«integrated air defence systems - countering low ... · f-35 electro-optical systems an/aaq-40...
TRANSCRIPT
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Cranfield University Alumni Event and
Defence Education Conference
«Integrated Air Defence
Systems - Countering Low
Observable Airborne Threats»
JUNE 2017
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World War I
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Battle of Britain
Dogfight over Britain
Scramble
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Battle of Britain
Radar System
Observer Corps
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Battle of Britain
Air Chief Marshal
Dowding
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Battle of Britain
Integrated Air Defense System
Sensors
(Inputs)Control
Effectors
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Integrated Air Defence System
Kill Chain
Detection
(Sensors)
Identification
(Sensor or Procedures Based)
Reaction Selection
(Rules of Engagement)
Selection of Weapon System
Engagement
Assessment
Tracking
Weapons Release
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Integrated Air Defence System
Layered StructureNetworked Operation
Tracking Required for EngagementCentralized Command and Control
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Technologies affecting IADS Performance
Low Observability Aircraft - Stealth Network Centered Warfare
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Low Observability Aircraft – Stealth
A-6 Intruder Stealth Signature
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Low
Observability
Aircraft –
Stealth
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Low Observability Aircraft – Stealth
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Low Observability Aircraft – Stealth
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Estimated RCS for the F-35Aircraft, front sector(-45° to +45° in azimuth, -15°to +15° in elevation): 0.01 m²(with RAM)Using the POFACETS code
Reminder:0.0015 m² is the RCS value “leaked” by USAF
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Operational Aspects
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Low Observability Aircraft – Stealth
Operational Aspects
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“First Shot” Advantage
Low Observability Aircraft – Stealth
Operational Aspects
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“First Shot” Advantage
Weapons
Effective Range
(i.e 25 Miles)
Radar Weapons Quality
Track Range
Low Observability Aircraft – Stealth
Operational Aspects
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“First Shot” Advantage
Data
Link
Low Observability Aircraft – Stealth
Operational Aspects
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Integrated Air Defence System - STEALTH
Kill Probability
Engagement (Air/Ground
Based)
Detection Early Warning
Tracking
Tactics
Weapons
Weapon Effectiveness
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Integrated Air Defence System - STEALTH
Eliminating Stealth Advantage
• Restore Early Warning Capability
• Ensure maximum weapon guidance capability
(Both Air Based and Ground Based)
• Exploitation of spectrum
Maximization of Information Flow
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Countering Stealth Technology
VHF Radars
• 1-3 meters wavelegth – High RCS
• Very large Antennas
• Big Resolution Cell (Low Accuracy)
Reflections from wings – tail
Resonance Scatter
Low Scattering from shaping
features
Low effectiveness of RAM
Low Frequency Radars
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Countering Stealth TechnologyLow Frequency Radars
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Countering Stealth Technology
NEBO SVU System
MEADS
Low Frequency Radars
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• Bistatic
• Multistatic (MIMO)
Countering Stealth Technology
Multistatic and Passive Radars
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• Passive
Countering Stealth Technology
Multistatic and Passive Radars
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Passive Radar
Principles of Operation
Countering Stealth Technology
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Passive Radar
Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages
• Lack of emission
• Undetectable
• Difficult to jam
• Emplacement without restrictions – no
licensing needs for operation (crucial
in radiation crowded places)
• Anti-stealth capability
• Different frequency bands usage than
conventional systems
• Possible better S/N due to distance
• Multistatic RCS
• Low construction and operation cost (no
transmitter)
Disadvantages
• Increased complexity
• High dependence on space geometry
• Dependence on uncooperative source
• Unpredictable source signal
• Emplacement & coverage restrictions
• Source emission power
• Bandwidth
• Limited detection altitude, due to lack of
exploitable emissions in high altitudes
Countering Stealth Technology
Specular Reflection
Unknown Aspect Angle
Forward Scattering
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Theoretical Operation
Antennas Emplacement
DSI
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Theoretical Operation
Target Position Calculation
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Theoretical Operation
Target Position Calculation
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Theoretical Operation
Target Position Calculation 2α: constant distances summary
2γ: focal points distance (= γ1)
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Theoretical Operation
Target Position Calculation
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Theoretical Operation
Target Position Calculation
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Theoretical Operation
Target Velocity Calculation
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Implementation of a Passive System
• RTL2832U
RTL2832U → 10,37 €
USB data connection
LNA
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Results
Testing - Measurements - EvaluationTarget distance estimation capability assessment
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Capabilities of Implemented System
• Range resolution 2000-2500 m
• Velocity resolution 0.50673 mach
• Noise tolerance
• SNR = 5 ∙ 10-5 = -43.0103 dB (with velocity calculation)
• SNR = 10-6 = -60 dB (without velocity calculation)
Research Systems
• NetRad by University College London
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Commercial Systems
• Silent Sentry (LM Aero) • Homeland Alerter (THALES)
• AIRBUS DEFENCE • Silent Guard – Era (Chech Republic)
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AESA RADARS
Independent Elements for transmittion and reception. Lobe forming by
changing the phase of the antenna elements
Electronic Scanning
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AESA RADARS
Almost iminent lobe location (especially usefull in combined modes like
Track while Scan
Increased reliability (no mechanical parts)
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AESA RADARS
Main disadvantage the reduction of Antenna Gain (and the range of the radar)
while scanning off boresight
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AESA RADARS
44
Off boresight
Angle
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AESA RADARS
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Countering Stealth TechnologyInfraRed Search & Track (IRST)
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Infrared Bands
Windows
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Countering Stealth TechnologyInfraRed Search & Track (IRST)
Aerodynamic heating
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Countering Stealth TechnologyInfraRed Search & Track (IRST)
Wavelength (microns)
AZIMUTH ANGLE
(DEGREES OF NOSE)
180°
0°
30°
60°
90°
120°
150°
2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 4.8 5.0
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
100
80
60
40
20
0
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Rafale OSF: IRST, FLIR, TV, Laser.
Eurofighter PIRATE: IRST, FLIR.
Gripen Skyward: IRST
Countering Stealth TechnologyInfraRed Search & Track (IRST)
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F-35 electro-optical systems
AN/AAQ-40 EOTS
AN/AAQ-37 EODAS
Countering Stealth TechnologyInfraRed Search & Track (IRST)
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Su-27ULB with OLS-27
PAK-FA IRSTSU-35 IRST
Countering Stealth TechnologyInfraRed Search & Track (IRST)
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Range Estimation
Detection Probability
Sensor Model (PIRATE)
Array size, optics Sensitivity Different Modes
Background Radiation
Sky Radiation clouds
Atmosphere
Absorption/scattering/
RefractionBeer’s Law
F-35 Data
Engine Emissions 3D CAD Model
E=exp(-a·R)
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Simulation Results
• Excellent Performance in Drought or Clean Atmosphere
• Moderate Performance in Rain or Haze
• Detection – Tracking – Threats Warning Receiver
• Passive Sensor
• Integrated Combat System (IRST, RADAR, EWS)
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Conclusions
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Conclusions
Improve
Detection
• VHF Radars
• Passive Radars
• OTH Radars (?)
• ……..
Improve Engagement
• Weapon range based
• Tracking
• Sensor Fusion (IRST, Radar)
• Situation Awareness (Network Centric)
Improve Kill Probability
• Tactics
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Thank you!