- -

spectrophotometers

bcA

visible

3NO 2NO24SO4ClO

ultra-violet

complementary colour

(380-800nm)

- -

nm

A

- -

-electrons

�

n

NOS

double

bonds

n

chromophoresauxochromes-CH3

-NH2�NO2

max�CH3

�NO2 �NH2

- -

�

b

C

1kb

IIT 10

0

Io

I

c

k

T

b

kbIIT0

loglog

- -

3kc

IIT 10

0

4ckIITo

/

loglog

(T)

5abcIITo

loglog

a/, kk

(A)

6abcII

TTA o log1 log log

(7).abcAaabsorptivitymax

bca

molar absorptivity cm-1 mol-1 l(8)cbA

(9)cA

- -

100%0 TXII

TII

%1000

TII %log100loglog 0

TA %log2

. T%nm450

i%80

ii%100

iTA %log2

09.0.80log2A iizeroA 100log2

. absorptivityalmg /0.5=

4.0bcm0.2

abcA

bcA

a =

lmgcm /0.50.24.0

112 100.4 cmmgl

100%0

XIIT

- -

. Co (H2O)62+2.0

nm5301-1mol 10 cml

cm0.1

bAc

cbA M 102

cm 1.00 cm mol-l 102.0 2-

1-1-

. cuAu=0.05525nm

cs=1.0x10-4MAs=0.20525nm

s

u

c

u

cbcb

AA

ss

uu cAAc

s

u

s

u

cc

AA

M 105.2 4MCu4-1.0x10

2.05.0

- -

.

.

.

max

slit width stray light

(ipH

pH

- -

COO-

A

COOH

(ii

2CoCl2

42OHCo24CoCl

max2

42OHCo

A 2

4CoCl2

42OHCo

- -

��

�

�

source

monochromator

cellsdetectors

. source

D2

U.V/Visible

. Monochromator

max

(iFilter

�(iiPrism and Diffraction Grating

- -

380-800nm

. cell

- -

. Detector

Barrier Layer cell

-

- -

Photocell (phototube)

i

ii

Photomultiplier tube

e

- -

�

collector

Single beam

)(

)(

- -

Double beam

Io

1I

)

V

oII

IIo

iT%oIIx100

iiI

I log o

%T = 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.50 0.30 0.15 0.05 0.00 1.0 A =

- -

max

max

maxmax

iii

max

A

nmA

5000.1 5100.2

max520 0.5 5300.5

800nm400 max

max

1CAxA

CxC 11

Cx

1 A

xc

max0

- -

)

standard addition methood

steelAc

A-

ccc

AA

c

- -

S 1 2 3 4 5

10 10 10 10 10 10

ppm100

zero 1 2 3 4 5

100

100 100 100 100 100 100

ppm100

zero 1 2 3 4 5

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

)

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

ppm 1 2 3 4 5 3 2 1

- -

ppm 1.0

ppm10101

10100

taken sample of volume

volumefinal

2-3 FeSCN SCNFe

AL

Bi

Pb

Hg

- -

Zn

Ni

Cu

2Fe

, I.RN.M.R

M.S

.

max

max

- -

A

)

.

12

yxX

Y

A

21

x1y

2

..................c c y11

11

yxAA of y A of x

..............c y 2

2

22

yxx cA

- -

.

XY

YX

Y-X Y XXwt

wtm.X

m.wtl

gwt c

c

c Ac

m.wtbwt A

wtm.

Abwtm wt .

:

- -

0.01130.5 3801.0

=13400

302 0.5

1 .0113 13400 wt.A

bwtm

229

73229302294 NHHC

.

LM :ML

ML

H M 1)-(nHLM n

H M HL 22-n)1( LLM n

nML3Fe

mole ratio method

methodvariationscontinuous

slope ratio method

- -

zero 108 109 M 10 -4-4-3nM

M 10 102 101 zero -3-4-4HL

A

X

MHL

xMLX, is mole ratio