1 field safety overview branch of regional research, central region national research program, wrd...

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FIELD SAFETY OVERVIEW Branch of Regional Research, Central Region

National Research Program, WRDEdited by

Michael M. Reddy and Charmaine D. Gunther

See URL http://wwwrcolka.cr.usgs.gov/uo/safety/safety1.html

for the latest updated safety information.

08/17/07 Version 2.0

I certify that I have read this safety presentation and understand the material within.

Employee: _______________________Date:___________

Supervisor: _____________________Date:___________

http://wwwrcolka.cr.usgs.gov/uo/safety/safety1.html

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General Information OBJECTIVE — To address topics relevant to personal safety while performing field and laboratory activities, with an emphasis on BRRCR and Colorado Front Range fieldwork.

Refer to the WRD Safety page for the most up-to-date safety information:

http://1stop.usgs.gov/Safety

“Safety First, Every Job, Every Time” is the Safety motto for all Branch of Regional Research personnel.

Note that USGS and DOI policies reflect compliance with Department of Labor, OSHA, USEPA, and US Department of Transportation regulations.

General Information

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Module 1 OBJECTIVE — To address topics related to safety policies and regulations and requirements for safety in field activities

Module 1 Safety in Field Activities

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The National Field Manual is required reading for WRD personnel involved in collection of water-quality data, see: http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chap9/content.html

Field work requires an awareness of potential hazards and knowledge of regulations and procedures


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Working outdoors potentially exposes personnel to numerous hazards, including: extreme or rapidly changing environmental

conditions and remote locations. working with or near heavy equipment. direct and indirect contact with waterborne and

airborne chemicals and pathogens. dangerous animals and poisonous plants Safety awareness is the first line of defense for on-

the-spot evaluations of situations that may compromise your safety, so use common sense and trust your instincts.


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USGS and Federal Policies Manuals, Handbooks, and ProceduresSeries: Safety Management, Part 485:

Safety and Occupational Health Programhttp://elips.doi.gov/app_dm/index.cfm?fuseaction=home

U.S. Geological Survey Manual, SM 445-2-H, Occupational Safety and Health Program Requirements Handbook (December 2001) http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/445-2-h.html


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Topic-Specific DOI and USGS publications (not covered here) are available for:

chemical hygiene plans hazard communication, handling of waste

materials, and hazardous waste sites exposure to ionizing radiation blasting and firearms hearing conservation reporting accidents and unsafe conditions


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Job hazard analysis JHA components include:

the sequence of steps associated with an activity

identification of hazards involved for each step

determination of controls needed to eliminate or reduce the hazard

See web site for more information:http://1stop.usgs.gov/safety/topic/jha.shtml


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Personal protective equipmentPersonal protective equipment (PPE) is defined

as safety equipment for your skin, eyes, ears, face, head, extremities, and respiration

(see U.S. Geological Survey Manual, SM 445-2-H, Chapter 26, Personal Protective Equipment http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/445-2-h/ch26.html

and OSHA 29 CFR 1910, Subpart I)

The USGS is required to supply PPE, and you are required to use it!


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TrainingSupervisors of field personnel must be

aware of safety training requirements and the certification or recertification needed to perform specific tasks. A master list of training requirements is given at:

http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/445-2-h/445-2-ha14-2.pdf


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Examples of training Personnel who operate government-owned

or leased vehicles must be certified and periodically recertified in defense driving.

Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and other first-aid certification and recertification are mandatory for field personnel working in remote locations.

Personnel who operate motor boats must take motorboat operator certification training.


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Module 2 OBJECTIVE — To address topics related to field trip preparations, safety planning, and emergency contacts

Basic preparations before every tripUse safety checklists when preparing for a

field trip and keep a field folder for each surface-water and ground-water site. See web site for safety checklists: http://1stop.usgs.gov/Safety/Topic/checklists/checklists_index.shtml

Module 2 Field Trip Preparations

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Contents of Field Folder should include: site type (hazardous waste, confined space,

cableway, wading site, bridge site, boat site) and site description

site location (include map, site sketch, and description)

locations and phone numbers of nearby or nearest emergency facilities

Additional information specific to the site might include:

if it is open to hunting, season dates appropriate clothing (such as orange safety vests) Hazardous animals or insects present – Ticks, wasp

nests, bears seen in vicinity, etc.


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Leave an itinerary at the office and a copy with family or colleagues, including contact phone numbers.

Schedule times to check in at work and with family when field trips require overnight stays.

Follow the established schedule and notify all concerned parties if your schedule changes.

Obtain communication equipment, such as a cellular phone or two-way radio. The BRRCR has a Satellite Phone available for use in remote locations without cellular coverage.


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Module 3 OBJECTIVE — To address topics related to transportation safety in field activitiesVehicles and TrailersWatercraftAircraftother modes

Module 3 Transportation

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Road Vehicles and TrailersOperators should be familiar with the

operating system of the vehicle before they leave for the field.

Test operation of the lights, locks, mirrors, seat and shoulder belts, seat height adjustments, headrests, and transmission systems.

Check tire pressure and tread wear. Conduct a visual under-carriage inspection.

Module 3 Transportation (Vehicles and trailers)

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“MUSTS” that apply to all USGS employees driving government vehicles:

Possess valid state/international licenses for the class of vehicle being operated.

Take a course in driver safety—the current requirement is to take the course every 3 years.

Occupants shall wear seat and shoulder belts while the vehicle is in motion, and appropriate personal protective equipment, such as helmets and goggles, when operating vehicles such as All Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) or snowmobiles.

Driver of a USGS vehicle shall not use a phone while the vehicle is in motion.


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Inspect all vehicles before use. See web site for inspection checklist:

http://1stop.usgs.gov/Safety/Topic/checklists/checklists_index.shtml

Tie down or otherwise secure all cargo. You MUST wear a seat and shoulder belt. Obey all traffic regulations and operate your

vehicle in a safe manner. (NOTE: the USGS does not pay your traffic fines for violations!)


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Special considerations Towing a trailer requires additional training,

caution, and proficiency in driving. Vehicles and trailers vary in maximum load

capacity. Vehicles and trailers must be compatible

with a matching hitch ball and coupling, and matching electrical connections for lights.


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Trailers are required to have standard safety equipment such as safety chains (placed in an “x” under the coupling), lights, brakes (if applicable), and load-securing devices.

Be aware that air turbulence from passing vehicles can cause your trailer to sway.


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Drive slower when towing a trailer. Disengage the vehicle’s automatic

“overdrive gear” option and “Cruise Control” when towing.

Maintain extra following and stopping distance to allow for the increase load.

Loads must be balanced and not exceed the maximum load capacity.

Never permit anyone to ride in or on trailers.


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Be aware of potentially dangerous driving conditions found in the Colorado Front Range:

Wet, icy, or snow-covered roads High wind velocity. Loose gravel roads. Glare from bright sunshine Off-road (4 wheel drive) driving conditions Poor visibility from dust storms, smoke, fog, or

heavy precipitation/blizzard conditions. WHEN in DOUBT – SLOW DOWN!


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WatercraftBoats are used extensively by USGS

personnel for water quality sampling in rivers and lakes.

All boats must carry equipment as required by the U.S. Coast Guard.

You are required to follow U.S. Coast Guard regulations for waterway safety and etiquette.

Module 3 Transportation (Watercraft)

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WRD Memorandum No. 96-25 and the DOI Departmental Manual 485 provide regulations for water craft safety: http://elips.doi.gov/app_DM/index.cfm?fuseaction=tableofcontent

See USGS web site for more information on water craft safety: http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/445-2-h/ch31.html

Module 3 Transportation (Watercraft)

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AircraftAirplanes and helicopters are sometimes

used for sampling trips to remote areas.Any field activity involving the use of

aircraft must be carefully planned and coordinated with USGS safety officials and DOI Office of Aircraft Services.

WRD Memorandum No. 95-49 provides an example of a safety plan for aircraft use.

Module 3 Transportation (Aircraft)

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Other Modes of Transportation Include snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles,

horses or mules, and backpackingFor more information see WRD Memo

99.32 and WRD Memo 00.11

Module 3 Transportation (other modes)

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Module 4 OBJECTIVE — To address topics related to safety concerns associated with surface-water activities and related field studies

See WRD Memo 99.32 for safety policy related to wading measurements: http://1stop.usgs.gov/safety/memos/

When possible, BRRCR personnel are encouraged to consult or engage experienced WRDWater Science Center Hydrologic Technicians to assist with or make streamflow measurments.

Module 4 Surface-water activities

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WadingExamine the section of a stream or river you plan

to wade.Check the field folder for information relating to

safety.Do not attempt to wade a stream for which

values of depth multiplied by velocity equal or exceed 10 ft2/s. (Streams only 2 ft deep but with velocities of 5 ft/s or more can be dangerous to wade.)

Module 4 Surface-water activities (wading)

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Wear a personal flotation device (PFD) during ALL wading activities.

Approved PFDs for wading include the standard vest type, and the self-inflating suspender vest type.

The PFD must fit properly, be rated for your weight, and be in good condition.

The PFD should be dried and properly stored between trips.


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Hip boots and chest waders provide protection from cold, pollutants, and underwater objects.

Be aware of the possibility of slipping and going underwater (feet up, head down) while wearing them.

Practice wearing hip boots and waders while sub- merged in a controlled, group-training situation.

Chest Waders with a strap or belt closure at the top can provide a temporary air flotation mechanism.


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Be aware of surrounding conditions. Watch for debris floating downstream.

Beware of sand channels that can shift under foot.

Watch the water level, especially if rising rapidly.

When wading below a dam or control structure, inform the gate operator before entering the stream.


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Working on Bridges – Can be Very Dangerous. Again, engage experienced WRD personnel if possible.For instructions on the preparation of a

traffic control plans for field operations from bridges and along roadways see the U.S. Geological Survey Manual, SM 445-2-H, Chapter 17, Work Zone Safety http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/445-2-h/ch17.html

For every bridge site, develop and diagram a detailed procedure that conforms to State and Federal regulations—keep in field folder.

Module 4 Surface-water activities (bridges)

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The bridge safety procedure includes plans for warning cones and signs, lane blockage, and traffic control.

Practice assembling and using the equipment before starting field activities.

Make sure the equipment is operational before leaving the office.


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When using a bridge crane, keep a pair of heavy-duty wire or bolt cutters readily available for cutting the cable in case debris snags the sounding line.

Be aware of boat traffic.The suspender type PFD is approved for

bridge work. Workers involved in peripheral activities

should wear high-visibility vests with reflective tape.

A PFD must be worn when working over bridges.


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Working from BoatsBefore working from a boat, obtain the

appropriate training for the vessel being used.

Boats are to be inspected annually.A PFD must be worn at all times. If a vehicle is being used to trailer the boat

to the site, the vehicle and trailer are to be included in the preliminary inspection.

Equip the boat with all USGS- and Coast Guard-required equipment.

Keeping a waterproof bag on each boat stocked with emergency items/supplies.

Module 4 Surface-water activities (boats)

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All boat passengers should be informed of emergency procedures and the location of emergency equipment.

Boat operators in remote locations are required to have current training in first aid and CPR.

They must also know how to use the type(s) of fire extinguisher(s) on the watercraft.


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A navigation plan for each field trip must be left with the supervisor or other designee.

The plan should include: date and purpose of trip name(s) of operator(s) and name(s) of

passengers destination and route to be taken time of departure and estimated time of

return radio frequency or cell phone numbers


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Check weather conditions before departure.

Each person on the boat must wear a Coast Guard-approved PFD.

Inspect all PFDs for damage before and after each use. Store PFDs properly and discard damaged PFDs.


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Working from Cableways Water-quality sampling from a cableway requires

extensive measures that are described in Streamgaging Cableways (Wagner, 1991) and in WRD Memorandum No. 91.42—these guidelines must be followed http://1stop.usgs.gov/safety/memos/

Become familiar with cableway procedures and requirements and obtain necessary training.

Check the field folder for special considerations pertaining to each cableway.

Module 4 Surface-water activities (cableways)

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SCUBA Diving SCUBA diving to collect samples is

permitted only after every requirement of OSHA 29 CFR 1910.401.441, Subpart T, has been met.

Diving activities are regulated by the USGS Diving Control Board and the Diving Safety Officer.

Module 4 Surface-water activities (SCUBA)

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Extensive training is required to be certified in SCUBA diving and sufficient skill must be demonstrated before diving is permitted for any USGS activity.

If diving is necessary for sample collection, it must be coordinated with USGS Diving Officer.

Guidance is provided in Department Manual 485, chap. 27 http://elips.doi.gov/app_DM/index.cfm?fuseaction=searchDM , and the USGS Diving Safety Manual http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/445-2-h/ch28.html.

Module 4 Surface-water activities (SCUBA)

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ElectrofishingElectrofishing involves applying an

electrical charge in water to stun and capture fish.

Requirements for this procedure include: Field teams consist of at least two people,

one of which will have been trained and certified in a USGS-approved course in the safety and technical procedures of electrofishing.

Module 4 Surface-water activities (fishing)

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Module 5 OBJECTIVE — To address topics related to safety issues associated with ground-water activities during field studies

Module 5 Ground-water activities

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Well SitesWhen arriving at the site, use your senses!

Do you see warning signs posted or animals grazing?

hear gunshots? see exposed electrical connectors and

wires? smell fumes?


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Well houses or shelters constructed over wells are havens for bees, wasps, spiders, snakes, and rodents.

Check your surroundings carefully for signs of animals.

If you smell, hear, or see signs of animal infestation, proceed only after taking necessary precautions.

Before entering, the enclosure should be ventilated, disinfected, and cleaned.


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Check the well house or shelter carefully for chemical fumes and for faulty power systems.

Before putting your hand or feet into a confined space, visually inspect the area.

Poorly ventilated shelters are especially hazardous and can be classified as “confined spaces,” which are defined and regulated by OSHA and USGS policies.


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Confined spaces are discussed in detail in USGS Handbook 445-2-H, chap. 40 http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/445-2-

h/ch40.html , and in OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146. Use testing devices such as portable

photoionization detector (“sniffer”) if the site has potential for chemical or radioactive contamination.

Never turn on or remove a well-owner’s pump without permission but you may turn off the system for safety reasons.


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Before leaving the well site, minimize any hazard to yourself, others, and the environment.

Clean and decontaminate yourself and all sampling and processing equipment.

Channel or contain purge and waste water to avoid transforming the site into a slippery swamp.

Contain all trash and chemical wastes. Follow Federal, State, and local safety

regulations for handling and disposal of contaminated waste materials.


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USGS and OSHA have general safety requirements for working around heavy machinery and power supplies.

USGS Handbooks 445-2-H http://www.usgs.gov/usgs-manual/handbook/hb/445-2-

h/ch37.html cover electrical safety, lockout/tagout procedures, and personal protective equipment.


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You are subject to all safety requirements when working around well-drilling associated with a drill rig.

Wear personal protective equipment (steel-toed boots, hardhat, hearing protection, and a respirator if necessary).

Communicate with the drilling crew and heed their instructions on safety.

Be aware of overhead power lines that may come into contact with the drill tower.


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Module 6 OBJECTIVE — To address topics related to safety issues associated with use of chemicals during field activities

Module 6 Chemicals

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Use and HandlingSafe use of chemicals, follow the guidelines

below, communicate hazards to all members of the field team, use proper personal protective equipment, and apply common sense when working with dangerous substances.

A checklist for chemicals can be found at the following web site:http://1stop.usgs.gov/Safety/Topic/checklists/checklists_index.shtml

Module 6 Chemicals

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Obtain information about the chemical or compound.

Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) supply material characteristics such as chemical description, fire and explosion data, chemical compatibility and reactivity, protection precautions, and spill procedures.

Chemical safety information is available from many Federal and private sources.

The Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) of a given chemical is listed by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1000, subpart Z, and in the Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.

Module 6 Chemicals

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DOI and USGS internal memorandums describe chemical usage and handling policies of commonly used chemicals.

DOI Departmental Manual 485, chap. 17, for guidelines on chemical safety in laboratories.

USGS Handbook 445-2-H, chap. 21 for Industrial Hygiene – Laboratory Protection Program

Module 6 Chemicals

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Use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Wear protective clothing (gloves, glasses,

lab coat). Use a respirator if required — note that

you must be certified before using a respirator.

Select PPE appropriate to the chemical(s) to be contacted.

PPE can be designed for specific chemicals.

Module 6 Chemicals

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Wear gloves that will provide adequate protection.

Gloves become ineffective if they are dissolved by the chemical you are using.

Vinyl gloves are use for handling inorganic acids and bases, Latex gloves are used for handling relatively mild organic solvents.

Avoid placing chemical containers where they might be knocked over.

Carry an appropriate “Spill Kit” or disposal container for the chemicals you are using.

Module 6 Chemicals

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Handle and mix chemicals and compounds appropriately.

Open chemical containers slowly and carefully, wearing proper PPE.

Allow hot containers to cool before opening.

Open frozen or encrusted lids with caution. Open fused-glass ampules by breaking the

ampule at the base of neck (in a direction away from you and others).

Module 6 Chemicals

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Transport USGS must follow applicable Federal, DOT, EPA,

and supplemental State guidelines when transporting chemicals and chemical wastes.

According to these guidelines the USGS is exempt from many industry handling and shipping regulations and training requirements.

USGS generally only transports small quantities of chemicals for use in field and office-laboratory (Federal EPA and DOT small-quantity exemption rules apply).

Module 6 Chemicals

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Check your State’s laws on intrastate transport of small quantities of chemicals in a government vehicle.

It is not necessary to placard your vehicle when transporting small quantities of chemicals. Placarding a vehicle informs enforcement and emergency response personnel that the vehicle contains large amounts of the placarded material.

First-response teams might not immediately approach a wrecked vehicle that is placarded for a highly dangerous or reactive material.

Module 6 Chemicals

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For safe containment and transport of chemicals Protect yourself and passengers in the

vehicle by stowing and securing chemicals away from the passenger compartment and behind a safety screen or barrier.

Stow compressed gas cylinders securely and in a vertical position.

Never transport cylinders with regulators attached or with safety caps missing.

When possible, transport chemicals in their original DOT-approved shipping containers with the package correctly sealed.

Module 6 Chemicals

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Carry spill kit(s) appropriate for the chemicals being transported.

Label packages as to their contents, and remove old, inappropriate labels from containers that are being reused.

Keep a chemical inventory list in the glove box or side door pocket of the vehicle.

Waste products should be transported in the same safe and approved manner as other hazardous materials.

Module 6 Chemicals

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Storage and Disposal Chemicals require strict storage procedures for

safety reasons. Specific storage areas should be designated in

your vehicle and office laboratory. Use approved chemical storage cabinets.

Separate storage is needed for acids, corrosives, and flammables.

High purity, laboratory-grade flammables should be stored apart from other flammables, such as gasoline and solvents.

Module 6 Chemicals

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Chemical and waste disposal requirements, and exemptions, are regulated by EPA and supplemental state guidelines must also be followed—contact the BRRCR Safety Officer (currently Carlos Arozerena at 303-236-3302) for details.

Module 6 Chemicals

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Module 7 OBJECTIVE — To address topics related to safety issues associated with sampling or contact with contaminated water during field activities

Module 7 Contaminated water

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Contaminated WaterCommunicate known or suspected

contamination to all personnel who could come in contact with the sample or source water.

Never drink sample water, no matter how pristine the environment appears. For example, a clear mountain stream or lake may contain Giardia bacteria from beavers.


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Waterborne, disease-causing organisms (pathogens) are found in nearly all surface-water systems and occur in many ground-water systems.

Most pathogens generally originate from body fluids and feces of animals and humans, although some (Legionella, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, Clostridia spp.) are normal environmental inhabitants.


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Pathogens enter surface-water resources through sewage discharge and spills, animal feedlot operations, landfills, storm and agricultural runoff and direct contact.

Microorganisms also are transported on small particles such as dust or aerosols.

Pathogens enter ground water through infiltration from septic tank effluent, leachate from fields and ponds, and from faulty well seals and casings.

Bacteria, viruses, and other pathogenic organisms can occur in the most pristine environments.


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To minimize exposures to and effects from contaminated waterReceive required periodic (where

appropriate) inoculations for waterborne pathogens (typhoid, tetanus, hepatitis, polio, and rabies).

USGS immunization program requires inoculations for field personnel working around polluted water.


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Contact the BRRCR Administrative Officer, BRRCR Assistant Branch Chief, or your Supervisor about receiving inoculations before you sample.

Wear rubber boots, coveralls or aprons, latex or vinyl gloves, and splash protection. (Note: The proper way to dispose of contaminated gloves is to first turn the gloves inside out while taking them off.)


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Use personal protective equipment, possibly including respiratory equipment (certification required) when working in contaminated areas.

Pathogens can enter your body through many opening such as your mouth, eyes, nose, cuts, scrapes, or chapped skin.


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Avoid practices (such as mouth pipeting and unnecessary handling of sharps) that may allow ingestion of pathogens or other contaminants.

Never eat, drink or put items in your mouth while sampling.

Do not store food or drink in sample coolers. Carry antibacterial soap and wash your hands

before leaving site and wash again after unloading supplies.


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Disinfect all contaminated surfaces as soon as possible and handle bacteria plates carefully and autoclave them before disposal.

Alert colleagues and laboratory if samples could contain large concentrations of hazardous materials.

Contagious/hazardous biological material should be labeled with “biohazard” stickers.


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Module 8 OBJECTIVE — To address topics related to safety issues associated with exposure to extreme environmental conditions during field activities

Module 8 Environmental conditions

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Temperature and Sun ExposurePrepare for extreme conditions that might

be experienced in your area.Before leaving for the field, check the

weather forecast.Comfort range for humans is between 60

to 90 degrees F—hypothermia and hyperthermia can occur in temperatures outside this range


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Hypothermia is a condition of reduced body temperature caused by exposure to cold, and aggravated by wet clothes, wind, hunger, and exhaustion


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Warning signals of hypothermia are uncontrollable shivering, incoherence, listlessness, fumbling hands, frequent stumbling, drowsiness, inability to get up after resting.

Victims should be moved to a sheltered area, remove/replace wet clothes, and provide external warmth if possible.


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Hyperthermia is a condition of increased body temperature caused by exposure to excessive heat.

Warning signals of hyperthermia are throbbing pressure in the head, unsteadiness, dizziness, nausea, dry skin, rapid pulse, and muscle pains and spasms.

Treat immediately—first aid involves cooling down and rehydrating.


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to prevent hyperthermia Drink water in moderate amounts on a

scheduled basis. The normal body requirement for fluids in

temperate regions is 2 1/2 quarts per day; desert conditions require more fluid.

Avoid alcohol and caffeine (diuretics). Wear lightweight clothing and wide-brimmed hat. Schedule activities that require the most

exertion in early morning or late afternoon.


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Sun exposure can have painful and dangerous short-term and long-term effects.

To prevent excessive sun exposure wear a broad-brimmed hat, lightweight clothing, and apply sunscreen to all exposed skin to avoid burning and skin cancer.

Wear sunglasses with polarized lenses to protect eyes, reduce glare, and improve vision, especially when working on water or snow.


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Thunderstorms and TornadoesThunderstorms are often accompanied

by high winds, lighting, and hail, are often predicted by weather forecasts - but also can move into an area with almost no warning. Afternoon summer thunderstorms are quite common in the Colorado Front Range.


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To protect yourself during thunderstorms seek shelter inside a vehicle or building.

Keep away from open doors and windows, plugged in appliances, and metal.

In case of a lightning strike, someone must be able to begin revival techniques, such as CPR.

Put on rubber boots or rubber-soled shoes. Do not work on electrical lines, pipes,

cableways, or steel structures. Do not use metal objects such as wading

rods, bridge cranes, and well-logging equipment.


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If caught in the open, crouch down low, but do not lie flat on the ground.

Avoid standing near isolated trees. Avoid working on streams and lakes. Seek lower elevations such as valleys or

canyons—avoid being on peak or ridges. If you feel your hair standing on end and your

skin tingling, this is a sign that lightning might be about to strike—crouch immediately (feet together, hand on knees).


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Tornadoes sometimes accompany thunderstorms—they are rapidly rotating columns of air that descend from the clouds in a funnel formation.

Tornados occur fairly often in the high plains area east of the Denver Front Range foothills.

“Micro-burst” downdrafts are localized high-wind phenomena in mountainous areas that can have much the same effect as a tornado.


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To protect yourself during a tornado seek shelter immediately if there is a sudden, violent change in weather involving wind, rain, hail, or funnel-shaped clouds.

Avoid occupying vehicles or mobile homes. If caught outside, find a ravine, ditch, or

culvert and lie flat (but watch out for flash floods).

If inside, go to basement or lowest interior reinforced part of the structure (closet or bathroom) stay away from windows.


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Floods

Rain can fall at a rate of several inches per hour and rapidly create dangerous flash flood conditions – especially in the narrow canyons of the Front Range foothills such as Bear Creek, Boulder Creek, and Clear Creek.


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Weather forecasts are helpful in planning your activities, but be aware of changing conditions.

Be aware of dry creekbeds that can become raging rivers in a short period (plan your escape ahead of time so you can act immediately).


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Earthquakes, Landslides, and RockfallsAlthough earthquakes occur more

frequently in tectonically active areas, an earthquake can occur anywhere and without warning.


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The greatest danger in an earthquake is from falling objects and collapsing buildings.

Take cover under a solid structure able to withstand impacts from above.

If you are driving, slow down and pull over to the side of the road.

Avoid overhead structures such as bridges and signs.


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Landslides and Rock falls: Small roadside landslides and small to large rockfalls are common along roads in mountainous areas of Colorado. Fatal rockfalls have occurred along I-70 near Georgetown and along Highway 6 in Clear Creek Canyon near Golden. I-70 through Glenwood Canyon has been closed due to large boulder falls onto the highway. These events typically occur during or follow periods of heavy rain. Be aware of small rocks fallen onto the roadway – they may be indicators of larger things to come! Take the “Falling Rocks” warning sign along a highway seriously.


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Fire – Forest fires are a common occurrence in Colorado and the Rocky Mountain region. Fire can spread out of control rapidly—call 911 if

you notice a brush or forest fire, or if your own fire gets out of control.

Be aware of, and comply with, any burning bans in effect for your field site.

Take care to properly extinguish any burning materials and dispose of safely.

Remember – You can help prevent Forest Fires!


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Snow and IceSnow and ice are dynamic mediums that

change quickly in structure and strength. Snow and ice can accumulate rapidly,

hiding hazards, and creating slippery conditions.

Heavy snowfall (white-outs) can be disorienting and can produce avalanche conditions in steep terrain.


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Wear layers of appropriate clothing and work in teams.

Working on ice requires experience, training and knowledge of the water body over which the ice has formed. If possible, engage or consult personnel familiar with such work.

When in Doubt, Don’t Go Out (on the ice).


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Module 9 OBJECTIVE — To address topics related to safety issues associated with animal hazards during field activities

For guidelines on potentially dangerous animals, see web site: http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chap9/A9.9.html

Before a field trip, find out which species inhabit the area and how to deal with them. Most animals will vigorously protect their young

and should not be approached or disturbed.

Module 9 Animals

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Arachnids and InsectsMost common remedy for bites and stings

involves basic first aid, followed by professional medical attention if symptoms warrant.

Persons with known allergic reactions to insects should wear or carry on their person medical alert identification, and carry sting kits for use in emergencies.

Module 9 Animals

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Scorpions, spiders, and ticksSpiders, and ticks are commonly found in

Colorado and Rocky Mountain area.Spiders and scorpions are known to

inhabit enclosed, dark spaces, for example - inside well houses and streamgage shelters.

Module 9 Animals

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Scorpions are known to frequent the desert, but are also found in more temperate areas.

They often blend in with the terrain. Stings often involve an encounter between

a big toe and a scorpion that has crawled into a shoe.

Check shoes and boots left in the field vehicle before putting them on.

Beware of putting your hands and feet into small, dark spaces.

Module 9 Animals

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Only a few spiders in North America bite people, and the venom of most is harmless - exceptions include the black widow and the brown recluse.

Black widow spider is common in Colorado – often found in wood piles and basement areas.

Brown Recluse spiders are found in much of Colorado – their bite can be serious.

Module 9 Animals

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Brown recluse spider (Loxosceles reclusa) frequents areas of human habitation and prefers dark spaces, such as equipment shelters, as well as areas in the wild.

Be familiar with the area in which you are working and take care when walking and when reaching into small spaces.

See web site showing picture of spiders:http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chap9/A9.9.html

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Ticks are found nearly everywhere in North America.

Transmitted diseases include Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease.

To reduce exposure, wear long pants, tuck the pant legs into your socks.

Use a repellant containing DEET (N-diethyl-meta-toluamide).

Check regularly for ticks - including neck, scalp, and groin areas.

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Bees and WaspsBee stingers are equipped with barbs that

should be scraped off if a person is stung--using forceps or tweezers to pull the stinger out can force more venom into the wound.

Wasp stingers has no barb; the venom is injected and the stinger usually slides out.

Seek medical attention if symptoms warrant.

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SnakesOnly 10 percent of the approximately

3,000 species in the world are poisonous. In the event of snakebite, take victim to

nearest medical facility as soon as possible.

Even if a person has been bitten by a nonpoisonous snake it should be treated by medical personnel (some people are allergic to the foreign protein in snake saliva).

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Common symptoms of poisonous snakebites from pit vipers are:

burning, fiery, stinging pain at the bite site swelling; skin discoloration; nausea and

vomiting; a minty, metallic, rubbery taste in the mouth; sweating and chills

If pain does not get any worse and remains localized, venom probably was not passed.

If the pain becomes severe, venom was probably injected.

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Common poisonous snakes are copperheads, cottonmouths, water moccasins, coral snakes and rattlesnakes.

See web site showing picture of poisonous snakes: http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chap9/A9.9.html

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Bears Bear behavior is unpredictable—according to

Guidelines for Safe Geologic Field Work in Alaska (U.S.G.S, May 1978). Bears fiercely defend any carcasses and will often bury or partially cover such prizes for later.

Bears can see almost as well as people, but trust their noses much more than their eyes or ears.

Make frequent noise when traveling along trails that bears might use.

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Avoid carrion (dead and decaying animals or fish), fresh kill, or gut piles.

Avoid berry patches, or other areas abundant with plants that bears use for food.

Avoid willow and tall grass patches; bears sometimes use these area for daybeds.

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Avoid areas with fresh bear tracks.Make noise or wear bells when moving so

as not to surprise bears.Work in teams of two or larger. If you find yourself close to a bear, give

the bear all the room you can.Let the bear know you are human—talk in

a normal voice and wave your arms.

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DO NOT RUN! Bears will often make bluff charges without making contact.

If a bear actually makes contact, surrender! Fall to ground, curl up into a ball, and play dead. Typically a bear will break off its attack once it feels the threat has been eliminated. However, if a BLACK Bear continues to attack, FIGHT BACK.

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Mountain LionsMountain lions are a species of large cats

found in the North America—primary habitat is within and west of the Rocky Mountains. Mountain Lions have been increasingly encountered in the Front Range foothills area of Colorado west of Denver.

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They are active during the day and night searching for food such as deer and smaller animals.

Be alert to reports of mountain lion attacks or sightings in your field site area.

Turning and running can evoke a predatory attack response.

Try to appear as large as possible – raise your hands above your head holding a coat or other object.

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Rodents and other Small MammalsRodents and other small mammals can be

disease carriers.Known carriers of Hantavirus include the deer

mouse, pinon mouse, brush mouse, cotton rat, and western chipmunk.

Hantavirus does not cause apparent illness in the host, but infected individual sheds the virus in saliva, urine, and feces for weeks.

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Rabies infection is another hazard of contact with small animals, especially skinks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes, bats, cats and dogs.

Structures with heavy rodent infestation should be approached with extreme caution and may require special decontamination procedures by trained safety personnel.

Do not attempt to remove or decontaminate a rodent infested area without first being trained in specific procedures – and Do Not enter an infested area with such decontamination done first!

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Domestic AnimalsField work may involve working in areas

where cats, dogs, cows, horses, and other animals can be carriers of disease.

Do not pet, feed, or have contact with these animals.

Before entering private property, obtain permission to enter.

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Module 10 OBJECTIVE — To address topics related to safety issues associated with plant hazards encountered during field activities.

For guidelines and pictures on poisonous plants see web site:http://water.usgs.gov/owq/FieldManual/Chap9/A9.10.html

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Most common poisonous plants are the Toxicodendrons (poison ivies), and include climbing and nonclimbing poison ivy, eastern and western poison oak, and poison sumac.

Resins and secretions from these species can inflict mild to serious skin rash on susceptible individuals.

Best defense against poisonous plants is proper clothing (long pants and sleeves), but plant poisons have been known to penetrate clothing.

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If skin becomes in contact with poison, flush area with copious amounts of cold water.

A little water spreads the poison; lots of water washes it away.

Washing with “Fels Naptha” brand or similar laundry soap can remove poison ivy resins and prevent skin reaction if used soon enough.

Use Calamine brand lotion to contain the spread of the skin rash and reduce itching.

Module 10 Plants

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