zte cdma principles

8/3/2019 ZTE CDMA Principles

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General Introduction to CDMA Mobile Communications

CDMA Business Department

Shenzhen ZTE Corporation, China


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Contents

Overview of Mobile Communications

Technical Features of CDMA

Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation

Communications System)


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Basic Concepts of Cellular Mobile Communication

Cell/sector

Frequency Reuse

Handoff

Cell-splitting


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Mobility

flexible and convenientglobal personal

communication

Poor environment and conditions Co-channel interference, multi-path(space

and time)shadow effect and delay, power

change and other noise,

MultipleMS and channels Interferencenear and far effect

Limit of frequency resources

Reliability is a must

registration, handoff, switching, control

Characteristics of Mobile Communication


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1946 First mobile phone system , 120 KHZ( AT&T): FM

60s IMTS 25-30KHZ Bell System): FM 1 G Analog Cellular/FDMA

AMPS (US, 800 MHZ/30KHZ/10 kbps)

TACS (British, 900 MHZ/25 KHZ/8 kbps)

2 G digital cellular/TDMA GSM, DAMPS, JDC

IS-95 CDMA

3G IMT-2000 (International Mobile telecommunications)

UTRA/W-CDMA (Japan, Europe)

CDMA 2000 MC (US)

UTRA TDD (Europe) and TD-SCDMA(China)

UWC-136 (TDMA)

DECT (TDMA)

Evolution of Mobile Communications System


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Concepts: FDMA, TDMA & CDMA

FDMA TDMACDMA


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Channel: An individually-assigned, dedicatedpathway through a transmission medium for oneuser information

Any of the dimensions of the transmitted signalcan be segmented into private assigned channelsfor users. Here how the three most populartechnologies establish channels:

FDMA:Frequency Division Multiple Accesseach user on a different frequency

a channel is a frequency

TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access

each user on a different window periodin time slot

a channel is a specific time slot on aspecific frequency

CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access

each user uses the same frequency all thetime, but mixed with differentdistinguishing code patterns

a channel is a unique code pattern

Power

Power

Power

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

Channel Structure For FDMA/TDMA/CDMA


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Frequency Reuse and Large Capacity


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Comparison between CDMA & GSM System (1)

Cell Coverage

CDMA: varies with traffic load

No load: 3 GSM coverage

20 channels/sector: 2 GSM coverage

GSM: coverage not affected by traffic load

Number of BTS

CDMA=20% GSM

1000 km2 coverage: CDMA 45 BTS, GSM 200 BTS

Capacity:

CDMA=5 GSM=10 AMPS


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Voice quality: vocoder

CDMA 8K> GSM 13K, CDMA 13K approaches 64K PCM

Handoff

CDMA : soft handoff, GSM: hard handoff, more

dropped calls Network Planning and Expansion

CDMA : simple ( N=1), GSM: more complicated (N=4/7)

Comparison between CDMA & GSM System (2)

13

2

4

3

2

4

2

4

4

1

2

3

14

2

3

1

4

GSMN4 CDMAN1

11

1

11 1

1

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

11

1

11

1


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Contents



Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd Generation

Communications System)


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Spread Spectrum Ensures high transmission and voice quality, security

Short PN, long PN and Wash codes are used for coding

Multiple Access Code Division:Improve frequency reuse and guarantee large capacity

Soft Handoff Seamless communication without call dropping

High communication quality

Power Control

Ensure optimum power level with least interference to other channels,reducingNear and Far Effectand thus increasing capacity

Low radiation and longer battery usage time Diversity Receiver (Rake Receiver)

Achieve signal gain and avoidMulti-path Effect

Voice Activation

Lower transmitting power and low speed

Voice Coding


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Spread Spectrum-Basis for CDMA Technology

Definition:

Spread spectrum technique ,employ a transmission bandwidth that is

several orders of magnitude greater than the minimum required signal

bandwidth.

Theoretic Basis: Shannons Law

C=Blog2(1+S/N)

C: Channel Capacity B: bandwidth S/N: signal to noise ratio

Conclusion: When C is a fixed value, S/N is a reciprocal ratio of B

Another techniques for Spread Spectrum:

DSSS: Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

FHSS: Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum


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Traditional radio communication systems transmit datausing the minimum bandwidth required to carry it as a

narrowband signal, e.g. FDMA and TDMA systems.

TRADITIONAL COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

Slow

InformationSent

TX

Slow

InformationRecovered

RX

NarrowbandSignal

Spread Spectrum Principles


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SHANON Formula

C = Blog2(1+S/N)

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued)

Where,C is capacity of channel, b/s

B is signal bandwidth, Hz

S is average power for signal, W

N is average power for noise, W

It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrumcommunications.


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The de-spreading gives substantial gain proportional tothe bandwidth of the spread-spectrum signal

The gain can be used to increase system performanceand range, or allow multiple coded users, or both

Processing Gain For SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM

Gp=10log (B/Bm)Where,

Gp is processing gain, dB

B is spreading signal bandwidth, Hz

Bm is original signal bandwith, Hz

E.g., it is 21 dB for IS-95A CDMA system.

Spread Spectrum Principles (Continued)


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Basic Spreading & DeSpreading Example

User Data Spread, Sent, Recovered

XORExclusive-OR

Gate

1

1

Input A: Received Signal

Input B: Spreading Code

Output: User Original Data

Input A: User Data

Input B: Spreading Code

Spread Spectrum Signal

XORExclusive-OR

Gate

At Originating Site:

Input A: Users Data @ 19,200bits/second

Input B: Walsh Code #23 @

1.2288 Mcps Output: Spread spectrum signal

At Destination Site:

Input A: Received spreadspectrum signal

Input B: Walsh Code #23 @1.2288 Mcps

Output: Users Data @ 19,200bits/second just as originally sent

via air interface


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Channel Coding

SS

Carrier

Modulation

DS-PN

Radio

ChannelSource

Coding

Channel

DecodingCarrier

Demodulation

DS-PN

Source

Decoding

Transmit Receive

Antenna

Channel

Decoding

Carrier

Demodulation

DS-PN

Radio

Channel

Source

Decoding

Channel

CodingSS

Carrier

Modulation

DS-PN

Source

Coding

TransmitReceive

Antenna

A B

Spread Spectrum1


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f

Sf

f0

Signal Frequency Before Decoding

f

Sf

f0Signal Frequency Before SS

Signal

Signal

Noise

f

Sf

f0

Signal Frequency after SS

Signal

f

Sf

f0

Signal Frequency After Decoding

Signal

Noise

Signal Pulse Noise Other Noise

Spread Spectrum (2)


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Spread Spectrum (3)- Spreading Codes

Spreading Code Rate: 1.2288Mc/s

Multi-path separation,(delay:1--100s)

Delay1 MHZ Multiples of base band rate 9.6 kbps

Spreading Codes

Forward : Walsh code Reverse: Long PN Codes (242-1)


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Spread Spectrum (4)

Advantages:

Avoid interference arising from jammingsignal or multi-path effects

SS and demodulation, noise is suppressed

and filtered

Security: difficult to detect

Privacy: Difficult to demodulate

Multiple Access: Improve Frequency Reuse

Enlarge Capacity


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CDMA Spreading Principle

Any data bitstream can be combined with a spreading sequence The resulting signal can be de-spreading and the data stream

recovered if the original spreading sequence is available andproperly timed

After de-spreading, the original data stream is recovered intact

Note - The spread sequences actually shown are icons, not accurate or toscale

ORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION

SpreadingSequence

SpreadingSequence

Input

Data

Recovered

Data

Spread Data Stream

Single spreading sequence are reversible


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CDMA Spreading Principle (Continued)

Multiple spreading sequences can be applied in succession and thenreapplied in opposite order, to recover the original data stream the spreading sequences can have different desired properties

All spreading sequences originally used must be available in propersynchronization at the recovering destination

Note - The spread sequences actually shown are icons, not accurate or toscale

Multiple successivesequence are reversible

SpreadingSequence

A

SpreadingSequence

B

SpreadingSequence

C

SpreadingSequence

C

SpreadingSequence

B

SpreadingSequence

A

Input

DataX

Recovered

DataX

X+A X+A+B X+A+B+C X+A+B X+A

Spread-Spectrum Chip StreamsORIGINATING SITE DESTINATION


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Code Division Multiple Access (1)

Orthogonal Walsh function

Forward link: Spreading and building of coded channels

Reverse link: orthogonal modulation of MS signal

Long PN Code ( cycle length: 2421) Forward link: identification of MS

Reverse link: Spreading and user MS identification

Short PN Code (cycle length: 215-1) Forward and Reverse link: both for orthogonal QPSK

modulation, with different phase for different BS and identical

phase for different MS (0 offset)


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Division of Channels Forward Link

Pilot: continuous transmission, for synchronization and handoff, no message

Synchronization : for the mobile to capture initial timing or synchronization

when initializing

Paging Channel: for the transmission of system message and paging

message, registration and traffic channel assignment

Forward Traffic Channel: transmission of voice, data and related signalling

Reverse Link

Access : used for initiating communication with BS and responding to

paging message ( 1 Paging channel corresponds to up to32 access )

Reverse Traffic: for transmission of user and signalling information during

call establishment.



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Traffic

User trafficMSpower control

Sub-channel

Forward CDMAChannels

Pilot Sync. Paging Paging Traffic Traffic

W0 W32 W1 W7 W8 W62 W63

Reverse CDMAChannels

Access Access Traffic Traffic Traffic


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CDMA Spreading Code

64Sequences, each 64chips long

Each Walsh Code isprecisely Orthogonalwith respect to all

other Walsh Codes

Walsh Code

EXAMPLE:

Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59

#23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110

#59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001

Sum 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111

Correlation Results: 32 1, 32 0: Orthogonal!!

Unique Properties:

Mutual Orthogonality

WALSH CODES# --------------------- ------------- 64-Chip Sequence ----------------------------------------- -

0 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

1 01010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101012 00110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100113 01100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001104 00001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011115 01011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110106 00111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111007 01101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010018 00000000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111119 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010

10 001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001100111100110011 011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011001101001100112 000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111000013 010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010010114 001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100001115 011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001011016 000000000000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111117 010101010101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101018 001100110011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110019 011001100110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100120 000011110000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000021 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101

22 001111000011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001123 011010010110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011024 000000001111111111111111000000000000000011111111111111110000000025 010101011010101010101010010101010101010110101010101010100101010126 001100111100110011001100001100110011001111001100110011000011001127 011001101001100110011001011001100110011010011001100110010110011028 000011111111000011110000000011110000111111110000111100000000111129 010110101010010110100101010110100101101010100101101001010101101030 001111001100001111000011001111000011110011000011110000110011110031 011010011001011010010110011010010110100110010110100101100110100132 000000000000000000000000000000001111111111111111111111111111111133 010101010101010101010101010101011010101010101010101010101010101034 001100110011001100110011001100111100110011001100110011001100110035 011001100110011001100110011001101001100110011001100110011001100136 000011110000111100001111000011111111000011110000111100001111000037 010110100101101001011010010110101010010110100101101001011010010138 001111000011110000111100001111001100001111000011110000111100001139 011010010110100101101001011010011001011010010110100101101001011040 000000001111111100000000111111111111111100000000111111110000000041 010101011010101001010101101010101010101001010101101010100101010142 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011

43 011001101001100101100110100110011001100101100110100110010110011044 000011111111000000001111111100001111000000001111111100000000111145 010110101010010101011010101001011010010101011010101001010101101046 001111001100001100111100110000111100001100111100110000110011110047 011010011001011001101001100101101001011001101001100101100110100148 000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111000000000000000049 010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010010101010101010150 001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100001100110011001151 011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001011001100110011052 000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000000011110000111153 010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101010110100101101054 001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011001111000011110055 011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110011010010110100156 000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000000000001111111157 010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101010101011010101058 001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011001100111100110059 011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110011001101001100160 000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111000011111111000061 010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010010110101010010162 001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100001111001100001163 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110

Hn Hn

H2n = ___Hn Hn

0110

1100

1010

0000

10

000


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CDMA Spreading Code(Continued)

Every Users Long Code is 242 chips long Generated at 1.2288 Mcps, it requires 41.4 days to complete Each phone has a world-unique User Long Code generated using its 32-bit

ESN, an Operator-Definable 10-bit User Mask, and the current long codestate expressed as a 42-bit binary number

Users Long Codes are not exactly orthogonal but are sufficiently different topermit reliable decoding on the reverse link

Long Code( G E N E R A T E D I N T A P - S UMME D S H I F T T E R )R E G I S

1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 P E RMU T E D E S N+

=0

Long CodeState

(@ 1.2288 MCPS)

Public Long CodeMask (STATIC)

User Long Code(@1.2288 MCPS)

one chip at a time

S UM

Modulo-2 Addition


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Short Code The PN Sequence is 32,768(215)

chips long

a two-dimensional binarysector with distinct I and Q

component sequences, each32,768 chips long

The PN Sequence (and anysequence) correlates with itselfperfectly if compared at a timingoffset of 0 chips

The Short PN Sequence is special:Orthogonal compared with itselfusing any possible timing offsetother than 0

IQ

IQIQ

Total Correlation: All bits = 0

Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ 0 Offset

IQIQ

Orthogonal: 16,384 1 + 16,384 0

Short PN Sequence vs. Itself @ Any Offset

Unique Properties:

32,768 chips long26.666 ms.

(75 repetitions in 2 sec.)


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Summary of Characteristics & Functions

Walsh Code

Short Code

Long Code

Type of Sequence

MutuallyOrthogonal

Orthogonal withitself at any timeshift value

near-orthogonalif shifted

Special Properties

64

1

1

HowMany

64 chips1/19,200 sec.

32,768 chips26-2/3 mS

75x in 2 sec.

242 chips~40 days

Length

Modulation

Quadrature Spreading(Zero offset)

Distinguish users, allowrecovery

Reverse LinkFunction

User identitywithin logic

channel

Distinguish Cells& Sectors

Data Scramblingto distinguish

users

Forward LinkFunction

Each CDMA spreading sequence is used for a specificpurpose on the forward link and a different purpose onthe reverse link

The sequences are used to form code channels forusers in both directions

Cell


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Forward CDMA channel modulation process

User data from

BS in 9600bps

4800bps 2400bps

1200bps

Convolutional

Encoder and

Repetition

interleaver

r=1/2,K=9

19.2kbps

Datascrambling

MUX

Power

contrl bit

Walsh code

Long code

generator

Long code

for userDecimator

1.2288Mcps

Decimator

4

800Hz

Base

band

Filter

Base

band

Filter

I Q

I-channel Pilot PN Sequence

Q- channel Pilot PN Sequence


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Reverse IS-95 channel modulation for a single user

Information

Bit

9600bps

4800bps

2400bps

1200bps

Conver

lutional

Encoder and

Repetition

r=1/3 K=9

Block

Inter-

leaver

Code

Symbol

28.8kbps

64-aryOrtho-

gonal

Modulator

Code

Symbol

DataBurst

Rand-

omizer

Walsh

chip

307.2

kcps

Long Code Generator

Long Code Mask

for user PN chip

1.2288Mcps

Base-

band

Filter

I-channel

PN chip

DBaseband

Filter

I(t)

Q(t)Q-channel

1/2 PN chip Delay=406.9ns

IQ :Zero-offset Pilot Sequence


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41 33 32 28 27 25 24 9 8 0

110001111 ACN PCN BASE_ID PILOT_PN

ACN:number of access channel;PCN:number of paging chBASE_ID, PILOT_PN.

Access channel long code mask:

Public long code mask:

41 32 31 0

1100011000 Permuted ESN

What is mask ?


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Different approaches to bandwidth problem

CDMA

TDMAFDMA


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Coding Process on CDMA Forward Channels

Each user is assigned one of the 64 Walsh Codes and their traffic is mixed with theWalsh code to establish a dedicated code channel Each Users Long code is applied incidentally for data scrambling

All user code signals are then analog-summed to produce one composite waveform The composite waveform is the combined with the PN sequence using a specific

offset to uniquely identify this cell sector

BTSPilot Walsh 0

Walsh 19

Paging Walsh 1

Walsh 6

Walsh 11

Walsh 20

Sync Walsh 32

Walsh 42

Walsh 37

Walsh 41

Walsh 55

Walsh 60

Walsh 55

PN OFFSET 372

PN OFFSET 116BTS

PN OFFSET 226BTS

PN OFFSET 511BTS

ANALOG

SUM

PN

372

WALSH

19

x

x

x


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Functions of the CDMA Forward channels

Pilot Walsh 0

Walsh 19

Paging Walsh 1

Walsh 6

Walsh 11

Walsh 20

Sync Walsh 32

Walsh 42

Walsh 37

Walsh 41

Walsh 55

Walsh 60

Walsh 55

PILOT: WALSH CODE 0 The Pilot is a structural beacon which does

not contain a character stream. It is a timingsource used in system acquisition and as ameasurement device during handoffs

SYNC: WALSH CODE 32

This carries a data stream of systemidentification and parameter informationused by mobiles during system acquisition

PAGING: WALSH CODES 1 up to 7

There can be from one to seven pagingchannels as determined by capacity needs.They carry pages, system parameters

information, and call setup ordersTRAFFIC: any remaining WALSH codes

The traffic channels are assigned toindividual users to carry call traffic. Allremaining Walsh codes are available,subject to overall capacity limited by noise


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Analog Summing for Multiple Access

This simplified demonstration shows analog summing using only four abbreviatedWalsh codes, each 4 bits long. Four users are talking.

Each user signal is XORed with their assigned Walsh code, and the results areanalog-summed and sent over a single medium, much like in CDMA.

At the other end, the Walsh codes are applied to recover each user data.

X

X

X

X

User A

User B

User C

User D

User A

User B

User C

User D

Walsh 0

Walsh 1

Walsh 2

Walsh 3

Walsh 0

Walsh 1

Walsh 2

Walsh 3

A + 0

B + 1

C + 2

D + 3

Analog

Summing

Input Bits

#1 #2

Spreading De-SpreadingPower

IntegrationOutput Bits

#1 #2

InCDMA,this isthe air

interface


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Coding Process on CDMA Reverse Channels

Each mobile is uniquely identified by an offset of the User Long Code, which it

generates internallyAll mobiles transmit simultaneously on the same 1.25-MHz wide frequency band

Any nearby BTS can dedicate a channel element to the mobile and successfullyextract its signal

Mobiles also use the other CDMA spreading sequences, but not for channel-identifying purposes

Short PN Sequence is used to achieve phase modulationWalsh Codes are used as symbols to give ultra-reliable communications recovery

at the BTS

User Long CodeBTS BSC MSC


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Functions of the CDMA Reverse channels

ACCESS: It is used by mobiles not yet in a call totransmit registration requests, call setup requests,

page responses, order responses, and other signalling

information

an access channel is defined by a special public

long code mask

Access channels are paired with Paging Channels.

There can be up to 32 access channels per paging

channel

TRAFFIC:It is used by individual users during theiractual calls to transmit traffic to the BTS

a traffic channel is defined by a specific UserLong Code

there are as many reverse Traffic Channels as

there are CDMA phones in the world

911

REG

BTS


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Technical Advantages of CDMA Technology

For the Telecom Service Provider

High Efficiency of Frequency Utilization

Large Capacity Network

Simple Frequency Planning

Compatible with Analog Mobile Network Smooth migration to 3G

For the Subscriber

Crystal-clear Voice Quality

Good Anti-jamming Inter system soft handoff reduces call dropping

Low radiation and Long Standby time (long battery duration)

Reliable Security


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Development of CDMA Technology

CDMA One : core technology IS95 :

IS 95A: only 1 spreading code for 1 traffic channel, 14.4 Kbps

1980, First field test by Qualcomm

1990, first version of CDMA UM interface standard by Qualcomm

1995, N-CDMA standard IS-95A by TIA

IS 95B : max. 8 codes for 1 traffic channel (one user for high-speed

packet data service

enhanced Air interface, hardware compatible with IS-95A

64 kbps dual way data service ,

CDMA 2000 :144K/384K/2M bps

CDMA 2000-1X: 144 kbps

CDMA 2000-3X: 2 Mbps (CDMA 2000-1X-EV)


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Contents



Dynamics of 3 G ( the 3rd GenerationCommunications System)


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Dynamics of 3G

Background

Higher demand of QoS

Seamless internal roaming, wideband, flexible

Large capacity, frequency resource usage

IMT-2000

Naming

commercial use expected in 2002 First phase frequency band around 2 G HZ.

Requirements

QoS: voice/coverage, transmission/delay(BER


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Dynamics of 3G

UIM MT RAN CNOther CN of

IMT-2000

family

UIM: user identity module

MT: mobile terminal

RAN: radio access network

CN: core network


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RTT: Radio Transmission Technology Proposed standards: 10 (FDD: 8 , TDD 5)

Dynamics of 3G

No. RTT Proposed Duplex Proposer

1 J: WCDMA FDD, TDD Japan: ARIB

2 ETSIUTRA - UMTS FDD, TDD Europe: ETSI

3 WIMS W - CDMA FDD US: TIA

4 WCDMA/NA FDD US: TIPI

5 Global CDMA II FDD SK: TTA

6 TD - SCDMA TDD China: CATT

7 CDMA 2000 FDD, TDD US: TIA

8 Global CDMA I FDD SK: TTA

9 UWC - 136 FDD US: TIA

10 DPDECT TDD Europe: ETSI

1. 15 : similar to WCDMA, harmonization forms 3GPP WCDMA

2. 78 similar to CDMA 2000, harmonization forms 3GPP2 CDMA 2000

3. 9 : UWC 136, based on IS 136 TDMA (D-AMPS)


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Dynamics of 3G

Wireless Access Network Various standards:

W-CDMA FDD, W-CDMA TDD(TD-SCDMA), CDMA-

2000 Multi-carrier, UWC-136 TDMA

Widely accepted standards:

CDMA 2000

W-CDMA

UWC-136

Core Network

ANSI TIA/EIA-41 MAP GSM MAP


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Comparison Between W-CDMA & CDMA 2000

Item W-CDMA CDMA-2000

Min. Band Width

SS technique Single Carrier DS Multi-carrier Or DS

Code chip rate 4.096Mcpsreduced to3.84Mc

N1.2288Mcps

Sync. Between

BS

Async, Sync. Can be selected Sync. (GPS)

Frame length 10ms 20ms

Voice Coding Fixed rate Variable rate

Power Control

Rate

1600Hz 800Hz


49/55

Dynamics of 3 G

Wireless Access Standards Development from 2 G to 3 G

GSM

GSM-----GRPS and EDGE (up to 384 kbps)---W-CDMA (5 MHZ)

CDMA

IS 95A/B(14.4-64 kbps) cdma2000-1X (144 kbps) cdma2000-3X

cdma2000-1X-EV

TDMA (TIA-EIA-136)

IS136 IS-136+(TIA/EIA 136-A/B) TDMA/EDGE/GRPS(384kbps) IS137

2.5 G 3 G


50/55

Consolidation of ITU IMT-2000Very complicated task Technical difference:

SS, code chip rate, Sync. Mode, Pilot, core network(GSM-MAP and IS-

41)

Conflict of interest of various parties involved current market status of mobile communications, IPR, interest of service

provider and manufacturers

3GPP1998-12 Initiated by ETSI and joined by ARIBTCCTITTA

CN: GSM-MAP, RAN: UTRA 3GPP21999-1

Initiated by TIA/ANSI and joined by ARIB, TTC, TTA

CN: ANSI/IS-41, RAN: cdma2000

Dynamics of 3 G


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Typical IS95A Network Structure of ZTE

MSC/

VLR

HLR/AUC

MS

Abis

Abis

Abis

PSTN/PLMN

BSC

BSC

Abis

BSC

A-ISO2 .x

Um IS41D/E


52/55

Evolution from 2G System to 3G System

HDR

IS-95Acdma2000-3x

1X-EV

IS-95B

cdma2000-1x


53/55

CDMA Network Evolution of ZTE

IS95A Cdma 2000 1X

Transition

methods

Data service rate

Adopts IOS4.0 for A Interface

144K 2M

Smooth evolution

to 3G

MSS evolves from current Circuit Switching

mode to full IP mode


54/55

CDMA2000-1X Network Structure

MSC/

VLR

HLR/AUC

2G BTS

3G BTS (1X) or 2G

BTS+upgrade

2G/3G

MS

Abis

Abis

Abis

PSTN/PLMN

2G BSC+upgrade or

3G BSC/ PCF (1X)

Internet

PDSN

HAAAA

server

router router

Ethernet

ATM

2G BTS

2G BSC

Abis

BSM

E1Um

IS95

Um

IS2000 E1STM-1

E1

STM-1

Ethernet

2G BSC+upgrade or

3G BSC/ PCF (1X)

3G BTS (1X) or 2G

BTS+upgrade


55/55

The end !

zte cdma principles

Documents