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Younger stratumwith more recentfossils

Older stratumwith older fossils

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HMS Beagle at seaDarwin in 1840, afterhis returnfrom thevoyage

NORTH AMERICA

Malay ArchipelagoSOUTH AMERICA

GreatBritain

ATLANTICOCEAN

PACIFICOCEAN

EUROPE

AFRICA

AUSTRALIA

PACIFICOCEAN

Cape ofGood Hope

Equator

TasmaniaNewZealand

Brazil

Argentina

Cape Horn

Chile

And

es M

tns.

Genovesa

PACIFICOCEAN

Equator

Pinta

Marchena

Fernandina

Florenza

Pinzón

Santiago DaphneIslands

SantaCruz

SantaFe

Isabela

Española

SanCristobal

Kilometers0 4020

TheGalápagosIslands

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(b) Seed-eater

(a) Cactus-eater (c) Insect-eater

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Moeritherium†

†Barytherium

Hyracoidea(Hyraxes)Sirenia(Manateesand relatives)

†Deinotherium

†Mammut

†Platybelodon

†Stegodon

Elephas maximus(Asia)

Mammuthus†

Loxodonta cyclotis(Africa)

Loxodonta africana(Africa)

Millions of years ago Years ago

60 34 24 5.5 2104 0

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Wild mustard Kohlrabi

Cabbage

Kale

Broccoli

Selectionfor leaves

Selectionfor stems

Selectionfor flowersand stems

Selection foraxillary (side)buds

Selection forapical (tip) bud

Brusselssprouts

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Sporecloud

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Observations

Inferences

and

Over time, favorable traitsaccumulate in the population.

Organisms produce moreoffspring than the

environment can support.

Individuals in a populationvary in their heritable

characteristics.

Individuals that are well suitedto their environment tend to leave more

offspring than other individuals.

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(a) A flower mantid in Malaysia (b) A leaf mantid in Borneo

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Soapberry bug with beakinserted in balloon vinefruit

Beak length (mm)

On native species,balloon vine(southern Florida)

On introducedspecies,goldenrain tree(central Florida)

Museum-specimen average

Field Study Results

Beak

Num

ber o

f ind

ivid

uals

6 7 8 9 111002468

10

02468

10

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Year

Chromosome mapof S. aureus clone USA300

Ann

ual h

ospi

tal a

dmis

sion

sw

ith M

RSA

(tho

usan

ds)

’05

400

’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04

350300

200250

100150

500

Increased gene exchange(within species) andtoxin production

Increased disease severityAbility to colonize hostsMethicillin resistance

Key to adaptations

250,000 base pairs

500,000

750,000

2,000,000

1,750,000

1,500,000 1,250,000

1,000,000

2,250,000

2,500,000

2,750,000 1

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Humerus

Carpals

Radius

Human

Ulna

Metacarpals Phalanges

Whale Cat Bat

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Human embryo Chick embryo (LM)

Pharyngealarches

Post-analtail

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AUSTRALIA

NORTHAMERICASugar

glider

Flyingsquirrel

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Cetaceans and even-toes ungulatesMost mammals

(d) Odocoileus (deer)(c) Sus (pig)(a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus

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Hippopotamuses

Commonancestorof cetaceans

Other even-toedungulates

Livingcetaceans

Millions of years agoTibiaFoot

70 KeyFemurPelvis60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Pakicetus †

Rodhocetus †

Dorudon †

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