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Lecture 4 - Road Transport II

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Page 1: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Lecture 4-

Road Transport II

Page 2: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Section 1 Infrastructure

Section 2 Operations

ROAD TRANSPORT IILECTURE STRUCTURE

Page 3: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Network of road types (local to expressway)Construction (surface, gradients, lighting…)Speeds (min, max, varying)Number of lanesRegulationsEntry points

ConstructionConcreteBitumenUn-bound soil / aggregate

INFRASTRUCTURECONSTRUCTION

Page 4: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Standard design life 40 – 60 yearsCost

UK - Cost per lane (motorways 2 x 3 lane) US $10m per km UK - Cost per lane (carriageway 2 x 2 lane) US $7.5m per km

Excludes tunnels, bridges, land etc

INFRASTRUCTURECONSTRUCTION

Page 5: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

INFRASTRUCTUREMAJOR LAND REQUIREMENTS

Source: C.A. O’Flaherty (2002), .Highways - The location, design, construction and maintenance of road pavements

Page 6: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Gradient = slope of roadRoad design gradients vary with type of road

Design speed of 60 km/h - maximum gradient 8%Design speed of 140 km/h - maximum gradient 4%

Steep gradientsMajor impact on traffic flowsRequire greater engine power to maintain speedLead to greater fuel consumptionRoute avoidance = time and money

Traffic managementCrawler / escape lanesSpeed / axle restrictions

INFRASTRUCTUREGRADIENTS & CURVES

Page 7: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

INFRASTRUCTUREGRADIENT %

Page 8: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Developed countries have substantial road networksSupport national and local economiesAllow freight to move efficiently and safelyProvide routes for electricity, gas, water and telephones

INFRASTRUCTUREROAD NETWORKS

Total (Km) Total roads (Km)

Km persquare km

Km per 1,000persons

Paved roads (Km)

Paved roads (%)

USA 6,465,799 0.71 21.0 4,209,835 65%

India 3,316,452 1.12 2.8 1,517,077 45%

China 1,930,544 0.2 1.4 1,575,571 82%

Japan 1,196,999 3.28 9.4 949,101 79%

Australia 812,972 0.04 105.8 341,448 42%

UK 398,366 1.65 6.5 398,366 100%

South Korea 103,029 1.06 2.1 80,642 78%

Source: BTS - Freight Transportation Global Highlights 2010

Page 9: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

SynonymsHighway – Expressway – Motorway - Interstate

A measure of how developed a country’s road network isCharacteristics

High capacityHigh speedLink between regions, communities and industrial centers

Improved road infrastructureReduces transit timeEases congestionCan be a victim of its own success

INFRASTRUCTUREEXPRESSWAY PROVISION

Source: BTS - Freight Transportation Global Highlights 2010 & OECD

Total (Km) Paved Roads (Km)

Motorway Roads (Km)

Motorways(%)

USA 4,209,835 75,000 2%

Japan 949,101 7,383 0.08%

UK 398,366 3,555 0.9%

South Korea 80,642 3,117 4%

Page 10: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

China’s National Trunk Highway System (NTHS)Completed 13 years ahead of schedule

1988 0 km1989 147 km2008 53,600 km2010 74,000 km

Further massive investment scheduledThe total costs US$240 billionFinanced by private companies

Drivers pay road toll to use

INFRASTRUCTUREEXPRESSWAY PROVISION - CHINA

OperationalUnder construction / planned

Page 11: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

INFRASTRUCTUREINTERNATIONAL NETWORKS - ASIA

Page 12: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

INFRASTRUCTUREINTERNATIONAL NETWORKS - EUROPE

Page 13: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

ConstructionMaterials, quality

MaintenanceMaterialsOperationsSchedule of maintenance

50% USA roads in poor condition (American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 2009)

INFRASTRUCTUREFACTORS IMPACTING INFRASTRUCTURE

Page 14: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

ClimateSnow, ice, high winds, rain (earthquakes)Pollution (acid rain)May cause physical damage

Road surface / infrastructureVehicles

INFRASTRUCTUREFACTORS IMPACTING INFRASTRUCTURE

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Disruption to traffic flowsAccidents and delayCost of delay to customersCargo losses

Cost and time of repairs to infrastructureFurther delays during repair

Reduced by good design and road managementMay require seasonal weight limits

INFRASTRUCTUREIMPACT ON ROAD TRANSPORT

Page 16: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Traffic loadingVolume of trafficMix of traffic

FreightPassenger

Vehicle characteristicsAxles, suspension, tyres

Axle weight is main cause of damageNumber of axlesSpacing of axlesLoad distribution

INFRASTRUCTUREFACTORS IMPACTING INFRASTRUCTURE

30 tonnes

30 tonnes

30 tonnes

Page 17: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Also known as airlift axles or drop axlesLowered

Increase weight capacityDistributes weight over more wheels

RaisedSave wear on the tyres and axles when not neededIncrease traction in the remaining wheels

INFRASTRUCTURELIFT AXLES

Lift axles

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INFRASTRUCTUREAXLE WEIGHT LIMITS – ONTARIO

Page 19: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Improve road traffic safetyReduce number of road traffic casualties (likelihood)Reduce the severity of injury (impact)

Reduce environmental impact Road damageNoiseVibrationEmissionsFuel use

TrucksMay have speed limiters installedGreater stopping distances

INFRASTRUCTURESPEED LIMITS

Page 20: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Tractor-trailer units prone to jack knifing in adverse driving conditions

INFRASTRUCTURESPEED LIMITS - JACK KNIFING

Page 21: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

INFRASTRUCTUREWHICH SIDE OF THE ROAD - LEFT

Page 22: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Overcome natural barriersSignificant cost and engineering requirements

AdvantagesSaves travel time by providing shorter routesReduced fuel costs and emissionsAvoids alternative routes that may be affected by extreme weather conditionsReduces traffic volumes and traffic noise in local communities

INFRASTRUCTURETUNNELS & BRIDGES

Laerdal Tunnel, Norway 24.5 Km

St. Gotthard Tunnel, Switzerland 17 Km

Dartford Crossing, UK 0.5 Km

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INFRASTRUCTURETUNNELS - SAFETY

11 died1000ºC13 trucksClosed for 2 months

Page 24: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Tunnel accidentsHuman lifeIncreased congestionPollution and Repair costs

Two-tube tunnels – prevent head on collisionsFollowing fire in Gotthard tunnel (2001)

3,500 lorries per day allowed (before 5,500)Must keep 150 metres from lorry in frontHazardous cargo restrictions

2010 EU minimum road tunnel safety > 500m longStructural design

VentilationEmergency accessCommunications

Operation / managementReal time monitoringEmergency services

INFRASTRUCTURETUNNELS - SAFETY

Page 25: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

DesignHeightWeight limitsVolume of trafficManagement of traffic flowsRouteing implications

EnvironmentHigh windsSnow and ice conditions

INFRASTRUCTUREBRIDGE - SAFETY

Tacoma NarrowsSuspension Bridge

“Bridge Bashing”

Page 26: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

INFRASTRUCTUREBRIDGE - SAFETY

Gust = short bursts of high speed wind

Wind Speed (Gusts) Restrictions

>35 mph 40mph speed limit on bridge

>45 mph Bridge closed to double-decked buses

>50 mph

Bridge closed to: High-sided rigid or articulated HGVs Articulated tippers (if empty) Furniture vans Luton vans Transit van style with modification

>65 mph Bridge closed to all vehicles except cars30mph speed limit on bridge

>80 mph Bridge closed to all traffic

Page 27: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Section 1 Infrastructure

Section 2 Operations

ROAD TRANSPORT IILECTURE STRUCTURE

Page 28: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

OPERATIONSLOADING

Load

ing

bays

Tail

Gat

esSi

de L

oadi

ngLo

adin

g B

ays

Page 29: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Provide access for loading and unloading of trailersAccommodate a wide range of vehicle widths and heightsSpecialise doors used in temperature controlled stores to maintain climatic conditions

OPERATIONSLOADING - LOADING BAYS

Page 30: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Typically used with rigid vehiclesAlso known as tail lift / rampsVariety of forms availableFacilitate loading and unloading of goodsAvoids need for loading bay

OPERATIONSLOADING – TAIL GATES

Page 31: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Available with curtain sided trailersProvides easy access for loading and unloadingPalletised goods can be (un)loaded by fork lift trucksGoods secured by straps / netting / locking bars to prevent movement Security issues overcome through use of security wires

OPERATIONSLOADING - SIDE LOADING

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OPERATIONSLOADING - SELF LOADING TRUCKS

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OPERATIONSLOADING – GRAVITY & PUMP

Page 34: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Essential to protect cargoDuring handlingFrom the environmentForces of truck movement (breaking)

Must load cargo to account forVibrationAcceleration / decelerationWeight distributionCargo characteristicsEase of access for unloadingSegmentation of cargoWeather Road / truck restrictions

25% of truck accidents in EU due to improper cargo restraint

OPERATIONSLOADING – CARGO RESTRAINT

Page 35: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Direct consequences of overloadingInjury or potential loss of life to the

DriverLoading / unloading staffOther road usersGeneral public

Impact on the vehicleVehicle will become less stableBecome difficult to steerTake longer to stop Unfair competition for other hauliers The vehicle may become uninsured

Overloading is illegal

OPERATIONSLOADING – OVERLOADING BY VOLUME

Page 36: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Similar consequences to volume overloadingDistribution of weight important

Vertical (stability)Horizontal (axle limits)

Weigh stations measureAxle weight - weight carried by each axle Gross weight - combined weight of all axles

Stationary and non-stationary technologiesWeigh in Motion Sensors (WiMS)

Fines and penalties for overloading

OPERATIONSLOADING – OVERLOADING BY WEIGHT

Page 37: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Highly regulatedVehicle dimensionsCarrying capacityUse (operations)

Choice of truck very importantSuitability for useCarrying capacityEfficiency

OPERATIONSVEHICLE CONSTRAINTS

China Korea UK Australia USA

Height 4.00m 3.50m 4.00m 4.30m 4.50m

Width 2.50m 2.50m 2.55m 2.50m 2.59m

Length – Tractor & Semi-trailer

16.50m 16.70m 16.50 to 22.75m

19.0 to 53.5m

22.9m

Max weight per axle 10.0T 10.0T 9.0T 9.1T

Maximum permitted weight

40.0T 35T 44T 45.5T to 125.2T

36.3T to 59.45T

Source: www.iru.org & UNESCAPMay vary depending on the type of goods vehicle / trailer

Page 38: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

High volume goodsHigh cube trailersLonger length trailers

Space optimization and ease of accessDouble stack trailers

Increases vehicle payloadAchieves fuel savings (12%)

Subject to national maximum truck dimensionsMay be restricted to certain roads and routes

OPERATIONSLOADING – SPACE

Page 39: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Annual fuel consumption per articulated truckConsumption 2.66 km per litreAnnual mileage 112,600 km a yearConsumption = 42,300 litres

Annual fuel cost per articulated truckUK = US$1.98 per litre = $83,815Korea = US$1.35 per litre = $57,146China = US$1.04 per litre = $44,024USA = US$0.84¢ per litre = $35,557Saudi Arabia = US$0.067 per litre = $2,836

A 6% increase in fuel costsAdd US$5,000 to UK trucking costs per year

Taxation is a major component of fuel price

OPERATIONSFUEL COSTS

Source: www.aip.com.au

Page 40: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

TollsPrevalent on highways

By lane / accessBridges and tunnel accessCost vary with time of day Cost trade off against slower route alternatives

Congestion pricingTypical in city areas

Access restrictionsTo certain routes / areasDriver schedules have to be accommodated

OPERATIONSEXTERNAL COSTS

Toll

Congestion Pricing

Access Restrictions

Page 41: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

To protect road users from overworked and tired drivers of heavy vehicles20% of commercial driver crashes due to fatigue (2001 European Transport Safety Council)

Covers drivers undertaking the carriage of goods or carrying out business Lays down strict rules regarding

Time spent drivingBreaks during driving dayDaily and weekly rest periodsMay be recorded in log book or by tachograph

ExampleEuropean Working Time Directive (EU Regulation 561/2006/EC)

OPERATIONSMANNING - REGULATION

Tacograph

Page 42: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

OPERATIONSEU DRIVING REGULATIONS

Maximum daily driving: 9 hours10 hours on 2 days in week

Maximum weekly driving: Six 24-hour periods

Maximum fortnightly driving: 90 hours

Maximum driving before a break: 4½ hours

Minimum breaks after driving: 45 minutes or one break of at least 15 minutes and one of at least 30 minutes each to equal 45 minutes

Minimum daily rest (normally): 11 hours

Reduced daily rest: 9 hours on up to 3 days per week

Split daily rest: The 11-hour daily rest period may be split into two periods – the first at least 3 hours, the other at least 9 hours

Minimum weekly rest (normally): 45 hours once each fixed week

Reduced weekly rest: 24 hours (any reduction must be made up en bloc by end of the third following week)

Rest on ferries/trains: Normal daily rest (11 hours) may be interrupted not more than twice:• no more than 1 hour between parts• drivers must have access to a bunk or couchette for both parts

of rest

Source: D Lowe (2010), The Transport Managers & Operators Handbook

Page 43: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Impact of regulationEU Road Transport Directive will reduce the driver working hours from 60/66 hours to 48 hours = need more drivers

Shortages due to lack of new driversUSA - 300,000 shortfall by 2012 pushing up wages by 30% by 2014

Parts of Asia, ex-Soviet Union & AfricaAIDS kills 20% of truckers per annum

OPERATIONSMANNING - SHORTAGES

Page 44: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

OPERATIONSROAD DEATHS 2009

Page 45: Lecture 4 Road Transport IIelearning.kocw.net/contents4/document/lec/2013/Chungang/Sallymartin2/4.pdf · Traffic loading Volume of traffic Mix of traffic Freight Passenger Vehicle

Cost of fuelEnvironmental

Reducing emissionsIncreasing fuel economy

SafetyRegulation

Drivers qualificationsDrivers hoursVehicle weights and dimensions

ManningAvailability of skilled drivers

Network availabilityCost of new infrastructure“Tolled” routes

Competition from other modes

OPERATIONSCHALLENGES