zittleman! r r williams u5i fi wsp/a 82 - dtic · 2014. 9. 27. · plants; selected life history...

7 AAllI8'b93 ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT-STATION VICKSURG--ETC F/6 6/6I LARGE-SCALE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT TEST OF USE OF THE WHITE AMUR--ETC(U)0 AUG AG2 N J ZITTLEMAN! R R WILLIAMSU5I FI wSP/A 82 5L

00r-qP-4

Uncl~assified'SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (WNAt Dol. Be 90

IMAD W3T3UCTIOUIREPORT DOCMEHTATIOt4 PAGE 89FO COMTOFWT. REORT "NDER2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPINTS CATALOG Humes*

Miscellaneous Paper A-82-5

'iaT-'C~Tt ERATIONS MANAGEMENT TEST OF USE OF S. TYPE OF REPORT A PERIOD COVEREDTHE WHITE AMUR FOR CONTROL OF PROBLEM AQUATIC Final reportPLANTS; Selected Life History Information of * EFRIGOO EOTS~EAnimal Species on Lake Conway, Florida .PROMN*14.RERTUBR

7. AUTHOR(q) II.- CONTRACT 0R GRANT NUMSER~o)Nancy J. ZittlemanRandall R. Williams

Eugene G. Buglewicz9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS III. PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT, TASK

U.'S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERSEnvironmental Laboratory Aquatic Plant ControlP. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39180 Research Program

I I. CONTROXLING OFFICE NAME ANID ADDRESS JakonI. REPORT.OATE1U.S.A Emyngineer District, Jakoville Augst 1982Jacksonville, Fla. 32201 and Office, Chief of IS. NUMBER OF PAGESEngineers, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C. 20314 101

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME A AODRESS~f EIfterea ham CoallaIae 1.) IS. SECURITY CLASS. (of Of. oposo

Unclassified

[W,7 DCfrSICATION/DOWWNGAmIN.

16. DISTRIDUTION STATEMENT (of Ole. Report)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

17. DIST RI GUTION ST ATEMENT (of Mhe aboae nteredA I Bleak ",.It 41Iforent free. Report)

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESAvailable from National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,Springfield, Va. 22151

IS. KEY WORDS (Continuo. an ,everse olds It necesaryand idantI. by block nmbaer)

Aquatic plant control Lake ConwayBiological control White amur

cosystemsFvironmental effects

20, WTO~r andor revres400 N I d I I~tj W7beak nibe)-:khsreport summaarizes in tabula form, life history information for

animal species identified at Lake Conway, Orlando, Fla. A total of 180animal species were sighted or collected on Lake Conway during the period

F January 1976 through September 1977. This period coincides with the baselineperiod of the Lake Conway Large-Scale Operations Management Test to documentthe effects of the introduction of the white amur fish for control of theproblem aquatic plant hydrilla. Information developed in this report will1i(Continued)

DD FOR W~S13 Enon r mOF NOVs is NossLeftUfn'n

ASECURITY CLkACTII O HI A" ("bon Data, Xewe

R

Unclassified

MuNITY CLAMFICATI@N OF TutS PAUMM be hmtm

20. ABSTRACT (Continued).

be used for subsequent analysis of the effects of the white amur on the LakeConway ecosystem.'

Accession For

NTIS GRA&IDTIC TAB

Justification

By.

Distrlbution/

Availab'ity Codes

Avail -nd/orDist Special

UnclassifiedsIcumiTY CLASSFICATON OF THIS PAGSI'3Im Def Datab*

Preface

The work described in this volume was performed by the Aquatic

Plant Control Research Program (APCRP) of the U. S. Army Engineer Water-

ways Experiment Station (WES), Vicksburg, Hiss. The work was sponsored

by the U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville, and by the Office,

Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army.

This report summarizes life history and fish and wildlife manage-

ment information for animal species identified from Lake Conway, Orlando,

Fla. Contractors performing field research for the Lake Conway Large-

Scale Operations Management Test (LSOMT) either sampled or sig1hted 180

species during the period January 1976 through September 1977. This

period coincides with the baseline period of the LSOMT. Information

developed in this report will be used to document changes to the Lake

Conway ecosystem as a result of the introduction of the white amur fish

to control the nuisance aquatic plant hydrilla.

Life history and management information was collected and orga-

nized by Ms. Nancy J. Zittleman of the WES Environmental Laboratory

(EL); the final report was written by Messrs. Randall R. Williams andEugene G. Buglewicz, EL. The authors wish to acknowledge the efforts of

the various scientists who were involved with the collection and identi-

fication of these organisms, and the assistance of Ms. Mary C. Landin,

Environmental Resources Division, EL, who provided information on the

location of avifauna nesting locations.

The work was monitored at WES in the Waterway Habitat and Monitor-

ing Group (WHG) by Messrs. John D. Lunz and Eugene G. Buglewicz, Prin-

cipal Investigators for the LSOMT, and Dr. Thomas D. Wright, Chief,

WKMG, and was under the general supervision of Mr. Bob 0. Benn, Chief,

Environmental Systems Division (ESD). Mr. J. Lewis Decell was Program

Manager of the APCRP. The ESD and APCRP are a part of the EL, Dr. John

Harrison, Chief.

Comanders and Directors of WES during the period were

COL Nelson P. Conover, CE, and COL Tilford C. Creel, CE. Technical

Director was Hr. F. R. Brown.

This report should be cited as follows:

Zittleman, N. J., Williams, R. R., and Buglewicz, E. G.1982. "Large-Scale Operations Management Test of Useof the White Amur for Control of Problem Aquatic Plants;Selected Life History Information of Animal Species onLake Conway, Florida," Miscellaneous Paper A-82-5,U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE,Vicksburg, Miss.

2

Content.

pagePreface .. ... ......... ......... ..........

Conversion Factors, U. S. Customary to Metric (SI) Unitsof Measurement .. ....... ......... ......... 4

Introduction .. ....... ......... ........ ... 5

Background .. ....... ......... ......... 5Purpose. .. ....... ........ ............ 5

Methods .. ... ......... ......... ......... 6

Bibliography .. ....... ......... ............ 7

Appendix A: Species List, Lake Conway, Florida .. .... ...... Al.

Appendix B: Life History and Management Information forSpecies Identified from Lake Conway, Florida. . . .....

Fish. .... ........ ......... ........ B2Birds. .. ....... ......... ........ ... 20Mamals. .. ....... ......... ........... 53Herpetofauna. .... ......... ........ .... 58

Appendix C: Feeding, Resting, and Reproduction or NestingHabitat Requirements for Animal Species fromLake Conway, Florida .. .... ........ .... Cl

Fish. .. *................................................C2Birds .. ... ......... ......... ....... C6Mamo~als..................... . ...... . .. . ... .. .. ClHerpetofauna. .... ......... ........ ... C13

3

Conversion Factors, U. S. Customary to Metric (SI)Units of Measurement

U. S. customary units of measurement used in this report can be con-

verted to metric (SI) units as follows:

Multiply BY To Obtain

acres 4046.873 square metres

Fahrenheit degrees 5/9 Celsius degrees or Kelvins*

feet 0.3048 metres

inches 25.4 millimetres

miles (U. S. statute) 1.609347 kilometres

yards 0.9144 metres

* To obtain Celsius (C) temperature readings from Fahrenheit (F) read-ings, use the following formula: C = (5/9)(F - 32). To obtain Kelvin(K) readings, use K = (5/9)(F - 32) + 273.15.

4

LARGE-SCALE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT TEST OF

USE OF THE WHITE AMUR FOR CONTROL

OF PROBLEM AQUATIC PLANTS

Selected Life History Information

of Animal Species c n

Lake Conway, Florida

Introduction

Background

1. The Lake Conway Large-Scale Operations Management Test (LSOMT)

is a 5-year field research effort to describe the ability of the white

amur (Ctenophazrngodon idella), a herbivorous fish, to control the

nuisance aquatic plant hydrilla and to document the ecological conse-

quences introduction of this exotic species will have on the lake's

ecosystem.

2. To differentiate between the effects of the white amur and

other natural or man-made events that occur in the Lake Conway study

area, an investigation entitled "A Characterization of Cultural Develop-

ment Around Lake Conway Affecting the Large-Scale Operation Management

Test," was initiated during 1979 to document those environmental altera-

tions occurring at Lake Conway that could be attributed to the white

amur but could actually be caused by human activities in the lake basin.

These activities may include, for example, elimination of littoral vege-

tation through the construction of sand beaches or home building activi-

ties, increased urbanization in the lake watershed area, and stormwater

diversion.

Purpose

3. The purpose of this report is to summarize, in tabular form,

key life history and general fish and wildlife management information on

animal species inhabiting the Lake Conway study area. Information here-

in concentrates on those aspects of habitat that are required by the

organisms for normal feeding, resting, and reproduction or nesting cover.

5

Ll..- j-;U-

This information will be used to summarize habitat features in the pre-

viously described investigation and to provide a data base for the final

analysis of the LSOHT research results.

Methods

4. A species list of 180 mammals, birds, fish, and herpetofauna

was obtained from the LSOKT baseline data contractor reports which

covered the period January 1976 through September 1977. A search of

applicable data bases and literature sources for selected life history

information was made and tabulated for each organism.

5. Tabulation of data includes the following information: common

name; legal status; commercial or recreational value; management poten-

tial; sensitivity to human disturbance; food preferences; feeding habi-

tat; reproductive habitat; and resting habitat.

6. Appendix A lists the species into appropriate categories of

fish, birds, mammals, and herpetofauna. Each species is assigned a

"species number" which should be used when interpreting Appendix C.

7. Appendix B tabulates the following information for each Lake

Conway species: "a" lists the common name; "b" states whether or not

the species is described on Federal or State threatened or endangered

species list; "c" notes whether the species has commercial or recrea-

tional value on Lake Conway; "d" is a judgment statement as to whether

or not the species is amenable to population control through intensive

management practices; "e" states whether or not the species is sensitive

to human disturbance; "f" lists food preferences; "g" provides a sumary

statement of the type of habitat required for feeding; "h" sumarizes

reproductive habitat requirements; and "i" provides habitat information

not covered in items "f" through "h," and/or describes the type of

habitat required for resting. For those instances where life history or

management data are not available, blanks occur after the appropriate

letter.

8. Appendix C summarizes the feeding, resting, and nesting pref-

erences or reproductive habitat requirments for each organism.

9. The Bibliography section lists pertinent literature used to

obtain information for this report.

6

Bibliography

Bailey, R. M., et al. 1970. "A List of Common and Scientific Names ofFishes from the United States and Canada," Special Publication No. 6,American Fisheries Society, Washington, D. C.

Barbour, R. W., and Davis, W. H. 1974. Mammals of Kentucky, UniversityPress of Kentucky, Lexington.

Bellrose, F. C. 1976. Ducks, Geese, and Swans of North America,Stackpole Books, Harrisburg.

Blaker, D. 1969. "Behavior of the Cattle Egret Ardeola Ibis," Ostrich,Vol 40, No. 3, pp 75-129.

Burt, W. H., and Grossenheider, R. P. 1964. A Field Guide to theMammals, 2nd ed., Riverside Press, Cambridge.

Carlander, K. D. 1969. Handbook of Freshwater Fishery Biology, Vol I,Iowa State University Press, Ames.

. 1977. Handbook of Freshwater Fishery Biology, Vol II, IowaState University Press, Ames.

Carr, A. 1952. Handbook of Turtles: The Turtles of the United States,Canada, and Baja California, Vail-Ballou Press, Ithaca.

Chaney, A. H., et al. 1978. "Use of Dredged Material Islands by Colo-nial Seabirds and Wading Birds in Texas," Technical Report D-78-8,U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg,Kiss.

Cochran, D. M., and Goin, C. J. 1970. The New Book of Reptiles andAmphibians, J. G. Putnam's Sons, New York.

Collins, H. H. 1959. Complete Field Guide to American Wildlife; East,Central and North, Harper and Row, New York.

Cook, F. A. 1959. Freshwater Fishes in Mississippi, Vol I, HedermanBrothers, Jackson, Miss.

.. 1969. Freshwater Fishes in Mississippi, Vol II, HedermanBrothers, Jackson, Miss.Douglas, N. H. 1974. Freshwater Fishes of Louisiana, Claitor's Pub-

lishing Division, Baton Rouge, La.

Eddy, S. 1969. How to Know the Freshwater Fishes, 2nd ed., William C.Brown, Dubuque.

Foster, N. R. 1978. Comparative Studies on the Biology of Killifish(Pisces, Cyprinodontida.), University of Microfilms International, AnnArbor.

Q7

Godley, J. S., McDiarmad, R. W., Bancroft, G. T. 1981. "Large-ScaleOperations Management Test of Use of the White Amur for Control of Prob-lem Aquatic Plants; Report 1, Baseline Studies, Volume V: The Herpeto-fauna of Lake Conway, Florida," Technical Report A-78-2, U. S. ArmyEngineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss.

Grzimek, B. 1975. Animal Life Encyclopedia, Vol 6, Van NostrandReinhold, New York.

Guillory, V. 1979. "Large-Scale Operations Management Test of Use ofthe White Amur for Control of Problem Aquatic Plants; Report 1, BaselineStudies; Volume II: The Fish, Mammals, and Waterfowl of Lake Conway,Florida," Technical Report A-78-2, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experi-ment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss.

Hilderbrand, S. F., and Schroeder, W. C. 1972. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay,TFH Publications, Neptune, N. J.

Kushlan, J. A. 1978. "Commensalism in the Little Blue Heron," TheAuk, Vol 95, pp 677-681.

Landin, M. C. 1978. "Development and Management of Avian Habitat onDredged Material Islands," Technical Report DS-78-18, U. S. ArmyEngineer Waterways Eperiment Station, CE, Vicksburg, Miss.

Larimore, R. W. 1957. Ecological Life History of the Warmouth(Centrarchidae)," Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin, Vol 27,Art. I.

Lowery, G. H., Jr. 1974. The Mammals of Louisiana and Its AdjacentWaters, Kingsport Press, Kingsport, Tenn.

Martin, A. C., Zim, H., and Nelson, A. L. 1961. American Wildlife andPlants, A Guide to Wildlife Food Habits, Dover Publications, New York.

Morris, P. A. 1974. An Introduction to the Reptiles and Amphibians ofthe United States, Dover Publications, New York.

Mount, R. H. 1975. The Reptiles and Amphibians of Alabama, AuburnPrinting, Auburn, Ala.

Murie, 0. J. 1975. A Field Guide to Animal Tracks, Houghton MifflinCo., Boston.

Pflieger, W. L. 1975. The Fishes of Missouri, Western Publishing Co.,Jefferson City, Mo.

Pough, R. H. 1951. Audubon Waterbird Guide: Water, Game, and LargeLand Birds, Doubleday, Garden City, New York.

Schreiber, R. W., and Schreiber, E. A. 1978. "Colonial Bird Use andPlant Succession on Dredged Material Islands in Florida," TechnicalReport D-78-14, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, CE,Vicksburg, Miss.

Schwartz, C. W., and Schwartz, E. R. 1968. The Wild Mammalsof Missouri, Smith-Grieves, Kansas City, Mo.

8

Schweitzer, D. L., Cushwa, C. T., and Hoekstra, T. W. 1978. "The 1979National Assessment of Wildlife and Fish: A Progress Report,"Transactions of the 43rd North American Wildlife and Natural ResourcesConference, Phoenix, Arizona, March 19-22, 1978, pp 166-273.

United States Department of the Interior, U. S. Fish and WildlifeService, Ecological Services. 1979. "Habitat Evaluation Procedures,"Review Copy, Fort Collins, Colo.

United States Department of the Interior, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Ser-vice, Region 4. Periodically updated. "Endangered and ThreatenedSpecies of the Southeastern United States," Atlanta, Ga.

Weller, M. W. 1961. "Breeding Biology of the Least Bittern," TheWilson Bulletin, Vol 73, No. 1.

Wright, A. H., and Wright, A. A. 1957. Handbook of Snakes of theUnited States and Canada, Vol I, Cornell University, Ithaca.

1957. Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada,Vol II, Cornell University, Ithaca.

9

Appendix A: Species List, Lake Conway, Florida

Si

Al

Species

No. Commnon Name Scientific Name

FishSpecies

1 Longnose gar Loplsosteus osseus

2 Florida gar Lepisosteus platjrhincus

3 Bowf in Aula calva

4 American eel Anguilla rostrata

5 Gizzard shad Dor-osom cepedianum

6 Threadf in shad Dorosoua petenense,

7 Redf in pickerel Esox auericanus

8 Chain pickerel Esox niger

9 Golden shiner Not cmi gonus czysoleucas

10 Coastal shiner Not ropi a peters on!

11 Lake chubsucker ErimVjzon sucetta

*12 White catfish Ictalurus catus

13 Yellow bullhead Ictalurus natalis

14 Brown bullhead Ictalurus; nebulosus

15 Channel catfish .Yctalurus punctatus

16 Tadpole madtom Noturus grjrinus

17 Gglden topminnow Fuxidulus chrrjsotus

18 Seminole killifish Fundulus seulnolis

19 Flagfish Jordanella floridas

20 Bluefin killifish Lucania goodei

21 Mosquitofish Gabusia af 13215

24Brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus

25 Everglades pygmy sunfish Elassoma evergladei

26 Blue-spotted sunfish Ennecanthus glorlosus

27 Redbreast sunfish Lepomis auritus

28 Warinouth Lepomis gulosus

29 Redear sunfish Lepouls mnicrolophus

30 Spotted sunfish LePOuzs punctatuu

A2

SpeciesNo. Common Name Scientific Name

Fish Species (Continued)

31 Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides

32 Black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus

33 Dollar sunfish Lepomis marginatus

34 Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus35 Swamp darter Etheostoma fusiforme

i Bird Species

1 Common loon Gavia immer

2 Pied-billed grebe Podilymbus podiceps

3 Horned grebe Podiceps auritus

4 Double-crested cormorant Phalacrocorax auritus5 Water turkey Anhinga anhinga

6 Great blue heron Ardea herodias

7 Green heron Butorides virescens

8 American (Great) egret Casmorodius albus

9 Snowy egret Leucoplogx thula

10 Little blue heron Florida caerulea

11 Louisiana heron Hydranassa tricolor

12 Least bittern Izobrychus exilis

13 American bittern Botaurus lentiginosus

14 Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis

15 Black-crowned night heron Nycticoraz nycticorax

16 White ibis Eudocimus albus

17 Wood ibis (Stork) Nycteria americana

18 Wood duck Aix aponsa

19 Mallard duck Anas platyrhynchos20 Lesser scaup Aythya affinis

21 Redhead duck Aythya amricana

22 Canvasback AthJa valisineria

23 Baldpate (American wigeon) Naroca amricana

A3

SpeciesNo. Common Name Scientific

Name

Bird Species (Continued)

24 Ruddy duck Ozyura Jamicensis 1

25 Ring-necked duck Aythx-J collaris

26 Blue-winged teal Ans discors

27 Bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus

28 Osprey Pandion haliaetus

29 Limpkin Aramus guarawia

30 Common (American) coot Fulica americana

31 Common (Florida) gallinule Gallinula chloropus

32 Purple gallinule Porphyrula martinica

33 Sora rail Porzana carolina

34 Killdeer Charadrius vociferus

35 Wilson's (Common) snipe Capella gallznago

36 Lesser yellowlegs Totanus flavipes

37 Least sandpiper Erolia minutilla

38 Black tern Chilidonias niger

39 Herring gull Larus argentatus

40 Least tern Sterna albzfrons

41 Forster's tern Sterna forsteri

42 Ring-billed gull Larus delawarensis

43 Common tern Sternm hirundo

44 Bonaparte's gull Larus philadelphia

45 Royal tern Thalassous maxi"s

46 Belted kingfisher Negaceryl@ alcyon

47 Barn swallow Hiztmdo zustica

48 Tree shallow Iridoprocne bicolor

49 Purple martin PrognW subis

50 Fish crow Corvus ossifragus

51 Red-uinged blackbird Agelaius pho4~iceus

52 Boat-tailed grackle Cassidix Nezicanus

53 Common (Purple) grackle QulscaluS quiscula

Species

No. Common Name Scientific Nam

Bird Species (Continued)

54 Glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus

Mammal Species

1 Virginia opossum Dideiphis virginiana

2 Harsh rabbit Sylvilagus palustris

3 Florida water rat Neofiber alleni

4 Rice rat Orysouys palustris

5 Common (Hispid) cotton rat Siguodon hispidUs6 Northern racoon Procyon lotor7 Neartic river otter Lutra ca ndensis

Herpetofauna Species

1 Florida cricket frog Acris gryllus

2 American alligator Alligator nississippionsis

3 Two-toed Congo eel Anhium means

4 Southern toad Bufo terrestris

5 Common snapping turtle Chelydra sorpentina6 Cooter Chznsoms floridana

7 Florida river turtle ChzysumWs nelsoni

8 Black racer Coluber constrictor

9 Eastern chicken turtle Delrochelyx roticularia10 Dwarf salamander Btwycea quadridigitata11 Eastern mud snake Farancia abacura

12 Eastern narrow-mouthed toad Gastrophuyne carolineasis

13 Green tree frog Hyla cinra

14 Pine woods tree frog Hyla femoralis

15 Barking tree frog Hyla gratioaa

16 Squirrel tree frog Hyla squirella

17 Striped mud turtle Kinostornon bauri

18 Mud turtle Kinostornon subrubrum

AS

II

Species

No. Common Name Scientific Name

Herpetofauna Species (Continued)

19 Little grass frog Limnaoesus ocularis(Least tree frog)

20 Great water snake Nerodia cyclopion

21 Southern water snake Nerodia fasciata

22 Pig frog Rana gzylio

23 Striped swap snake Regina allani

24 Greater siren Siren lacertina

25 Comon musk turtle Sternotherus odoratus

26 Eastern ribbon snake Thamophis saurita

27 Eastern garter snake Thamophis sirtalis

28 Florida softshell Triongz ferox

A6

Ii

Appendix B: Life History and Management Information forSpecies Identified from Lake Conway, Florida

I BI

Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information*

1 Lopisostous ossous a. Longnose gar

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists

c. Not recreational or commercial

d. Population would increaselittle if at all

e. Not sensitive

f. Essentially carnivorous

h. In Florida, spawns in shallowwater March through Augustwith the peak in April

i. Inhabits sluggish pools, back-waters, and oxbows along largemoderately clear streams.

Adults are found in larger,deeper pools, while the youngare found in shallow back-waters, often around thick

growths of aquatic vegetation.Prefers quiet lakes and poolswhere they remain much of the

time around logs and debris

2 Lopisosteus a. Florida garplatyrhincus b. Not on State or Federal threat-

ened or endangered lists



e. Not sensitive

f. Fish, crustaceans, and insects

h. Spawns mostly in April and !Jay,but spawning may continue ' ntoOctober. Eggs are deposited atrandom in shallow water

* The information on commercial and recreational value applies to LakeConway only.

B2

Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information

2 Loplsostus i. Inhabits warm, sluggish waters.(Continued) platyrhincus Can live in very stagnant waters

3 Amia calva a. Bowfin

b. Not on State or Federal threat-




e. Not sensitive

f. Fish, crayfish, insects, sol-luscs, earthworms, frogs, andleeches

j. Often feeds at night

h. Nests in colonies in shelteredareas. Makes nest by clearing

plants and removing soil toexpose roots to which the eggsare attached

i. Avoids swift current or exces-sive turbidity. In lowlands

can be found in swamps,sloughs, borrow pits, ditches,and abandoned stream channels.Occurs in sluggish rivers andlakes, generally in clear waterwith abundant vegetation. Amiacalva can survive very stagnantwater due to its ability tosurface and 'breathe' the air.

Active at twilight and dawn

4 Anguilla rostrata a. American eel


c. Not recreational or coercial

d. Population would increase

little if at all

e. Not sensitive

f. Insects, fish, crayfish, crus-taceans, mollusks, annelids,echinoderms, and eelgrass

B3


4 Anguilla rostrata(Continued) h. Breeds in the Sargasso Sea

above Cuba

i. Males do not move far inland,but remain in fresh or brackishwaters near river mouths. Fe-males penetrate freshwaterrivers almost to their sources

Dorosoma copedianum a. Gizzard shad




e. Not sensitive

f. Plankton, occasionally oligo-chaetes, and small shad

h. Peak of spawning in Florida isfrom late March to early April

i. Occurs in fresh and brackishwaters, as well as land-lockedlakes and ponds. Lives inquiet water habitats and avoidsstreams that lack large, perma-nent pools

6 Dorosoma petenense a. Threadfin shad




e. Not sensitive

f. Plankton, Chaoborus, andchironomids

B4

B4

Fish Scientific

Species No. Name Management Information

6 Dorosoma petenense h. Spawns in schools under brush(Continued) and floating logs, eggs cling-

ing to the brush. May alsospawn in open water

i. Very sensitive to low tempera-tures; die-offs will occurbelow 45*F.** Permanent resi-dent of shoal waters

7 Esox auricanus a. Redfin pickerel


c. Recreational but not commercial


little if at all

e. Not sensitive

f. Fish, tadpoles, crustaceans,and insects

h Spawns in spring in shallowwater; the eggs are depositedrandomly

i. Habitats are characterized byclear water, little current,and thick growths of aquaticvegetation

8 Bsoz niger a. Chain pickerel




e. Not sensitive

** A table of factors for converting U. S. customary units of measure-ment to metric (SI) is presented on page 4 of the main text.

B5

.-----i--.---- - -- ----


8 Esox niger f. Smaller chain pickerel(Continued) (


9 Notemigonus i. Occurs in fresh or brackish(Continued) crYsoleucas waters, usually where vegeta-

tion is present. Characteris-tic of quiet water habitats;rare to streams with noticeablecurrent. Tolerant of moderateturbidity, but thrives inclear, heavily vegetated water

10 Notropis petersoni a. Coastal shiner



d. Unknown management potential

e. Not sensitive

f.

h.

i.

11 Brinyxon sucetta a. Lake chubsucker




e. Not sensitive

f. Young chubsuckers 30-42 v inlength feed on copepods, cla-docerans, and chironomids.Adults are bottom feeding andlargely herbivorous

h. Spawns in spring, "running" upsmall tributary streams. Nestis a cleaned area among gravel

i B7


11 Erimyzon sucetta i. Reported found in brackish(Continued) water and freshwater streams.

Ascends streams to headwatersin cold weather. Also found inclear, quiet pools having sub-

merged vegetation and bottomscomposed of sand or silt mixedwith organic debris

12 Ictalurzus catus a. White catfish



c. Recreational and commercial


e. Not sensitive

f. Fish, iish eggs, pondweeds,and aquatic insects

h.

i. Lives in fresh to slightlybrackish waters, in areas withsome current and mud bottom

13 Ictalurus natalis a. Yellow bullhead




e. Not sensitive

f. Feeds on fish, crustaceans,

and insects

A.

h. Nests in waters 0.5 to 2 m deep

i. Avoids strong current. Foundin quiet, heavily vegetatedbackwaters and overflow poolswith clear water and shallowportions of ponds and lakes

B8i


14 Ictaluzus nebulosus a. Brown bullhead





e. Not sensitive

f. Fry and fingerlings up to

75 mm: zooplankton and chiron-omids; adults: insects, fish,fish eggs, mollusks, and plants

a. Nocturnal bottom feedersh. Spawning habitats have shallow

water with firm mud and muck togravel bottoms. Spawns fromMarch to May in Florida

i. Prefers quiet, clear waterswith moderate or large amountsof submerged aquatic vegeta-tion. Thrives in clear, coolerwater of the larger lakes.

Preferred bottom substrate con-sists of organic muds topebbles

15 Zctalurus punctatus a. Channel catfish





e. Not sensitive

f. Omnivorous, including terres-trial and aquatic insects,macrocrustaceans, fish, seeds,vascular plants, and filamen-tous algae

h. Spawning takes place under over-hanging ledges, hollow logs, orin similarily sheltered places

B9


15 Zctalurus punctatus i. Occurs in a variety of habi-(Continued) tats, especially characteristic

of large streams having low tomoderate gradients. Adults arefound in larger pools in deepwater or under cover such aslogs

16 Noturus gyrinus a. Tadpole madtom





e. Not sensitive

f. Cladocera, ostracods, chirono-mids, and debris

h.

i. Found in clear to moderatelyturbid waters with little cur-rent and an abundance of sub-merged plants or accumulations

of organic debris for cover

17 Fundulus chrysotus a. Golden topminnow



d. Unknown management potentiale. Not sensitive

f. Wolffia, insects, and othercrustaceans

h.

BIO

LL.


17 Fundulus chrysotus i. Inhabits clear, quiet pools(Continued) and backwaters where submerged

aquatic plants are abundant.Characteristic of eutrophicwaters, it occurs in shallowareas along lakeshores and inmarshes with thick growths ofaquatic vegetation

18 F.mdulus sominolis a. Seminole killifish




e. Not sensitive

f.g. Benthic feeding on fine sand

bottom

h.i. Inhabits fresh to brackish

waters of Florida lakes andstreams. Common near the shoreof large lakes in weed-filledshallow areas

19 Jordanella florida a. Flagfish




e. Not sensitive

f. Largely vegetarian in diet

h.

i. Favors quiet, shallow, weedy,eutrophic areas of 'resh toslightly brackish .4ater

20 Lucania goodel a. Bluefin killifish

B 1


20 Lucania goodel b. Not on State or Federal threat-(Continued) ened or endangered lists



e. Not sensitive

f.Bottom feeding

~h.

i. Usually found in clear watersassociated with submerged

aquatic vegetation

21 Gambusia affinis a. Mosquitofish




e. Not sensitive

f. Mosquito larvae and pupae,

copepods, algae, and small fish

a. Shore vegetation and debrish. Spawns from May to September

i. Inhabits still waters and isfound in great abundance amongshore vegetation and debris.Occurs in shallow marginalareas where the water is warmand there is considerableaquatic vegetation or othercover

22 Heterandrla foruosa a. Least killifish




e. Not sensitive

B12

Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Hanagement Information

22 Heterandria torsosa f. Feeds on insects and other(Continued) small animal life

A.h.

i. Basically a brackish waterfish, only occasionally invad-ing fresh water. Usually foundin shallow sloughs or ponds

23 Poecilia latipinna a. Sailfin molly




e. Not sensitive

f. Vegetarian and mud-eating;consumes insects such asmosquitoes

h.

i. Inhabits fresh, brackish, andsalt water. Is usually foundin shallow sloughs and pools

24 Labidesthes a. Brook silverside

sicculus b. Not on State or Federal threat-




e. Not sensitive

f.

A.

h.

i. Characteristic of clear, warmwaters with no current. Inlakes it is most abundant incoves and along the shore

B134

Fish Scientific


25 Elassoma evergladei a. Everglades pygmy sunfish




e. Not sensitive

f. Feeds on crustaceans andinsects

I-

h.

i. Found in the swamps of southernGeorgia and Florida

26 Enneacanthus a. Blue-spotted sunfishgloriosus b. Not on State or Federal threat-




e. Not sensitive

f. Small crustaceans such as cope-pods, amphipods, and isopods;insects, worms, and some plants

h.

i. Inhabits sluggish water, espe-cially with aquatic vegetation.Also found in brackish watersnear the mouths of streams

27 Lopomis auritus a. Redbreast sunfish




e. Not sensitive

B14


27 Lepoms auritus f. Insects (Cook 1959)**(Continued) I.

h. In Florida spawning occurs fromApril to June. Nests are usu-ally in water 15-40 cm deep andin the shelter of a log orstump in sand or fine gravel

i. Flourishes in a wide variety ofecological conditions fromheadwater streams to rivers andlakes along coastal plains

28 Lepomis gulosus a. Warmouth





e. Not sensitive

f. Fish, aquatic insects,

crustaceans

a.h. Nests are built near a stump,

a clump of vegetation, or othercover, at depths of 0.05-1.5 m.Nests on all substrates but

sand

i. Found in oxbow lakes and otheroverflow waters along thefloodplains of streams. Exhib-its a definite affinity forclear water and thick growthsof submergent vegetation.Inhabits shallow mud bottomlakes and ponds and sluggish

streams. Old tree stumps arecommon hiding places. Toler-ance of turbidity is greaterthan that of other sunfishes

** Reference citations are included in the Bibliography located at theend of the main text.

B15


29 Lepomis microlophus a. Redear sunfish




e. Not sensitive

f. Insect larvae, snails, smallclams, and crustaceans. Snails

are the preferred food item

a.h. In Florida spawning is from

late February to October first.Nests are in water 45-90 cmdeep or as much as 2 m deep,

preferably in areas ofwaterlilies

i. Thrives in warm, clear waterswith no noticeable current andabundant aquatic plants. Con-

gregates around logs, stumps,and brush

30 Lopomis punctatus a. Spotted sunfish





e. Not sensitive

f.

h. In Florida spawning is fromearly spring into November

i. Occurs in quiet pools with

aquatic plants or submergedloss

31 Micropterus a. Largemouth bass

salmolden b. Not on State or Federal threat-


B16

Fish ScientificSpecies No. Name Manasement Information

31 Micropterus c. Recreational but not commercial(Continued) Balsoidos d. Unknown management potential

e. Not sensitive

f. Fish, crustaceans, aquatic andterrestrial insects, frogs, andsalamanders (Carlander 1977)

h. Spawning occurs from mid-December to April in Florida.Silt bottoms are avoided in

spawning. Eggs are depositedin water not more than a fewfeet deep

i. Characteristic of standingrather than flowing water;intolerant of excessive turbid-ity and siltation. Thrives inwarm, moderately clear waters.Better adapted to small, shal-low, warm lakes and sluggishstreams with bottoms chiefly ofmud, but often is found indeeper lakes with bottoms par-

tially of mud and partially ofsand and gravel. Requirescover such as standing orfallen timber, beds of aquaticvegetation, and artificialreefs

32 Poxouis a. Black crappienigromaculatus b. Not on State or Federal threat-




e. Not sensitive

f. Cladocerans, copepods, chirono-mid larvae, other aquatic in-sects, fish, and flying insects

1.

B17


32 Pozomis h. Nests are built on gravel,(Continued) nigronaculatus sand, or, rarely, on softer

bottoms at depths of 25 cm to6 m. Host spawning is at thebase of vegetation from Aprilto autumn

i. Found in clear water absent ofnoticeable current with abun-dant cover such as submergedtimber or aquatic vegetation

33 Lepomis marginatus a. Dollar sunfish





e. Not sensitive

f. Aquatic insects

h.

i. Prefers streams to lakes; tends

to avoid muddy water

34 Lepomis macrochirus a. Bluegill




e. Not sensitive

f. Terrestrial and aquaticinsects, crayfish, fish, algae,rotifers, cladocerans, andcopepods

h. Spawning occurs from Februaryto October in Florida. Nestsare built in water 15-120 cmdeep over a variety of sub-strates with fine gravel

B18

Fish Scientific


34 Lopomis acrochirus preferred, in quiet areas free(Continued) of aquatic plants

i. Found in ponds, lakes, andquiet streams. Intolerantof continuous high turbidityand siltation. Thrives inwarm, clear waters where

aquatic plants or other coveris present

35 Etheostoma fusiforme a. Swamp darter




e. Not sensitive

f.

h.

i. Commonly found in slow movingstreams with a mud bottom andvegetative debris

B19

Bird Scientific


1 Gavia imer a. Common loon




d. Population could increaselittle if at all

e. Not sensitive

f. Fish, crayfish, crabs, amphib-

ians, insects, shellfish, andvegetation

h. Overwinters in central Florida

but does not breed therei.

2 Podilynbus podiceps a. Pied-billed grebe




d. Population could be increased

e. Not sensitive

f. Small fish, snails, small

frogs, tadpoles, aquatic worms,

leeches, water insects, andcrayfish

g. Dense stands of emergents close

to shore provide feeding cover

h. A year-round resident of cen-

tral Florida and breeds there.

Nests are concealed in shore-

line vegetation such as cat-

tails, bulrushes, reeds, and

grasses. Nesting success, how-

ever, may depend upon water

depth and distance fLm shore

rather then vegetation. Of the

nests 77% are built over water

75 cm or less deep, the average

for successful nests being

60 cm. Average distance to the

B20

Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information

2 Podilzbus podiceps shore is 92 m, and the average(Continued) distance to open water is 8 w.

After hatching, broods remainin open water away from denseemergent vegetation

i. Ponds, lakes, marshes, andsluggish streams bordered bydense emergent vegetation pro-vide adequate resting cover.

Avoids ponds with 100% openwater

3 Podiceps auritus a. Horned grebe




e. Not sensitive

f. Fish, insects, crayfish, tad-poles, shrimp, and some vege-

table matter

h. Overwinters in central Floridabut does not breed there

i. Frequents small ponds, sloughs,and shallow bays of large lakes

4 Phalacrocorax a. Double-crested cormorantaur itus b. Not on state or Federal threat-

ened or endangered lists (USDI1979). Protected by the Fed-eral Migratory Bird Treaty(Landin 1978)


(USDI 1979)


(USDI 1979)

e. Human disturbance causes eggsto be broken and knocked fromnests as adults leave area,besides leaving them vulnerable

B21


4 Pbalacrocorax to predators such as gulls(Continued) auritus (USDI 1979). Highly suscepti-

ble to human disturbance as

nest is left early in approach

f. Fish (perch, bullhead, crappie,carp, and stickleback) andsalamanders (Pough 1951)

h. A year-round resident ofcentral Florida and breedsthere. Nests are frequentlymade in the tops of vegetation,although, traditionally, littlemore than 1 m above the ground.Favorite nesting site is

forest, although nests arefound in shrub forest and onthe ground

i. Rocky ledges and trees areneeded for roosting

5 Anhinga anhinge a. Water turkey

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBirds Treaty

c. Not recreational or comercial


e. Not sensitive

f. Feeds on fish aad other aquaticlife

g. Feeding sites are small bodiesof quiet or sluggishly flowing

fresh water

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.

Arboreal, nesting in shrubforests and forests, beneaththe forest canopy. The nestsite may be around any type ofwater, but quiet, sheltered

B22

LI


5 Anhinga anhlna waters are preferred and nests(Continued) are more abundant around

fresh water

i. This bird is often found alongcypress swamps and ricefieldsthroughout the south. It isusually seen singly although itwill soar in flocks

6 Ard*a herodias a. Great blue heron




e. Sensitive to regulardisturbances

f. Fish, snakes, insects, mice,frogs, eels, salamanders, andan occasional rail

g. Needs shallow water in which tofeed (Landin 1978)

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are usually placed in thetops of tall trees above sur-

rounding canopy which are usu-ally selected remote from humaninfluences. Rookeries may beabandoned if disturbed on aregular basis. Will nest onman-made structures and on theground, though primarilyarboreal

i. Frequents small streams, uplandmeadows, the shores of pondsand lakes, salt and freshmarshes, mudflats, sandbars,and shallow bays. Vegetationoccurring in and along shallowwaters and the shores of ponds,

B23

. ... : ... ... - .... -. , ,.e :-

, . .. .


6 Ardea herodias reservoirs, marshes, and(Continued) streams provide cover. Favor-

ite resting habitats areforest, shrub forest, and shrubthicket although herb shruband dense herb are also used

7 Butorides virescons a. Green heron


c. Not commercial or recreational


e. Not sensitive

f. Eels, small bony fish (killi-fish, sunfish, catfish, gold-fish, carp, bass, silversides),tadpoles, crayfish, frogs,earthworms, crickets, grass-hoppers, and small snakes andmammals

g. Forages in early morning orlate afternoon among emergentvegetation or along soft, muddyborders of shallow water

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are platforms of twigs3-6 m up in trees, but also maybe built in bushes and on theground. Favorite nesting sitesare in herb shrub althoughdense herb, shrub thicket,shrub forest, and forest aresometimes used. Nests arebuilt beneath canopy

i. Most common along vegetatededges of open water and marshyor swampy areas. Reeds, cat-tails, and brushy thickets pro-vide cover. Ideal habitat iswetland interspersed with wc.'

B24


7 Butorides viroscenas vegetation and some open shal-(Continued) low water, muddy shores, and no

water fluctuations

8 Casmerodius albus a. American (Great) egret

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists butof special concern



e. Not sensitive

f. All types of aquatic animallife: frogs, snakes, crayfish,shrimp, aquatic insects, fish,crabs, and snails

h. Usually nests in swamp woods orwillow thickets with otherherons, cormorants, andanhingas. Where possible,nests are placed 20-40 ft upin trees, but can be lower,especially if over water

i. Frequents borders of sluggishstreams and ponds as well assaltwater and freshwatermarshes

9 Leucophoyx thula a. Snowy egret

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists butof special concern. Protectedby the Federal Migratory BirdTreaty



e. Not sensitive

f. Crustaceans, insects, frogs,fish, and other small aquaticlife

B25


9 Leucophoyx thula g. Needs shallow water to feed.(Continued) The shallow water of marshes

and ponds, wet meadows, andfields are favorite feedinggrounds

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Favorite nest sites are shrubthicket and shrub forest, butare also found nesting inforest, herb shrub, and denseherb. Arboreal. Nests may bebuilt 6-12 ft up in trees butare often 1-2 ft above waterin matted marsh vegetation

i.

10 Florida caerulea a. Little blue heron

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists butof special concern. Protectedby the Federal Migratory BirdTreaty



e. Not sensitive

f. Feeds on a higher proportion ofcrayfish, frogs, and insects--and fewer fish, than mostherons

&. Needs shallow water to feed.Is coimensal with the whiteibis because the ibis' feedingmovements stir up potentialprey and thus increase theherons' food intake.

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are built beneath thecanopy, preferably in forests,shrub forests, and shrubthicket although herb shrub is

B26


10 Florida caeruloa also utilized. Normal nest(Continued) height is 3-8 ft, but they may

be found up to 40 ft abovewater

i.

11 IAydranassa tricolor a. Louisiana heron

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Ofspecial concern, Florida

Audubon Society. Protected bythe Federal Migratory BirdTreaty



e. Not sensitive

f. Killifish, minnows, and other

shallow water fish; shrimp,crayfish, and insects

g. Needs shallow water to feed

h. Nests beneath the canopy, pref-erably in shrub thicket andshrub forest although forest,herb shrub, and dense herb areutilized. Arboreal, but occa-sionally nests on the ground

i. Occurs inland only in areasof extensive marshland

12 Zxobrychus *xilix a. Least bittern

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists but ofspecial concern, FloridaAudubon Society



e. Not sensitive

f. Small fish and crustaceans, in-sects, frogs, and small ammals

B27

Bird Scientific


12 Izobrychus *xilis(Continued) h. A year-roud resident of cen-

tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are built in emergentvegetatio, several feet tall,or on a bog or drift. A nat-ural clump of the previousyear's vegetation is needed asa base for the nest, which isusually placed 6-24 in. abovewater 3-38 in. deep

i. Favors freshwater marshes withstands of cattails and otherreedy plants. Young least bit-tern are preyed upon by tur-tles, other birds, and snakes

13 Botau.Us a. American bitternl.ntiginosus b. Not on State or Federal threat-




e. Not sensitive

f. Frogs are preferred, but allsmall marsh animals and fishare eaten

'. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breede there.Nests are bu*lt on the groundin edge emergents, usually in amarsh in a dense growtO of t.Allcattails, grasses, or sedges

i. Inhabits marshes, bogs, andsalt or fresh wet meadows andseldom leaves the cover ofdense beds of cattails or otherrank growths. Shoreline wader

14 Bubulcus Ibis a. Cattle egret


B28


14 Bubulcus ibis Protected by the Federal(Continued) Migratory Bird Treaty



e. Not sensitive

f. Arthropoda, with Orthopterapredominating. Also eats frogsand lizards

. Feeds near cattle; commensal.Requires shallow water to feed

h. Is a year-round resident ofcentral Florida and breedsthere. Favorite nesting sitesare shrub forest and forest butnests are also found in herbshrub and shrub thicket. Pri-marily arboreal. Nests areconstructed of materials takenfrom the nests of heronry asso-ciates. Entire nests of greatblue herons, Louisiana herons,great egrets, snowy egrets, androseate spoonbills have beenstolen, leaving the eggs andyoung to drop to the ground andperish

1.

15 Nycticorax a. Black-crowned night heron

rjcticora b. Not on State or Federal threat-

ened or endangered lists butof special concern. Protectedby the Federal Migratory BirdTreaty



e. Not sensitive

B29


15 Hfcticorax f. Fish, crayfish, aquatic in-

(Continued) nycticorax sects, and frogs. Also anaerial predator of other colo-nial waterbirds and their eggs

i" Requires shallow water in whichto feed

h. A year-round resident in cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are built in shrubforest, shrub thicket, orforest although herb shrub anddense herb are used. Occasion-ally nests are found on the

ground. Nests are built be-neath the canopy. Will nestfar from water in tall trees orpractically on the ground inmatted reeds; very adaptable

i. Sleeps all day in treetoproosts. Most commonly found inareas with extensive marshes(fresh or salt) but afterbreeding season can be found on

almost any small lake or pond16 Euocimus albus a. White ibis

b. Not on Federal or State threat-ened or endangered lists, butis of special concern. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBird Treaty



e. Very sensitive to human dis-

turbance; rookeries have beenabandoned after one or twovisits by bird students

f. Fiddler crabs, snakes, cray-fish, and many kinds of insects

a" Favorite feeding grounds areshallow water of marshy areas,wet fields, and tidal flats

B30


16 Eudocimus albus h. A year-round resident of cen-(Continued) tral Florida and breeds there.

Primarily arboreal, but occa-sionally nests on the ground.Nest site is usually low treesor shrubs standing in water;nests are built 3-15 ft abovewater. Forests have been usedfor nesting

i.

17 Nycteria americana a. Wood ibis (Stork)

b. On State, but not Federal,

threatened and endangered lists



e. Not sensitive

f. Feeds on every kind of animallife found in shallow water

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Preferred nest site is theupper branches of a stand ofgiant swamp trees. Also makesuse of shallow water trees suchas mangrove and willow

i. Inhabits low, wet country wherevast swamps alternate withopen, marshy meadows and shal-low muddy ponds. After feedinglikes to sit in the top of adead tree to sun and digest

18 Aix sponsa a. Wood duck




e. Not sensitive

B31

'4L


18 Aix sponsa f. Aquatic plants and seeds, in-(Continued) sects, and aquatic inverte-

brates. Ducklings feed almostentirely on animal life butchange to a diet of plant lifeas they grow older includingseeds of cowlily, waterlily,and watershield, and fruits andnuts of woody plants

. Forages on seeds and plantparts on sparsely vegetatedground or water less than 46 cmdeep

h. A year-round resident of Flor-ida and breeds there. Optimalnesting sites are cavities inopen or parklike mature timbernear or over water. Preferredbreeding habitats are floodedareas of shrubs and/or trees in

about a 50:50 ratio of plgntcover to open water, and water

at a depth of 8-90 cm

i. Found in mature mast-producingbottomland forests borderingstreams or permanent lakes.Mature shrubs may provide ade-

quate cover if they rise abovethe water with dense overhang-ing branches that allow the

ducks to swim under freely.Loafing sites are necessary ofsufficient size for broods to

preen and sun. Must be closeto water and nearby cover isrequired

19 Anas platyrhrchom a. Mallard duck


c. Recreational but not comercial


e. Not sensitive

B32


19 Anas platyrhnchos f. Seeds of numerous native food(Continued) plants as well as cultivated

plants, including rice. Pri-

marily eats the seeds ofsedges, grasses, and smart-weeds. Also eats the leaves,

stems, and seeds of pondweed,coontail, and duckweed. For-ages on waste grains and mastas well as understory fruits

S- Prefers to feed in water lessthan 12-16 in. deep. Willoften fly 25-30 miles fromwater to feed

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are located within 100 ydof water, on the ground andformed as bowls or scrapes in

old plant litter or in moist

earth

i. Any body of shallow water issuitable habitat. Roost andnest cover is open water, slow-moving wooded streams, woodedponds, and flooded timberlands.Also uses logs, sandbars,stumps, and high points sur-rounded by water 1 m deep

20 Aythya affinis a. Lesser scaup


c. Recreational but not coumercial


e. Not sensitive

f. Mollusks, especially snails;

dragonfly and damselfly nymphs,larval caddisflies, beetles,insects, and crustaceans

B33

I,


20 Aythya affinis g. Commonly feeds in waters(Continued) 10-25 ft deep, although will

feed in depths from a few feetto 40 ft deep


but does not breed there

i. Common to small lakes, ponds,and marshes. Coastal bays ortidewater mouths of largerivers

21 Aythya americana a. Redhead duck





e. Not sensitive

f. Grasshoppers, larvae of midgesand caddisflies, mollusks,

snails, widgeongrass, pondweed,waterlily, naiad, and duckweed

&. Prevalent feeder in sloughs,ponds, and marshes. Dives forfood in waters up to 12 ft deep

h. Nests in emergent vegetation oflarge marshes, the larger,deeper potholes of prairies and

parklands, over water, and indense stands of plants. Some-times on islands or dry land.A strong preference has beennoted for hardstem bulrushbeds, cattails, and sedges

i.

22 Aythya valisineria a. Canvasback




e. Not sensitive

B34


22 Aythya valisineria f. Roots, tubers, and basal por-(Continued) tions of underwater plants,

particularly pondweed, arechief foods. Many seeds ofsedges and wild rice arestrained out of bottom mud.Animal food includes bivalves,gastropods, dragonflies, dam-selflies, small fish, annelidworms, crabs, and othercrustaceans

1. Occupies the larger, deeper,permanent ponds for feeding

h. Uses the smaller, shallower,and less-enduring ponds fornesting. These ponds are usu-ally less than 1 acre in sizeand encircled by cattails andbulrushes, including suchdiverse habitats as largemarshes, ponds, sloughs, andpotholes. Nests are built inbeds of cattails or rushesgrowing in shallow water, gen-erally not far from a deepwater opening

i. Occupies the larger, deeper,more permanent ponds for rest-ing. The canvasback is sus-ceptible to lead poisoning dueto its straining of bottommuds for food

23 Nareca americana a. Baldpate (American wigeon)




e. Not sensitive

f. Almost wholly vegetarian exceptfor snails. Mollusks, aquaticinsects, other small crusta-ceans. Prefers to eat the

B35


23 Mareca americana stems and leafy parts of(Continued) aquatic plants and may steal

these from coots and redheads.Easily adapts to new food types


i. Favorite habitats are shallow

fresh or brackish ponds

24 Oxyura jamazcensis a. Ruddy duck




e. Not sensitive

f. Primarily vegetarian and sec-ondarily a consumer of animallife. Feeds on many seeds,

- especially of sedges and pond-weeds, as well as eating the

leaves, stems, and tubers ofsago and clasping-leaf pond-weeds. Also feeds on aquatic

insects and crustaceans such asmidge and horsefly larvae, cad-disfly larvae, and water

boatmen

g. Regularly dives for food inwater 2-10 ft deep



i.

25 Aythya collaris a. Ring-necked duck




e. Not sensitive

B36

Bird ScientificSpecies No. Name Hanagement Information

25 Aythya collaris f. Ducklings feed on animal life(Continued) during the first few days.

After 2 weeks of age, vegetablematter consisting of bulrushand sedge seed is added.Adults feed on seeds ofwater-shield and pondweed; theleaves, stems, and rootstalksof pondweeds, and snails

g. Feeds in shallow water, usuallyless than 6 ft deep


i.

26 Anas discors a. Blue-winged teal




e. Not sensitive

f. One quarter of the food con-sumed is animal with the re-mainder of the diet aquaticplant vegetative parts andseeds

g- Feeds on mud flats and in marshhabitats. Also feeds in shal-low, muddy ponds overgrown withaquatic vegetation and aroundreedy shores of lakes andsloughs

h. Migrates through central Flor-ida but does not breed there

i. Favors shallow ponds and chan-nels of freshwater marshes

27 Haliaeetus a. Bald eagleloucocephalus b. On Federal, but not State,

threatened and endangered lists


B37


27 Haliaeetus d. Population could be increased(Continued) Isucocephalus e. Not sensitive

f. Fish are staple food. Sick ordead ducks are occasionallyeaten

g. Hunting perches required



i. Lakes, large rivers, coastalbays, and seacoast are accept-able habitat. Perches areneeded for resting and preen-

ing. Perches may be trees,fence posts, or utility poles,although trees are preferred.Eagles may travel several miles

from feeding areas to findsuitable roosting cover. Win-ter roosting areas are groupsof large trees to which the

eagles return nightly

28 Pandion haliaetus a. Osprey

b. On State threatened list, but

not on Federal threatened orendangered lists. Consideredthreatened according to Florida

Audubon Society



e. Not sensitive

f. Fish

. ust have clear water for fish-ing and ample supply of fish

that swim or feed near the sur-face (gizzard shad and perch)

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Will nest near extensive bodiesof clear water with elevatednest sites, such as seacoasts,

B38


28 Pandion haliaetus bays, large lakes, or rivers,(Continued) or groups of small ponds.

Nests may be any height abovethe ground in trees (living ordead) and on man-made struc-tures, rocky canyonside pinna-cles, and sometimes on theground along upper beaches

i.

29 Arams guarauna a. Limpkin




e. Not sensitive

f. Favorite food is freshwatersnails but many small animalsare also eaten

S. Feeds along the edges of denseclumps of marsh vegetation

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are made up of wovenleaves and stems of emergentmarsh plants, anchored justabove the water on growingstalks, and are located on theopen water edge of a denseclump of vegetation

i. Occurs frequently in freshwatermarshes and marshy riverbanks.Nearby trees are used as rest-ing and lookout perches

30 Fulica americana a. Common (American) coot




e. Not sensitive

B39

t _ .. ., -. .< ' v = -. .-'', . . .. .I. . . ..

Bird Scientific

Species No. Name Hanagement Information

30 Fulica americana f. Underwater plants are the(Continued) staple food, with a marked

preference for chara, muskgrass, or other algae. Alsofeeds on grass and sproutingand waste grains

i a.h. Overwinters in central Florida


i. All types of water arepreferred

31 Gallinula chloropus a. Common (Florida) gallinule


c.

d.e.

f. Snails, insects, small animals,underwater plants, duckweed,and the leaves of grass andherbs

A.

h. Nest is anchored to a clump ofvegetation, usually over wateror semifloating, close to openwater

i. Frequents freshwater marsheswhere cattails or other emer-gent vegetation grow in a footor more of water

32 Porphyrula a. Purple gallinulemartinica b. Not on State or Federal threat-




e. Not sensitive

B40


32 Porphrula f. Frogs, snails, aquatic insects,(Continued) martinica and seeds from lily pads, spat-

terdock, water lettuce, rice,windmillgrass, paspulum, knot-grass, duckweed, and othergrasses

g. Feeds in the deeper areas ofmarsh or along roadside ditchesbetween floating plants

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are made in islandlikeclumps of tall, dense marshvegetation surrounded by openwaterlily marsh

1.

33 Porzana carolina a. Sora rail




e. Not sensitive

f. Insects, spiders, snails, andcrustaceans. In fall it be-comes seed-eating

j" Feeds along marsh edges and outon lily pads and other floatingvegetation picking up insects,mollusks, and other smallanimals. In fall the rail con-centrates heavily whereverthere are beds of wild rice.Forages on land and in water,

particularly where plant stemdebris allows movement withouthaving to swim


B41


33 Porzana carolina i. Usually found in wetlands with(Continued) dense stands of emergent her-

baceous vegetation

34 Charadrius a. Killdeervociferus b. Not on State or Federal threat-



d. Population would increaselittle if any

e. Not sensitive

f. Insects, earthworms, snails,spiders, and weed seeds

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Common sites for nests are bar-ren, open spots; plowed crop-land; closely grazed pastures;and gravel bars. Nests arelocated on substrate with manylight/dark contrasts in colorfor concealment. Proper nest-ing habitat in Florida isgrassy, open, sandy areas

i. Common to open habitatsadjacent to wetlands; generallyon bare, exposed ground orground with little vegetativecover, such as bare or culti-vated fields, stubble fields,heavily grazed prairie, do-mestic pastures, exposed gravelor sand, road shoulders, andbare shorelines. Occupiesbeaches in Florida

35 Capella gallJnago a. Wilson's (Common) snipe



B42


35 Capella gallinago d. Population would increase(Continued) little if any

e. Not sensitive

f. Insects, small crustaceans,earthworms, snails, and smallfish

g. Feeds in closely grazed wetpastures with shallow, tempo-rary rain pools, or burnt-over,mowed, or plowed wetlands.Also feeds in grass edges oflakes, ponds, and ditches


i. Prefers tussock-filled wetmeadows, grassy marshes, andbogs. Winter habitat ismarshes where vegetation isbattered or dead exposing alka-line, organic soils to forag-ing. Heavy cover may precludesnipe utilization of otherwiseexcellent cover

36 Totanus flavipes a. Less4 yellowlegs


c. Not recreational or comuercial


e. Not sensitive

f. Crustaceans and insects

g" Shallow water, rain pools, wetgrassy areas, and brackishsalt marsh ponds


i.37 Erolla mlnztilla a. Least sandpiper

B43


37 Erolia minutilla b. Not on State or Federal threat-(Continued) ened or endangered lists



e. Not sensitivef. Insects, crustaceans, worms,

and small mollusks

g. Feeds from the surface orprobes mud or shallow water

h. Breeds in subarctic forest

i. Prefers wet or muddy areas,sparsely grown up in grass, orrecently cut over

38 Chlidonias niger a. Black tern

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal Migratory

Bird Treaty


d.e.

f. Insects, grasshoppers, locusts,dragonflies, frogs, tadpoles,fish, and crayfish

g. Often feeds on grasslands

h. Migrates through central Flor-ida but does not breed there

i. Typical of inland lakes

39 Larus argentatus a. Herring gull

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBird Treaty



B44


39 Larus argontatus e. Not sensitive(Continued) f. Fish, crustaceans, marine

worms, shellfish, sea urchins,insects, eggs, and garbage


i. Utilizes small bodies of fresh

water for drinking, bathing,and resting

40 Sterna albifrons a. Least tern


ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBird Treaty



e. Not sensitive

f. Dives for fish and crustaceans

A.

h. Favorite nesting site is on theground on bare substrate. Hasbeen found nesting on flat,gravel-covered rooftops. Nestsin Florida are primarily inopen sandy to rocky areas, usu-ally elevated less than 1 .above water. When grasses be-

come prominent, terns stopnesting. Will nest on mainlandbeaches or inland river

sandbars

i. Adapts well to civilization

41 Sterna forsteri a. Forster's tern

b. Not oa State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists. Pro-

tected by the Federal Migratory

Bird Treaty

B45

| .


41 Sterna forsteri c. Not recreational or commercial(Continued) d. Population would increase

little if any

e. Not sensitive

f. Insects and fish

a.h. Overwinters in central Florida


i. Common along the coast marshes

and inland waters42 Larus delawarensis a. Ring-billed gull


ened or endangered lists. Pro-tected by the Federal MigratoryBird Treaty



e. Not sensitive but intolerant ofdisturbance

f. Aerial predator of other colo-

nial waterbirds and their eggsand young. Feeds on fish (likecarp), crayfish, and other

aquatic animals of shallowwater, insects, and sometimesmice and ground squirrels, aswell as garbage

g. Feeds near or in marshes andlakes when inland


i.

43 Sterna hirundo a. Common tern


B46

A ,- - -


43 Sterna hirundo c. Not recreational or commercial(Continued) d. Population would increase

little if any

e. Not sensitive

f. Small fish, insects, and otheraquatic life

j. May feed in open bays, marshes,or tidal pools, traveling con-siderabie distances from thecolony



i.

44 Larus philadelphia a. Bonaparte's gull




e. Not sensitive

f. Staple foods in winter aresmall fish, crustaceans,snails, and marine worms.Otherwise insectivorous

g. Prefers lakes for feeding

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are built in spruce-firforests about lakes andmarshes. They are usually sad-dled on a horizontal branchfrom 3-20 ft up

i. Inland it migrates along rivervalleys

45 Thalasseus maximus a. Royal tern

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists butof special concern. Protected

B47


45 Thalasseus maxiuus by the Federal Migratory Bird(Continued) Treaty



little if any

e. Not sensitive

f. Feeds almost wholly on fish upto 4 in. in length

g. Travels far to feed in openbays or offshore

h. Favorite nesting site is baresubstrate or sparse herbaceousvegetation, on the ground.

Nests on low sandy islandsalong the coast

i.

46 Negaceryle alcyon a. Belted kingfisher





e. Not sensitive

f. Fish, insects, crayfish, am-phibians, small snakes, andlizards

g. Prefers fishing in shallowwaters of lakes and streams; is

most successful in a moderateto slow current. Choppy watersurface and turbidity reduceforaging success. Requiresopen conditions to be able to

hunt from perch sites adjacentto or overhanging a water body.Portions of streams coveredwith brush one to a few feetabove the water are unsuitable

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.

B48


46 Negaceryle alcyon Nest burrows are dug into steep(Continued) banks of bare ground, prefer-

ably along a watercourse. Lowshorelines and streambankscovered with dense vegetationare unsuitable. Man-made banksalong road cuts or gravel pitsare suitable. Sandy clay isbest for nest tunnels; rockysoil is unsuitable

i. Diurnal; roosts at night 6-8 mabove the ground in trees30-610 m from water

47 Hirundo rustica a. Barn swallow




e. Not sensitive

f. Insectivorous

j. Most prey captured on the wing

h. Migrates through, but does notbreed in, central Florida

i.

48 Iridoprocne bicolor a. Tree swallow




e. Not sensitive

f. Flies, beetles, ants, bees,wasps, moths, grasshoppers,spiders, and other insects.Occasionally waxmyrtle or

bayberry


B49

rBird Scientific


48 Iridoprocne bicolor i.(Continued)

49 Progne subis a. Purple martin




e. Not sensitive

f. Insectivorous

1. Practically all prey capturedon the wing

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there

i. Frequently found near the sea-shore, in meadows, and alongwide river valleys

50 Corvus ossifragus a. Fish crow




e. Not sensitive

f. Aerial predator of colonialwaterbirds and their eggs, andyoung weevils, carrion, andfish


1.

51 Agelaius phoeniceus a. Red-winged blackbird




B50

.1


51 Agelaius phoeniceus e. Not sensitive(Continued)

f. Weed seeds, corn, oats, wheat,

fruits, beetles, spiders, cat-erpillars, and other insects.Young are fed on insects

&. Trees provide feeding cover

h. A year-round resident of cen-tral Florida and breeds there.Nests are built in marshes,swamps, wet meadows, and, occa-sionally, at roadsides. Cat-tails are a favored nestingsite

i. Inhabits swamps, marshes, andwet meadows. Marsh vegetationis used for escape cover. Cat-tails and trees are perchingsites

52 Cassidix mexicanus a. Boat-tailed grackle




e. Not sensitive

f. Aerial predator of colonialwaterbirds, their young andeggs, lizards, toads, frogs,small mammals, corn, and rice


i. Partial to tidal mud flats,brackish marshes, and low. inponds

53 Quiscalus quiscula a. Common (Purple) grackle

I b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists


B5


53 Quiscalus quiscula d. Population could be increased

(Continued) e. Not sensitive

f. Insects, spiders, crustaceans,earthworms, snails, toads,salamanders, corn, sorghum,blackberry, oak

I-

h. Commonly nests in conifers incities and towns

i.

54 Plegadis a. Glossy ibisfalcinellus




e. Not sensitive

f. Crayfish, grasshoppers, smallsnakes, insect grubs, andleeches

&" Requires shallow water to feedh. A year-round resident of cen-

tral Florida and breeds there.

Nests beneath canopy on denseherb, shrub herb, shrubthicket, shrub forest, andforest. Arboreal, but occa-sionally nests on the ground.Nests may be placed from a fewto 10 ft above water

i. Found on mud flats, wet or

inundated fields, and marshes,usually in the vicinity of alake or river

B52

Mammal Scientific


I Didelphis virglniana a. Virginia opossum




e. Not sensitive

f. Insects, cottontails, cats,dead opossums, skunks,squirrels, moles, racoons,mice, reptiles, amphibians,birds and eggs, land snails,earthworms, fruit, and corn

g. Nocturnal, foraging alongcreeks and gullies

h. Den sites are other animals'dens, cavities in rock, brushpiles, trash heaps, and hollowtrees

i. Prefers to live in woodedareas, mostly near streams.

Densely forested areas are notas good as farmland inter-spersed with small, woodedstreams

2 sylvilagus a. Marsh rabbitpalustris b. Not on State or Federal threat-

ened or endangered list



e. Not sensitive

f. Marsh vegetation, includingrhizomes and bulbs

M" Marsh, wet bottomland

h.

B53

iL.

if

Mammal ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information

2 Sylvilagus i. Occurs in wet bottomlands,(Continued) palustris swamps, and hammocks. Rests in

thickets, tall grass, and cat-tails, or in floatingvegetation

3 Neofiber alleni a. Florida water rat

b. Not on State or Federal threat-ened or endangered lists but ofspecial concern, FloridaAudubon Society (Guillory 1979)


d.C.

f. Water plants and crayfish

g. Uses floating platforms ofvegetation augmented by foodremains for feeding

h. Constructs houses, 1-2 ft indiameter, using vegetation.Commonly found in shallowwater but also on boggy orpeaty ground

i. Inhabits bogs, marshes, weedyborders of lakes, and savannahsbordering streams

4 OrVzows palustris a. Rice rat


ened or endangered list



e. Not sensitive

f. Planted rice before fields areflooded, takes the grain in themilky stage, and eats scatteredseeds of rice after harvest.Also feeds on seeds of grasses,the tender portions of greenplants, fruits, nuts, insects,crustaceans, and snails

B54

Nammal Scientific


4 Orysowjs palustris a"(Continued) h. In marshy areas the nest is

usually suspended from vegeta-tion, such as cattails, abovehigh water level. Even muskrathouses will serve for nests.In dry localities nests may bebuilt on the ground under atangled mas of weeds, brush,or a fallen log. Less fre-quently the nest is builtunderground and reached by ashort tunnel. Nest sites are

found along the edges of culti-vated fields, under boards orlogs, or woven in grass

i. Lives in a variety of habi-tats--all have dense groundcover. Marshes and wet meadowsare preferred but upland slopeswith tall grass, weeds, orbrush are also inhabited. Hab-itat is always wet or soil isat least damp

5 Slguodon hispidus a. Common (Hispid) cotton rat


c. Not commercial or recreational


e. Not sensitive

f. Stems, leaves, roots, and seedsof grasses and sedges, alfalfa,

and cotton. Also eats cray-fish, insects, ground nestingbirds' eggs and chicks, anddead carcasses

A. Cultivated fields

h. Nests are usually built underlogs or rocks, or in the groundat the end of a long, twistingtunnel. Abandoned spotted

B55

Mammal ScientificSpecies No. Name Management Information

5 Siguodon hispidus skunk or ground squirrel nests(Continued) serve occasionally

i. Inhabits dense, grassy fieldsand roadsides overgrown withbroomsedge and weeds, and thewaste borders of cultivatedfields

6 Procyon lotor a. Northern racoon




e. Not sensitive

f. Omnivorous, feeding on persim-mons, mulberries, grapes, in-sects, mice, earthworms, clams,corn, frogs, crayfish, andsalamanders

Most food is found along freewater

h. Trees are preferred denningsites, but caves, rock crev-ices, squirrel nests, hollowlogs, and woodchuck burrowswill do. Most dens in treesare 6-12 m aboveground andwithin 0.4 km of permanentwater (USDI 1979). Tree densare preferred for initial rear-ing of young, which are movedto ground nests, usually inwetlands, 50-60 days afterbirth. Wetlands are importantin rearing the young. Oldsnags are also important den-ning sites (USDI 1979)

B56

Mammal Sc

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