d Pq s s

sgb s ggs.

5 Tmd d st Cm, . XV, N 1622, Bgt,13 d mz d 1948, pp. 30-31, 45-46.


78/418


por L a s embosc ad as t em i b L e s

Ls m mds ggs ts q jsst H-

m y Ldbg, ps d Es N d Dh,

y s s, ds d Rssg, ds sts ts

p d g y mh ds d s tmmt.

Hs Ktz, y tmdd hms d, t p q

b pdmt hb hd s s mb, sm-

d, bmt, st psg.

Hbd sb tps ss, y hb td t -tstsm hst d s gs pqs. E td t

d b mb hy pb q s tds

s ts y sgs d st pb. Fdd, m s

dj, p bd Bks Bh q, dsps d sb s

gs q tbjb st d s ms, s g

ts ts d ms s ss q st s

dds d Pq.Bks Bh y ss gts dt ts pds

d tps sps q tt d pts, y s t

pg p tg, q hb mzd d.

D hst q s sps s ps pt pz

bd, y q msm y d Esp tt

d gbd d Pq d d q s smt

. Dsd ts, s gs pqs h gzd d

btd dqd mp d bt. Est st hz

q Pq tt jd d mtp y s

s pp dt y ss stmbs s hst sts ds.

Dsps d q tsms s kmts d ts d

, pt d Ig d S, jp t q -

ts s gdds d m, s ttss bhs pt s s q ts tmps s d mbsds d


79/418


s sps. E pt ts mzb mpg

h s js ds d g q ps jt -

td d jp Pq. E mp tpg p d

ss tms. A mdd q tm s tb p t s

pts y qbds, sd s tb d z ms gs.

Fmt, ps s bds d Ktz, m md s

d mptt sd tzd ts sgs ts p sttg

d Bks Bh.

b L an cos en pa L e nqu e

Td h t s hmd d gms g

p Pq. U g, mp y s s b

psms g. Ls s tb t sts, d

h zds t s bs q p z pm stb

ptd pb. Nd t d pb,

d m s ts s. Ls bhs ss hb sd ssttds p s hs ths p-

jzs y d ds ts. P s stpds y sgsts s

s q smb ss jzs bs s d dm. U

sp ttmt dsgd, hst gd d s b,

gtb s ss d s tjs.

m H, spt d P, s b tsm-

t s mdst s y s bd mt q hms, ps

psbms pg p mh tmp st. D t

d ss, tg d pb s dt pss

sgs hst ms mgs bs, y, ts ps md

mps, t s h y sstj d ss mds q

y ms dd p ss stts.

mpm, mst, sts bts.


80/418


E md tst td ds bts s d s y d

qd m. Ls stts dd t q spd

mt, s sb q ptd tm. Fmt, d s

dj:

Y p q s ss bts?

P mpt spd md t sgdd

q tds s s q hb hh dgst t.

Aqs hmbs bs, d js zs y s d tmdz,

s dd g db d ps, stb p d s mgs. N pdms ms q s t mt,

tds p tmb d s tmbs q g stm-

t st gd.

un a noch e a f r i c a n a

Ts tmbs b s pt sdd, ss s

t hd s d ts pmts q s d h. E ms j d s tmbs, d ms d

md sg, s hb md sb g tmb y h

bm d. A s d, ds js gs ttb

d sg mps stmd ss ds ms sb s p-

hs ms. Dts d s, m mpmt, s

mjs, js y s, bt ss ms tm ,

dtd, s d s tmbs ss s m

m d d sgs ts. Rd s bts d gd-

t, y pt j t y dgd s z mtd d

md ss ds tmt jd. L sd g-

s pjs, y s s s z, s tmbs ts y

s ms mb ss pss msdd td

tms t pm d s s.


81/418


L a v ida en pa L e nqu e

s ds dsps gs s Pq. Q m d -

s hs dsdts d Bks Bh. Dsd g q

ms sgst dt. Ls pqs t ds gs:

p d pp d pb, y t ms d s-

p, p ps hb s s. E dt, g

mt, s dm d sp gms y ps

pbs pdts d gs s. L ps d At

Hdz, hj d pb y stdt d t d bht,m t p bz d stsm hsp-

. At Hdz hb hbd mt dt

pq hst dd d t s q ps p pm z

s. Hy, md d ss stds d bht, dt

tg gs stds sb s tsts d

dt d s pqs.

L q ms st st pb s pz d z. tmt sd, pb pq s s

sgs s, s smt, s sptmt. Pd s-

gs tdmt q pb tds s gs, q

t t 1 y 2% d sg d. E b s ttmt -

st, y pd ms q ts d gd d ps y y

ss mgs hb t b psd s s d pb.

S dst gt y ts ts hd sd

. E gs ms gss tmb pd s s

g gd, m t s ms q s h

ts dts, q sst ts mpds ss

d tmb, tmb sp md phh. P, dsg-

dmt, st td td bs d z ms, dbd

m ppst d s pqs d sm t. N s, ps, m d p d t pt t:


82/418


hy Pqu

Qu 28

tmt q g pp, s pqs s

pss mgbs, ss d p m y bs p

tz. L m d s mgs d s ms bs y d t

ts hs mht s d ss tpsds, q -

qst z d y tmt s btd, p ss

dsdts, q mss mhts, h dd s dstz, s m tds d jsts dpts.

Pq sp st d stdss p bds ts d

s st .


83/418

82

Del folclor musical 6

o r i G e n a f r i c a n o d e L a cumb i a

q spt d g mb q s q-

std t t d dsmt d s

g . ts s tbjs ss sb

tst st ps, mt tsb g s g pbm d tpt.

Sbms, p jmp, q mb, b st

Att, t g tmt . S mbg, d s

q sb q t g d g t s sp

ps, s tms q s ds s zs d st b

ss sms s. L s d N Rdgs, B-

s, dmtds mt d s ts s, hgd dsb d qs pt ss s s gps

gs q sp Am. Bsd ss stds, At

Rms m q t bt p mb sb s

ts ts s. U std mpt d s spts -

s gs st ps d g m g

d s ss q h gd g stgd bs. E

std q pstms, s hms sd jsts sts p-

s, s m ttmt g bt d mb.

L t ts bts st sttds p s m-

bs tbs d gp g-g y p gp d t st

d . E s dts ss q s gst s mbqs

6 Tmd d Vd, N 22, 2 p, Bgt, mp mb dSgs, tb d 1948, pp. 53-55, 64 [t pg d Bgt]


84/418


d ss gs dst s Ids Ots, t ys

psts gb tg m d s pts d my dst-

b d gs, s p t q pt hy st

pb, s tmb p ts pss m y s

Estds Uds, y gb ss pd d s g-

s spdts s bts. hs s s dts q st

tmt st Att hdds d sts zds.

Ags bs y ms gmts t s gs d P-

q; b d s gs, td my sd t s mts ygs d Ptb (Pm), tg, tt, y msm p-

b umb, y tmg dsms, p q t mh

pd pb kumb, q s dsg g d

z d s bts, s m m y tsts d b

t gmb ttb s dzs pps d s

pmts s d msm gp.

fu en t e s p r i m a r i a s de L a cumb i a

m dsbms s dbd tmp, mb pt

tp d dzs mds ss, s, qs dd s

mmts d mmbs y t dq s t d ds-

d pt bdd smp s g tp

d pqs bs q mt s td t-

s ts spsmds. Est tp d dz s tst

d s bts, ptmt b, q t md st

st mb.

Rds sdd st d s wyys, Uymwz,

Shs t tsp d bsd q dsb -

m zd hs d sgt m:

U d, y t s b d ts tmbs y gs dsts bs. Ls tmbs,


85/418


s, m y mz h s ss

stmts, psgd pd tm sbmt.

Ls bs, dt d , m mps d s tmbs

gpd s ss ts. Ls js d s tmbs s

j s bs. D pt sts s sd pss d

t m. Et s td s p y jg

td sstm ms, m s mpts d md t q

p y q sg md pt d spd. Ls tmbs

s t tsdd, td s bs,ys mmts s t d z ms ds y ds.

Ls ps st bds m d sd. Ah s dt

m s d mps hb qdd tds stts.

S t s mpsts sdds q stm

s mss. Ets, d t h zd s s

mt, s dj ptmt m hds p y

y pm dt t s, m sts. Pdsps mz spt.

E st dsp d s wyys, ptts gp d s

bts, m pdsmt t td sm-

td d s gsts d s dzts s q s stmb

mb, p ptmt dstb d s tmbs

y d d s bs. P s ss q

gms ms dt, s my sgt, smsm, q -

m tg g hs d .

L a cumb i a , d an z a a s t r a L

Atd psb g bt d mb, psms -

sd std pstt d s t. Aq hy tb g t t d dz d b sgd


86/418


q s s mmbs d st d Ht, s ms -

g mgs q mb b gs tst.

Lm t hh d q s dzs ss ps

smp h hmsm, gs dds

mst d s spts sbts p md

d hhs. Ls dpts d st d s-

s spts q g pt d s sth

tmdd s hms, ys tdds dm, sb

dt P-s, dj ts t dd -t b d b sgd y mb. S mbg, ms

q st t ms std mtt d g d s sts q

pts hms. S my ds s dzs pmts

ds p d d s sts , s, sts

spds mmt d s.

ms q mb t st t t s pbs -

s, psbmt bts, p y Am, ds s sps d ts ts s, s tmb

s ts y bs bs, s mtmss q, s b

hz pd s tg t gstst, g mh

sb pg q s d.

e L s e n t i do h L i co - c n t r i co -m im t i co

L pmt mb mb, m td s b -

ts gs d st Att S, sbs, tg s

jt t b t, md bhq, q s ts-

pt p s, dds s, dts y bds,

q s m mt t d st. E t st b

s b s mss, tgmt s tmbs y gts,

q hy h dd s pst bd d stmts d -t. E t sts, md t t, s pjs


87/418


hmb y mj tz b. Rt s d d

sptds, psts s my ps b.

E g, mt pmd d m, s dd

tmb p s mjs q s m dh, t,

pqts d s dds, q ts tmps db s

smps ths. Ls mmts gs d dz s t-

ds ts: s pjs s jt dd d bhq,

d hmb t mj y d st sb s msm. L sm-

td d td t sstm s d p s dt.E bhq, psmt md s ht d mss,

sts tms m y d d b, stty pst-

d s. Es d t q b st s d d

t g y smbd p t, s m t

mmt pd s qs? d z q s z

m, q t sttsm q s g s s tz

bs ds y zds g d g.L mj, s db mmt d ts y t -

pst st sstm pt T s s dds

s z bd d s, s, d g d bhq, t-

t q hmb, s tp mmt d t, sb s

msm y d db ts t mj y bhq, sm-

bz .

E tp d mmt d s bs s d b -

s, tmt g d s wyys tds. L pm

d s tmbs bds t d s pjs y

d d sts t s s tsts d mb

t. S mbg, s t td h dsp -

d bds, s m b d s pjs spdmt,

p mdz bz y d d s bs d m-ds, jd mb d ss ts pmts bts.


88/418


La raza n egra y el arte7

l ran canane y t g, P Rbs h zd

p d g. L t d md, mmt, -

sd mj tpt d O d tds s tmps. Est t

t m sgd p d d Rbs, pq s

mt d s tyt hm y tst. L tgd d mt

Shksp, m s sbd, pt dm q dstz z d Ot y q, tptd p g t g, s

t d t ps d ss hms d z

s Estds Uds. Rbs pd gs m g

t hmb, s mdst y st, d hb zd

t d d bd dsd .

rob e son , h i j o d e L a s p L an t a c i on e sS pd, s Wm D. Rbs, hj d ds s

bts q pt t Rbs, g sp d s

pts d tb y gd d s m, y gs Nw

Jsy. Rgs, m my d s gs, pt s hz ps-

t ptstt hst g s my stmd p ss gss.

E j Rbs s s t g, y Bst, q

t h hjs, d s q s sb . P, m

d s, d 9 d b d 1898. P st st, d

m tgmt s md s d tmds qm-

ds q dsg p y st, s pd s

hms mys std dstts stds, y s qd

pq P.

7 Tmd d Sbd, Bgt, 27 d mb d 1948, pp. 7, 15.


89/418


A d d s pd, d dd dd, p q shb

s sms d d, mptds s m g-

, t dsd pq s tg d s smts d s

gs, q bjt d jms p tds pts. E pq

P j dd tds ss zs mbt hm d ss

hms d z, y sps td. E s s d L

Usty, dd std s pd, y s g ts p

sbs, y pstmt, gs Rtgs g, 1915,

dd t m g q psb ms pt, s-t dspst dj b std pstg d ss tss

gs. S mbg, mstb p hbd s pd

s d A, mm t, ps B dspb d jt. U

d pgt pst: P q hs d s B t y A s

dms ss? As t s ms d q s mtmts?.

P dd, y s q t tpt h mt-

, p dsd ts s sz dm t m h s ts bs. Estdb d y h, s dj d td s

ts ts, hst q g mst smmt s pd

hms pq d A.

L d p s stds y s tg g s sm-

pts d dsps y stm d ss msts. Lg bs

m pm d s s, y, z d gs s mstb d

z ms msts ss dsps, mhs d s s

ydb s ss ts. P st tmp s s

gsm s tsts ss d s z. At, bst y g.

ts tbts my pt s dst dpt. E msm

tssm q p ss bs sp s, y

s t spz d s qp ts d t, y

h md dsps d s ptds. Jg tb p spd t s, bsb dt ts y ds d bsqt. E tds s


90/418


m ts y tts d mp, q m hms -

q hy g h d ss tmps d tt.

D tds ss hzs dpts smp d p

t d bsb q Rtgs g s t sb s t-

d mg Pt Usty. D ss hms mys

hb d m st sdd ptds s gs,

y q s q t md p z pm ss

mss t s q dsmb s gs, s

mbtdd, d hsm, dj mp, ddd t. d z q s h g s bs

d Pt Usty, bdb s ms y dsp p

g P. P qs sts, js d bd, b

s spt mbt. As , t. Dsd s pst d h

t spsbdd d dg jg bd -

zd; s bz pds h md p tds s q s

tb bs s bss ss d s. Y tmg, d jg stb mptd, t t bt. E

q mmt s t d tssm s gds

d Rtgs g md P, mts s d Pt

Usty mtpb ss hs. E g P mpd

t spsbdd q psb sb s bt. Ls bss stb

pds p jgds d s qp y s s stb hs-

p sg t. Ls ms pd s h, p

Rbs, gjd s m pp d g, bsq,

mb, j. U gt d jb s t d s gs d

Rtgs md s mb mts tsmt

dt. E t d s hb sd td, p

ms p Rbs, q hb bd t sb ss

mgs dsmds.


91/418


A ps d s m dpt, d tt b st bs-

d pd: N sts s p b s s

dpts, s s bs.

m smp q t z s pd, P . Aq -

tb sd pm pst s s, sb q j

Wm dsb g ms: tds s hs q stdt

pd sp. R ss bs std. P ts y

sd m g d p s z t y tmbd q

db dmb t dd s ss d q s pd p s sms.

Ptp s dbts sb s, y pt g tds

s sdds d std y s tdds stdts, s

q s gb d t s s. P tm, g s

Ph-Bt-Aph, mm h q pd sp stdt.

Hb gd sts s dss d s pd, z ms, ts

d q q m 1918. Ps mss dsps d s mtb tt d bh.

L dsp d s pd stm pdmt, p

smp pd s z s g spt. Ispd p s

t bb, P s dsb p ss gds dds

spts, s tmb p s std hm, q pb

t p h h s z. N bstt s tmbd z,

s ts hb psd dds t. FE dt

ss stds d ys mb Usty, d N Yk,

d p z pm s ts p s tbs. s js

mgs hb gzd gp tt y p-

p b Sm h Cy. E q pm t,

P s d ss pttds d t, p s mgs

p t, dsb mss dds dtg, sst q db psg s. Psbmt


92/418


mpd q ss mds t z, p, dspst m

stb s s t, s dj tssm dm-

sd, psd q d bgd pst mys

ptdds s d d h. d tm ss stds d

ys 1923, y s b m dt bg, p z pm

s pt st dm: m pd s t ss hms dsd

?

Est pgt tmtb tmt s q h

spst. E s p s gs y s g y ddd K K K, q hb smbd t ssd dsp-

ddmt s gs q sb t t. L std

hb sd pst p L, p s bs sts s

tb d y ps h s pbs bts, p

qs tb hs p dq. Ls bgds gs s

psds , ps s s pmt j s t-

bs, y s pd s msm dd d Wshgt m bst b q hb dd mt g q

z ps ds q spb s ds zs,

y hb dd gs d s bs. E q mmb j

hb s bgd b g q s hb td

s ss. E t st my P sg

m p h. Ps dds pt, p my

pt s d dd d ss szs q mp,

s Estds Uds. L b t pt-

dd, y dsps d z ss szs p q dt,

tstz q d b .

E st dd s hb d t s

sd q z ss sps. S g mg

Jms Lght, q ss pttds dmts, pd q -pst pp pp d bA Gd Chu G Wg


93/418


d Wdd, d Eg ON. N ssph P q td q

dst tb p h mt. md

d mg, y m smp, ptd pp, s dsps d

mm d ss pdds. Aq msm Lgth, dt,

pbb ss pms sys, P ddb d ss pttds,

y pd sjs y bss s mg: Y z pp,

spd st, p t sbs m pst.

P t p s msm q bs gst dmt, y -

sg. L pst d b P Tw t t td. A d sgt s ts, s pps,

mb pt gd q hb ddd Rbs p

pt pp: t. Jg J Nth, d s ms pst-

gds ts d t d d, sb Am Muy: L

sg pst d pp d Jm Hs q g Rb-

s hz d b d Eg ONA Gd Chu G Wg

d Wdd, bd hms y pst tstm tss dq hmb d st ms ptd p t tt

q s hm b. E t, dsd ts, b s s m

d mbt, p td ssphb P g ts q s

sd s ggt.

Aq Rbs hb td gs ts s-

bt t, d my mpt hh, tmp

p s bss d ss mgs d Hm, q

tb t mt y ms d s z. F s mg At

Smm q m s t m dt sb -

mdb tbt q pd pst s z dm. m g

t, Smm dmb s dds tts d Rbs, y, p-

tmt, ss pttds dmts y tmb ptt d s z.

Dst dd sd t d Rbs hst d q t stt mpmt s d t. S


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mbg, P s dd, s d st d d q

mt pd s t md d s s d s gs. E

t, s ts d d d ss hms s d sssspp

q tpt d ps ds p q

tgd d p tds. E md t q st -

t d s gs q s sd s t, s dj y ps ms

b. E mp d t mdb g, Lw Bw,

d pm t d t ms g Gwh

g t. Rbs tm mh q q pgm m-s smt g, q s pstb p pm z

s Estds Uds, pst stmt tgst

d pb y hst psbmt tgd. S hb qd.

E t t t td. Ls mjs pds d N-

Yk, T Wd, Evg PyT m mtb hh

m ss d my t d . U z ms P s

s mp q s hb mpst, s d dq q tm mp d spt. Dsd ts s

mb md tmt.

A s pm pst N Yk sg E mp-

d J, y t s sg dtmt. E t

zd m Lds, dd gmt t y

md p t m gds . S z

t d bj d d s gs dsmds tds

s ttds: Igt, Am, Rs, Ast, Hg, Esp-

d pss stptsmt. S m s td

md, y jt s tmd s t s hds

y dsm s Estds Uds. E md st

my tgd g d s z d bj btb d p-

h, y t dmt d gms d s gsdds.


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96/418


ms d dz m ms. E pp d h d s 100

Ds, Rbs, sbpds s m s mjs

s d ttsm, s stds ss tms y

g p ms d dsss d. m m-

d st mp, s pst ds Sq Gd,

d N Yk, dt b d gs ps, y

t s ptts d s pbs pps ps,

y js hms d bd sgds s pts d gd

y tb, pdds dtmt d s pd, d st hysd s s ds tbss d std.

L d td d P Rbs, q m Ep

dd d d, s tt p d b, s g

m sp hm, s ps dmt

gst y tmb b d s ggt, h d s g

md pst y hm d z g.


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Harlem olvidado 8

o ao e dd d 1930 s s d mt

g htt. Empz Shu Ag, Rug Wdy

hst. T z gs dg q s E mpd J,

hs hp y s tm-tm d P Tw. P t-

mt st Shu Ag q z btmt md

d g htt (Hm), q g s t t-mt ts d ss d 1929, ss q hz gs y bs,

tds, d p pdt h Wks Pgss Adms-

tt. As s m dsb pt g Lgst Hghs

dd d d Hm, d s b s t

mpb Js Bk, q ts t s st.

F s tmps q Dk Egt t t b

s ss d tt b, d Ls Amstg zbs tmpt d t s tts mgts d dd bj

d N Yk, q s spb d d h p p

s ss stts d Hm. E md, p tmb

t mpb d P Rbs, d Rd Hys, d F-

s y Bss Smth. E tmb s sts q

g, q td t d md bd s -

s pss p d md dsd, spdt y

bsdt d z q mzb dsd ss sts y

ptdd d s m.

P s p ps pdmt. D td q spd s

qd s mbs d ss tsts q hy ts d s d-

m, s pss y bst, mts q Hm,

8 Tmd d Sbd, Bgt, 25 d dmb d 1948, pp. 6, 14.


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d q gds mmt, s qd dd, st m

md q pt ss hjs dsps d hbs gj-

d ss ts.

Hy d s spt std y td q

Ls Amstg bd s bts bs d N Yk

p t t s pbs gs d Hm. Es hh

spdt b wy td p ss pps hm-

s, p s ptgsts d ss s tsts.

N s q s tsts gs s dsgst t t ssys. N. P t, s t ms btd, ms

pd, td s stmt d sb q t m

d dtds bs psts y d js ts

q g m sts dsbtds. P s pb s s

s, ds tm d gst, d db t, d

hm pd, pq s pb g s tt

pd d ss pps hbts, d ss js stmbsy d dm d s d td.

P y Hm s Hm d y. Aq s ptd

t h t htt tds s tsts gs, my ps

s sg hst h. N bstt q J Ls b s bt

Hm, s sss s gs q d . Tds sts p-

djs st p. Y h st mhs stts

qjs d q Hm q t t ss js b

ms q s. Itmt bs p s sqs

s gts q b wg. Itmt q s

ms d gs d y td p s s, s mjs d

st ss y stssms bgs d ps. Ls h st

dsss pq h std Hm y h st d d

q hb d bs.


99/418


por qu no mor i r

Es s sg q ts stts s h tmd mst

d s d q s sb hy sb Hm. S s

h, psbmt s y dd s tmp

tst ts bzs yqs. E d d N

Yk tms t q d: E 45% d s tds d

s stds p spt d mts, dpdt d A-

d d N Yk, s ds sts dbds

p d pb. U pdst d msm d, q st d d stbmts, ss Ad L y ds

Ot Ad, pstb mts d ts s js,

hbs y z. E d s tds d pmt q gt

st std sb s pdzs d p t. hs

hys d ts sbs, y my d s stb hbtd.

H q d s ss p s s Hm s pdd d

d ms p s tsts: h q p q St d htt,q ss s s ys tms, y d ,

d s y ts mgts, hy q sm ss s p

Ad L, dd ts s tb tt b y s

s s H Jhs. E spt q b hy,

s tb. N s s ps tds q hy d d s -

ds hgs dspsbs, s q, t d s, ts

d psts d t s td g d s s. E js

y sts mgss stts, s ptts y -

ts hpts s sm s ds, s ts, s pdzs d

(d hy) y td st d ts d pm -

sdd. t st std d ss s s d Hm m,

pd y h pq s s sty md pb,

s, p s tdds p , m s gts y ms d s gt.


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Por los

18 manuel zapata los senderos de los ancestros

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