Relational Data Base Fundamentals

. 442 1.

1. . 1The role of government is to create an environment in which the entrepreneur is willing to take risk and be able to get a return on the risk taken.George W. Bush

the right public policies can foster an environment that makes strong growth and job creation easier.From Kerry and Edwards Our Plan For America22: : 334 When should the government intervene in the economy? How might the government intervene?What is the effect of those interventions on economic outcomes?Why do governments choose to intervene in the way that they do?44

55 66 2544 45 75 % 2545 32,000 (negative externalities) 77 1 1 88 20% 50% 9910PQSDQ*P*P1P2adcbE 1.1 Q*QMPM0DQ*P*SProviding the first unit gives a great deal of surplus to society. 1Social efficiency is maximized at Q*, and is the sum of the consumer and producer surplus.The surplus from the next unit is the difference between the demand and supply curves.This area represents the social surplus from producing the first unit.The area between the supply and demand curves from zero to Q* represents the surplus. 1.1 QMPMDQ*P*SQP2social surplus Q larger consumer and smaller producer surplus. Q, Excess Demand lost surplus deadweight loss.First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics 1.1 E Q* E deadweight loss consumer surplus supplier surplus (price Control) P2 deadweight loss P2 dEP* 13 (Society can attain any efficient outcome by a suitable redistribution of resources and free trade) 1.1 Equity-Efficiency Tradeoff Social Welfare Function welfare 14Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics

.. 1515 (BOI)

1616 (no behavioral responses) (intended consequences) (law of unintended consequences)1717 : 45 32,000 : crowd-out : 1818 ( political economy) 1919 U.S.: Private health insurance ()Canada: National public health insuranceGermany: Mandates private health coverageU.K.: Free national health care2020 GDP 2122

23

24

25

26

: 27

28

(Budget balance) (Borrowing) (Public Debt) GDP ( )29 (Fiscal Reserves) (Implicit Rules) - 303131

()32 (Public Goods) (Monopoly) (Externalities) (Imperfect market) (Imperfect market) (Disequilibrium)32the term of fiscal policy normally applies to use of fiscal instruments to influence economic system, to max social welfare. Policy maker tends to concentrate on specific objectives in the belief that there is direct linkage (relationship) between changes in those policies and changes in economic welfare. () (Allocation of Resources) (Public goods) (Macroeconomic Stabilization) (Income Redistribution) Economic Growth Promotion

33Musgrave, Public Finance, 1959 Adam Smith full employment 33Allocation start from Adam Smith that society required production of certain product: public good. Allocate for social consumption. Lead to justification of taxation.Stabilization: DCs& LDCs: DCs concern short term effects of policy Keynesian approaches adjust in manipulate AD and AS, try to keep actual employment close to potential, and price stability. LDCs hard to define because what is full employment mostly under employment; technologically there is no clear correspondence between full employment of labor and capital (in what sense), and price is stable as long as actual gdp < potential gdp is not always true.Income redistribution: society can exist with any conceivable income equality. But it might be a society which are not considered optimal by the majority of its citizen. In DCs : IDhigher consumptionhigher employment. (-) (social safety net)34 ;

()3535the term of fiscal policy normally applies to use of fiscal instruments to influence economic system, to max social welfare. Policy maker tends to concentrate on specific objectives in the belief that there is direct linkage (relationship) between changes in those policies and changes in economic welfare. () :

(: ):

36 () (Maintain of competitive economic environment) (Maintain of economic stability) (Income redistribution) (Environmental protection and preservation)37The World Bank, The State in the Changing World:1997 2 (Market Based Strategy) (Create market environment)

(Total government control) (Centralized in decision making) (Rigid planning)

38 (Market Oriented): (Invisible hand)39: (Productivity) Crowding out (Rent seeking) 40

41 (emerging countries) )

42: (2550)Kuznetz curve

43 46,631 2537 (45,215 ) Heller, Peter, Considering the IMFs Perspective on a Sound Fiscal Policy, IMF Policy Discussion Paper, July 200244: (Musgrave)- - - - - - (welfare loss)- 45 () 46- - - (Ricardian equivalence)

47 (regulation) (market failure) (efficiency) (growth)

48 ( ) World Development Report (WDR) 2004 : vs. 4950

1. (non-monetized)

2.

513.

4.

5.

(fiscal sustainability)

(Structural Content) ( )

()

52

(Comprehensive) (Crowding-out effects) Ricardian equivalence53 automatic stabilizer ( ) 54 Counter Cyclical contingent fiscal liabilities 55 50 GDP 20 25 56 Institutional Rules 57 (Structural Content) one size fit all policy 5859 ()

6061 () (Conventional instruments) (Unconventional instruments) 62 SML ()

(Quasi Fiscal Measures) - - SME - etc. 6363 64

64: 65Website www.fpo.go.thwww.bot.or.th65 2531-2552 66 90 10 66 2531-2552 67 2 : (Direct Taxes) (Indirect Taxes) 67 2533-2552 68 2533-2552 404,939 1,684,297 20

68 2533-2552 691. 2. 28 2533 45.1 2552 11 2533 24 2548 2551-2552 12 2533-2552

69 2531-2552 703. 70 2531 52 2552 4. 2535 5.

70 2531-2552 716. 7. 1 8. 23 2531 5.2 2552

71 2531-2552 729. .

7273

74 4 : 1. (Personal Income Tax) 39,338 2533 1,1138,565 2552 10

7475

7576 2547 :

76 772. (Corporate Income Tax)

2552 23.7 (392,172 )

7778

78 793. 50 60

2552 90,712

4. ( 2535 )79 80 10 .. 2542 7.0

12.7 2535 26.4 (431,775 ) 2552

80

81: (2550) 822.

1.9 (18,099 ) 25528283

8384

853.

0.5 254985 864. (Commodity Tax) 3 1) 2) 3) earmarking86 87:

87 88:

88 89 2533 25.4 17.4 2552 2546 15,523 4.5 (70,742 ) 2552 8990

1997-2006 ()

91: (2550) 925. ( ) 39 0 300

2533-2552 91,025 2533 80,288 2552 22.1 2533 5.9 2552 9293

( 30 ) 10 2533-2552 9494: 9595 2533-2552 96 2533-2552 335,000 1,760,000 :1. 4 : (1) (2) (3) (4) 2. 30.5 2533 40 2549 96 2531-2552 973. 24.09 2533 17.00 2552 4. 20.54 2533 25.00 2552 97

: 9999100 2531- 2549 23,336 2531 54,947 2549 2531 56,780 2549 92,444 2532 2536 100101 86.8 2531 98.2 2540 99.79 2548

(GDP) 15.6 2531 17.6 2548101102

()103

()104

: 105105106 37.5 2547 (87,179 ) 30.2 2547 (70,198.5 ) 30 2542106107 5.9 2547 (1,964 ) 2529 107 . 2544-2547( ... )25442545254625471. 17,701.8811.0821,084.4711.9922,258.2812.0924,786.2710.242. 55,651.9034.8458,143.5233.0660,217.7132.7282,623.3734.153. 12,669.00 7.9319,349.0011.0035,504.4419.2943,100.0017.814. 73,729.8046.1577,273.3043.9466,085.6035.9091438.0037.79154,633.10100.00176,154.91100.00184,066.03100.00241,947.64100.00772,574.00803,651.00829,495.561,063,600.0020.6821.8822.1922.75108108 . 2549-2550( ... )25481. 27,018.969.582. 95,370.3433.823. 49,000.0017.384. 110,610.7039.22282,000.00100.001,200,00023.50254929,110.418.90110,189.5933.6961,800.0018.89126,013.0038.52327,113.00100.001,360,00024.0510910925501. 32,021.458.962. 186,028.752.054. 139,374.038.99357,424.15100.001,420,00025.17255135,223.69.35193,676.451.41147,84039.24376,740.0100.001,495,00025.2110Sheet125491,360,000.0017.308.80959,344.5012.2070.508.80357,468.304.5026.3012.2043,187.203.20(13.80)1,360,000.0017.308.800.00.07,878.50

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