1 - kns3433-lecture 1-introduction to traffic engineering

7/30/2019 1 - KNS3433-Lecture 1-Introduction to Traffic Engineering

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KNS 3433 Traffic Engineering

Introduction to Traffic Engineering

Prof. Dr. Wan Hashim Wan Ibrahim



Course Objectives



Course Objectives

•To understand the Role of Traffic Engineer



Course Objectives

•To understand the Role of Traffic Engineer •To Understand the Different Components of TrafficSystem and Traffic Characteristics



Course Objectives

•To understand the Role of Traffic Engineer •To Understand the Different Components of TrafficSystem and Traffic Characteristics

•To identify different types of traffic control devices

Traffic Marking, Traffic Signs, and Traffic Signals



Traffic Engineering!




•Traffic engineering covers a broad range of engineeringapplications with a common focus: the nation’s system ofhighways and streets.




•Traffic engineering covers a broad range of engineeringapplications with a common focus: the nation’s system ofhighways and streets.

•These systems plays important roles in every aspect of osociety: economy, environment, public safety, basicmobility for all social purposes, basic access to even themost remote regions of the country



•Traffic engineering involves a variety of engineerinand management skills, including design,construction, operation, maintenance, and system

optimization.




optimization.•Focus of traffic engineer’s works is the most visiblpart of public infrastructure, it is a field that alsoinvolve politics at virtually every level of

government.




optimization.•Focus of traffic engineer’s works is the most visiblpart of public infrastructure, it is a field that alsoinvolve politics at virtually every level of

government.•Therefore, traffic engineers is called on to exercisea broad range of skills, and must be sensitive to awide range of issues, to be effective.



Foundation of Traffic EngineeringProfession




Concerned with




Concerned with• the safety of the public,





• the efficient use of transportation resources, an






• the mobility of people and goods.



Transportation Systems

•Transportation System exists to move people andgoods, to enable economic activity, and to providefor public needs.

•Work, Shopping, Education, Recreation, Social

Activity and other Essential functions of societydepend upon the transportation system.



A. People Movements

•How many people can be moved in vehicles of different sorts and on different type of facilities (anurban freeway, a major arterial, a lane of buses, alight rail transit system and a heavy rail transit

system



B. Goods Movement

•Trucks and trailers movement required to boost tharea economy. However, their movements reducetransportation sstem facilities.



C. The system of Facilities



Road Classification and Hierarchy

•Urban (4 Categories)

•Rural (5 Categories)



Urban

•Expressway (Design Standard U6)•Arterial (Design Standard U5)

•Collector (Design Standard U5, U4, U3)

•Local Street (Design Standard U1, U2, U3, U4)



Picture: Courtesy from FHWA



Rural

•Expressway (Design Standard R6)•Highway (Design Standard R5)

•Primary Road (Design Standard R4 )

•Secondary Road (Design Standard R4,R3)

•Minor Road (Design Standard R1, R2)



Transportation Aspect

•Mobility Everybody use private vehicles

•Accessibility Everybody allowed to use all roads, streets and

parking spaces.



Accessibility

Mobility

D Travel Demand and Transportation



D. Travel Demand and TransportationPlanning

•Travel Demand is generated by activity – peoplegoing places for work, shopping, recreation, andother purposes.

•Transportation Planning involves spatial distributio

of residences and activity centers; temporaldistribution of trips; mode selection of trips.



E. Influencing the Demand Pattern

•The engineer’s job usually starts with a givenpattern of demand; such as some section of thenetwork exceeds capacity

–Reduce the demand –Shift the temporal distribution of the demand

–Repackage the demand



1. Reducing the Demand

•Travel demand is measured by some combinationof total trips and length of trips (person milestraveled). Travel demand can be reduced byshorter work weeks (need to consider business

aspect); staggered work hours, shorter average trlengths (job shifts to smaller cities), and more worat home.



2. Shifting the Demand

•Problem of congestion is too much demand at thesame time. Adopt staggered work hours andvariable work hours.



3. Repackaging the Demand

•Use higher auto occupancies•Use transit and paratransit



Responsibility of Traffic Engineer

•Deals with the daily safety of a large segment of the public.

•Traffic engineer has a special obligation to employ

the available knowledge and state of the art (ITS)to enhance public safety.



VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS IN

MALAYSIA

Passenger cars Motorcycles



VEHICLE CLASSIFICATIONS IN

MALAYSIA

Passenger cars Motorcycles

Trailers



Trailers

Lorries

Buses

Trailers



Trailers

Lorries

Buses



Photo 1: Illustration of LOS B, (left) on entrance ramp and LOS F, (right) on entrance ramp



Traffic Jam in China



Traffic Jam in Britain

Traffic in Pontianak



29

Traffic in Pontianak

29



Distance (km)

Controlled Delay



Time

Signalised

Stopped Delay

Deceleration

Acceleration

Insert Figure 13 1



Insert Figure 13-1



Multilane Highway

To identify different types of traffic control devices: Traffic



Marking, Traffic Signs, and Traffic Signals

• A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads, REAM- GL 2/2002

• Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2D/85 Manual on Traffic Control Devices Road Marking&Delineation”

• Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2C/85 Manual on Traffic Control Devices Temporary Signand Work Zones Control

• Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2B/85 Manual on Traffic Control Devices Traffic Sign Applications

• Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2A/85 Manual on Traffic Control Devices Standard Traffic

Signs• Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 13/87 A Guide to the Design of Traffic Signal

• Arahan Tehnik (Jalan) 12/87 A Guide to the Design of Interchanges

• Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2E/87 Guide Signs Design and Application

• Guideline on Traffic Control and Management Devices Part 4 Pabement Markinand Delineation REAM – GL 8/2004

• Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 8/86 A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads

Traffic Control Devices



Traffic Control Devices

•A media traffic engineers used to communicate widrivers

•Every traffic law, regulation, operating restrictionmust be communicated through the use of devicethat fall into 3 categories:

–Traffic markings

–Traffic signs

–Traffic signals

MUTCD



MUTCD

•MUTCD (Manual of Uniform traffic control devices

–Published by FHWA: served as a minimum standard ana model for individual state MUTCDs. State MUTCD maimpose additional or more stringent standards

–Federal MUTCD is enforced by partial withholding of

federal-aid highway funds from states that do not compl

Background of MUTCD



Background of MUTCD

•Objective is to establish uniformity in the use,placement, and design of traffic control devices.

•Communication is greatly enhanced when thesame message is delivered in the same way and

similar circumstances at all times.

General Principle of MUTCD



General Principle of MUTCD

•MUTCD defines 5 general requirements for a traffcontrol device:

–Fulfill a need

–Command attention

–Convey a clear, simple meaning

–Command respect of road users

–Give adequate time for proper response

Fulfill A Need



Fulfill A Need

•Don’t use superfluous devices.

Command Attention, Convey clear ,i l i



simple meaning

•Affect the design of a device.

•Commanding attention requires proper visibility ana distinctive design that attracts the driver’sattention. Clarity and simplicity of message is

critical if the message is to be understood.

Command respect of road users



Command respect of road users

•Each device must have a specific purpose, and must be

needed for the safe and efficient flow of traffic.

•Respected is commanded only when drives areconditioned to expect that all devices carry meaningful animportant messages. Overuse or misuse of devices

encourages drivers to ignore them. Thus, drivers will notpay attention to devices that are needed.



Adequate time for proper response



•Affect the placement of devices

•Placement of STOP sign: always placed at the stoline. Must be visible for at least one safe stoppingdistance from the stop line.

Traffic Marking



•Most frequently used traffic control devices

•3 broad categories

–Longitudinal marking

–Transverse marking

–Object markings and delineators



•Material for longitudinal and transvers marking is a

variety of materials. Usually reflectorized paint andthermoplastic.

•Paint reflectorized is provided by mixing small glabeads in the paint, or by applying a thin layer of glass beads to the surface of a marking as it isplaced. (Max reflectorization, vulnerable towear&tear)

Longitudinal Markings



Two Lane-Two Way: passing permitted

Two Lane-Two Way: passing is not permitted

Transverse marking



•Marking Placed Across Travel Lanes

•Examples: –Stop Lines

–Crosswalk (different ways of marking)

–Combination of stop line and crosswalk?

•Stop line should be placed 4 feet in advance of, or parallel to thcrosswalk

–Parking space markings

–Transvers Bar/ Rumble Strip

Word and Symbol Markings



•Placement of small number of word and/or symbo

markings on the pavement surface.

Object Markers and Delineators



•Object markers are reflectorized devices mounted

on obstruction within or adjacent to the roadway.•Delineators are reflectorized devices mounted atthe roadside to demark roadway alignment.



Traffic Signs



•Regulatory signs

•Warning Signs

•Guide signs

Regulatory sign



•Convey info regarding specific traffic regulation

which drivers must comply. –Right-of-way series: STOP and Yield

–Speed Series: to post legal speed limit, speed limit signtruck, night, and minimum speed signs

–Movement Series: Turn prohibition sign and lane usecontrol, one-way street

–Parking Series: No Stopping, No Waiting

Warning Signs



•Applications

–Changes in horizontal alignment –Intersections

–Advance warning of control devices

–Converging traffic lanes

–Narrow roadways –Changes in hwy design

–Grades

–Roadway surface conditions

–Railroad crossing.

Guide Sign



Guide Sign



•Route Marker

Guide Sign



•Route Marker

•Destination signs

Guide Sign



•Route Marker


•Service guide signs (Fuel, food, lodging, etc)

Guide Sign



•Route Marker



•Recreational and cultural interest area signing

Guide Sign



•Route Marker



•Recreational and cultural interest area signing

•Mileposts

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