37131042B26494

LEARN IN YOUR CAR’

Accent Reduction Made Easy:

Drills for an American Accentby Jane Wellborn

ekom e to Accent Reduction Made Easy, acourse to help you pronounce Standard American English is radio and T V announcers do I f you practice

often and loudly. th e se drills can change the muscle habits o f your mouth so th a t m c o n v e rs a tio n you can think about your ideas instead of w tieTe to p u l y o u r tongue Also the course helps you see how spelling is re la te d to pronunciation

This b o o k le t, a nd th e ta p e s which folios* it exactly, contain words a nd sente nce s w ith a ll of the sounds spoken in Standard A m e ric a n E n g lis h T h o se s o u n d s , called phonemes, are arranged in th e o rd e r m w + itch m o s t p e o p le hase difficulty with them. The hard e st one* come fira beca u se y o u will probably drill on these sounds firs J and mem often

L E A R N I * M H R C A R — A CCENT R E D U C T I O N M A D E E AS YBefore learn mg m vow car. please read the book and listen to the tapes at home In dotng this you can see how the sounds are spelled There will be tome words whose meaning you don't know Don't let that stop you Satce yow g children learn to read and pronounce without knowing what they are reading, surely you can too. Use a good Amencao-EngiisJi Actionary to learn the meanings increase your vocabulary. ability to think- and pronunciation of words

HOA* TO I SE

not on the tape. (British English has some different spelling*, meanings, and pronunciation )

Enlist the help of an educated American. If you aren't sure whether you're pronouncing or using a word correctly, ask tho goodhearted American If the friend says no, go back to the instruc­tions for pronouncing that word or sound, read carefully, and dnfl again and again

A Fen Ideas to Help You L se th is Program1. You mas speak in different styles in different social situatMaa.There is not a single “right" way to speak at all times The r'r»c*- ple of "context-restricted rules” implies that we have different u ie» for different social situations Just as we wear different ckM ha^ grammar and pronunciation may vary in giving a formal speecfc ■ talking to children, or while at work This course teaches the . jt* - vated speech o f educated Americans in conv ersation But in <der to communicate with some other people and make them feel com ­fortable, you may sometimes want to speak in a different way2. Practice as loudly and as often as sou can. I he part o f ow «w- vous system that controls language tells us that we learn w’ta to w words, accents, even beliefs that we hear often and loudly Th» ■ our “ neurolinguistic system " Therefore, practice your dri H » loudly as you can to infuse them unconsciously into your neu'o4»- guistic system3. Talk the talk at home. I rge members o f your family to sp«A this cultivated English and use the dictionary all o f the time T k» will help give all o f you more options in life4. Your individual characteristics determine how quickly ymm can change your accent. There are five different variables One ■ the extent o f your accent, another is your talent in imitating other*. A third is age Because our neurolinguistic system is not c o m p ly until around age 12, youngsters with this flexibility absorb any lafe guage better than most adults A fourth variable is the amount of time you have to spend in drill Two hours a day is good And » f d h is the strength of your wish to change your accent5 The IPA. This program uses the International Phonetic because unlike spelling in American English— it affords preci­sion and consistency in representing sounds Don't let the IPA O N you Some symbols are like our roman letters, others are diffe»^B it

The drills in this program are arranged in the order in which most people need help the th's coming first, then r. I. and so on Determine the 4-6 sounds with which you have most difficulty, and concentrate on those An underline in a sentence is for rhvthm

THE FOLLOWING IS SPOKEN ON THE FIRST TAPE.Before I begin the drills. I want to preview the sounds in the IPA that we will be using. This is like a Table o f Contents. You can use this as a warm-up and as a way of identifying what sounds you need to work onA phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in speech. Groups o f phonemes make up the words we speak Now I'll read each phoneme and examples of each sound spoken in words

Phon. Phonetic Examples of spellingNo.: Symbol: of the sound in words:

TAPE ONESide A

1 0 in /Anft. some/Aing. birfA2 d in the, th is. brofAer, brea/Ae3 r in respect, very, car4 1 in /ove. co//ar, peop/e5 Q in si/iger, r\ng\ng, \guyen6 s in sun, citrus. ask, risks, ejrerciseAt Ph 6 see when to proru/unce added final “s " as / S / o r I I I

— Side B -7 i in zone, isn't, ejnst. cars8 I in shoe. disA, na/Zon9 3 in genre. garage, leisure10 t / in cAoice, teach, na/wre11 d3 in Joy. Georgia, logic, juJge12 V in veiy. save. of. Stephen13 w in H-ater, quiet, persuade14 i in sleep. each, lobby15 l in k . m/ll, w o ito t, activity16 3T in refer, work, early

i n

TAPE TWOSide A

17 J in you. union, vineyard18 * in cat. hat. ask. laugh, b^ar19 t in falk. ilem. can'/, rush«/

At Ph 19 see when to pronounce a final ed as20 d in </og. bu/Zer, seal«/. awarded

At I'h 20 see when to pronounce final ed 'a s d / <21 P in post. appetite. cap22 b in ftoast. eyebrow, cab23 o in good, woman, could, pull24 3 in away, concern, surround, oc«/n.

physician25 A in ancle, become26 h in Aow. h’Ao27 h w in H * at. why. somen’/rere28 f in /oot. />Aillip. lau^A

Side H2V k in Aing. booA, chaos, excel. ^ueen

At I'h 29 see v,hen to pronounce "ex ” as / iks or30 9 in jjirl. exit. intrijjuf31 e in /4sia. eight. straight, steak32 c in rrd, b*ll. br^ad says, said33 u in school, cruise, true, trath, n^w34 o in open, coat, chateau35 .1 in aato, saw. taA36 u in olive, art. guard, honest, hurrah37 ao in oar. now. house, cow38 ai in ruce. a/sle. gu/'de. buy39 si in o/l. boy. choke40 n in new, know. raw. gnat41 m in mother, immune, thumft

Main dictionaries consulted were Uerriam-U'ebster s Collegiate Dictionary. Tenth Edition; John S Kenyon and Thomas A Knott. A Pronouncing Dictionary o f American English, pub Merriam- Webster; and Longman Dictionary o f American English Diagrams were based on information in anatomy texts in the Emory University Medical Library

PHYSICAL PARTS AFFECTING SPEECH PRODUCTION

To understand instructions for pronouncing the phonemes, it’s very helpful to know the parts in the diagram below: the alveolar ridge, the soft palate, the uvula, and the larynx.

alveolar ridge - / a-1 vj-3-lor r id j / the upper front gum ridge

soft palate or velum - / 'j2a;-lit, 'n -lam /the soft roof o f the back o f the mouth

uvula - / 'xu-vja-la / the flexible tip o f the softpalate, controlling air to the nasal cavity

larynx - / 'lac-rirjks / voice box with vocalcords. When air passes through them, the cords vibrate to make loud, resonant "voiced” sounds.

NOTE: Phonemes pronounced in isolation at the beginning o f each lesson are not accurately pure. To allow them to be understood. I've artificially extended the sound: / r : . d a , d /3 , ga, / etc.

ACCENT REDUCTION MADE EASY: DRILLS FOR AN AM ERICAN ACCENT 2

PH ON EM E NO. 1: / 0 /, as in //jrift, bir/Aday, and tee//i

Some people in most groups have difficulty with this sound.Speakers substitute / 1 /, / s /, or / f / for the / 0 /.

TO PRONOUNCE / 0 /, place the tip o f your tongue between your top and bottom front teeth, barely touching your teeth. (You should be able to see the tip o f your tongue with a mirror.) Blow air through your teeth, unvoiced'. / 0 /.

INITIAL: thoughtful therapy thoroughfare thunder thermostat thermometer thing thief theft theory thrift thread “thank you” through theater theme / Oar 'm o-m a-tar /

NOT ON THE TAPE:thesis Thursday thorn thwart thyroid throughout three thousand thankful thankless thirst thatch Thanksgiving therapeutic thistle thirty-fifth

MEDIAL: something atheist ethnic ethical anything arithmetic faithful bathtub nothing truthful southward earthquake author healthy melhod breakthrough bathroom lithograph birthday diphthong

NOT ON THE TAPE:mathematics healthful athlete athletics arthritis anathema pathway birthright lethargy catholic catharsis pathology earthenware wrathful pathos sociopaths psychopaths

FINAL: growth north fifth sixth death sheath oath breath wreath math myth bath birth health wrath Keith girth heath hearth half-truth labyrinth uncouth faith psychopath

NOT ON THE TAPE:with stealth Goliath monteith monolith bismuth Earth sooth truth Ruth Seth firth mirth seventh teeth path tooth month fourth froth sociopath moth loath booth broth both

SENTENCES: Was Ethyl’s thesis on an atheist with arthritis?Thatcher thought that thrift / was an ethical growth path./ Qae-tjar 0o(t) dae(t) Orift / w az an '£-0i-kal oroO neefl. /

N O TO N THE TAPE:Father was thoughtful about feathers on the thoroughfare.Will Arthur thank Keith for the fourth lithograph?The theft in the cathedral showed the method o f the atheist.

Ph. 1 3

PH O N EM E NO. 2: / d I, as in this, brother, and breathe 4

As with phoneme number 1, most groups seem to have some difficulty with this sound. Some speakers substitute / d /, / 1 /, / z /, / v /, or / 6 / (unvoiced th) for this voiced th.

TO MAKE THE SOUND / 6 /, place the tip o f your tongue between the top and bottom front teeth, barely touching your teeth. (You should be able to see the tip o f your tongue with a mirror.) Blow air through your teeth, and voice the sound: / 6 / as in this, brother, and breathe.

INITIAL: this the those than they their thy thus then themselves thereabouts these thereby though them that thine thee therefore thereafter / dcm 'selvz /

MEDIAL: further farther feather another gather mother father brother weather rather leather either heathen teething bother scathing together bather clothed clothing northern southern rhythm breather

N OTON THE TAPE:truths oaths wreaths booths loathes paths moths

FINAL: with writhe tithe smooth seethe breathe wreathe clothe scythe swathe bathe lathe loathe

SENTENCES: Does this leather clothing belong with my brother?These are the harvest, the family, / the apples, the autumn. / & z o r da 'h flr-v ist, d s 'f^ -m a-li, / d i' ae-plz, di '^ - ta m ./ Mother gave clothing to the aunts and the cousins after they had bathed.

NOT ON THE TAPE:The smooth, the seething, the breathing—they were all there.Did they then gather the other brothers together?Did Brother use that scythe to cut a swathe in the heather?

Some Arabic, Greek, Hispanic, Italian, Slavic, Turkish, and others “roll” the “r” and pronounce it as / d r /. Many Asians exchange it with /1 /, Phoneme 4. Some French and German speakers tense the tongue in the back o f the mouth, making sounds not used in English.

TO MAKE THE / r / SOUND, relax your lips, and keep an open air passage through them. Curve the front o f your tongue up toward the top o f your mouth, but don’t let it touch your mouth. The back of your tongue should be relaxed. Voice the sound, and let air cornc through your mouth: l \ l .

DISTINGUISHING PAIRS: rofa?-lake, rrave-leave, /wig-lung, rove-love, Wg/i/-light, weary-Willie bereave-believe, mayor-mail, tire-tile. uvwig-long, n//-lift, rung-lung, ca/rv-Callic, /'erf-led

NOT ON THE TAPE: irulh-sleulh, more-mole, care-Cal, rife-life, raw-lust, m;A--link

INITIAL: rational react rhyme raise railroad rain random rare robe respect repudiate radio run recall representative repose reputation request rose roster recent regain round ride

NOTON THE TAPE:release ready rather rush rock republic range radius rob renew round rough rotate religious requirement reactionary reflection rely rate ratio write wright right rollback

PH O N EM E NO. 3: / r /, as in respect, America, and chair

MEDIAL: current bureaucrats California York diarrhea ministry pronounce pronunciation every carpet through thorough deride securities arbitrage average already brokers airport abruptly

/ a 'brAp t-li /NOT ON THE TAPE:general three throng crash street berate control introduce arbitrary program trillion crew Arabic trip verify shrimp shred shrewd prayer plural poetry cramp crab fragile chorus

FINAL: Although most Americans pronounce a final “r” with a slightly softened vowel sound, like / 3r /, for this exercise I’ll pronounce these words with a hard / r /: car care more store sure pure cure endure procure insure bore mare fire tire ire aware stare pair pare

SENTENCES: Rose wrote average poetry / with reflections on right and wrong.Will the rain ruin the carrot crop and run up the price?Robert Ramsey, the corporation president, / arbitrated the collateral./ 'ru -bar(t) 'raem-zi, da 'k a r-p a-re -/an 'p rc-za-dan t, / 'o r-b i-tre -ti(d ) da k a 'te - ta - r a l . /

NOT ON THE TAPE:“Riboflavin prevents skin dryness,” the radio reported.Do you recall that the religious program was average?The Trade Ministry prevented a rational reaction.

7

Some Asians exchange this with / r / or / n / (see Phonemes 3 and 40), and some Africans, Portuguese, Indo-Chinese, and U.S. Southerners omit it altogether in a medial or final position.

TO MAKE THE SOUND /1 /, place the tip o f your tongue lightly on your alveolar ridge. Make your tongue narrow (but not stiff) so that air will go over the sides o f your tongue and out your mouth. Voice the sound: / I /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, learn to hear the difference and say the difference: let-net, lick-nick, letting-netting, lumber-number, low-know, calorie-cannery, darling-darning, ill-in, kill-kin, lure-newer

NOT ON THE TAPE: lateral-natural, million-minion, gull-gun, loll-knoll, Ioad-node, Lou- knew

INITIAL: lunch local lull London long life Luxembourg learn literal love large literature locomotive lobby library larynx

NOT ON THE TAPE:liquor longevity look lunatic luscious luxury labyrinth long Larry level lipreading libation liaison libel letter lettuce landscape lapel lorry laden lumber lint lipstick litany longitudinal

PH O N EM E NO. 4: /1 /, as in /ove, a/veo/ar, and /atera/

MEDIAL: influences world alveolar William's millions volume flood globe readily suddenly believepulling killing fields children Atlanta_____ St. Louis glue capitalism solve pluralistic

/ sen(t) 'lu-(w )is / / p lo - ra 'h s - t ik /NOT ON THE TAPE:shield inflation floated flow alliance abnormality jailer allay alloy ballpark splinter collar darling elevator failure hallway self lollypop ambulatory flirtation molar plump knowledge polar relative glad slow sleep flame flood splash film realm scald pulp felt

FINAL: people girl bottle incredible trail critical industrial miracle full control available little financial pharmaceutical powerful

NOT ON THE TAPE:lateral xenophile homophile school braille medical educational bewail judicial patrol pole stole still multinational paternal rascal dental bicycle bundle apple useful middle

SENTENCES: Large lobbies influence millions o f dollars./ larch 'la-b iz 'm -flu -ins 'm il-ianz ov 'd ti-h rz . /

Did the children learn lipreading from a fellow pupil?I love and respect my inner self and the self o f others.

NOT ON THE TAPE:The medical alliance learned o f an elevator failure at the mall. Braille is a valuable tool for the blind to learn at school.

9

PH O N EM E NO. 5: / g /, as in A'guyen, ha/iger, tongue, and laughing 10

Some Slavic, Afghan, and Ethiopian speakers add a hard / g / after ing or \ _substitute a k for the g in ing. Some Ethiopians and U.S. Southerners omit the A ' V .g in ing in slow speech. (O f course, it's OK if you're relaxin’.) Some Slavic, > "Greek, Italian, and Indo-Chinese speakers add a hard / g / after a medial / g /when there should not be a hard / g /. L

TO MAKE THE SOUND / g /, place the back o f your tongue up against ^ Iyour soft palate. Voice the sound, sending air through your nasal passage:/ 0 / as in ringing. At the end o f an “ing” sound, leave the back o f your tongue up for a second or two.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS (for Slavic, Afghan, and Ethiopian speakers), learn to hear the difference and say the difference: sink-s//;g, seizink-.?ejz/ng, pink-p/ng, cannink-can/i/ng, think-?/»»p. kink-A/ng, clink-c/mg, wink-uv'/ig, brink-fcwig, eatink-eafwg, rink-nng / 0igk - 0irj /

INITIAL: The sound / o / has not occurred in the past at the beginning o f words in English, though it does occur in the Vietnamese name Nguyen. Because we can expect this name to become part o f American English, and we wish to show respect to Vietnamese people, we should learn to pronounce it correctly: Nguyen / gw en /. Say “sing-wen" and then “ngwen."

MEDIAL: (a) singer / s ig -ar / strength length ringer bringer singing handkerchief lungs sings wings (b) finger / fig -gar / stronger English language linger longer hunger stronger single singly

To form (a) let your tongue slide forward a little on the roo f o fyour mouth and break away softly.To form (b) let your tongue break away suddenly, strongly, and loudly from your soft palate.

NOT ON THE TAPE:bringing wringing ringing clinging bangs winging hanging stringer Long Island strings clings

FINAL: long winning rang ring morning running passing studying harangue brushing washing writing wishing driving flying

NOT ON THE TAPE:boating swimming working computing aligning drawing selling painting reading cooking

SENTENCES: The singer Nguyen is working on spring mornings.Mr. Finger will linger longer because his hunger is stronger.Is the stringer Ming / playing Long Island ping-pong?/ iz dt> 's t r in -ar min / nle-in b n ai-lsn(d) ' p in-nnn? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:She’s winging it in Washington and running in the mornings.Strong was washing and sweeping for Frank’s lungs.

PH O N EM E NO. 6: / s /, as in sun, listen, and race. 12

Some Hispanic and Afghan speakers add an / e / or / a / before an initial / s / when that sound is followed by a consonant. Some U.S. Southerners and Asians omit a final / s /, and some Southerners invert it with / k /: ask becomes aks. Some Slavic speakers substitute / z / for this sound.

TO MAKE THE SOUND / s /, have your lips relaxed and open, and your teeth slightly apart. Place the tip o f your tongue close to your front teeth— but not touching them. (Your tongue may touch your side teeth but not your front teeth.) Blow air through your teeth, unvoiced: I s I

INITIAL: scarce spell school scout spare swing sweet strain stop skeptic succession standard pseudoscientific stamp small Spanish strap spokesperson stoic say savs scissors

/ set scz /NOTON THE TAPE:psychological seven Saturday store scenery surf scent smorgasbord signal sign stay slash psychosomatic sneeze split splinter straight squeamish splash slow strike square smoke

MEDIAL: proceed listen Christmas risk list task fast mask past just moist haste isthmus excavation exceptional extra restaurant Boston fascinate classification ask discern asterisk

/aesk / / 'a is -ta -n sk /

NOT ON THE TAPE:facility heresy hostile institution isotope lambast excitement toast exchange execute crisp

FINAL: mass tax sex fix mix husks risks whisks frisks looks race selects let’s boats hunts wisps gasps remarks masks masts socks tasks bursts six asks lasts lists mists fasts boasts lisps

/ s ik s / /e e s k s / / l i s t s o r l i s s / / l i s p s /NOT ON THE TAPE:grasps wasps rejoice techniques class reports laughs lifts asterisks requests casks hopes tops

GENERAL PRINCIPLES ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF ADDED FINAL “s.” As you may know, most nouns in English show the plural by adding an “s” at the end o f the word, and for verbs, the third person singular, present tense, adds an “s,” as in he waves. If the sound that precedes the “s” is voiced, then the “s” is voiced and is pronounced / z /: lata, tags, waves. If the sound that precedes the “s” is unvoiced, then the “s” is usually unvoiced and is pronounced / s /: laps, tacks, waifs.

SENTENCES: Stewart asks for a standard psychology staff?Asa says he made requests / for spying on Sadat's restaurants./ ‘e -sa scz hi m ed ri 'k w ests / for soain an sa 'd o ts 'is s - ta - ra n ts . /

NOT ON THE TAPE:The staff selects a Christmas smorgasbord of sweets?

Ph.6 End o f Side A, Tape / 13

PH O N EM E NO. 7: / z /, as in zone, exhaust,* and cars* 14

Some Afghan, Arabic, Germanic, Greek, Hispanic, Turkish,Indonesian, and Indo-Chinese speakers do not voice this sound.Instead o f / z / they say / s /. Some Southerners substitute / d / in “ isn’t” and “business”; they say / i(d) n / and / 'b id -n is /.

TO MAKE THE SOUND / z /, have your lips relaxed and open and your teeth slightly apart. Place the tip o f your tongue close to your front teeth— but not touching them. (Your tongue may touch your side teeth but not your front teeth.) Blow air through your teeth, and voice the sound: / z /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, learn to hear the difference and say the difference: seal -zeal, sing-zf>?£, sag-zag, loos e-lose, bus-buzz, vie e-vies, f\eece-flees. cross -craws, brae e-braise, grac e-graze, price-prize / flis - fliz /

INITIAL: xenophile czar zoom zipper zealous Xerox zero zoology zone Z eitgeist zinfandel Zaire

NOT ON THE TAPE:zenith zephyr Zeppelin zigzag Zola “Zuider Zee" Zachary Zebulon xylophone Zanzibar zoo Zealand zodiac “zip code” zebra zinger zinc Zion zealous zirconium zither zany zest

Ph. 7

MEDIAL: isn’t doesn't business executive causes exist exotic resume resume credenza criticism/ n - 'zium 're-za-me /

N O TO N THE TAPE:exorbitant hasn’t pleasant example Tuesday Thursday exit cleansing diesel Brazil wasn’t crazy scissors lazy disaster disease raspberry newspaper possess ozone schnauzer pausing

FINAL: as has is was whose please says cares Japanese losses signs because auctions cars companies 90s raise surprises world’s standards means

NOT ON THE TAPE:buzz clothes comes drives listens turns pays pause maze haze revitalize Lyle’s bonds news Joneses Harry’s Thompson's Brewers oppose miniaturize pose Korea’s reasons

SENTENCES: The zipper czar bought cars for the Brazilians.Xavier was exasperated / by the exorbitant prices./ 'ze -v i-a r w az ig 'za& -pa-i£-ti(d) / bai di ig 'za r-b a -tn t 'n ra i-s iz . /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Lizards exist here as well as in Brazil.The zither from Zebulon has caused a pleasant musical craze.

/ 'zi-0ar /* See Ph. 6 for note on pronunciation o f final “s” and Ph. 29 for note on pronunciation o f “ex.”

15

PH O N EM E NO. 8: / J /, as in sAirt, nation, and dis/i 16

Some Asian and Greek speakers substitute / s / for this sound, and some Hispanic speakers have difficulty with the initial / J /.

TO MAKE THE SOUND / J /, purse your lips noticeably forward, keeping them open. Have your teeth slightly apart.Place the firm tip o f your tongue very close to your front teeth but not touching them. Blow air through your teeth, unvoiced: / J /.

INITIAL: she sugar shall should shred surely shut show shame shape shrimp shun shop shirt shoe shoulder shelf ship shadow shy Chicago chef

NOT ON THE TAPE:Chablis shore shave shovel shrapnel shield shingle shroud shrink shrubs sheep shrewd shamrock shawl shack shade shift shield shake shallow shin shine shock shower shave

MEDIAL: national mo//on con.sc/ous mission special reputation official mac/iine fis/iing pressure insurance sun.s/nne social initiate judicial

NOT ON THE TAPE:fascism clic/je fuc/isia crescendo nauseous ocean ashamed bashful addition subtraction emulsion multiplication tissue competition racial cooperation aspiration occupation ashes judicial devotion cushion bushel nation fission sunshine / aes-pa 're -Jan /

FINAL: finish hashish fish leash dish rush wash trash ash push crash selfish boyish bookish

N O TO N THE TAPE:Irish Finnish purplish thrush thrash marsh blush Scottish splash mash squash stash cash cache plush fresh flesh creche flash bush douche bash rash

SENTENCES: The transition specialists / should surely push this shield, said Rush.Should she pressure the brash official / to cash in on the social issue?/ Jo d Ji 'e rs-Jo r 5a braef a 'li-fa l / tu kacf in on do 'se -Ja l 'l-Ju? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:The fishing ship was awash in the ocean.Was the chef ashamed to use the precious sugar?Irish Lash had a shameful showing in machinery.She sells seashells on the seashore.

PH O N EM E NO. 9: / 3 /, as in genre, measure, and garage. 18

TO MAKE THE SOUND / 3 /, purse your lips slightly forward, keeping them open. Have your teeth slightly apart. Place the tip o f your tongue behind and close to your front teeth but not touching them. Blow air through your teeth, and voice the sound: / 3 /.

Some Arabic, Asian, Germanic, Greek, Hispanic, Turkish, Slavic, and African speakers pronounce this as the unvoiced / / /, though it should be voiced. Some add a / d /, making a / d 3 / sound.

SIMILAR PAIRS. Learn to hear the difference and say the difference: major-measure, vigilant-v/sua/, ledger-Zei'sMre, lodge-/oge, virgin-vere/on, legion - lesion .

I 'li-<i33n - 'li-3an /

INITIAL: genre, the French pronunciation of: Jacques

MEDIAL: measure Persian azure derision evasion leisure negligee seizure usual visual casual decision division erosion explosion intrusion lesion pleasure anesthesia allusion illusion

NOT ON THE TAPE:disillusion rouging ambrosia Anastasia amnesia regime glazier

FINAL: garage prestige beige corsage mirage persiflage rouge menage collage massage loge

SENTENCES: The genre o f the writer was a measure o f his vision.Look at the prestige that his beige corsage gave to the Persian! / i i ik e (t) do p r e s 'i i a cteet hiz b£3 kor '503 flgv to d a 't)3r-^3n! /

NOT ON THE TAPE:The treasure hunt was a pleasurable occasion.Does camouflage really employ visual illusions?Anastasia envisioned herself in a beige negligee.He made an allusion to the invasion o f Persia.They filled their leisure hours with casual pleasures.

Ph.919

PH O N EM E NO. 10: the consonant combination / t j /, as inC/rinese, cul/ure, and watch.

20

Some Hispanic, Asian, Arabic, and Slavic speakers omit the / 1 / in this combination, so that the above words sound like s/nn-ese, cul-s/iur, and wash. Some Asian speakers omit the combination altogether as a final sound.

TO PRONOUNCE THIS COMBINATION, purse your lips slightly forward, keeping them open. Placc the front o f your tongue firmly on the alveolar ridge. Dropping your tongue and jaw, explode air unvoiced-. / 1J /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, learn to hear the difference and say the difference: ship - chip sheik-cheek, crush-crutch, sheep-cheap, shoe-chew, shin-c/tin, sheet-cheat, disb-ditch /J ip - t j ip /

NOT ON THE TAPE: wish-vWfe/t, cash-otic/?, mash -match, leash-/eec/i

INITIAL: Czech check champion charge cheap charming charter children Chinese choose chosen chin choice chip chicken chairman challenge

NOT ON THE TAPE:change chill cheese cheerful cheek cheeseburger chase chain chance chew cello Charles chum

Chattanooga chancellor chamber

MEDIAL: righteous question influential na/wrc sift/ation conjecmre lecmre cul/wre litera/nre exchange grandr/iild kifc/ien ma/c/ies teacher

NOT ON THE TAPE:clock-watcher ditching drenching detached Portugal century maturation bachelor merchant ketchup preaching richest wretched touchy Kampuchea

FINAL: beach branch bunch catch church lunch march much which coach match pitch speech touch rich watch latch porch trench teach niche

NOT ON THE TAPE:glitch stitch Mitch hutch kitsch larch natch leech parch preach rich wretch arch ditch detach

SENTENCES: Did the influential Chinese children / choose a bachelor speech coach?At the Merchants Kitchen / there is a p i s ture o f a pi tcher./ae(t) da mar-tjants ki-tjin I der iz a pik-tfar av a El-tJai'/

NOT ON THE TAPE: The Kampuchean teacher chose a cheerful beach porch.Shall we lunch on cheese in the church kitchen?

Ph. 1021

PH O N EM E NO. 11: the consonant combination / d 3 /, 22as in yacket, solrf/er, and page

Some Hispanic speakers pronounce the “j ” and “g” as / h /. Some Arabic, Asian, and French speakers, on the other hand, omit the / d / part o f the combination. Some Germans do not voice this combination and say cherman.

TO PRONOUNCE THE COMBINATION / d 3 /, purseyour lips slightly forward, keeping them open. Place the front o f yourtongue firmly on the alveolar ridge. Dropping your tongue and jaw, explode air and voice the sound: / d 3 /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, learn to hear the difference and say the difference: chin-g/n, cUcss-Jess, chunk-yu«£, chokt-joke, chug-y'ug, cheer-jeer, chump-/t/mp. chairman-German, chill-J///

/ tjAmp-d3Amp /INITIAL: jump just joke gymnasium January Japan jealousy iogger ioumev German Georgia joy justice geometry judge germane / 'd^aen-iu -(w )c-ri / / 'd^n r-d^n /

NOT ON THE TAPE: generous jovial gigantic geometric jocular jewel jeep gem jazz jacket generate jeans genes genetic general joined jay

MEDIAL: logic soldier ledger budget exaggerate graduation agenda Be j ing charged logistics damaged psychology manager tangible regenerating / be 'd~un /

NOT ON THE TAPE:legend legible majestic major agent gorgeous raging theological ingenious ingenuous region unjust hedges register longevity imagine magic pigeon adjective / in 'd ^en -iu -(w tes /

FINAL: page heritage image large language orange age badge fudge huge ledge lodge oblige ridge rage bridge edge cringe cage charge judge

NOT ON THE TAPE:dodge hodgepodge lodge George binge allege dunnage personage sponge plunge drudge

SENTENCES: Will George allege / the manager tried to damage the ledgers?General Page will arrange to join the soldiers./ c h sn -ral ped^ w il a ' rendx to d^nin da 'so l-d^arz. /

NOT ON THE TAPE:John’s language is a hodgepodge o f Georgian and Japanese.There was a jury to judge arrangements.

Some Afghan, Arabic, Asian, Germanic, Hispanic,Italian, and Turkish speakers substitute / b /, / w /,/ f /, or / p / for this sound.

TO MAKE THE SOUND / v /, place your top front teeth lightly on your bottom lip, blow air, and voice the sound: / v /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, learn to hear the difference and say the difference:Asian & Hisp: beer-veer, beal-veal, bowl-vole, bane-vane, lib-//ve, bowel - vowel

boat-vofe, bale-ve;7 / 'bau-w al - 'vau-w al /Mid. East, Ind. & Germ.: wine-vme, weal-veal, went - vent, waste-va.se, west-vesr, lower-/over,

wane-vane / w en t - ven t /ALL: feel-veal, fear -veer, thief-r/i/'eve, face-vase, fine-vine, grief-grieve, safe-5ave, fat-vat

/ fial - vial /

INITIAL: voter very valuation vice-president vying values volume virus volatile virtually vegetarian vault virtuous velocity vision vehicular / 'vq-la-ta l /

NOT ON THE TAPE: violence vowels voluminous voyage vindictive vernacular voice view veracity validate vanilla verbatim vinyl vision visit visible vita Velcro velvet visa vinegar vintage violin violate vice vine voluntary

PH O N EM E NO. 12: / v / as in very, StepAen, and of. / 24

MEDIAL: ever Stephen caveat halves shelves wives savings advantage heavily never advance levy government driving avoid provoking even investors

NOT ON THE TAPE: movement developer nervous calves advisor ovarian overtly evidence overt uneven alleviate grievance marvelous sever savvy poverty investment dividends level

FINAL: o f save wave heave massive move drive have halve eve salve brave crave believe love curve carve stove alive grave strive thrive beehive

NOT ON THE TAPE: drove solve deprive cleave weave wove behave grieve talkative microwave pave rave leave sieve serve supportive dove valve mauve shove heave starve

SENTENCES: Does the vice president ever drive a weaving vehicle?Steve was a voter advisor who valued volume./ s tiv w az a 'v o -ta r ed 'va i-zar hu 'vael-iud 'v a l- io m . /

N O TO N THE TAPE:Van is brave and will stay alive by his level values.Will the volume of this Velcro cause rave reviews?

Ph. 12 25

Some Asian, German, Scandinavian, and Slavic speakers substitute / v / for this sound and say, “Ve are going.”

TO MAKE THE SOUND / w /, purse your lips forward, and make an opening small enough for only a straw. Blow air through your lips, and voice the sound: / w /.

PH O N EM E NO. 13: / w /, as in water and q«iet

INITIAL: will would work were went word won well with wish we wit win worry Wednesday wall “wonders o f the world” wind way wield Washington / 'w gnz-dei /

NOT ON THE TAPE:waterfowl wander wonder “witch hazel” wound walkway wave wealth worldwide watch waffle want winter weather weary web-footed

MEDIAL: between persuade vowel seaweed backward away rewind reward segue anyway onward always bewail squall square squat squeal squeak squawk / 'se-gw e /

NOT ON THE TAPE:twig twice twelve driftwood power shower Schweitzer swear swan swell swim sweep twin quell quiet quite quick quest twist choir patois acquire

/ k w a i - a t / / k w a i t / / na; ' tw o /

FINAL: This sound does not occur at the end o f words in English.

SENTENCES: Wyvel worried the West / would get a wave o f stonewalling.Will Wall Street's rewards wane / if workers wield power?/ w il w sl s tr its ri 'w ardz w en / if 'w ar-karz w iald ' pao -w ar? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:I wish he would watch his words and quit waffling.The waterfowl squawks, wants to swim and be wet.The quest for wealth is a worldwide occupation.Did the squall wash seaweed and driftwood onto the beach? Twice the door banged, awakening William.We're leaving to avoid winter weather.

Ph. 1327

PH O N EM E NO. 14: / i /, as in easy, people, and agree 28

Some Southerners make a diphthong out o f this vowel and say / s k ip / instead o f / slip /, or / A it J / instead o f / i t / /. Some Hispanic, Asian, and Slavic speakers substitute an / 1 / sound.

TO MAKE THE SOUND / i /, open your mouth slightly, relax your lips, and rest the tip o f your tongue behind your lower front teeth. Raise the middle o f your tongue up near the roof o f your mouth, and voice the sound: / i /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, notice that the / i / sound is usually spelled “ee” or “ea.” Learn to hear the difference and say the difference: each-ilch, eat-it, sleep-sYip, deep-dip, xheep-sh\p. reach- rich, seaf-sit, heat-hit, s/ieen-shin, feare-live, keel-kill, bean-bin, /it?a/-hill / J"ip - / i p /

INITIAL: each evening ego equal east easy eat either even eager ease eastern eavesdrop ecosystem egress emit aegis emission equidistant aeon

NOT ON THE TAPE: emendation emend equilibrium equator Eve eel egoism egotism Egypt elude evil Eden eagle easel England eaves

MEDIAL: sleep please receive relieve people between beach sheet grief leave machine read heal teacher release police bleed deep greens peas

NOT ON THE TAPE: these ideal esteem immediately lethal complete beet increase Eritrean Vietnamese keep magazine European heat pizza create feature phoebe creed bean measles / 'n it-so /

FINAL: free key plea tea trustee see decree degree he she we be knee photography “MC” fully emergency empathy agree empty epilepsy lobby “t-h-e” before a vowel sound: the hour

NOT ON THE TAPE: completely harmony hostility oversee Cree lee Emmy sea party spree embody ski flee three tree agree fee glee elegy

SENTENCES: Each o f the three will agree to keep the teacher.Will he or Eve lie on the sheet at the beach?/ w tl h i or iv J a i on do Xit $ ( t ) do h i i / ? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Steve needs to eat peas and beans for his meal.We could see the Eritrean was reading the magazine.The Japanese photography will please the trustee.The Eastern team was completely defeated,

ph. 14 29

PH O N EM E NO. IS: / 1 /, as in is, women, and remarkably 30

Some Arabic, Asian, Greek, Hispanic, Italian, French,Ethiopian, Slavic, and Turkish speakers substitute an / i / for this sound. Some U.S. Southerners add a / ja / after a medial / I /, saying / b i- ja t / instead o f / b it /. Some Italian and French speakers add a / h / sound before an initial / 1 /.

TO MAKE THE SOUND / 1 /, open your mouth slightly, relax your lips, and rest the tip o f your tongue behind your lower front teeth. Gradually dropping your jaw, voice the sounds on the diagram: / i, i /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, learn to hear the difference and say the difference. bid-bead, dip-deep, pill-pea\, dint-deem, did-deed, bit-beet, dill-deal, AiVi-keen. bin-bean pi'cA'-peak, kill-keel, s/7/-seal, till-teal, mi7/-meal / b in - bin /

INITIAL: is its in ill ink impotence inevitable initial issue investing illicit inclination illogical initiative immigrate impact imply immune / in-kla 'n e -fan /

NOT ON THE TAPE: illustrate ignore ignorant illiterate innocent Illinois impractical/ i-la 'm u /

impossible isthmus indiscreet initial inhale interact intention Israel integration interest

MEDIAL: wish serious women busy rnvth hear beer counterfeit weird rhythm carriage sieve building with homage think sink dish fish rendezvous

NOT ON THE TAPE: jurisdiction prohibition coincidence distributing bring political conservative responded legitimate ethnic therapist prohibit division incision official

FINAL: (The fin a l / 1 / is found most often in “y " at the end o f words such as ‘‘ability ” and "casualty." Even these “y ’s " are sometimes pronounced / i / by Americans. Either way you

pronounce the fin a l “y " is all right—■/ i / or / 1 /. We will use / 1 / fo r this exercise.) activity trinity officially taxi remarkably suddenly singly seriously monthly slippery sleepy

NOT ON THE TAPE: thirty icy rainy sunny chemistry happy surely slightly motherly quarterly body healthy sickly Willy twenty

SENTENCES: At the picnic the Israeli dill pickle was delicious.The immigrant ignored the irritable official in the taxi./ di 'l-m a-g ran t ig 'nord di 'i-ra-ta-b l a 'fi-Jal in da ' taek-si. /

NOT ON THE TAPE: Will the investigator imply the activity was illicit?Ph. 15

PH O N EM E NO. 16: / 3r /, the combined vowel32and consonant phonemes that make a strong “er” sound, as in early, world, and refer.

Some Asians, Afghans, and Africans substitute / a / or / a /. Some Slavic, Greek, and other speakers pro­nounce “or” as / o r / in those strange situations when it should be pronounced / 3r /. Some Middle Eastern and Hispanic speakers insert a / d / with the / r / part o f this combination, “rolling" their “r’s.”

TO PRONOUNCE THE COMBINATION / 3r /, relax your lips and have them slightly apart. Lift the tip o f your tongue just a little, and point it toward the alveolar ridge. Voice this sound with energy: / 3r /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, learn to hear the difference and say the difference: burke-bock £>i<r/-bahl, dirt-dot,furl-fah\, berg-bog, perk-pock, pert-pot, £r/iev/-honest, heard-hod. bird-bod

/ h3 rd-had /NOT ON THE TAPE: turn-tahn, worjf-wahst, /wvw-tahns, sir-sah

INITIAL: earn Irwin early earned earth earthen erg ergo irk errs ermine herb Earl irksome ersatz/ 3rz / / 3rb / / 'a r-s a ts /

urchin urge urban urn Irma

NOT ON THE TAPE: earthbound urgent Ursula earthworm earthquake earthly (adjective and noun:) earnest (name:) Ernest

MEDIAL: ti/m fern b/rd journal co/onel heard service st/rred term work worst word world reserve alternative observe certification surgeon nurse

NOT ON THE TAPE: myrtle permanent university fervent return ber 'serk curtain dearth church girl herd turban bum dirt hurt leam lurch shirk shirt sperm worm third burglary

FINAL: stir blur sir spur were prefer defer bestir demur incur infer inter refer chauffeur

SENTENCES: The nurse made a survey o f burns incurred.Does the girl want to work on the worst word in the world?/ daz da q3rl w an(t) ta w srk an da W 3rst W3rd in da w 3 r ld ? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Irksome Irwin o f the Reserve said we should defer the work.The Journal confitmed Colonel Bird would return the shirts.The chauffeur may err if he should take the cur to the fur service.Fern wants to work on the worst word in the world and learn it.

This concludes Tape I. 33

Some Hispanic speakers see the letter “y” and pronounce it / d 3 / as it is pronounced in some Hispanic languages. In English the letter “y” is usually pronounced / j / as in you. Some Portu­guese, Indian, and Japanese speakers omit the initial / j / sound for “year” and say “ear.”

TO MAKE THE SOUND / j /, open your mouth slightly, relax your lips, and rest the tip o f your tongue behind your lower front teeth. Bring the flat blade o f your tongue up near the roof o f your mouth, and voice the sound: / j / as in you.

A DISTINGUISHING PAIR NOT ON THE TAPE. Learn to hear, feel, and say the difference: year-ear

INITIAL: you yours yet yard yes yellow yield young yesterday year Yale unify uvula yen use yawn yuppies York yank united yam youth

NOT ON THE TAPE:your yoke yawl yacht Yankee useful yearn usually yeast yam unit yell

PH O N EM E NO. 17: / j /, as in you, on/on, and useful

MEDIAL: coal-yard new opinion loyal canyon vineyard February million onion issue tortilla/ 'fe -b iu -w e-ri /

NOT ON THE TAPE:refuse continue beauty contribute overused few bureaucrat feud cute strenuous fuel billion hallelujah stallion valiant minion grunion collier bullion alien adieu familiar tribune value union dues amuse accuse abuse

FINAL: This sound does not occur at the end o f words in English.

SENTENCE:The yellow yacht from the Vineyard / was owned by a young millionaire./ da 'j£ -lo jf l l fram da 'vm -ja rd / w az a n d bai a jAQ 'm il-ia -naer. /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Did Yuppies yesterday yearn to see New York?You young yippers may continue to play in the yard.Have you got a good yield o f yellow yams this year?Its ear fell off last year.

ph. 1735

PH O N EM E NO. 18: /ae /, as in ask and laugh 36

Some Slavic speakers substitute / e / (eh) for this sound, and some Africans substitute / a / for it. Speakers influenced by British speech may substitute an / a /. Some Southerners add / ja / after / ae / before d, 1, n, and t: “man” becomes / mae-jan /.

TO MAKE THE SOUND /ae /, open your mouth slightly, relax your lips, and rest the tip o f your tongue behind your lower teeth. Gradually dropping your tongue and jaw, voice the sounds on the diagram until you reach / as /—/ i, l, e , e , £ /

SOUTHERNERS, avoid inserting / ja / in these words: am bad dab ham lap mad man mat nab can pal rat shall add as at ran that than sad cat

INITIAL: action aunt as ash at airplane absolute ambulance agitate apple atom abstract agate ask asks avid aerial attitude angry abolition abdicate abdomen absent accent accident alley amnesia /aesk-aesks/

NOT ON THE TAPE: alloy (noun:) attribute alphabet activity amplify amorous amphibian analytic ancestors annex Albert animated atrophy appetite acrid application

MEDIAL: laugh salary mandatory bear bare factory companion clash salmon management facile anatomy contract meringue began sporadic calf rather than diplomatic janitor calculate catch rank cache habit master strategy chamois

NOT ON THE TAPE: hallow slant tad has nasty rat mat fat bank chat crabapple latch back detached backpack hat champagne daring collapse enigmatic diagonal jackrabbit match pasture passion passageway rascal “Anglo-Saxon” Daniel Calvin Sally branch

FINAL: This sound does not occur at the end o f words in English.

SENTENCES: A1 calculated he would barely catch his airplane.Did Mack ask about an Apple salary contract?/ d id maek &sk a 'bau t an £ -p l sgd-ri kan-trae(kH? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Anglo-Saxon is an ancestor o f the English language.Does Alvin's application for the contract accent his background?The factory management reacted to union demands.Albert's companion always carries his backpack.

Ph. 1837

PH O N EM E NO. 19: / 1 /, as in telephone, au/o, and cat 38

Most Americans usually pronounce the medial “t” as a soft / d /, especially in relaxed speech. However, we should be able to pronounce it as / 1 / when the situation calls for more cultivated speech. Some U.S. Southern, Hispanic, Korean, Indo-Chinese, and African speakers do not pronounce the f in a l “t” in a word even slightly, and this can cause misunderstanding. The listener must guess which word is

being used; is it can or can V?

Some French, Slavic, Afghan, and Arabic speakers pronounce the “t” as an exploded / 9 / with the tongue between the teeth, and American listeners may be uncertain about which word is being used.

Some Africans speak the medial “t” too vigorously. To be heard as more like Americans, they need to soften this sound and sometimes even pronounce it as a soft “d.”

TO MAKE THE / 1 / SOUND, relax your mouth, and keep your lips slightly open. Place the tip o f your tongue on your alveolar ridge just above your teeth. Suddenly dropping your tongue, explode air from there, unvoiced: / 1 /. (By “explode” 1 mean to stop the air and suddenly let it go.) Sometimes the / 1 / is formed but not exploded, as in mountain.

INITIAL; talk time thyme ptomaine travel temperature total tomorrow truth transcontinental tofu / 'tQ-men / / ' tem -pa-ra-t Tor /

NOT ON THE TAPE: truck Thompson trout trigger trap tree transportation tooth tobacco Thames trail tough texture Texas telephone toilet topography tomato tourist transparent

MEDIAL: item attitude better butter debtor Atlanta months mountain Clinton button et cetera (etc.)/ 'h£ -ta r o r 'b£-(d)ar / / 'm aonft )-n / / c t 'se -ta -ra /

NOT ON THE TAPE: tarter mortar Carter barter lottery intermediate metric shutter hotel start crater constitution creative hotel ventilate itinerary contract batter isolated introduce

FINAL: at it can't cost write just next best. Regarding the next five words, if the base o f a verb ends in the sound o f / J /, / s /, I k / , / p /, or / f /, the past tense or past participle with “ed” sounds like / 1 /, and there’s no extra syllable: cashed missed worked hoped puffed. Remember “sh & skpf + t.” [See Phoneme 20 for note on other pronunciation o f “ed.”]

NOT ON THE TAPE: yacht gnat knot debt receipt tent rant paint glint berate walked asked

SENTENCES: Betty rushed out and bought some butter.He moped but introduced a writer / who laughed a lot./ hi m opt b a t 'in - tra -d iu s t a 'ra i- ta r / hu laeft a M - /

Ph. 19

NOT ON THE TAPE:He worked late and missed his transcontinental flight.

39

PH O N EM E NO. 20: / d /, as in dog, rarfio, and handed 40

Some Hispanic, African, Indo-Chinese, Korean, Indonesian, and U.S. Southern speakers omit the final / d /.

Some Slavic, Turkish, Arabic, and Afghan speakers substitute / 1 / or / d / (voiced th).

Some Africans speak the medial and final / d / too forcefully.To sound more like Americans, they could soften those sounds.

TO PRONOUNCE / d /, relax your mouth and keep your lips slightly open. Place the tip o f your tongue on your alveolar ridge. Suddenly dropping your tongue, explode air from there, and voice the sound: / d /.(By “explode” I mean stop the air and suddenly let it go.) Sometimes the / d / is formed but not exploded, as in sudden / S A -(d )n /.

INITIAL: dichotomy dynamic demilitarize decimal deception December daughter diversify delight

NOT ON THE TAPE: double draw drain dramatic dreary drugstore done date deserve democracy dance dote dedication duty drastic dogmatic drudgery day demagogue decibel

MEDIAL: yesterday reader writer better garden hidden children building good-bye pedagogy

NOT ON THE TAPE:radio bedroom birthday president sidewalk sudden rendezvous expedient radish modify intimidate Cambodia comedy murder nondescript indifferent headache accident calendar

FINAL: did card lead would should could bad good hard child cupboard avid bond headed crowded braid eastward mind bound glad herd compound impound invalid add curd field

NOT ON THE TAPE: parricide grand livid period protrude head pyramid rapid raid bromide dud bread spend hound stockyard grade hand tread pod unload made odd red

THE SOUND OF ed IN THE PAST TENSE OF VERBS: If the base o f a regular verb ends in / or d, for the past tense we pronounce ed as an extra syllable, as in demanded, s e l e c t , pleaded, resisted. However, for most verbs (those not ending in t or d, and not ending in the sound o f / J", s, k , p, o r f / with the past tense shown by ed, we pronounce only the / d / (with no extra syllable), as in called, rouged, explained, answered, and sewed. (At Phoneme 19, see note on final ed sounding like 1 1 /.)

SENTENCES: Dana demanded a board for the children on the playground.Edward guarded a drugstore and gouged for high prices./ 'sd -w a r d 'a a r-d id a 'drAQ-s to r cn a a tx h d for hai ' p ra i-siz. /Did a child in the bedroom demand a drink and a radio?

ph. 20NOT ON THE TAPE: The crowd performed a delightful dance on the hard field.

41

PH O N EM E NO. 21: / p / as in post, appetite, and cap 42

Some Indian and Arabic speakers voice this phoneme and make it sound like / b /. Is it post or boast?

TO MAKE THE SOUND / p /, close your lips, then explode air out through your lips— unvoiced: / p /.

INITIAL: post partner placement position please proud predict propaganda

NOT ON THE TAPE:plague plaque pierced plump provision papa pregnant posture pollution petroleum picture predict postpone pistol potato potatoes penicillin pasture pigeon personal perspiration perspective positive pal poise pitch “petit mal” play plenty prayer pledge plaza poetry plus pocket / ‘E£-ti mol /

MEDIAL: therapy aptitude appetite operate surprise complex example depot appeal/ ' d i - p o /

N O TO N THE TAPE:grandpapa explosion laptop impression inapt inept apparent operation open-ended opening opiate principal principle chapter chiropractic population spokesperson compile computer cheapen relapse lampshade poppies popular chapel popcorn splinter

FINAL: map equip citizenship help lamp stereotype sharp wasp mishap VIP relationship stamp

NOT ON THE TAPE:reap rip rap clap drape drop fop flop flap nap pap quip carp sap tap wrap zip slap slip chap slop plump Pope pipe step steep type up rope strap strip trap gap group troop

SENTENCE: Papa's poetry, laptop, and pipe / were his prime therapies./ 'e fl-psz 'csii-tri, 'lae(pl- ta p . sen paip / w ar h iz praim 'Qe-ra-piz. /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Did the captain approve the petrol provision at the depot?There’s plenty o f penicillin for the operation on the chiropractor.How did the people keep the paper shop so prosperous?They purchased pictures and caps to pin on the pole.

Ph. 2143

Some Hispanic, Indo-Chinese, and Southern speakers omit the final / b / sound in words, and some Asian and Hispanic speakers have difficulty distinguishing / b / from / v /.

TO PRONOUNCE / b /, relax your mouth and close your lips.Explode air out through your lips, and voice the sound: / b /.

INITIAL: better business bureaucrat basis bribery brouhaha block breakers backlash baby bulletin bourbon bracelet broadcast bungalow brag / 'b ru -ha-ha /

NOT ON THE TAPE:bay betting burger bargain button bridge backbreaking bookmobile brush bundle builder barbarous barometer barometric

MEDIAL: cupboard neighbor habit tangible rubbing robber liberty labial dubious table about debate eyebrow lobby Robert abandon abortion above

NOT ON THE TAPE:problem public hubbub fly-by-night clubby combat lumber tuber fabulous carburetor

PH O N EM E NO. 22: / b /, as in Aelt, eyebrow, and tuAe44

vibration lowboy raspberry robust jawbone nobility aberration cabin heartbroken

FINAL: adverb job probe grab crib cub knob rib rob sob tab web snob bribe cab robe disturb tab scrub tube “ad lib” lab crab babe globe herb curb

NOT ON THE TAPE:jibe stob lob cob rehab scab tribe vibe verb blab stab lobe daub bulb jab ebb jib neb strobe nib nub dub pub fib blurb

SENTENCES: Bob Barnett is in trouble with his job.Is the bureaucrat at liberty / to ad lib about the broadcast? / i z da 'bio-ra-kraet ae(t) 'U -bar-ti / tu <ed lib a 'bqv( t ) d a 'br?t.d)-kaest? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Barbara began to study verbs and adverbs.My brother Robert will abandon the skateboard.Has Betty lobbied her neighbors about the bribe?Ichiba san saw the big bird grab the baby rabbit.Then it bobbed above the bush into the barn.

/ ba(b)d /Ph.22 45

PH O N EM E NO. 23: / o /, as in good, woman, could, and pwll 46

Many newcomers to English have difficulty in deciding whether (to pronounce some sounds as / o / or / u /, for there seems to be /v ''* * " "little consistency in spelling and pronouncing patterns. All o f the i f ^spellings for / o / are illustrated above, but there are 13 spellingsfor the sound / u /, including those above. ----- “n I

The sound / o / is found only in the middle o f words, whereas I / \/ u / is found at the beginning, middle, and end o f words. '

TO MAKE THE SOUND / u / as in good book, relax your lips and keep them open. The blade o f your tongue should be relaxed flat at a medium level. Let the tip o f your tongue rest behind your lower front teeth. Now voice the sound: / o /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, learn to hear the difference and say the difference: />w//-pool, look-Luke, should-shoocd, hood-who'd, full-foo\, could- cooed, would- wooed, stood-stewed

/ w ud - w ud /

MEDIAL ONLY: good book woman understood neighborhood look should could hood full would stood bullet took brook bush cook foot put nook push

NOT ON THE TAPE: wool wood pudding jury cushion juror sugar good-bye

SENTENCE:You should look at a book sometimes; it's good for you. / j u Jod liik e(d) a hilk 'sAm-'taimz; its 90(d) far ju . /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Did Brook pull the wool over the eyes of the jurors?I couldn't weave “Good-bye” on a woolen cushion.Has he understood that the full hood would be in the pulpit? A bullet hit Crook in the foot.Would you bake cookies for the neighborhood?

Ph.23 47

PH O N EM E NO. 24: / a /, the schwa, the i/rcemphasized, unaccented 48uh sound, as in alive, pol/cy, ocean, and quota. It’s the vowel sound o f many unemphasized syllables in English and is spelled in many different ways.

Some Africans pronounce this as / e /, / a /, or / e / and give it too much energy. This sound is supposed to be uninteresting and weak Do not give it style or emphasis.

TO PRONOUNCE THE / a /, relax your lips but keep them open.Drop your jaw and tongue a little lower than you would for / u /.Let the tip o f your tongue rest behind your lower front teeth. Voice the sound with only a little energy: / a /.

INITIAL: about await essential along another anonymous, the indefinite articles “a, an”: a book, an apple, “o f"— usually unemphasized: “One o f / av / three people.”

NOT ON THE TAPE: away annoyance asleep Arabia abroad escape estate arena abut amaze alleviate aplomb attach approve effeminate effective appreciation appease appliance assume apprentice announcement apologize esteem establish anatomy above analysis analogy appeal

MEDIAL: was telephone comm un/cation decision physician democrat republican general nation economic foreign cafeteria, the word “a” almost always pronounced / a /: a book, a person, a school.

NOT ON THE TAPE: concern argument sophisticated England circus veranda/i ocean luncheon colleg/ate McCoy fash/on Phoenician porpo/se famous pillowcase guerrilla bureaucrat gorilla buffalo surround ventilation customer pol/cy silent mar/time monetary connection Italy

FINAL: “T-h-e” before a consonant as in "the house." camera data area Asia banana Florida China cinema Africa dogma papa mama Atlanta Georgia soda sofa Russia

NOT ON THE TAPE: drama mania quota stanza vista Alabama Carolina Uganda mica Louisiana Iowa Arabia tuba vanilla verandah gorilla zebra Anna balsa bravura polka

/ Iti-wi-zi 's£-na /

SENTENCES: The general was annoyed at the delay o f the announcement.Both Democrats and Republicans made economic decisions./ boO 'de-m a-kraets en ri-'jjA-bli-kanz m ed 'i-ka-nn-m ik da 'i i - 3anz. /

NOT ON THE TAPE:In Poland we danced the polka until the dawn.The Florida drama group made a policy compromise.

Ph.24 49

PH O N EM E NO. 25: / a /. the emphasized, accented uh souncf as in «ncle and become

Some Asian, Afghan, Ethiopian, Greek, Italian, and Slavic speakers pronounce this sound as / a / (ah). Some Hispanic speakers substitute / d / (aw) for this sound, and some UFrench speakers add a / h / before an initial vowel.

> A

TO PRONOUNCE THE / a /, relax your lips, but keep them open. Drop your jaw and tongue a little lower than you would for the / o /. Let the tip o f your tongue rest behind your lower front teeth. Voice the sound with some energy: / a / as in hi/ngry.

DISTINGUISHING PAIRS for Hispanic and Asian speakers. Learn to hear the difference and say the difference: nut-not, dun-Don, nw-Ron, Huck-hock, bucks-box, rut-rot, /i/Mot, /nurf-mod, mull-moW, punned-pond / bA ks-baks /

INITIAL: other understand umbrella ultimate uncle otherwise uncertain unctuous ulterior ulcer ultimatum unruly uncooperative unprofitable / ' A n k - t fa-w as /

/ Al-ta 'm e-tnm /

NOT ON THE TAPE: under unbelievable unconscious uncouth uncover unlock undress unidentified undercover undercoating unconventional ugly unfortunate unknowingly unlikely unoccupied unsung unwilling unwritten upholstery upward upper-class utmost unction unclassified umpire underachieve unkind utterance

MEDIAL: become mother does butter culture among discover encourage one must love study rough customer some bulk tough public government won

NOT ON THE TAPE: cover incumbent but number tug thus mugged brother lover sun rustic punishment humdrum cultivate hundred flood summary above obstruct judge sudden

FINAL: This sound does not occur at the end o f words in English.

SENTENCES: The Wonder Club discovered unjust punishments.Does the judge understand public functions?/ dAZ da d^Ach An-dar ' s t a n d '^A-blik ' fAnk-fanz? /

N OTON THE TAPE:The unidentified man was studying in the sun.Does your uncle cultivate cucumbers in his study?

Ph.25 51

PH O N EM E NO. 26: / h / as in Aand and grasshopper 52

Some Afghans, Italians, and others omit the initial h and say 'and instead o f hand. Some French and Italian speakers add a / h / at the beginning o f words that begin with a vowel sound. We do not add a / h / sound to words which do not begin with the letter “h.”

TO PRONOUNCE THE / h /, open your mouth slightly, and let your tongue lie on the bottom o f your mouth. Explode your breath at the back o f your mouth unvoiced: / h i .

INITIAL: holiday home Chanukah who whose whom whole human history Hollywood hailstorm humanity humor humorous humid humidity humble humility historical homage

NOT ON THE TAPE: horse house hill has hurt here hairspray halfhearted hinge hominy host hood holy honey homespun hypnotism heaven hell hopped howl heating hose hair half-and-half his hers

NOTE ON THE SILENT INITIAL “h” : The following words are spelled with an initial “h,” but that “h” is not pronounced. It is silent. These are the only words in English that I know o f that are like this. There may be some others. All other initial “h ’s” are pronounced.

honor honorary honorarium honest honesty heir heiress heirloom herb herbal herbaceous hour hourly hour-long HDL / e tj-d i-e l / and other sets o f initials beginning with “H.” hors d'oeuvre / Dr 'd 3rv / and other French words beginning with “h.”

MEDIAL: childhood secondhand preheated inhuman gray-haired hitchhike unhappy

NOT ON THE TAPE: high-hat unholy hothouse household unhurt unhip beehive behest post-holiday lighthouse “rose hips” tinhorn subhuman Stonehenge unhidden prehistory grasshopper

FINAL: This sound does not occur at the end o f words in English.

SENTENCES: He hitchhiked to prehistoric Stonehenge.Harry came home for Chanukah / and was his happy, humorous self./ 'h a -r i kem hom for 'h a -n s-k s / end w az hiz 'h £ -p i, 'h ju -m a-ras self. /

N OTON THE TAPE:Did the gray-haired historian give honey to his horse?“Hi!” called Hod, as he hopped into the lighthouse.

Ph.26

Many Americans pronounce this without the / h / before the / w /. Notice that the spelling is “wh ,” but the more cultivated pronunciation is “hw.” Some German speakers substitute a / v / for this sound.

TO MAKE THE / hw / SOUND, first make the motions for the unvoiced / h /. Then follow immediately with the motions for the voiced / w /: purse your lips forward making an opening small enough for only a straw. Blow air through your lips, and voice the second part o f the combination: / hw /.

2nd-

PH O N EM E NO. 27: the consonant combination / hw / as invn/iat and somewhere

1NITIAL: why where when what white whiskers whisper while which whether

NOT ON THE TAPE: wheedle whelp wheeze whale wheat whistle whimper wham whiskey whirlpool whirlwind whiz whiff whopper whither whittle wharf whitefish white-collar whisk whine wheelbarrow

MEDIAL: somewhere somewhat nowhere meanwhile everywhere elsewhere bobwhite awhile anywhere whole-wheat off-white four-wheel overwhelm two-wheeler three-wheeler Cool Whip 18-wheeler

FINAL: This combination does not occur at the end o f words in English.

SENTENCE: The bobwhite whistled somewhere in the wheat./ d a 'bo(b) 'hw ait 'hw i-sald 'sAtn-hw er in da h w it. /

N OTON THE TAPE:He only heard a wheel creak and whine.The man with the whip whistled through his whiskers.The wheel came off somewhere with a whirling sound.(The following are rhetorical questions and do not go up in tone and pitch at the end.)Why does he whine and whimper everywhere?Who’s whipping the white horse? Chasing the white whale?

Ph.27

Some Asian speakers substitute / p / for this sound or add a / p / to it. They may say “beep” for bee f or “pfat” f°r fa t. Some Hispanic speakers omit the final / f / in words.

TO MAKE THIS SOUND, place your top front teeth on your bottom lip, and blow air unvoiced: / f /.

PH O N EM E NO. 28: / f /, as in phone, coffee, and rougA

INITIAL: feel frustrated face frequently file pheasant free fifth phoneme phonetics Phillip favorite

N O TO N THE TAPE:froth flagrant fixture flannel phoney fermentation famous frequency “photo finish” phenol farewell ferry fear fertilizer fracture fifteen fricassee flavor photograph family falling final

MEDIAL: office prefer magnificent breakfast careful coffee different professional sophomore chiffon

N O TO N THE TAPE:diphthong define sinful outflank inflection rifle doubtful effort persiflage puffed sanctify

cafeteria left-handed beautiful malfeasance cartography diaphragm sofa deafen laughable loafing prophet refute soften fifty suffer refrigerator telephone

FINAL: sheaf thief photograph phonograph grief proof laugh life wife tough knife calf cough enough o ff half if leaf staff beef chief cuff deaf muff skiff waif reef miff wolf puff stuff turf paragraph rough

NOT ON THE TAPE:quaff rife riffraff tiff scoff strafe woodruff mischief pilaf stiff scarf scruff scuff trough dwarf

SENTENCES: The thief fixed the fracture and shouted, / “I have to go!”Does Phillip prefer a French coffee / to serve Chief Wolfe?/ d sz 'til-op pri t a r 3 f r e n tf 'lo -fi / t s s s tx t j i f w illf? /

NOTON THE TAPE:Alfred Farmer telephoned an oaf whose wife was tough.Was beef carefully fricasseed the chefs favorite food?He flavored the pheasant with woodruff leaf.The office staff filled the refrigerator with flowers.

Ph.28End o f Side A, Tape 2 57

Some Asian speakers omit the final / k /, and some Hispanic speakers omit the / k / sound in words beginning with “ex.”They might say “estremities” instead o f “extremities.”

TO MAKE THE / k / SOUND, have your mouth relaxed and your lips open. Place the back o f your tongue up against the soft palate. Explode air from there unvoiced: / k /.

INITIAL: can kindness kitchen chaos charisma quiet quite catharsis kosher/ kw ai-at kw ait /

NOT ON THE TAPE:kindling queen kitten kabob catch crisis kaleidoscope kangaroo kinetic Keith cope cooperate cottage customary kindly cosmetics quart kid cause kiss curse keyboard kiwi care kimono criterion kilowatt companion kindergarten kindred critical chamomile

MEDIAL: extreme acquire nicture deduction excellent dictionary access acconnt explicit /ik 's trim / / 'p ik - t/a r / / 'g ^ -se s / / iks-'eU -sit /

NOT ON THE TAPE: (In "picture " above, you should form but not explode the / k / sound.) exceptional expert experiment exhale tax plankton experience broker peacekeeping echo

PH O N EM E NO. 29: / k / as in ^uiet, ercel, and booA 58

blanket Jacuzzi jacket packing maker expenses exceed exclaim liquor explore exercise excuse explain express cricket biscuit saccharine archipelago excite /ik s ' k iu s/ /iks ' p res/ /a r-ka 'gc-la-go/ / ik 's a i l /

NOTE ON PRONUNCIATION OF EX'. Usually ex before an unvoiced sound (often a consonant) is pronounced unvoiced as / ik s / in explain. Ex before a voiced sound (often a vowel) usually will be voiced, as / ig 7. / in executive. An exception to this is exercise.

FINAL: seek task take plaque talk thank sink link lick pick sank trick

NOT ON THE TAPE: brick bank creek streak brake break steak folk prank back balk stick walk joke clank lark Dick Nick Rick oak balk stalk bulk dark mark caulk stock strike stroke park broke ark crank dank drank frank brink flank Hank / knk /

SENTENCE: Will the expert explain all the expenses?/ m l di 'ck-sp3rt ik 'splcn 2! di ik 'spen-siz? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Dick would be an extremely frank examiner.The Jacuzzi was excellent for taking a work break.Will you take the caulk and pack it to fix the sink?

Ph.29 59

1

Some Hispanic and Asian speakers omit a final / g /, or they may substitute for it a / k / or a non-English sound. Words beginning with ex are often difficult. (See Phoneme 29 for note on the pro­nunciation o f “ex.”)

PH O N EM E NO. 30: / g /, as in girl, examination, and p eg 60

TO MAKE THE SOUND / g /, have your mouth relaxed and your lips open. Place the back o f your tongue up against the soft palate, and explode air from there, voicing the sound: / g /.

INITIAL: gratitude grace glaucoma goal good government grand golf gray/ 'cjA-varn-mant /

N O TO N THE TAPE:gas gate gallery give garden glorious great green get gift grade gold gown glade guest goings-on grown governor goose grant gripe grain garlic gamble grass gross globe glass grim gloss guide grief glance grandfather grammar grateful gravity greed

MEDIAL: again exaggerate exit examine recognize executive legal regulate digress/ '£fl-zit / / ig 'zx -m an / / dai 'a re s /

NOT ON THE TAPE: (See Phoneme 29 for the pronunciation o f “ex.”) egregious exasperate exhibit bagging bigotry sugar brigade cigarette magazine stagger trigger vigorous chigger neglect agriculture agonize integrate degree flagrant linger legality aggressive pomegranate ragged trigonometry program egotism

FINAL: flag beg synagogue drug catalog plague renege intrigue The Hague Prague/ ri 'm g / / do 'h eg / / prog /

NOT ON THE TAPE:clog tug bug rug snug Meg brag grog stag log smog keg drag stalag shag slug erg wag brig dig dug craig dog tog jig bog vogue vague fog zigzag rag “egg nog” rogue sprig rig hug wag hag frog bag

SENTENCE: Was Gil’s allegation about the executive an exaggeration?/ w az o i k ae-la 'ge-Jan 3 'bao(t) di ig '^ s -k ju -u v aen ig-££-d33 'tfi-Jan? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:The exec at The Hague bagged a sprig of green for the frog.Did the governor get a catalog o f flags at Prague?Peg regarded the guarantee o f a dog as a good guard.

Ph.30 61

Some Asian speakers pronounce this as / c /, saying / ren / for rain. Some U.S. Southerners use the wrong diphthong, saying / rMn / or / ram / for / re in /. Some Slavic speakers pronounce this as / ae /.

PH O N EM E NO. 31: / e / as in /4sia, relationship, and May(Actual pronunciation may sound like / ei / at the end o f a wordsuch as May, or might sound like / ea / before an “1” as in mail.)

TO MAKE THE SOUND / e /, open your mouth slightly, relax your lips, and rest the tip o f your tongue behind your lower teeth. Gradually dropping your tongue and jaw, voice the sounds in the diagram until you come to this one: / i, I, £ /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, learn to hear the difference and say the difference. bake-bzck, dale-dell, W e-sell, bait-bet, Yale-yt\\, laid-led, 6ai/-bcll. tale-tell, late-let, date-debt,

fa il-fell, raid-red / beal-beal / / l e t - l e t /

INITIAL: able alien ache age aid Asia aim apron ate eighty acre agent alienation aching

NOT ON THE TAPE: “apron strings" ailing aimed acreage Asian ace age-old aiding aimless amiable ape apex ail atheist asocial atheism aviation aviator “ace in the hole”

MEDIAL: main straight vein steak heinous indicate crate gauge regulation praise

NOT ON THE TAPE: maelstrom decade savings arraign prayed displayed parade reign James deliberation potato lazy situation administration raise “amazing grace”

FINAL: say pay stay way weigh day beret mislay play bouquet array tray gainsay matin.g£_/ mae(t) 'n£ /

NOT ON THE TAPE: mainstay hideaway Tuesday midday Malay meleespray parlay bray dray bay flay gay hay Jay Kay lay splay quay Ray gray prey pray

SENTENCES: May sang “The Rain in Spain Stays Mainly in the Plain.”Is eighty acres enough to raise potatoes for the hideaway?/ 1z '£-ti 'e-karz a 'm £ to rez pa 'te -taz for da 'hai-da-w e? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Asa won't stay unless we can make the estate pay.Did Ray bake her favorite cake yesterday?The amiable Asian will play in the Mayday games.She’ll make a great name for her place.

62

Ph.31 63

PH O N EM E NO. 32: / e /, as in any and everywhere 64

Some Indo-Chinese and others pronounce the initial / e / as / i /. Some U.S. Southerners pronounce the medial / c / as / 1 /; pen becomes pin, and men becomes min. Also Southerners sometimes add / ja / before d, I, n, and t (remember DALNET) in short words spoken slowly. Some say / fe-ja l / for “fell” and / pe-jan / for “pen.” For “says” / scz / and “said”/ sed /, some people incorrectly use / sez / and / sed /.

>

TO MAKE THE SOUND / e /, open your mouth slightly, relax your lips, and rest the tip o f your tongue behind your lower teeth. Gradually dropping your jaw, voice the sounds on the diagram until you get to

the one you want: / i, i, e , £ /.

IN THESE DISTINGUISHING PAIRS, leam to hear the difference and say the difference. Southerners, be careful not to add / jo / in the middle o f these words: bin-Ben, will-well, kin-Ken, big-Z><?£, pin -pen, fill -fell, bit-bet, pig -peg, sit-.se/1

NOT ON THE TAPE: bill-bell, pick-^ec^, him -hem, git -get, did -dead, min-men

INITIAL: enterprise end engineer excess empty anybody entrance energy emphasis

NOT ON THE TAPE: eminent excellent enemy every aesthetic excavate eloquent envy elephant elegant anyone edit anything educate anywhere elevator elementary evolution

MEDIAL: said says bread friend their there get medical against many directly benevolent general president generation pressure respect seven eleven

NOT ON THE TAPE: cleanse bed self trajectory election pen electric library expenses sent set yet then them several bell chemical heifer leopard bet men tell ten yell yen never

FINAL: This sound does not occur at the end of words in English.

SENTENCES: The president says excess never brings recession.Was the ebony elephant against the keg on the deck?/ w az di '£-ba-ni 'e-la-fan t 3 'gens(t) da k£fl on d a dek? /The men said it was an aesthetic treasure.

NOT ON THE TAPE:Was Ted dead set that Red should not tell o f the bet?

Ph.32 65

Few people have difficulty pronouncing this phoneme. Some speakers in the Northeastern U.S. insert / wa / between / u / and the letter “1.” Rule and school become / 'iu -w al / and / 'sku-w al /.

TO PRONOUNCE THE SOUND / u /, round your lips and purse them noticeably forward. Keep an opening in them small enough for only a straw. Voice the sound from the back o f your mouth: / u /.

PH O N EM E NO. 33: / u /, as in ooze , cruise, and blue

INITIAL: ooze oodles oolong oops

MEDIAL: beauty moon neurotic bureaucracy newspaper school truth cool Jewry jewelry

NOT ON THE TAPE:loose lose move noon rule soon whom lieutenant lunar boulevard brood maneuver nuclear neurolinguistic neutralize prelude prove pursuit revolution ruler tooth whose boom boot

doom hoot loop pool shoot tomb root rheumatism youth cruise goose plume Buddhism/ 'bu-d izm /

FINAL: blue chew misconstrue flew flu grew shoe through you interview construe

NOT ON THE TAPE:Hindu view Jew clew mildew pursue renew tattoo preview threw through to too two who bamboo crew igloo true undo queue voodoo woo rue grew ewe you whew drew avenue hue hew cue brew lieu knew new do pew

SENTENCE: Lou will brew oolong tea for the newspaper review./ lu Wil bru 'u -ten ti for da 'n juz-pe-par r i 'y j iu /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Did the crew pursue the beauty who flew to the roof?A review o f the school helped Sue conclude the proof.Will the youth lose his cool if he shoots the mule?The voodoo man would chew when he drew the blue tattoo.

Ph.33 67

Few people have difficulty pronouncing this phoneme correctly.Some speakers o f Persian and some from the Northeastern U.S. and from Charleston, South Carolina, may utter deviations.

TO PRONOUNCE THE SOUND / o /, round your lips and purse them noticeably forward. Keep an opening in them large enough for a small carrot. Voice the sound: / o /.

INITIAL: own odometer open overpopulated omit obedience only oatmeal oath opacity oriental

NOT ON THE TAPE:obese Otis obey oasis oar orientation oval ovarian ozone ovation overly overreact Olivia overachiever overall overpriced overdue overnight overqualified overage ownership odious old-fashioned okra OK oleander omega omen omission opaque opium opiate opine opus

MEDIAL: rose chauvinist coat alone “faux pas” disposal homophobia phone yeoman pedagogy

NOT ON THE TAPE:boulder ashore bone folk moan hone lonely motive “Memorial Day” telephone photograph photojournalism phoney clothes pose drove stove clove support snore stoic story storefront

PH O N EM E NO. 34: / o /, as in open, coat, and chateau 68

pole clone alcove force frozen heroic hope home"approach Indisposed goat IbWllWJI |INHI

FINAL: though know plateau sew so sow below vertigo video ghetto undergo

NOT ON THE TAPE:window depot hero indigo lingo meadow mellow throw tomato potato tornado torpedo torso foe hoe tow no row low fandango flow go chateau grow glow slow blow mow jumbo bow tow touch-and-go trio jumbo pharaoh woe weirdo

SENTENCE: Did the photo story on Memorial Day omit Old Joe?/ di(d) da 'fo -to 'sto -ri on m a 'rn o -ri-a l de o 'rm l o lid ] 032 /

N O TO N THE TAPE:Otis showed a cold shoulder to Mo.Did the woeful yeoman dance the fandango at the Oasis?Row went below and cooked oatmeal on the stove.The owner stayed overnight in the Plateau Motel.

Ph.34 69

PH O N EM E NO. 35: / o /, as in ai/to, ta/k, and raw 70

Some U.S. Southern, Indo-Chinese, and Ethiopian speakers substitute a diphthong for this sound and say / uo / or / ao /. Some Africans substitute an / o /, and some Afghans and Indo-Chinese substitute an / a /.Some U.S. Northerners may say / roa / for raw.

TO PRONOUNCE / d /, purse your lips forward and drop your jaw a bit. Now voice the sound: / o /.

INITIAL: almost automobile already often auspicious office authorization always auxiliary

NOT ON THE TAPE: audition audiovisual austere austerity Austria August orthodox offer awful author Australian autocratic autonomous autograph offer awkward awning offset awl all auction audible autumn augment automatic audit automation although alternative

MEDIAL: broad gaudy Georgia caucus maul haughty cauliflower lawful daughter thought Caucasian

NOT ON THE TAPE: law-abiding born-again border caught Boston brawl brawn broth Broadway broadcast caldron fault faucet fought former form lawn wall loss daub dawn talk

fought hawk naught saucc soft sausage caught broad bought dog boss lawless broadcloth' cause caution cross yawn ball warm

FINAL: law claw draw thaw withdraw gnaw paw raw saw straw flaw jaw

NOT ON THE TAPE: outlaw seesaw Shaw Utah taw haw caw squaw craw guffaw chaw

SENTENCES: Austin talked in the office about calling the law on Shaw.Docs the Georgia boss always find a flaw in the audit?/d s z do 'd32E-d33 h iS 'ol-wez faind o £ b in Ai ‘a-d it? /The austere Austrian had a ball o f straw and a seesaw.

NOT ON THE TAPE:Horse-drawn vehicles are called for at Warm Springs.The Boston office may withdraw formal broadcasts.The dog and the hawk fought for the ball.When it's warm, I often sit in the orchard.Did Paul’s audience applaud warmly?I thought Cawthen Shaw was the author.The law calls for immediate withdrawal o f all sausage.

Ph.35 71

Some Slavic speakers substitute an / a / (aw) or an / o / for this sound, especially when it’s spelled with an “o.”And some Africans substitute an / a / or an / o / for it.

TO MAKE THE SOUND / a /, relax your tongue and lips, and drop your tongue and jaw a bit. Voice the sound: / a /.

PH O N EM E NO. 36: / a /, as in olive, father, and hurrah

INITIAL: art obligation honest entree arbitration honor occupy

NOT ON THE TAPE:argument odd arm armchair arthritis articulatc operation article oxygen obsolete optical Occident octane opposite opposition optical ostentation ostrich oxen Oxford arbor Oliver arch olive opera aunt artist archbishop occupation honorable honorary honorarium osmosis occupant arbitrary

MEDIAL: car bottle guard economy sergeant mob modem foreign policy garage Washington problem heart bureaucracy controversy constitution

NOT ON THE TAPE:shop pharmacy K-Mart wallet responsibility logic market college possible hominy honcho impostor poverty philosophy impoverished respond improvisation pontiff mockery macho Mafia sarcasm popular population sociology tardy target toddler methodology concept hardly apothecary bazaar jockey Machiavelli body hardly

FINAL: This sound does not occur at the end o f words in English except for ma, pa, hurrah! ah! pato/5, and shah— a few colloquial American words and two foreign words.

SENTENCE: Will Oliver argue about a policy o f the Botany Department?/ wil 'a -la-var 'a r-g ju a 'baut a 'po-la-si av da 'ba(U -ni di 'par(t_)-mant ? /

N OTON THE TAPE:The artist mocked the popular marketing o f cars.Dishonesty blocks competition in the economy.Might the sergeant’s logic win him a job with the Shah?Olive is an artist who occupies the opposite apartment.

obstacle

Ph.36 73

PH O N EM E NO. 37: the diphthong / ao /. as in our,howsc. and now

Some U.S. Southerners add / j / between both parts o f the diphthong, so that brown / b raon / becomes / b ra-jon /, and cow / kao / becomes /ka-jo /.

TO PRONOUNCE THIS DIPHTHONG, relax your tongue, and slightly widen your lips. Drop your jaw and tongue a good bit. Voice the / a /, and immediately bring your jaw up and relax your lips (unwiden them).Continue to voice the sound: / ao /.

INITIAL: hour our ours out outline output outdoors outside ounce outfit

NOT ON THE TAPE: outgoing outlandish outfield outreach outnumber out-of-bounds oust outcast outer outlaw outlay ourselves outlet owl output outset outward outcast

outbreak outrage outdo outwit outfox outsmart outskirts outwardly

MEDIAL: flower found house mouse round power gout crown loud about down clown abound downward around brown downgrade count mouth pout town hound mound crowned drown

NOT ON THE TAPE:howl grounder trout clout lout louse lousy count trowel ground astound devour blouse dowry endowment douse growl tower scout scowl shout noun flounder sauerkraut

FINAL: allow brow chow endow how now Frau plow bough eyebrow prow Moscow— somehow sow kowtow bow Dow know-how thou

SENTENCES: Did you allow Clower to go outdoors and prowl around?Our agent in Moscow has lousy clout with

/ ao-(w )ar '£-d3ant in 'm us-kao heez 'Jao-zi KJaol wiO

NOT ON THE TAPE:He found an hour to catch flounder and trout at the prow.Did the owl sit on a bough outside the townhouse?Frau Brown won in the chow hour with sauerkraut.

/ 'm as-kao /

the powers that be. da 'pao-w orz 6 x ( t) bi- /

Ph.37 75

Some U.S. Southerners make this too simple and pure by omitting the second part o f the diphthong and making the sound a flat / a /.

TO PRONOUNCE THE DIPHTHONG / a! /, relax your tongue and slightly widen your lips. Drop your jaw and tongue a good bit, and voice the / a /. Then immediately bring your jaw up and continue to voice the sound: / ai /.

INITIAL: eyes I identification aisle eyewitness “ID card” item eyebrow island iconoclastic

/ a i-ko -na 'Jdacs-tik /

NOT ON THE TAPE:identity isolated ideal ideally idolize irate Ireland Irish isolation isotope icicle iota ire ivory iceberg idea ivy aikido iris iron ironing eyelash “eye contact” eyelid eyestrain

MEDIAL: height Zion humidifier itemize finance sunrise reliable primary vitamins satire prime

PH O N EM E NO. 38: the diphthong / ai /, as in «/slc, rice,guide, and b«>’

NOT ON THE TAPE:papaya geyser rhyme choir cried grinding fine humanize five hide kind like ride dive light line mile mine night pile shine tire wise nice white rice heist child bite blight divide fire guide pine porcupine private retire rile shine surprise tribe united unkind wine find hire

FINAL: buy occupy identify die eye thigh fly why rely solidify testify personify

NOT ON THE TAPE:my try sky high vie DeVry nigh deny by tie pry rye shy spy sly humidify sigh pie beautify crucify sanctify citify dye exemplify occupy preoccupy lie

SENTENCE: Did I imbibe white wine / with chicken pie and ivory rice?/ did ai lm ‘baib hwait wain / wi0 lix-kin pai end 'ai-vn tais? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Guy hired the private eye for his style.DeVry decided to beautify the island geyser site.Did Irene dye the five ties at night?The child used aikido in fighting the irate islander.

Ph.38 77

PH O N EM E NO. 39: the diphthong / or /, as in oil, choice,and boy

78

Some Slavic speakers and Northern U.S. speakers, when this diphthong is before an /1 / or / s / sound, may pronounce it as / 3r /, as in / 3rl / and / t/3rs / for “oil” and “choice.”

TO PRONOUNCE THE DIPHTHONG / oi /, purse your lips forward, drop your jaw a little bit, and voice the sound / o /. Then widen your lips, bring up your jaw, and continue to voice the sound: / oi /.

INITIAL: oil oils oily oiled oyster oilcloth oilskin ointment

MEDIAL: coin noise lawyer choice boisterous poise loyal broil foible

NOT ON THE TAPE:avoid soil alloyed moiety anthropoid poinsettia adroit voyage Freudian boil coil Doyle toil foil toyed void Hoyle Boyce Roycc foist poignant toilet hoist moist voice point anoint joint join sawing pawing clawing annoying jawing boys poison toys cloister

FINAL: corduroy soy “St. Croix” joy employ annoy “hoi polloi” destroy

NOT ON THE TAPE:decoy alloy enjoy Roy ahoy convoy toy boy coy deploy envoy Savoy Troy ploy cloy

SENTENCE: The lawyer hoisted the loy to avoid the oil./d o 'b l- jo r 'h o is -tid da la i tu a 'v.ai(d) & o ja l- /

NOTON THE TAPE:Was Boyce sawing the joist after oiling the joint?Roy is loyal to The Cloister in spite o f the hoi polloi.The boy was poisoned by the clawing.Loy’s fun destroyed Doyle’s poise at St. Croix.

Ph.39 79

PH O N EM E NO. 40: I n / as in gnal, a«ything, and rai«

Some Hispanic and Asian speakers substitute an / m / sound for this in the final position. Some speakers from the interior o f China confuse this with the /1 / sound. (See Phoneme 4.)

TO MAKE THE / n / SOUND, place the tip o f your tongue firmly against the alveolar ridge. Keep your tongue rather wide to prevent air from coming out your mouth. Air will then go up through your nasal passage. Voice the sound: / n /.

INITIAL: no know gnat neighbor knowledge mnemonic natural pneumonia nonverbal/ m ' m o - m k / / n u ' m o n - j a /

NOT ON THE TAPE:knuckle nuclear nearsighted negligent negotiate naive nostalgia Norway notion nomenclature note nonsense noble neutral notebook night knight negative nose knot nasal gnaw gnome gnu knotty naivete navy negativism neither pneumatic nervous name

MEDIAL: elementary -Com ptroller, personnel can't kindness finances government mentality / kan 'tm -la r / / '£ a i - n * n - s i z /

NOT ON THE TAPE:minimal mainstay wonder canopy sensitive vastness inclination ground France larynx mount land persistent lunch phoneme reluctance banner anticlimax plenty offense island seminar seasonal honor oncoming transit chronological sequence business Connecticut mother-in-law fathers-in-law / ka 'ilE -ti-kat /

FINAL: woman women contain inauguration cotton certain sign telephone motivation alone

NOT ON THE TAPE:person melon reign rain bacon ribbon membrane queen remain scene sewn moon vision seminarian figurine American eaten taken lighten button grosgrain rotten broken sudden kitten chicken garden portion radiation inclusion incline man men season cannon canon

SENTENCE: Do science and industry combine to nudge the country?/ du 'sai-ans end 'in -d ss-tri kam 'ba in tu HAd3 'kAB-tri? /

NOT ON THE TAPE:Nan Knight’s paintings don’t make her a new queen.Will the politician finance the nuclear plant now?The Nantucket neighbor included the telephone plan.Is the information common knowledge in the national news?

Ph.40

Almost no one has difficulty pronouncing this phoneme, but I’m providing drills in case the unexpected occurs.

TO PRONOUNCE / m /, relax your mouth with your lips closed. Voice the sound, and let air come through the nasal passage: / m /.

PH O N EM E NO. 41: / m / as in magazine, immune, and thumb

INITIAL: mother make master modify manufacture matter moisture morning/ 'mois-t/ar /

NOT ON THE TAPE:monetary money medicine measure mercury military militarism mildew middle malaria midnight minus miniskirt minister mountain museum municipal matrix “Micky Mouse” meticulous microscope macroeconomics mutual music meringue motion movies multiply muffins mosquito mountain motive merit / m s 'ram /

MEDIAL: sample democrat argument pneumonia government temneratnre climate/ 'Uan-ps-ra-t for /

NOT ON THE TAPE:

tnlfflll mphomorc Christmas asthma isthmus thermometer tamper camp army dummy columns lampoon postman Congressman Congresswoman employment comply comment commander company communication humanities inmost reprimand parliament arithmetic parsimonious sample appendectomy Thames

FINAL: column thumb autumn climb item problem calcium phlegm recidivism symposium

NOT ON THE TAPE:arm condemn comb lamb dumb harm hoodlum jam reform come calm thyme chasm whim clam atom balsam claim heroism anthem regionalism same shame scheme system ham vimtransform symptom random syndrome transform brim psalm isolationism----- blossomrhyme rhythm truism sham emblem spasm opossum hymn / a i-sa /

SENTENCE; Might the medical commander deny the claim of recidivism?/m a i( t) da 'm£-do-kl k s 'masn-cbr d i ' n a i do k k lH 3V ri 's i -d a -y xzm ? I

NOT ON THE TAPE:Mother’s meditation helped her be calm in communicating.The manager claimed he was a reformed hoodlum.On Christmas morning the mood of Mbaya was something else.Mighty with rhythm, his anthem boomed.

Ph.41 83