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History and Introduction to

Cognitive Neuroscience

In the Beginning…

• Evolution of the human brain

• Human brain surfaced ~100,000 years ago

• Areas of modern human (H. Sapiens)

brain shared with many other species

In the Beginning…

• Rapid encephalization

• WWHGD?

• Why might behavior-x have evolved?

• How could behavior-x promote survival

and reproduction?

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The Brain Story

• Thomas Willis (17th century)

• Dissections of human brains

• Linked brain regions to behaviors

• Highly detailed anatomical drawings (Circle of Willis)

The Brain Story

• Franz Joseph Gall

• Phrenology

• Localization of brain function?

• Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens

• Ablation studies

• Aggregate field theory

• John Hughlings Jackson

• Localizationist view

• Proposed topographical layout of brain

• Homunculus

The Brain Story

• Paul Broca

• Tan

• Broca’s aphasia

• Broca’s area

• Carl Wernicke

• Wernicke’s aphasia

• Wernicke’s area

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The Brain Story

• Gustav Fritsch and Wduard Hitzig

• Electrical stimulation of dog cerebellum

• Localization of motor functions

• Korbinian Brodmann

• Cytoarchitechtonics

• Brodmann areas

The Brain Story

• Camillo Golgi

• Syncytium

• Golgi

• Santiago Ramón y Cajal

• Neuron doctrine

The Psychological Story

• Franciscus Donders

• Mental chronometry

• Subtractive method

• Rationalism

• Empiricism

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The Psychological Story

• Hermann von Ebbinghaus

• Associationism

• Empirical study of memory

• E. L. Thorndike

• Law of Effect

• Behaviorism

• John Watson

• BF Skinner

The Psychological Story

• Wilder Penfield and Herbert Jasper

• Montreal Procedure

• Treatment of epilepsy

• Insula

• Donald O. Hebb

• Father of Neural Networks

• Hebbian learning rule

• Synaptic plasticity

The Psychological Story

• George Miller

• Magical number 7, plus or minus 2

• Noam Chomsky

• Language it not probabilistic

• Language is grammar-based

• Language acquisition device

• Universal grammar

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The Psychological Story

Instruments of Cognitive

Neuroscience

• Electroencephalogram (EEG)

• Cerebral Blood Flow

• Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

• Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Resources

• Cognitive Paradigm Ontology (http://www.cogpo.org/)

• Brainmap (https://www.brainmap.org/)

• Surface Management Systems Database (http://sumsdb.wustl.edu:8081/sums/index.jsp)

• Cognitive Atlas Project (http://www.cognitiveatlas.org/)

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Image References

• http://disjointedthinking.jeffhughes.ca/2011/02/all-about-the-brain-part-2/

• https://rosemarycottageclinic.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/evolution_of_brain_size.jpg

• http://www.humaneresearch.org.au/case-studies/macaques-used-in-vision-experiment-to-study-attentional-blink

• http://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/thomas-willis-6428.php

• http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/mind-guest-blog/happy-birthday-circle-of-willis/

• http://www.zeno.org/Pagel-1901/I/Pa000028

• http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-126370/A-phrenological-map-of-the-brain-shows-the-size-of

• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/281541898_fig1_Figure-4-Marie-Jean-Pierre-Flourens

• http://misfitsarchitecture.com/2014/03/08/architectural-myths-12-field-space/

• http://acn.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/4/259/F2.expansion.html

• http://willcov.com/bio-consciousness/diagrams/Homunculus%20(Topographic)%20Diagram.htm

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Broca

• http://editthis.info/psy3241/Carl_Wernicke

• http://www.strokecenter.org/patients/caregiver-and-patient-resources/aphasia-information/

• http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data?id=per76

• http://www.catalogus-professorum-halensis.de/hitzigeduard.html

• http://www.britannica.com/biography/Camillo-Golgi

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Golgi#/media/File:Golgi_Hippocampus.jpg

• http://www.biography.com/people/santiago-ram%C3%B3n-y-cajal-39848

• http://www.robotspacebrain.com/santiago-ramon-y-cajal/

Image References

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscus_Donders

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Ebbinghaus

• http://www.senseandsensation.com/2013/03/retrieval-getting-and-forgetting-part-8.html

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilder_Penfield

• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/5956104_fig6_Figure-7-The-Montreal-procedure-of-anteromesial-temporal-resection-as-developed-at-the

• http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~bhiksha/courses/deeplearning/Fall.2015/slides.2014/3.Srivaths.Hebb.pdf

• https://paw.princeton.edu/issues/2012/09/19/pages/0155/index.xml?__xsl=/cms-print.xsl \

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noam_Chomsky

• https://courses.nus.edu.sg/course/elltankw/el1102-wk13.htm

• http://scienceillustrated.com.au/blog/culture/turns-out-chomsky-was-right/

• http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/healthlibrary/test_procedures/neurological/electroencephalogram_eeg_92,P07655/

• http://www.drugs.com/health-guide/positron-emission-tomography-pet-scan.html