10th American History

U.S. Foreign Policy History

Vocabulary for the Word WallVocabulary for the Word Wall

Foreign Affairs (Policy):Foreign Affairs (Policy):• Foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline Foreign policy is a set of political goals that seeks to outline

how a particular country will interact with the other how a particular country will interact with the other countries of the world. Foreign policies generally are countries of the world. Foreign policies generally are designed to help protect a country's national interests, designed to help protect a country's national interests, national security, ideological goals, and economic national security, ideological goals, and economic prosperity.prosperity.

• Creating foreign policy is usually the job of the head of Creating foreign policy is usually the job of the head of government and the foreign minister (State Department)government and the foreign minister (State Department)

• International Relations

ImperialismImperialism Economic reasons-Economic reasons- international trade international trade

and need for raw materials from Asia, and need for raw materials from Asia, Africa and Latin AmericaAfrica and Latin America

Military reasons-Military reasons- to defend their shores to defend their shores and protect their trade interestsand protect their trade interests

IdeologyIdeology• 1- Nationalism- enhancing a nation’s 1- Nationalism- enhancing a nation’s

power and prestige.power and prestige.

• 2- Cultural superiority- Social Darwinists 2- Cultural superiority- Social Darwinists believed in this. Social responsibility to believed in this. Social responsibility to “civilize” less developed countries.“civilize” less developed countries.

ImperialismImperialism Manifest Destiny- Manifest Destiny- expand westward to the expand westward to the

Pacific, and beyond the shorelinePacific, and beyond the shoreline HawaiiHawaii- - trade, sugar, trade, sugar, bayonet constitutionbayonet constitution and and

annexationannexation China-China- trade, Treaty of Wanghia 1844- gave trade, Treaty of Wanghia 1844- gave

U.S. most favored nation status, Sphere’s of U.S. most favored nation status, Sphere’s of Influence, Open-Door Policy and Boxer Influence, Open-Door Policy and Boxer RebellionRebellion

Japan-Japan- trade, Commodore Matthew Perry, trade, Commodore Matthew Perry, and the Treaty of Kanagawa.and the Treaty of Kanagawa.

Spanish American WarSpanish American War Cuban UnrestCuban Unrest Yellow Journalism Reasons-

• Maine Explosion- “Remember the Maine”• De Lome Letter• U.S. Sugar interests• U.S. sympathy to the rebel cause and the evil Spanish• Jingoes (Hawks) and the pressure on President McKinley

Outcome• Teller Amendment on Cuban Independence and Rough Riders and San Juan Hill• U.S. receives Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines in exchange it gives Spain $20

million.• U.S. now has over seas territories, bases for trade and navy.• Annexation of Philippines and three years of revolution. (Independence in 1946)• Anti-Imperialist League 1898- imperialism is a violation of the foundation of American

self government.• Platt Amendment- Cuba (Guantanamo, Protectorate); Foraker Act 1900- Puerto Rico.

T.R. Roosevelt, Taft and WilsonT.R. Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson Roosevelt and Latin AmericaRoosevelt and Latin America

• Walk softly and carry a big stickWalk softly and carry a big stick• Great White fleetGreat White fleet• Helping Panama to get independenceHelping Panama to get independence• Building the Panama CanalBuilding the Panama Canal• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe DoctrineRoosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

Taft’s Dollar DiplomacyTaft’s Dollar Diplomacy• Promoting American interests in other countriesPromoting American interests in other countries• Using economic power to achieve American policy goals.Using economic power to achieve American policy goals.

Wilson’s Moral DiplomacyWilson’s Moral Diplomacy• Rejection of dollar diplomacyRejection of dollar diplomacy• Use of persuasion and American ideals to advance the nation’s interest abroad.Use of persuasion and American ideals to advance the nation’s interest abroad.

Wilson and the Mexican RevolutionWilson and the Mexican Revolution• President Wilson would not recognize the de facto government of Gen. Huerta• Wilson used armed force against Mexico in Veracruz and against Poncho Villa

Rise of tariffsRise of tariffs

U.S. and the Panama CanalU.S. and the Panama Canal U.S. interest in the Canal Offering Columbia $10 million and

$250,000 annually. Rejected Panama’s revolution against Columbia Building the Canal

World War IWorld War I “M.A.I.N.E.”- European causes for the war. U.S. neutrality Reasons for the U.S. entrance into the war. America in World War I America in Post World War I

• Wilson’s fourteen points

• Treaty of Versailles

• League of Nations Impact of World War I

11stst Red Scare Red Scare Communist revolution in Russia- 1917 and the

rise of the Bolsheviks Fear of the “Reds”- communists who promoted

the violent overthrow of the U.S. government. U.S. Communist parties formed Bombings- through the mail. Palmer raids – deportation and incarceration.

Lingering Effects of World War ILingering Effects of World War I War Debts owed to the U.S.

• $10 Billion owed by Allies to U.S.

• Fordney-McCumber Tariff made repayment hard.

• Reparation payments by Germany Washington Naval Conference- 4 Power, 5 Power and 9

Power treaties.• Agreement to cut back on size of navies

• Avoid competition for China

• Ending the Arms Race and establishing Peace? Kellogg-Briand Pact- high ideals- Peace signed by 60

nations. But no system of enforcement, just a promise.

Effect of Great Depression on WorldEffect of Great Depression on World

Fragile European Economies still recovering from WWI.

World War IIWorld War II Isolationism, Pacifism, and Neutrality Act Roosevelt’s Quarantine Speech Cash and Carry Lend-Lease Atlantic Charter Attack on Pearl Harbor Mobilization

World War IIWorld War II U.S. in World War II- European Theater

• Atlantic• North Africa• Europe• Holocaust• V-E Day and Nuremberg Trials

U.S. in World War II- Pacific Theater• Island Hopping and Gen. Douglas MacArthur• Yalta conference• Potsdam conference• President Truman and the Atomic Bomb• V-J Day.

Cold WarCold War The Spread of Communism and the Iron Curtain Truman and the Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade and Berlin Airlift NATO United Nations- 1945-

• Peace

• Human Rights

• Trade and economic development (IMF and GATT)

Cold WarCold War 2nd Red Scare after World War II

• Soviets Possess atomic weapons

• Communists had gained control of China- Mao

• H.U.A.C- House Un-American Activities Committee. (And the Hollywood 10)

• Truman and the Loyalty Plan

• Spy Cases

• Senator Joseph McCarthy

KoreaKorea Korea before the war.Korea before the war. How it started.How it started. Role of the U.S. and the U.N.Role of the U.S. and the U.N. Pusan and InchonPusan and Inchon MacArthur and his firingMacArthur and his firing Fighting endsFighting ends Peace- Stalemate and Demilitarized Zone- 38Peace- Stalemate and Demilitarized Zone- 38thth

parallel.parallel.

EisenhowerEisenhower Cold WarCold War

• Brinkmanship • Massive Retaliation• Nikita Khrushchev• Warsaw Pact and the Hungarian uprising• Summit Meeting- U.S. and Soviets

Cold War Hot spotsCold War Hot spots• Vietnam and SEATOVietnam and SEATO• Middle East, Suez Canal, METO and Eisenhower DoctrineMiddle East, Suez Canal, METO and Eisenhower Doctrine

Cold War WorriesCold War Worries• Atomic Anziety- Hydrogen Bomb, Arms Race, new bombs and technologyAtomic Anziety- Hydrogen Bomb, Arms Race, new bombs and technology• Space Race-Sputnik, Explorer and NASA.Space Race-Sputnik, Explorer and NASA.• Civil DefenseCivil Defense• Limited Test-Ban TreatyLimited Test-Ban Treaty• Military-Industrial ComplexMilitary-Industrial Complex

President KennedyPresident Kennedy Bay of Pigs- invasion of Cuba Cuban Missile Crisis and its effects Berlin Crisis- The Wall and its significamce Peace Corps Alliance for Progress Flexible response- strengthening conventional force

to give alternative to nuclear weapons. Space Program

LBJ Foreign PolicyLBJ Foreign Policy Johnson Doctrine-Johnson Doctrine- not allow the establishment of a not allow the establishment of a

communist dictatorship- the U.S. would intervenecommunist dictatorship- the U.S. would intervene Pueblo Incident- North KoreaPueblo Incident- North Korea Vietnam- Increasing U.S. involvement- Tonkin Vietnam- Increasing U.S. involvement- Tonkin

Gulf Resolution.Gulf Resolution. Air War, Ground War, Mobilization, Air War, Ground War, Mobilization, Public Opinion- Media effect; Hawks and Doves; Public Opinion- Media effect; Hawks and Doves;

anti-war movement;anti-war movement; Turning Point- Tet Offensive and credibility Turning Point- Tet Offensive and credibility

gap; Johnson refuses to run again.gap; Johnson refuses to run again.

Vietnam WarVietnam War Ho Chi Minh and Vietminh After WWII-

• 1st Indochina War- Vietminh v. French• Domino Theory• Geneva Conference and the 17th parallel

Civil War- South Vietnam v. Vietcong (NLF-communists)• Ngo Dinh Diem- President of South Vietnam• U.S. involvement- The “Domino Theory

• Kennedy- Military advisors and Green Beret with ARVN• Casualties rose• Diem overthrown• LBJ and the Tonkin Gulf Resolution• Air War- bombing- “Operation Rolling Thunder”• Ground War- guerilla, pacification, Vietnamization, Search and Destroy, Tunnels• Mobilization- The Draft, Medical, Materials• Public Opinion- media, Hawks and Doves, Anti-War Movement, Credibility Gap• Tet Offensive and its affects and war critics• Peace Initiatives

Vienam and NixonVienam and Nixon

Vietnam• Vietnamazation and bringing the troops home.

• Bombing and invasions of Laos and Cambodia- “The Madman theory” to stop the war.

• Increasing Protests- Kent State, Weathermen and My Lai Massacre and Pentagon Papers

• Legacy of Vietnam- Khmer Rouge, domino theory, environmental damage, dead, refugees, effects on veterans.

• War Powers Act 1973

Nixon Foreign PolicyNixon Foreign Policy Henry Kissinger and RealpolitikRealpolitik DétenteDétente Nixon in China and the U.S.S.R. (S.A.L.T.)Nixon in China and the U.S.S.R. (S.A.L.T.) Middle EastMiddle East

• Yom Kippur War- Egypt, Syria and Jordan v. Israel.Yom Kippur War- Egypt, Syria and Jordan v. Israel.

• Oil Embargo and O.P.E.C.Oil Embargo and O.P.E.C.

• Kissinger and Shuttle DiplomacyKissinger and Shuttle Diplomacy

Ford Foreign PolicyFord Foreign Policy Foreign policy limited by Vietnam experience.Foreign policy limited by Vietnam experience. Helped nearly 250,000 escape Vietnam, but Helped nearly 250,000 escape Vietnam, but

Congress would allow little more.Congress would allow little more. Congress refused to allow Ford to aid anti-Congress refused to allow Ford to aid anti-

Castro forces in Cuba.Castro forces in Cuba. Cargo Ship “Mayaguez” siezed by Cambodia- Cargo Ship “Mayaguez” siezed by Cambodia-

Ford sent military raid.Ford sent military raid. Kissinger, Détente, and reduction of arms with Kissinger, Détente, and reduction of arms with

Soviet Union.Soviet Union. U.S./Soviet joint space project- Docking in space.U.S./Soviet joint space project- Docking in space.

Carter Foreign PolicyCarter Foreign Policy No real personal experience in foreign affairs. Committed to human rights Soviets- SALT II Panama Canal Treaties Formally recognized Communist People’s Republic of

China Camp David Accords- Israel and Egypt Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan Iranian Hostage Crisis Events in Iran disrupted the production of oil and prices

shot up.

Reagan Foreign PolicyReagan Foreign Policy Cold WarCold War

• The “Evil Empire”-“Evil Empire”- Soviet Union and relations worsened

• Reagan increased military spending

• Strategic Defense Iniative- “SDI or Star Wars”

• Soviet Union weakening- Gorbachev believes only way to salvage the Soviet economy was to strike a deal with the U.S.

• INF Treaty- destruction of a whole class of weapons.

• Solidarity in Poland Latin American civil wars- El Salvador and Nicaragua.Latin American civil wars- El Salvador and Nicaragua. Lebanon- PLO, Israel, Christian, U.S. Marines suicide Lebanon- PLO, Israel, Christian, U.S. Marines suicide

bombed.bombed. Grenada and victoryGrenada and victory End of Apartheid in South AfricaEnd of Apartheid in South Africa

George H.W. Bush Foreign PolicyGeorge H.W. Bush Foreign Policy Collapse of the Soviet UnionCollapse of the Soviet Union

• Gorbachev- glasnost and perestroika

• Eastern European Communist government crumble.

• Berlin War- “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this wall”. Gates opened 1989s and wall comes down.

• Soviet republics began to declare independence.

• 1991- START I; 1993- START II China- Tiananmen Square massacre- democracy crushed.China- Tiananmen Square massacre- democracy crushed. Panama- Panama- Operation Just CauseOperation Just Cause 11stst Persian Gulf War- Persian Gulf War- Operation Desert StormOperation Desert Storm Nelson Mandela and South AfricaNelson Mandela and South Africa Sent Troops into SomaliaSent Troops into Somalia

Clinton Foreign PolicyClinton Foreign Policy Successes in the Middle East- Oslo AccordsSuccesses in the Middle East- Oslo Accords Somalia- Clinton withdrew forcesSomalia- Clinton withdrew forces Clinton did not sent in help to stop the genocide Clinton did not sent in help to stop the genocide

in Rwanda.in Rwanda. Haiti- troops sent in to bring peaceful political Haiti- troops sent in to bring peaceful political

change.change. Former Yugoslavia- Dayton Accords to end Former Yugoslavia- Dayton Accords to end

fighting in Bosnia and Herzegovina and stop fighting in Bosnia and Herzegovina and stop serbs.serbs.

NAFTA- North American Free Trade NAFTA- North American Free Trade Agreement- no tariff barriers between U.S. , Agreement- no tariff barriers between U.S. , Canada and Mexico.Canada and Mexico.

George W. Bush Foreign PolicyGeorge W. Bush Foreign Policy Felt Troops should be used to fight and win war. Military

needs to be prepared. Cancelled the 1972 ABM Treaty- Danger now from

Terrorist state. Promised to develop missile defense system. Worked for better relations with Russia and China. Critical of North Korea and its buildup of nuclear weapons.

Axis of Evil. Middle East Road map to peace- two state vision-

Independent Palestinian state and Jewish State of Israel. Sept. 11, 2001 lead to the Department of Homeland

Security, the War in Afghanistan, and Iraq.