XI1 The Americas (i) North America to c1783

Keith Mason

The French Settlements The controversy over the character of New France's economy continues. Impressed by the degree to which the colony was an extension of the feudal mother country, R. Hamilton. Feudal society ond colotiizarion: the historiography of New France (Gananoque: Langdale P., Can$15.95) argues that this helps to explain its limited commercial development. But M. Altman, 'Economic growth in Canada. 1695-1739: estimates and analysis' (Wm. & Mary Q.. 45) suggests that, even when compared to British North America, French Canada was both prosperous and economically dynamic. Two articles highlight the colony's crucial external ties: D. Miquelon, 'Canada's place in the French imperial economy: an eighteenthcentury overview' (French Hist. Strtds.. 15) and J.F. Bosher, 'Success and failure in trade to New France, 1660-1760' ( ibid.) . Miquelon dis- cusses the development of mercantilist thought within the Ministry of Marine and the impact that fluctuations in the nature of trade and in levels of military expenditure had upon French Canada. while Bosher examines the often thin and elusive line separating success and failure in colonial mercantile ventures. On internal developments, H. Charbonneau et 01. Noissotice d'irnc population: les Franquis Ptablis air Cunatltr uii XVllle.~iccle (Montreal U.P.. 1987. Can$l8) uses parish registers to reconstruct the families of the early 'pioneers'. Meanwhile. R. Lalou and M. Boleda. 'Une source en friche: les dhombrements sous le regime franpis' ( R . d'historie de I'utnPriqire fronquise, 42) suggests that the censuses carried out between 1685 and 1739 underrecord certain segments of the population. B. Trigger, T. Morantz and L. DechCne (eds), 'Le cmtor fair /oirt': selecred popers of rhe fifth North American firr trade conference, 1Y85 (Montreal: Lake St. Louis Historical Society, 1987, Can$19.85) includes 24 essays devoted to various aspects of that vital trade. while P. Jacquin, Les lndiens blancs: Franpis et Indiens en AtnPriqire du nord (XVIe-XVllle sikcle) (Paris: Payot. 1987. F160) is the first monograph to deal exclusively with the coureurs de bois. S.H. Palmer and D. Reinhartz (eds), Essays on rhe history of North American discovery and exploration (Texas A & M U.P., $17.50) incorporates six articles examining Spanish. English. and nineteenth- century U.S., as well as French ventures. They all focus on one of Walter P. Webb's central themes, 'intercontinental reciprocity'.

British North America: general The first major reinterpretation of early American history to appear since the 1930s. J.P. Greene, Pursuits of hoppiness: the social development of early modern British colonies and the forninrion of American cirltirre (North Carolina U.P., $32.50, pbk $12.95) is essential reading. Greene provocatively challenges the centrality of New England and the notion of declension to the colonial experience, whilst seeking to construct a developmental model of social evolution based on the Chesapeake. A more modest and less innovative synthesis, D.F. Freeman, Everyday life in early America (Harper & Row, $16.95. pbk $7.95) surveys twenty years of scholarship in seventeenth-century social history. S. Innes (ed.). Work and labor in early America (North Carolina U.P., $29.95, pbk $9.95) is an important collection of eight informative essays on the working people of the

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colonies. 'Forum: toward a history of the standard of living in British North America' (Wm. & Mary Q . . 45) includes short articles by L.S. Walsh, L.G. Carr, and G.L. Main on Maryland ahd Massachusetts, plus a summary by J.T. Main and comments by B.G. Smith and J.J. McCusker. Some of the themes in their discussions are echoed in G.L. and J.T. Main, 'Economic growth and the standard of living in southern New England. 1640-1774' ( J . Econ. Hist.. 48). R.E. Gallman. 'Changes in the level of literacy in a new community of early America' (ibid. . 48) argues that literacy rates in Perquimans County, North Carolina declined initially before rising, hence following the U-shaped pattern characteristic of frontier areas. On political affairs, D.G. Shomette and R.D. Haslach. Raid on America: the Diitcli naval campaign of 1672-1674 (South Carolina U.P.. $32.95) claims unpersuasively that Dutch activity in the early 1670s had a profound effect on England's administration of its North American possessions. A controversial and rather impressionistic work, E.S. Morgan, Inventing the people: the rise of popiilar sovereignty in England and America (Norton. f 12.95) explains how the 'fiction' of the divine right of kings gave way to the 'fiction' of the sovereignty of the people in the Anglo-American world and why both notions served to sustain government by the few. J.A. Smith, Printers and press freedoin: the ideology of Curly American joiimalirm (OUP. f20) analyzes the evolution of eighteenth-century ideas of press freedom in the context of Enlightenment thought. the political systems of colonial America, and English libertarian doctrine.

Particular colonies A stimulating reassessment. T.D. Bozeman. To live ancient lives: the priniirivisr dirnerision in Pirritariisrii (North Carolina U.P., $34.95) shows how the New England settlers' interest in the early church permeated various aspects of their belief and action. Prominent divines provide the focus for ;I number of other recent works. A skilfully-written biography. M.G. Hall. The lust Aniericon Puritnn: the life of Increuse Muther (Wesleyan U.P. $ 3 5 ) successfully highlights his influence on early Massachusetts society. R.W. Jenson. Atnerica's theologian: a recomnendation of Jonatlion Edwurds (OUP, $26) analyzes Edwards's orthodox, yet radical Christianity and his attack on Enlightenment thought. while S.H. Lee. The philosophical theology of'Jona/han Edwards (Princeton U. P. $35) reinterprets his thinking by stressing the centrality of the concept of 'habit'. P.F. Gura, 'Going Mr. Stoddard's way: William Williams on church privileges, 1693' (Win. & Mary Q., 45) concentrates on Williams's support for Solomon Stoddard's liberal theology. Seventeenth-century New England's two most notorious dissidents are not neglected either. G.W. Lafantasie (ed.). The correspondence of Roger Williams. Voliirne I : 1629-1653. Volume.11: 1654-1682 (Brown U.P./New England U.P., f66.75 the set) is an invaluable, fully-annotated collection that sheds light not just on Williams himself but on early Rhode Island and relations with the neighbouring native Americans. Meanwhile, J.F. Cooper Jr., 'Anne Hutchinson and the "lay rebellion" against the clergy' (New England Q.. 61) argues that the Antinomian uprising against clerical authority was more apparent than real as the vast majority of laymen remained faithful to orthodox views.

New England social history also continues to attract attention. K.O. Kupperman, 'Errand to the Indies: Puritan colonization from Providence Island through the Western Design' (Wm. & Mary Q., 45) locates the region's early settlement in a broad Atlantic context by focusing on contemporary Puritan ventures in the Caribbean. A reprinted doctoral dissertation, R.P. Dufour. Modernization in colonial Massachusetts, 1630-1 763 (Garland. 1987, $65) is a rather mechanistic attempt to examine the evolution of Massachusetts society through the prism of modernization theory. B.C. Daniels (ed.), The fragmentation of New England: comparative perspectives on economic, political, and social divisions in the eighteenth century (Greenwood P., $39.95) displays greater sophistication. Its nine

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essays on Massachusetts. Connecticut, and Rhode Island trace the region's growing heterogeneity, while Daniels' bibliographical introduction and speculative afterword place these revised versions of previously-published studies in context and add to their utility. Continuing his work on maritime New England, D. Vickers. "'A knowen and staple commoditie": codfish prices in Essex County, Massachusetts, 1640-1775' (Esser Inst. Hist. Collections. 124) concludes that codfish prices followed the trough pattern characteristic of the entire colonial economy. Influenced by K. Wrightson and P. Clark, R.P. Gildrie. 'Taverns and popular culture in Essex County, Massachusetts, 1678-1686' (ibid., 124) examines the efforts made by the authorities to reform drinking establishments and habits along with the role they played in everyday life. M. Roach, "'That child, Betty Parris": Elizabeth (Parris) Barron and the people in her life' (ihid.. 124) surveys the career of one of the first individuals afflicted by the Salem witchcraft scare of 1692. Making good use of published autobiographical narratives, D.A. Cohen, 'A fellowship of thieves: property criminals in eighteenth-century Massachusetts' (1. SOC. Hist., 22) identifies an intermediate class of habitual thieves who alternated between illegal activity and honest labour. In 'In defense of the gallows: justifications of capital punishment in New England execution sermons' (Americun Q., 40). the same author shows how the theological language of divine command was displaced by the secular rhetoric of public safety and the common good in ministers' justifications of capital punishment. T. Chase, 'Harvard student disorders in 1770' (New England Q., 61) assesses the causes of two early undergraduate revolts.

Turning to the Middle Colonies, R.W. Pointer, Protestant p1wali.m and the New York experience: u stirdy of eighteenth-century rcligioiis diversiry (Indiana U.P., $25) argues that New York's religious heterogeneity anticipated both the legal accommodation of religion in the First Amendment and nineteenth-century Protestant ecumenicity. W. Pencak and C.E. Wright (eds). Aithorify mrl resistance in early New York (N.Y. Historical Society. $19.95) is a rather dated collection of essays derived from a I983 conference on the colony's ethnic mix and socio- economic development. Focusing on a single group. R.K. McGregor. 'Cultural adaption in colonial New York: the Palatine Germans of the Mohawk Valley' (New York Hist.. 69) suggests that the Palatines adapted to the American environment, yet clung to their traditional ways as far as possible. G.L. Rossand, 'Launching prosperity: Samuel Townsend and the maritime trade of colonial Long Island' (American Neptune, 48) examines the effects of the Anglo-French wars on the activities of one Long Island merchant. At the other end of the social scale. R.E. Cray Jr.. Puupers and poorrelief in New York city and its riirul environs, 1700-1830 (Temple U.P., $34.95) is a fine study of the destitute in both urban and rural settings. Cray skilfully analyzes the transition from home relief to institutional aid and investigates the individual lives of those grouped together as the 'poor'. Early Pennsylvania also received attention in 1988. A rather diffuse work, S . Schwartz, A mixed ntulritude: the stniggle for toleration in colonial Pennsylvania (New York U.P.. $45) contends that it was the only colony in which the settlers consciously adopted an ideology of tolerance. Two books that highlight trans-Atlantic connections are B. Levy. Quakers and the American family: British settlement in the Delaware valley (OUP. $24.95) and M.J. Westerkamp. Triumph of the laity: Scots-Irish piety and the Great Awakening (ibid., $29.95). Levy argues that Quaker migrants from North-west England and Wales, not the early New England colonists, originated the ideal of the domestic household in America, while Westerkamp examines the ways in which Scottish and Irish traditions shaped revivalist behaviour in the Middle Colonies. Bibliophiles will enjoy E. Wolf 11. The book culture of a colonial American city: Pliiludelphia books, bookmen, and booksellers (Clarendon P.. f22.50) with its detailed examination of the book trade in British North America's largest urban centre. 0. Seavey, Beconring Benjamin Franklin: the autobiography and the life (Penn. State U.P.. $24.95)

THE AMERICAS I47

analyzes Franklin's psychological make-up. B.G. Smith. 'Poverty and economic marginality in eighteenth-century Pennsylvania' (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. , 132) continues his pioneering investigations into the city's poor. while F. Grubb, 'The auction of redemptioner servants, Philadelphia, 1771- 1804: an economic analysis' ( J . Econ. His/ . . 48) once again ascribes the success of the redemption system to its rationality and flexibility.

Two works were published on John Smith's activities in the Chesapeake during 1988. Capped by a well-written. informed introduction, K.O. Kupperman. Cap/& John Smith: a select edirion of his writings (North Carolina U.P.. 632.50. pbk $10.95) consists of extracts from Philip L. Barbour's recent three-volume opus. Whilst reviewing Barbour. N. Canny, "'To establish a common wealthe": Captain John Smith as New World colonist' (Virginia Magazine of Hist. arid Biography, 96) neatly summarizes the principal themes in Smith's thought. On Maryland, R. Hoffman, "'Marylando-Hibernus": Charles Carroll the settler, 1660-1720' (Wm. & Mary Q . , 4 5 ) examines the key influences shaping the career of the founder of the Carroll dynasty. M. Graham, 'Churching the unchurched: the establishment in Maryland. 1692- 1724' (Murylanrl Hist. Mngazine, 83 ) analyzes how the Anglican church consolidated its position and gained popular acceptance following the Glorious Revolution. C.G. Steffen, 'The rise of the independent merchant in the Chesapeake: Baltimore County. 1660- 1760' ( J . Amer. His/ . . 76) examines the emergence of a native merchant community in Maryland and argues that this shows that the colony underwent development as well as growth. E.G. Breslaw (ed.), Records of the Tiresday clirb of' Annapolis. 1745-1756 (Illinois U.P.. $39.95) provides valuable source material on eighteenth-century elite culture. D. Upton, 'New views of the Virginia landscape' (Virginiu Mag~z ine of Hist. arid Biography 96) offers a critical overview of Virginian architectural history. The coverage of the colonial era shows the importance of an interdisciplinary approach. An intriguing essay. M.H. Quitt, 'Immigrant origins of the Virginia gentry: a study of cultural transmission and innovation' (Win. & Mary Q.. 45) suggests that the tradition, '1 I ' ism of the eighteenth-century Chesapeake elite represented neither a simple legacy from their forefathers nor a straightforward rejection of the founders' values. Drawing largely on official sources, G. Weaver, The Italiriti presence in coloniul Virgiriiu (N.Y.: Center for Migration Studies. pbk $12.05) is a slim volume offering limited information about early Italian immigrants. R.J. Cain (ed.). The colonial rec0rd.Y of Nor/h Carolina (second series). Volirme 1/11!: recorrls of the Execiitive Coirncil. 1735-1754 (Raleigh: Division of Archives and History. $45) includes an informative introduction and provides some illuminating material. particularly on land transactions. W.P. Cummings. Mapping the Norrh Ccrrolina coast: sixteenth- cenrirry carrography and //re Roanoke voyages (Raleigh: Division of Archives and History, Department of Cultural Resources. $10) examines the knowledge available to an English pilot setting sail across the Atlantic in the 1580s. J. Bivins Jr.. The firrnitirre of coastal North Carolina, 1700-1820 (Winston-Salem: Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts, $95) demonstrates the profound effect of the colony's uninviting coastline on its material culture. Another reprinted doctoral dissertation, H.P. Canady, Genrlemen of /he bar: lawyers in colonial Soiith Carolina (Garland, 1987. $55) argues that the professionalization of the legal establishment proceeded more rapidly in South Carolina than in other colonies. R.M. Baine, 'James Oglethorpe and the early promotional literature for Georgia' ( W m . & Mary Q.. 45) identifies Oglethorpe as the director of the promotional campaign of the early 1730s. while A. Gallay, 'Jonathan Bryan's plantation empire: land, politcs, and the formation of a ruling class in colonial Georgia (ibid. . 4 5 ) examines how the colony's gentry used political influence, economic calculation, and scientific knowledge to build up their large estates. Part of the growing literature on the Gulf Coast, R.F.A. Fabel, The economy of British West Florida, 1763-1783 (Alabama

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U.P.. $26.95) shows how a limited economic base and the subsequent failure to attract immigrants hampered early ventures in the region.

Wornens' History C.F. Karlsen, The devil in the shape of a woman: witchcraft in colonial New England (Norton, 1987. f 14.95) ascribes the scares to inheritance conflicts and contemporary fears of independent women. E.J. Monaghan. 'Literacy instruction and gender in colonial New England' (Amer. Q.. 40) shows how Massachusetts women were commonly taught to read, but not to write. E.B. Gelles. 'The Abigail industry' (Wm. & Mary Q. . 45) emphasizes the primary importance of Abigail Adarns's domestic role. while B.E. Lacey, 'The world of Hannah Heaton: the autobiography of an eighteenth-century Connecticut farm woman' (ibid.) concentrates on Heaton's participation in the Great Awakening and on the relationship between her outward experiences and her inner life. Finally, G.S. Rowe, 'Femes covert and criminal prosecution in eighteenth-century Pennsylvania' (Amer. 1. Legal His!., 32) shows how legal assumptions regarding the limited culpability of married women were generally ignored, reflecting a wider ambivalence concerning their status and rights.

Black History The year's outstanding work was undoubtedly G. Nash. Forging freedom: the formution of Philadelphia's black community, I720- I840 (Harvard U.P. . $28.95). Blending narrative and analysis, Nash shows how the city's black population fought against mounting obstacles to fashion a rich, complex, and stratified cultural world. The most comprehensive study yet of the New England region, W.D. Piersen. Black Yankees: the development of an Afro-American sirbculture in eighteenth-centirry New England (Massachusetts U.P.. $25. pbk $1 1.95) stresses the degree to which the area's small black community clung to African traditions. At a more microcosmic level, D.B. Thorp, 'Chattel with a soul: the autobiography of a Moravian slave' (Penli. Mag. of Hist. and Biography, 112) reproduces and sets in context a rare memoir written by a Pennsylvanian bondsman. V. Bernhard, 'Beyond the Chesapeake: the contrasting status of blacks in Bermuda, 1616-1663' (J. of Soirth. Hist. 54) examines what light the Bermuda experience can shed on early race relations in Virginia and Maryland. The first detailed analysis of slave law based on trial court records. P.J. Schwarz. Twice condemned: slaves and the criminal .laws of Virginia, I705-I865 (Louisiana State U.P.. $39.50) shows how the legal harshness of slavery diminished over time as white Virginians grew in confidence. J.B. Boles (ed.). Masters and slaves in the house of the Lord: race and religion in the American South, 1740-1870 (Kentucky U.P.. $25) includes an already-published essay on the Great Awakening by Alan Gallay.

Indian History Indian studies continue to thrive. Intended as a casebook in the sub-discipline's 'promise and procedures'. J. Axtell, After Columbus: essays in the ethnohistory of colonial North America (OUP. $29.95) contains eleven of his recent papers. As usual, he writes with great sensitivity. humanity, and insight. More polemical in tone, F. Jennings. Empire of fortune: crowns, colonies. and tribes in the Seven Years War in America (Norton, f 18.95) completes the author's trilogy on the Iroquois Covenant Chain. Meanwhile. W.N. Fenton, The false faces of the Iroqitois (Oklahoma U.P.. 1987, $75) examines Indian ritualism and religion via study of the Iroquois masking complex. A.J. Hirsh. 'The collision of military cultures in seventeenth-century New England' ( J . Amer. Hist.. 74) suggests that warfare was an essential part of the acculturation process. P. Ranlet. 'Another look at the causes of King Philip's War' (New England Q.. 61) depicts Metacom as a cautious leader who did not control every event leading to war. Emphasizing the importance of Euro-American and Native American middlemen, D.K. Richter.

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'Cultural brokers and intercultural politics: New York-Iroquois relations. 1664-1701' ( J . Amer. Hist.. 75) shows how New York and the Five Nations forged the alliance that was the centrepiece of the Covenant Chain. C.M. Gradie, 'Spanish Jesuits in Virginia: the mission that failed' (Virginia Magazine of Hist. arrd Biography, 96) ascribes the failure of the Jesuits' 1570 enterprise to their missionary inexperience, conflicts with Spanish officialdom, and the reluctance of neighbouring Indians to accept cultural change. W.S. Robinson, 'Conflicting views on landholding: Lord Baltimore and the experiences of colonial Maryland with Native Americans' (Maryland Hist. Mag. 83) reiterates that land was clearly the most divisive issue in white-Indian relations.

Revolution A useful entree into recent approaches. J.P. Greene (ed.), Tire American Revoliition: its character arid litnirs (New York U.P., f29.50) is a diverse, wide-ranging collection of essays. In his introduction. Greene suggests that the individualistic, private orientation of American society set strict parameters to reform during the revolutionary era. Like the author's earlier works, J.P. Reid, T/7e concept of liberty in the age of the American Revolirtion (Chicago U.P., f20.75) emphasizes narrow constitutional-jurisprudential concerns. Influenced by Progressive historiography, M. Egnal. A mighty empire: the origins of the American Revolitrion (Cornell U.P. $36.95) introduces a controversial new interpretation that pivots on the conflicting agendas of two opposing groups termed expansionists and nonexpan- sionists. T.H. Breen. "'Baubles of Britain": the American and consumer revolutions of the eighteenth century' ( P . urrd Pr.. 119) stresses the importance of the rejection of British material culture in the shaping of American nationnl consciousness. R. Hoffman et ul. (eds). Tire ecoirortry of curly Anrerico: the revolitfiotrury period. 1763-1790 (Virginia U.P.. $30) contains eight essays that contribute to the debate over whether eighteenth-century American society W;IS communal and pre-capitalist or at ii more advanced stage of economic development. Military affairs take centre-stage in D. Higginbotham. Wur a t id society in revolirtioriury Atwricu: fire wider dirireirsioirs of C ~ I I ~ ( ~ C I (South Carolina U. P., $24.95). Thirteen of Higginbotham's articles and papers ;ire brought together for the first time in this volume. Two popular histories of the American Revolution were published in 1988. B.W. Tuchmon, The first .srtlrtre (Knopf, $22.05) is a disappointing narrative that is more concerned with European politicnl and military history than with events in North America. while A.J. Langguth. Parriots: the nieii who sturred the Aniericutr Revolrrrioti (Simon and Schuster. $22.05) juxtaposes character sketches of the principal players with descriptions of the major events.

British policy receives attention in two articles. Emphasizing the variety of possible responses to the situation following the Seven Years war, J.L. Bullion, 'Security and economy: the Bute administration's plans for the American army and revenue, 1762-1763' (Wm. & Mary Q . . 45) argues that circumstances did not impose one inescapable solution on imperial administrators. Meanwhile, P.D.G. Thomas, 'The cost of the British army in North America. 1763-1775' (ibid.. 45) reiterates that, given the tax burden incurred. British resentment of the colonists was well-founded. On the American side, R.H. Webking. Tire Atnericarr Revolirtion and the politics of liberty (Louisiana State U.P.. $25) concentrates on the political thought of six prominent revolutionaries. Challenging Bailyn and Wood. he suggests that colonial opposition to Britain was the work of rational men acting in response to imperial actions that were genuinely tyrannical. P.H. Smith et al. (eds). Letrers of delegates to Congress, 1774-1 789. Volirnie XV: April I-Arrgust 31, 1780 (Washington D.C.: Library of Congress, $37) reveals the problems the revolutionaries encountered during a critical phase of the war. The first one-volume analysis for over seventy years, J.E. Selby, The revolirtion in Virginia, 1775-1783 (Virginia U.P.. $24.95) focuses on the planter class and argues that the revolution

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in the Chesapeake was ordered and essentially conservative. Combining literary and historical approaches with symbolic anthropology, D. Weber. Rhetoric and hktory in revolutionary New England (OUP, $22.50) examines the sermons of five patriot clergymen and concludes that their rhetorical style was shaped profoundly by the Great Awakening. while R.H. Block, 'The social and political base of millennia1 literature in late eighteenth-century America' (Amer. Q . , 40) suggests that Americans inclined towards millenialism also tended to be strong supporters of the revolution. Drawing upon Marxist theory, S. Rosswurm. Arms, country, and class: the Philadelphia militia and the 'lower sort' during the American Revolution (Rutgers U.P., $40) examines how the city's artisans and wage labourers played an active part in the revolutionary struggle. And R. Bogin. 'Petitioning and the new moral economy of post-revolutionary America' (Wm. & Mary Q . . 45) traces the growing importance of the notion of equality to the lower orders' moral economy. T.H. Sheller, 'Artisans, manufacturing, and the rise of a manufacturing interest in revolutionary Baltimore town' (Maryland Hist. Mag.. 83) examines how the War of Independence stimulated industrial growth in Baltimore and why the city's craftsmen ultimately supported the U.S. Constitution. Two new biographies of George Washington appeared in 1988. A well-written work, J.E. Ferling, Thefirst of men: a li/e of George Washington (Tennessee U.P., $39.95) stresses his ambition and insecurity. while P.K. Longmore, The invention of George Washington (California U.P., $25) traces the evolution of the Washington myth. Continuing an excellent series, W.W. Abbot et a / . . (eds). The Papers of George Washington: colonial series. Volrrrne V : October 17-77-September 1758. Volutne VI: September 1758-December 1760 (Virginia U.P.. $35 & $42) takes him from his command on the Virginia frontier during the Seven Years War to his marriage to Martha Custis. P.D. Chace (ed.). The Papers of George Washington: revolurionury war series. Volutne 3: January-March 1776 (Virginia U.P.. $47.50) concentrates on Washing- ton's efforts to overcome the Continental Army's manpower and supply problems during the siege of Boston. The only one-volume compilation of his writings now in print, W.B. Allen (ed.), George Washington: N collection (Indianapolis: Liberty Classics, $26. pbk $9.50) is taken mainly from the earlier Fitzpatrick edition. On other individuals. D.R. Gerlach, P r o d patrior: Philip Scliiryler and rlie Wur of Independence, 1775-1783 (Syracuse U.P.. 1987. $45) seeks to defend the New Yorker against his numerous critics. The definitjve biography of a neglected figure, H.M. Ward. Churlrs Scott and the 'Spirit of '76' (Virginia U.P.. $24.95) also casts fresh light on the role of military heroes in the early American republic. W.C. Lowe. 'The parliamentary career of Lord Dunmore. 1761-1774' (Virginia Magazine of Hist. and Biogruphy, 96) suggests that the vicissitudes characteristic of his early behaviour in the House of Lords make Dunmore's uneven record in American more understandable. B.S. Schlenther. 'Colonial America's "un-royal society": organized enlightenment as a handmaid to revolution' (Brit. J . 18th Century Studs., 11) examines Charles Thomson's contribution to Philadelphia's revolutionary ferment during the 1760s. Loyalism receives attention in five works. Incorporating a detailed analysis of his verse. C.D. Edelberg. Jonathan Odell: Loyalist poet of the American Revolution (Duke U.P.. 1987, $24.95) is a thoughful study of a committed opponent of the revolutionary cause. J.S. Tiedemann. 'A revolution foiled: Queens County, New York, 1775-1776' ( J . Amer. Hist., 75) examines the process of mobilization in a riven community, while A.M. Ousterhout, A state divided: opposition in Pennsylvania to the Anierican Revolution (Greenwood P., 1987. 639.95) focuses primarily on the disaffected and the role of kinship networks, religious affiliation, and ethnicity. A suggestive article, A.H. Tillson Jr., 'The localist roots of backcountry loyalism: an examination of popular political culture in Virginia's New River valley' ( J . ofSouth. Hisr.. 54) analyzes the loyalist mentalite in the southwestern Virginia backcountry. Finally, R. Rankin,

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"'Musquetoe" bites: caricatures of Lower Cape Fear Whigs and Tories on the eve of the American Revolution' (North Carolina H . R . , 65) reproduces a contemporary document that sheds light on the personalities of the principal antagonists in North Carolina. On post-revolutionary developments, R. Zagarri, 'Representation and the removal of state capitals, 1776-1812' ( J . Amer. Hist., 74) examines the movement to shift state capitals westward. She sees i t as an significant experiment that ultimately failed. J.M. Torsella, 'American national identity, 1750-1790: samples from the popular press' (Penn. Magazine of Hist. and Biography. 112) argues that a vibrant national consciousness did not finally emerge until the U.S. Constitution was successfully ratified. and D.G. Hackett, 'The social origins of nationalism: Albany. New York. 1754-1835' (J. SOC. Hist.. 21) suggests that the new national ideology ushered in by the Revolution provided Albany residents with a new, but short-lived unity.

(ii) Canada

Muriel E. Chamberlain

Note. Sonie general works listed in the post- I783 section also huve sections reluting to the earlier period. All prices ore in Catradian dollars.

Before 1783 Writings continue to reflect interest in the role of French'North America and in the Amerindians. An important revisionist work is G. Lafleche (with F-M. Gagnon), Les Saints Martyrs Canadiens. vol 1. Histoire dii myth (Quebec: Les Editions du Singulier. $30). This re-examines from the original sources the myths which have grown up around the death of eight Jesuit priests in 17th century New France. A very different re-assessment of past heroes is undertaken in D. Martin, P o r t r d rles heros de la Nouvelle-Frmice (Editions Hurubise HMH. $35). which draws on paintings, engravings and sculptures to try to establish their real appearance. R. Hamilton. Feudal society and colonization: the historiography of New France (Gananoque: Langdale P., $15.95) also examines received opinions but may annoy some readers by its Marxist approach. L. Codignola (trans. A. Weston), The coldest harbour of the land: Simon Stock and Lord Baltimore's colony in Newfoiindland. 1621-1649 (McGill-Queen's U.P.. $27.50) draws on the archives of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith in Rome, a rich but previously little used source. J.F. Bosher, 'Success and failure in trade to New France, 1660-1760 and D. Miquelon, 'Canada's place in the French imperial economy: an eighteenth century overview'. both in French Historical Studies, 15, examine Franco-Canadian relations and J . Pritchard, 'Fir trees, financiers, and the French navy during the 1750s' (Can. J . Hist.. 23) touches on the same theme. The economy of New France is further documented in M. Altman. 'Economic growth in Canada, 1695-1739: Estimates and analysis' (Wm. and Mary Q. 45). The considerable volume of modern writings on the economy and culture of the Indians and the Inui t should perhaps be classified as anthropology rather than history but some relate to the contacts between the civilisations, such as J.S. Long, 'Narratives of early encounters between Europeans and the Cree of Western James Bay' (Ontario Hist. 80).

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Post 1783.

General 1988 saw the second and greatly revised edition of The Canadian encyclopaedia (ed.-in-chief. J. Marsh). 4 vols. (Hurtig, $225). Although the first edition only dates from 1985, there are 1700 new entries and the publishers claim that 90 per cent of the articles have been revised. The index. which was the subject of some criticism in the first edition, has been greatly improved. Libraries would be well-advised to acquire the new edition, even if they already have the old one. The Encyclopaedia has put Collins dictionary of Canadian history, 1867 to the present. eds. D.J. Bercusson and J.L. Granatstein (Collins, $24.95) in the shade. Some reviewers have called attention to both omissions and inaccuracies in the latter. Nevertheless. at a modest price and with 1600 entries, plus tables. it may be a useful working book for many. Volume V11 of the Dictionary of Canadian biography, general ed. F.G. Halpenny (Toronto U.P.. $70) covers the crucial period 1838- 1850. which saw not only the rebellions of 1837-8 but greatly increased immigration from continental Europe and turbulent times in the North-West. All of which leave their mark in this volume. The second edition of D. Reid. A concise history of Canudian puinters. (OUP. $29.95. pbk $16.95) brings the story up to 1980.

Political J . Ajzenstat, The politicul tholight of Lord DiirIiutn (McGill-Queen's U.P., $22.95) is an important work of revision. Durham has not had a good press in the recent past. He has either been dismissed as totally unimportant or blamed for the woes of modern Quebec. By putting his Report in a more general context Dr. Ajzenstat begins to redress the balance. He was in the liberal mainstream of his day - and his views were shared by. among many others, Alexis de Tocqueville - in believing that equal citizenship was more important than nationalistic or cultural allegiances and in this he belonged to 'the camp of tolerance. not racism'.

There have been fewer important biographies than for some years. Lilian F. Gates, After the rebellion: the later years of William Lyon Muckenzie (Toronto: Dundurn P., $29.95) covers the less interesting years of his life. although it throws some light on the period. Governor-Generals and their ladies provide some (at times comic) relief. S. Checkland. The Elgins, 1766-1917: a tale of aristocrats, proconsirls and their wives (Aberdeen U.P.. f25) centres on the eighth earl's key role in Canada in the 1840s and uses private letters. as well as the official correspondence. R.M. Stamp, Royal rebels: Princess Loirise ond the Marquess of Lorne (Toronto: Dundurn Press, $14.95) presents a very different picture. Disraeli thought that a royal princess resident in Canada would strengthen the links between the crown and the dominion. I t might have done. if Louise had not disliked both her husband and Canadian society.

Two contrasting books. which both examine the formation of political conscious- ness among different groups, are D. Mills, The idea of loyalty in Upper Canada, 1784-1850 (McGill-Queen's U.P., $27.95) which analyses how 'loyalty', not always defined in the same way, formed the basis of political cohesion in Upper Canada and R. Harris, Democracy in Kingston: a social movement in urban politics, 1965- 1970 (ibid.. $29.95) which describes, from a leftist stand-point, the development of a radical social movement in a medium-sized town, centring on rent controls.

General histories include R.T. Naylor, Canada in the European age, 1453-1919 (Vancouver, New Star Books, $19.95) and Canadian history since Confederation,

The author is indebted to Professor David Gagan. Dean of Humanities at McMaster

M.E.C. University. for his valuable advice, although the selection and comments are the author's.

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H:D. Francis et al . . vol. 1.i Origins and vol. 2, Destinies (HBJ/Holt, pbk each $24.95).

Military S.J. Harris, Canadian Brass: the making of a professional army, 1860- 1939 (Toronto U.P., $30) shows how a nation, which had little natural sympathy with an army, nevertheless. had to create one. W.A.B. Douglas (ed.), The Royal Canadian Navy in transition. 1910-1985 (British Columbia U.P., $30) demonstrates that the navy's problems although different, were scarcely less. The two World Wars loom large. D.C. Dancocks. Welcome to Flanders Field: the first Canadian battle of the Great War: Ypres, 1915 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, $24.95) recounts the battle in detail, including the German use of poison gas. T. Copp and R. Vogel, Maple Leaf rortte: Victory (Alma, Ont.: Maple Leave. $29) completes the story of the Canadian First Army in Europe in 1944-5.

Canada and the World R.W. Winks, The relevance of Canadian history: United Stares and imperial perspectives (U.P. of America. $8.95) not only commends Canadian history to Americans, who usually neglect it, but also tries to assess the importance of Canada to both the British empire and the U.S. That the British often had very strange ideas of Canada is amply demonstrated by R.G. Moyle and D. Owram, Imperial dreoms and colonial realities: British views of Canada, 1880-1914 (Toronto U.P.. $29.95) which examines nine British stereotypes of the dominion. The Canadians did not necessarily fare any better with the Americans on the evidence of R.C. Stuart, United States expansion and British North America. 1775-1871 (North Carolina U.P., $37.95) which explains how the Americans moved from seeing the Canadians as the enemy. to a puzzled acceptance of a society which was neither quite British, nor quite North American, and eventually to a belief that the two societies, Americans and Canadians, would one day converge. A little known aspect of Canadian connections is examined in B.D. Tennyson (ed.), Canada and rhe Commonweolrl~ Caribbean (U.P. of America, $25.95) which brings together a collection of papers published over many years.

Canada's role in the modern world and the discomforts provided by her powerful southern neighbour and her old imperial partner, Britain, are the subject of a carefully researched book, D. Smith, Diplomacy of fear: Canada and the cold war, 1941-1948 (Toronto U.P., $35). B. Nolan, King's war: Mackenzie King and the poliiics of war, 1939-1945 (Mississauga, Ont.: Random House) covers the same period from a different point of view.

Social and Economic This represents the most active field in Canadian historical publishing. Much attention is being paid to ethnic minorities, both 'native North Americans' and immigrant groups. D.N. Nock. A Victorian missionary and Canadian Indian policy; Cultural synthesis vs. culrural replacenienr (Wilfred Laurier U.P., $14.95) examines the ideas of E.F. Wilson. P.D. Elias, The Dakota of the Canadian North West: Lessons for survival (Manitoba U. P., $34.95) tells the story of the Dakota, who came as refugees in the 1860s and 1870s, just as the same region was being opened up by the white man. D.N. Sprague, Canada and the Mitis, 1869-1885 (Wilfred Laurier U.P., $24.95) launches a strong attack upon John A. Macdonald and his fellow politicians for their treatment of the Metis in the West. Another disadvantaged group is examined in R.Q. Duffy, The road to Nanavut: rhe progress of the Eastern Arctic Innuit since the second world war (McGill-Queen's

J.R. Burnet, 'Coming Canadians': an introduction to a history of Canada's peoples (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, $12.95) provides an overview for the 'Generations' series. Particular immigrant groups are examined in H. Ganzevoort.

U.P., $35).

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A bittersweet land: the Dutch experiences in Canada, 1890-1980 (ibid., $17.95); J.E. Zucchi, Italians in Toronto: Development of a national identity, (McGill-Queen's U.P., $29.95); and P.S. Li, The Chinese in Canada (OUP. $10.95). Other aspects of Asian immigration are covered in J.M. Jensen, Passage from India: Asian lndian immigrants in North America (Yale U.P., $37.50). Many of them entered through Vancouver and met similar discriminatory laws in Canada and the U.S. Not all would-be immigrants of any nationality made it. The story of some of the unfortunates is told in B. Roberts, Whence they came: deportation from Canada, 1900-1935 (Ottawa U.P.. $24.95). More recent changes in Canadian attitudes are documented in a second edition of F. Hawkins, Canada and immigration: Public policy andpublic concern (McGill-Queen's U.P., $45, pbk $19.95) which deals with the period since 1972. The Irish were always an important community and new examinations of the controversies surrounding their role are undertaken in D.H. Akenson. Small differences: Irish Catholics and Irish protestants, 1815-1922 (ibid., $29.95) and B. Elliott, Irish migrants in the Canadas: A new approach (ibid.).

Religion has always played an important part in Canadian life. J.S. Moir and C.T. Mclntire (eds). Canadian protestant and catholic missions, 1820s-1960s: Essays in honour of John Webster Grant (New York: Peter Lang, $39) is concerned, not with attempts to convert the 'heathen', but the fervent attempts which Canadians made to convert their fellow Christians to their particular denomination. Some similar stories emerge in J.W. Grant. A profusion of spires: Religion in nineteenth century Ontario (Toronto U.P.). E.M. Sider, The Brethren of Christ in Canada: Two hundred years of tradition and change (Hamilton, Ont.: Canadian Conference of Brethren in Christ Church, $15.95) tells the story of the Anabaptists who came from Germany by way of the U.S. but retained their German language and culture even during the first world war.

Religion and education were closely connected. N. Voisine, Les Frires des Ecoles chretiennes au Canada. 1. La Conqiif!te de I'Amerique 1837-1880 (Saint Foy, Quebec: Gditions Anne Sigier) explains the role of the Christian Brothers in educating the working classes while the Jesuits concentrated on their social betters. Education was vital in creating a new nation and other studies include B. Curtin. Bidding the educational state: Canada West, 1836-1871 (London, Ont.: Althouse Press); S. Houston and A. Prentice. Schooling and scholars in nineteenth-century Ontario (Toronto U.P.. $40, pbk. $19.95); G.A. Rawlyk (ed.) Canadian baptists and Christian higher education (McGill-Queen's U.P.. $24.95, pbk, $12.95); and C. Gaffield. Language, schooling and cultural conflict (ibid.). A Presbyterian home in Nova Scotia produced Robert Falconer. the influential President of the University of Toronto from 1907 to 1932. whose story is told in J.G. Greenlee, Sir Robert Falconer (Toronto U.P., $37.50). Religion was sometimes directly connected with social policy as is demonstrated in B. Fraser. The social uplifters: Presbylerian progressives and the social gospel in Canada, 1875-1915 (Wilfred Laurier U.P.. $15.95). Sometimes social ideologies had a very different origin as in B.D. Palmer (ed.), A communist life: Jack Scott and the Canadian workers movement, 1927-1985 (St. John's Nfld.: Committee on Labour History, $19.95) which is based on taped interviews with the subject.

Studies of individual towns and industries often shed much light. Good examples are P. Voisey, Vulcan: the making of a prairie community (Toronto U.P., $18.95) and I. Radforth. Buhworkers and bosses: Logging in Northern Ontario, 1900-1980 (ibid.. $42.50, pbk $17.95). C. Heron, Working in steel: the early years in Canada, 1883-1935 (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, $14.95) illustrates the social impact of industrial change in one of Canada's major industries. P. Murray, The vagabond peer: a chronicle of the North Pacific sealing schooner trade (Sono Nis Press, $29.95) has both a diplomatic and an ecological dimension. centring as it does on the 191 1 agreement about sealing in the Bering Straits. The whaling industry is dealt with in

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R.L. Webb, On the Northwest: Cornmercial whaling in the Pacific Northwest, 1790- 1969 (British Columbia U.P.. $29.95).

I.M. Drummond provides a descriptive account in Progress withoutplanning: the economic history of Ontario from Confederation to the second world war (Toronto U.P., $49, the second of three volumes of a new economic history of Ontario. A widely acclaimed study is C. Armstrong and H.V. Nelles, Monopoly’s moment: the organization and regulation of Canadian utilities, 1830-1930 (ibid.). Southern exposure: Canadian promoters in Latin America and the Caribbean. 1896-1930 (ibid., $35) by the same authors. also breaks new ground. R. Bothwell, Nucleus: a history of Atonric Energy of’ Canada Limited (ibid.) concerns itself with an important modern industry. J. R. Miron, Housing in postwar Canada: Demographic change, household formation and housing demand (McGill-Queen’s U.P., $35) is important in revealing changing social patterns.

Women’s History This is one of the most rapidly growing fields and, at its best, is producing excellent work. The most important single book must be A. Prentice et al., Canadian women: a history (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, $22.95). This is the first general survey of women’s experiences from that of native women in their first contacts with Europeans to the recent Supreme Court decision on abortion. Another acclaimed book is V. Strong-Boag, The new day re-called: Lives of girls and women in English Canada, 1919-1939 (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, also Longman, $26). M. Cohen. Wonien‘s work: Markets and econoniic development in nineteenth-century Ontario (Toronto U.P., $14.95) demonstrates the role of women as producers within the family unit.

’

Miscellaneous Important books which are not easy to classify include W. Mitchinson and J. McGinnis (eds). Essays in the history of Canadian medicine (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart. $14.95) which represents the new kind of medical history, rooted in social conditions and public policy; N.R. Ball (ed.). Building Canada: a history of pirblic works (Toronto U . P . , $37.50) which follows the publication of a similar study in the U.S. and demonstrates the crucial importance of this kind of infrastructure in the development of Canada; R. Jarrell, The cold light of dawn: A history of Canadian ustrononzy (ihid., $35); and J . Nelson, The colonized eye: Rethinking the Grierson legend (Between the Line, $25.05, pbk $12.95) which re-examines the life of the man who was the director of the National Film Board of Canada from 1939 to 1945.

(iii) The United States of America

John Kentleton

Sources It has been a good year for sources. Perhaps pride of place not merely for chronological reasons should go to Claude Lopez el al. (eds), The papers of Benjamin Franklin. Vol. 27, July I through October 31, 1778 (Yale U.P., f45). Begun over thirty years ago, reviewers have complained that the personality of Franklin still remains opaque, public papers masking the private man. Yet the collection remains the fundamental repository for an understanding of the practical genius who now in his seventies is tending the Franco-America1 alliance. His even more illustrious successor as Ambassador, is represented by Wilbur Samuel Howell (ed.), Jefferson’s parliamentary writings: ‘Parliamentary pocket-book’ and a manual of parliamentary practice (Princeton U.P., f30.90), the first parliamentary rule

156 ANNUAL BULLETIN OF HISTORICAL LITERATURE 74

book of Congress as drawn up by the second Vice-president. The editor's introduction and notes run to almost two hundred pages. listing all Jefferson's copyings. verifications and editorial judgments. Was there any branch of human activity to which Jefferson did not have something to contribute? The anniversary of the Constitution can run a few years yet and reminds us that both federal and state governments were feeling their way as in Kenneth R. Bowling and Helen E. Veit (eds), Documentary history of the first Federal Congress, 1789-1791 Vol. 9: The diary of William Maclay and other notes on Senate debates (Johns Hopkins U.P., f25, pbk f7). For the first six years of its existence the U.S. Senate debated in secret; Maclay. Senator from Pennsylvania is a vital source: for the historian there must be regret that he drew a two year term. See also Claudia L. Bushman et al. (eds) , Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware State, I781 -I 792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792 (Delaware U.P., $75.00). Raymond E. Fitch (ed.), Breaking with Burr: Harman Blennerhasset's Journal, 1807 (Ohio U.P.. f27.50) may be deficient in scholarly apparatus but provides a disillusioned insight into Jeffersonian America as does John C. Van Horn (ed.), The papers of Benjamin Henry Latrobe. Series IV: Correspondence and miscellaneous papers, Vol. 111, 1811-1820 (Yale U.P.. f 110). Charles M. Wiltse and Alan R. Berobzheimer (eds). The papers of Daniel Webster: Speeches and formal writings Vol. I1 1834-1852 (New England U.P.. f50) completes the work of Vol. I 1800-1833 which appeared in 1986 and supplements the seven volumes already published in entirety of Webster's correspondence. Meanwhile Robert Seager 11 and Melba Porter Hay (eds), The papers of Henry Clay Vol. 9. The Whig leader: January I, 1837 - December 31, 1843 (Kentucky U.P.. $50.00) see that his great protagonist is represented. Carl Blesser (ed.). Secret and sacred: the diaries of James Henry Hammotrd, A southern slaveholder (OUP. f17.50) is a must for every Southern historian. Hammond. a Governor of South Carolina who overcame the self- inflicted damage of a sexual scandal to earn a seat in the U.S. Senate in 1857, has left a masterpiece in unconscious self-revelation. Begun in 1841 and ending in 1864 shortly before his early death. it is a rich source of social. political and psychological insight into Hammond himself, Carolina society and the planter class as a whole. It furnishes an intimate record of his most private thoughts and opinions that anyone else would have surely burned. Two further volumes of Grant's papers have appeared: John Y. Simon etal. (eds.). Thepapersof UlysscsS. Grant Vol. 15, May I - December 31, 1865. Vol. 16. 1866 (Southern Illinois U.P.. $47.50 each). J.C. Levenson et al. (eds), The letters of Henry Adams Vol. 4, 1892-1899; Vol. 5. 1899-1905; Vol. 6, 1906-1918 (Harvard U.P., f120 for 3 volume set) are a typical mixture of private concerns and public affairs, quintessentially A d a m i n their range and insight. Another ex-University teacher is to be found in Arthur S. Link et al. (eds), The papers of Woodrow Wilson Vol. 58. April 23 - May 9, 1919, Vol 59. May 10-31, 1919 (Princeton U.P., $52.50 each). Perhaps it is as well that Wilson's pathetic hopes of a third term were never realised. The Foreign Relations series now devoted to triennia continue to surface. Department of State. Foreign relations of the United States, 1952-1954. Vol. 8. Eastern Europe; Soviet Union; Eastern Mediterranean; 1955-1957 Vol. 5 , Austrian - State Treaty; Summit and Foreign Ministers' Meetings 1955; and 1955-1957, United Nations and General International Matters (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office). Given the closeness of the Western alliance in those days perhaps one might also mention a British publication Roger Bullen and M.E. Pelly (eds). Documents on British policy overseas Vol. 2. Series 2, The London Conferences: Anglo-American relations and cold warstrategy, JanuaryJune 1950 (H.M.S.O., f35). Its 117 documents focus on the Tripartite meetings held in London in May, 1950 between the foreign ministers of Britain, France and the United States. Finally one cannot forbear to mention Marvin E. De Boer (ed.), Dreams ofpower and thepower of dreams: The inaugural

THE AMERICAS I s7

addresses of the governors of Arkansas (Arkansas U.P.. f40) a massive twelve hundred page compendium. Bedside reading perhaps.

General The book of 1988 though published in America at the end of the previous year was Paul Kennedy, The rise and fall of the great powers (Unwin Hyman, f18.95). Although not just concerned with American history its impact in an election year turned it into a best seller. The last part of the book deals with a problem the author entitles 'Strategy and Economics To-day (19434980) and To- morrow' whilst the final 22 pages are given up to the question of the day, 'The United States: the Problem of Number One in Relative Decline.' Possibly recent events have made these sorts of prophecies shorter-sighted than usual. Given the hype one might refer to W.W. Rostow, 'Beware of historians bearing false analogies' (For. Affs., 66) for a Book Review Essay which is highly critical. See, however, 'Comment and correspondence' (ibid.) where author and critic confront each other. One a more workmanlike level it is pleasure to record that George Brown Tindall, America: A narrative history (Norton f 11.95.2 vols pbk f7.50 each) has earned a second edition. A good many names, dates and details have been excised in the interests of fresher narrative and the post-1945 period has been thoroughly revised including a more up-to-date account of the Reagan years. The Columbia literary history of the United States (Columbia U.P., f59.95) has provoked mixed reactions; according to taste its judgments are either provocative and stimulating or a horse designed by a committee, a literary camel. John A. Garraty and Mark C. Carnes (eds). Dictionary of Anierican biography Supplement 8 1966-1970 (Charles Scribner's Sons. S80.00) lists the good and the great (among others). Fred I . Greenstein (ed.). Leadership it! the modern presidency (Harvard U.P., f23.95) is a first rate set of essays by historians and political scientists on each chief executive from FDR to Reagan. Th: author in a concluding chapter discusses with considerable insight how presidential leadership has changed over the last half century. Bruce Kuklick. The good ruler: from Herberr Hoover to Richard N k o n (Rutgers U.P., $17.95) argues that the essence of political leadership is the personification of the conditions and aspirations of American life: i t is persona more than issues and programmes that count; FDR. Eisenhower and John Kennedy had the ability to inspire people. 'The Example of Virginia Is a Powerful Thing. The Old Dominion and the Constitution 1788-1988' (Virginia Magazine of Hist. and Biog., 96) is the theme of a complete issue appropriately enough in the Bicentennial year of ratification. In addition to academic contributions, there are some interesting 'Reflections' by former Associate Supreme Court Justice Lewis F. Powell Jr. Wiliam M. Wiecek, Liberty under law: the Supreme COltrI in American life (Johns Hopkins U.P.. $30.00, pbk $10.95) considers whether the Court can be objective or whether judges' views are a substitute for those of the peoples' elected representatives. Readable, even-handed and judiciously selective i t is not overweighted with the arcane minutiae of case law. That the subject is a live issue may be gleaned from Leonard W. Levy, Original intent and the framers' Constitution (Macmillan, $19.95). The author argues that the language of the text is far more important than the diverse intentions of the framers who explicitly rejected the doctrine of original intent. So much for William H. Rehnquist, Robert H. Bork and Edwin Meese 111; original intent is not a viable foundation for a jurisprudence of constitutional law. The Constitution exists to describe and limit the government, not to describe and limit rights; just because particular rights are not specified does not imply they have no constitutional existence. Stanley N. Katz, 'The strange birth and unlikely history of Constitutional Equality' ( J . Anier. Hist., 75) observes that notwithstanding the belief that 'All men are created equal' the latter concept occurs only once in the 1787 document; not until the mid-twentieth century did the courts decisively expand the definition and protection of equality. A

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tentative push in that direction may have come with the advent of direct popular election of the President i n the 1820s. the starting point for Roger A. Fischer, Tippecanoe and trinkets too: the material culture of American presidential campaigns, 1829-1984 (Illinois U.P., $14.95) an absorbing study of the bizarre and commonplace artefacts thrown up by presidential campaigns, illustrated with almost 250 black- and-white photographs. Lest one deduces that American politics can be fun, a useful corrective is David H. Bennett, Theparty of fear: from nativist tnovements to the new right in American hisrory (North Carolina U.P., €23) a superbly well- informed narrative history of political neanderthal man (and woman) from the 1790s to the 1980s. Although less than a third of the book's five hundred pages is devoted to the antebellum era. slightly more than half is concentrated on the period from the 1920s. For an examination of where nativism and indeed, more attractive causes flourished, recourse can be had to Kenneth C. Martis, The hi.storica1 atlas of political parties in the Utrited States Congress 1789-1989 (Macmillan, $160.00). a nearly 400-page study of every election result of every Congress. the detailed text and identification of personalia being supplemented by a hundred full colour maps. Margo J. Anderson, The American census: A social history (Yale U.P., €22.50) puts the census into a sweeping social and historical perspective; shaped by American society which in turn it helped to shape, the census served as both window and mirror. The human beings behind the statistics come alive in Steven Mintz and Susan Kellog. Domestic revolutions: a social history of American family life (Free Press. $22.50). a broad survey of American family life from the earliest days of settlement to the present. A synthesis of secondary literature. more than half the book is devoted to the twentieth century with particularly good sections on the 1950s and l%os. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate matters: u history of sexitality in Anrerico (Harper & Rpw. S24.Y5) is a sophisticated and immensely wide-ranging study of how the meaning and place of sexuality has changed in American life from the colonial period to the present day. Lawrence A. Cremin. American education: the metropoliton experience 1876-1980 (ibid., $35.00) brings to an end 23 years of work in the third volume of a monumental history, the underlying concept of which is that education must be construed in its broadest sense, what the author defines as 'the ecology of education'. R. Laurence Moore, Religious oursiders and the making of the Americans (OUP, pbk f7.95) adopts an equally broad approach in his contention that America cannot be understood merely in terms of its traditional churches; that 'outsider' religions are just as American as mainstream religions. I t is a personal selection; Catholics. Jews and Mormons are included as well as more precise examples such as Christian Scientists or some of the black churches. The author is arguing a case rather than providing a comprehensive coverage of every 'marginal' American sect. For a study of a group on whom Moore is silent, reference should be made to Thomas D. Hamm, The transformation of American Quakerism: Orthodox Friends 1800-1907 (Indiana U.P.. $25.00) a prize-winning study.

From Washington to Jackson Barry Schwartz. George Wushington: The making of an American symbol (Macmillan. f18.95) examines how deification occurs. John Phillip Reid. The concept of liberty in the age of the American revolution (Chicago U.P.. $22.95) provides the most erudite and compact analysis of the vast literature to date on the fundamental terms and concepts that created American political thought. Donald S. Lutz. The origins of American constitutionalism (Louisiana State U.P. . f20, pbk f 10.35) in a short book argues that the Constitution of 1787 is the fruit of reflection on experience that went back one hundred and fifty years; if in part it derives from English constitutional theory and practice it also has native American parentage. Neil L. York (ed.). Toward a more perfect union: six essays on the Constitution (Brigham Young University) includes some well-known

THE AMERICAS I59

constitutional historians discussing various aspects of the Founding Fathers. Merrill D. Peterson and Robert C. Vaughan (eds). The Virginia statute for religious freedom: its evolution and consequences in American history (CUP, f35.00) is a superb collection of essays. half historical, half philosophical and jurisprudential. It has been described as by far and away the best collection of stimulating, refreshing pieces on American religion. Virginia and the early Republic that has been seen for some time. David A. Wilson, Paine and Cobbett: the transatlatitic connection (McGill-Queen's U.P., $27.95) is a suggestive if not entirely conclusive account of the two radicals' attitude to America and the part it played in the evolution of their thought. Jack McLaughlin, Jefferson and Monticello: the biography of a builder (Holt $29.95) is a masterful study of how the constantly shifting arrangements of the hilltop mansion reflected the complexity of its creator's mind. For the author, who is knowledgeable about the intricacies of building, Jefferson is shown as constantly in debt, obsessed with the demands of his creation which remained unfinished for most of his lifetime. James M. Banner Jr, 'A shadow of secession: The Hartford Convention 1814' (Hist. Today. 38) is a succinct account. A work of distinction and originality is G. Edward White, The Oliver Wendell Holmes Devise history of the Slipreme Coiirt of the United Slates. Vols. 111-IV: The Marshnll Court and cultural change. (Macmillan. $95.00). In contrast to other volumes in the series this is not just concerned with legal and constitutional case history, but devotes as much space to portraits of the justices, lawyers etc. of the era. I t provides a fascinating commentary on the social and cultural background. Robert V. Remini, The life of Andrew Jacksoti (Harper & Row, $27.95) has reduced his laudatory three volume biography to one. by judicious cutting, some re-writing and a few revisions. The enthusiasm remains if a little more muted. The same author has written Tile legncy of Atidrew Jackson: essays on democrucy, liidiuri removal. arid slavery (Louisiana State U.P., f 19). Whilst hardly comprehensive and perhaps somewhat forced, they offer a useful corrective to some of the more partisan approaches to these subjects.

The Civil War Era and Reconstruction Another addition to the American Presidency Series is Elbert D. Smith, The presidencies of Zachary Taylor mid Millard Fillmore (Kansas U.P., $25.00). Well organised and readable, the author essays a revisionist approach, arguing that Taylor was not inept, and obstinate nor was Fillmore 'colourless' but effective and judicious. On the former Smith is not totally convincing; such an attempt to overturn conventional assessments should perhaps be based on more extensive research, but his picture of Fillmore is a persuasive one. Richard H. Sewell. A house divided: Sectionalism and Civil War 1848-1865 (Johns Hopkins U.P., f20.50, pbk f7.00) is a well-written traditional narrative weighted towards political rather than social history. Overall the book is a careful summary of existing scholarship; if it asks no new questions or offers no new perspectives. it will be of great benefit to students. Kenneth J. Winkle, The politics of comnrrinity: migration arid politics in otitebellutn Ohio (CUP, $32.50) is an important study of a neglected subject, the effect of migration on political behaviour. By examining the electorate of one Ohio county, he demonstrates the high incidence of voter mobility which gave greater weight to the votes of long-term residents. The author has furnished evidence, the significance of which for the broad picture of antebellum politics will need further addition and interpretation. James M. McPherson, Battle cry of freedom: the Civil War era Vol. VI. Oxford History of the United Slates (OUP, f 19.50) has been widely praised on both sides of the Atlantic. Its great strength lies in its command of narrative sustained for some 860 pages. Such an approach, enjoined by the series, allows dramatisation; the war, for example, is considered in relation to major episodes in which military issues predominate. The work is a worthy successor to the author's Ordeal byfire; if when

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he turns his hand to interpretive analysis he is on less firm ground or assigns emphasis with which one might differ, it is perhaps a timely reminder that even a work that has been hailed as magisterial must show human blemishes when confronted with this most vexed and compelling of historical issues. Philip Shaw Paludan. ' A peoples contest': the Union at war 1861-1865 (Harper & Row, $27.95) is an excellent addition to the New American Nation Series and concentrates on the Northern experience of war. Edward Hagerman, The American Civil War and the origins of modern warfare (Indiana U.P., $37.50) is a more specialised work, concentrating on how and why the Civil War was fought the way it was, rather than what happened as such. An interesting approach that is, however, marred by factual errors. Stephen W. Sears. George B. McClellun: the young Napoleon (Ticknor and Fields, $24.95) endeavours to solve the mystery of the man who had unsurpassed military knowledge and the ability to inspire his troops. but failed against the enemy. Sears relying on McClellan's wartime correspondence. comes closer than anyone to solving the problem. I t is the sad story of a man who could not rise to the occasion. The same author adds a footnote on 'The curious case of General McClellan's memoirs' (Civil War Hist., 34) describing how his friend and editor did him considerable if unwitting disservice, by including material that the General would surely have concealed. As if from the grave. McClellan appeared to vindicate his critics. Edwin C. Fishel. 'Pinkerton and McClellan: Who deceived whom' (ibid.) deals with the issue of the constant overestimate of Confederate forces that always stopped McClellan in his tracks. Whilst a neurotic general and a sycophantic intelligence officer are a dangerous combination, the ultimate cause of the miscalculation was McClellan himself; he would have placed even less credence on the views of another intelligence officer; in short he wanted to believe the worst. On the southern side Thomas E. Schott, Alexander H . Stephens (Louisiana State U.P.. f35.65) is stronger on the antebellum and war years. Though underpinned by thorough research, there is room for dispute as to how sympathetically the author understands the preoccupations of the Confederate Vice-president. Nonetheless it helps fi l l an important and long-standing gap in Southern history. Eli N. Evans, Judah P. Benjamin: the Jewish Confederate (Free Press $24.95) deserved better. U.S. Senator from Louisiana 1853-61. and holder of three Cabinet posts in the Confederacy, Attorney General. Secretary of War and Secretary of State, he is clearly worth a good biography. Yet the book has not been well received though one reviewer plaintively asks. 'In a publicity release Evans' book is unqualifiedly praised by prominent historians. Did they read the book?' Gary W. Gallagher. 'Scapegoat in victory: James Longstreet and the battle of Second Manassas' (Civil War Hist.. 34) suggests that the belittling of Longstreet's reputation owed much to his willingness to confide to a Northern reporter after the War that Lee might actually have made a mistake at Gettysburg. called for North-South reconciliation and even accepted appointive offices from none other than Grant. A victim of politics, prejudice and self-interest his case was not helped by his movements round the South that prevented him building up a local -and loyal - base. William D. Matter, If it takes all summer: the battle of Spotsylvania (North Carolina U.P.. $29.95) focuses on a battle that somewhat surprisingly has not hitherto received comprehensive treatment. Based on massive research. it is a significant contribution marred only by a denseness of style and a perhaps inevitable tendency to see trees for wood. James Lee McDonough and James Pickett Jones, War so terrible. Sherman and Atlanta (Norton. f 13.95) is an informative and thorough account of the events of the late summer and autumn of 1864 which finally ensured that the Confederacy would be destroyed. William A. Tidwell, with James 0. Hall and David Winfred Gaddy, Come retribution: the Confederate secret service and the assassination of Lincoln (Mississippi U.P.. $38.50, pbk $17.95) is a genuinely new study of the Confederate secret service and its relationship to Lincoln's assassination.

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The evidence presented is largely circumstantial, but it gives the conspiracy theory a new lease of life and is fascinating on the Confederate plan to blow up the White House with Lincoln in it in mid-April 1865 after the failure of attempts to kidnap him. Brian Holden Reid and Bruce Collins discuss 'Why the Confederacy lost' (Hist. Today. 38); the latter is particularly interesting on why the South did not opt for guerrilla warfare after Appomattox. The aftermath of war is also discussed by Patrick K. O'Brien. The economic effects of the American Civil War (Macmillan. pbk f3.95). Much praise has been lavished on Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's unfinished revolution 1863-1877 (Harper & Row, $29.95). The author has made himself the leading authority on the period; elegantly written, combining both breadth of vision and concern for detail, i t is characterised by judiciousness and discernment. I t is a superb statement of the revisionist approach and if influenced by a Marxist perspective it is never seduced by i t . Richard Nelson Current, Those terrible carpetbrrggers: a reinterpretntion (OUP, f 19.40) is the work of a distinguished historian now in his late seventies. It is debatable whether this work, a revisionist treatment of the lives of ten leading carpetbaggers deftly woven into a continuous narrative. advances the subject much beyond Current's own major contributions twenty years and more ago. Yet it might be argued that he has furnished a synthesis for those who, as he complained earlier, are too inclined to learn their history from novelists. On this last point, one might mention C. Vann Woodward and Gore Vidal, 'Gore Vidal's "Lincoln"?: An exchange' (New York Review of Books, April 28. 1988); wisely, perhaps. Vann Woodward confines himself to some modest, low key comments for there is little doubt that Vidal can well look after himself; the latter's lengthier defence is typically provocative and stimulating.

Slavery and the Old South John Hebron Moore, The emergence of rhc old cotton kingdoni in the old Southwest Mississippi 1770-1840 (Louisiana State U.P.. f38, pbk f 17.05) is concerned with socio-economic rather than political history, and is descriptive rather than analytical. Oddly he bypasses the debate over plantation slavery that has been of such concern to so many recent students of the period. However, the author does not push an ideological line and has produced one of the best comprehensive works on late antebellum society for many years. Michael O'Brien, Rethinking rhe Soirth (Johns Hopkins U.P.. f 19) is a mixed bag of essays, wide-ranging in time and place. Numan V. Bartley (ed.). The evolirtiori ofsoir/hern culture (Georgia U.P., $20.00. pbk $9.00) is a collection of essays by well-known historians. Bertram Wyatt-Brown. 'The mask of obedience: male slave psychology in the Old South' (Amer. H . R . , 93) is based on the author's 1985 Commonwealth Fund Lecture. I t is still chilling to read the draconian punishments that coerced black men into submission. Randolph B. Campbell contributes a Research Note on 'Slave hiring in Texas' ( ib id . ) . Grady McWhiney. Cracker culture: Celtic ways in the Old South (Alabama U.P.. $25.95) returns to the strange idea that the Civil War was a clash between two profoundly different peoples. the English North, hard- nosed, orderly and efficient and the Celtic South, amiable, easy-going and anti- authoritarian. Whilst there were Celtic influences the sub-culture portrayed here would presumably come as news to all those Virginian descendants of Cavaliers. Robert C. Kenzer. Kinship and neighbourhood in a southerti cotnmimity: Orange County, North Carolina 1849-1881 (Tennessee U.P.. $28.95) is a brief local study. Whilst the data is a welcome addition it will need many more such before it is possible to re-examine the social history of the nineteenth century rural south. Stephen V. Ash, Middle Tennessee society transformed 1860-1870: War and peace in the Upper South (Louisiana State ,U.P., f30.90) examines thirteen tobacco growing counties of the Nashville Basin which the author argues formed a 'Third South'. One might dispute the principle of selection since such an area can hardly

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be equated with the Upper South but within his compass Ash is informative and interesting. By way of contrast there is Brooks D. Simpson. 'Grant's tour of the South revisited' ( J . South. Hist.. 54) on the victor's visit and report of his observations. C.S. Monholland, 'Southern history in periodicals, 1988: A selected bibliography' (ibid., 55) continues the practice of recording the relevant periodical literature of the previous year in its second (May issue).

Gilded Age to Jazz Age Ari Hoogenboom. The presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes (Kansas U.P., $25.00) is another volume in the American Presidency Series. The author depicts Hayes as an able man who. notwithstanding his mode of succession to the presidency, proved to be of benefit both to his party and his country. 'A round table: Labor, historical Pessimism and Hegemony' is the theme of several thoughtful articles in (J. Amer. Hist., 7 5 ) . An allied theme is Alun J. Munslow. 'Andrew Carnegie and the discourse of cultural hegemony' (J. Amer. Studs., 22); see also (ibid., 23) for 'Response and rejoinder.' A brief summary is Milton Goldin. 'The gospel of Andrew Carnegie' (Hkt. Today, 38). Edward N. Akin. Flagler: Rockefeller partner and Florida baron (Kent State U.P., $24.00) is a biography of the pioneer in the 19th Century petroleum industry who after his retirement from Standard Oil went on to have a second career as an investor in Florida railroads and real estate. Richard E. Welch Jr. The presidencies of Grover Cleveluntl (Kansas U.P.. $25.00) is a further contribution to the American Presidency Series. In a well developed synthesis Cleveland emerges as an astute politician playing the part of the honest steward putting independence before compromise. Charles W. Calhoun, Gilded Age Cato: the li/e of Walter Q. Greshum (Kentuck U.P.. $28.00) is a much needed biography of one of the periods most unusual figures. Michael T. Isenberg. John L . Sirllivan and his America (Illinois U.P.. $24.95) is better on the boxer than the latter part of his title. Martin J. Sklar, The corporute reconstriiction of Anierican capitalism 1890-1916 (CUP. f35. pbk f 12.50) analyses the challenge posed by the development of corporations and how regulation evolved to meet it. The author traces in 5M pages packed with detail the slow emergence of an agreed policy that accepted both corporatism's existence and a recognition of the need for its control. One might instance the subject of Ralph W. Hidy. Muriel E. Hidy and Roy V. Scott with Don L. Hofsommer. The Great Northern Railway (Harvard Business School P., $49.95) a massive two part definitive history, informative and wide-ranging. For an account of the settlement of the land made possible by the railroads see Rodman W. Paul, The Fur West and the Great Plains in trunsition 1859-1900 (Harper & Row, $24.95). The author died before being able to finish this excellent narrative which was seen through the press by Martin Ridge. The result of both mens' efforts is an authoritative, even brilliant history of the Far West at its most interesting period. The South is discussed in 'Perspectives. The strange career of Jim Crow' (J. Anier. Hist., 7 5 ) with an inevitable contribution by C. Vann Woodward who has proprietary rights over this subject. David W. Grantham. The life and death of the Solid South (Kentucky U.P.. $25.00) is an admirable survey of Southern politics since Reconstruction. Although a straightforward account, it reflects a genuine understanding of the region and its role in the life of the nation. James C. Cobb 'Beyond planters and industrialists: A new perspective on the New South' (J. South. Hkt., 54) examines the development of the region in the light of recent scholarship. David H. Burton. The learned presidency: Theodore Roosevelt. William Howard Taft, Woodrow Wilson (Farleigh Dickinson U.P., f20) takes as his ideal the philosopher-king concept of leadership arguing that the learned presidents are largely concentrated in the early nineteenth century with Adams, Jefferson and Madison, whilst the trio of presidents here discussed help redeem the reputation of the twentieth. As an epilogue the author cites Hoover as being the last President of whom such a claim could be made. Doubtless the standard has dropped recently

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which may give a slightly jaundiced perspective. Sean Dennis Cashman. America in the age of the titans: the progressive era and World War I (New York U.P.. $46.00, pbk $20.00) is a lengthy survey of a critical period. A successor to the author's America in the gilded age. he discusses political, economic. social and cultural history in a series of thematic chapters. Michael Woodiwiss, Crime, crusades. and corruption: prohibitions in the United States, 1900-1987 (Pinter, f25) examines various attempts to legislate morality and how self-defeating. even counter- productive, the whole process usually is. Steve Colin. The fragile bridge: Paterson silk strike 1913 (Temple U.P.. $34.95) sees the famous strike not merely as a decisive event in the history of the Wobblies but equally significant in the development of American radical culture. H.M. Gitelman. Legacy of the Ludlow massacre: a chapter in American industrial relatioris (Pennsylvania U.P., $29.95) is not so much about the famous Colorado coal-strike as its subsequent effect on American employer-labour relations. James S. Olson. Historicnl dictionary of the 1920s: from World War I to the New Deal 1919-1933 (Greenwood, $55.00) is a useful vade niecuni of just over four hundred pages for any student of Jazz Age and Depression America.

The era of FDR Sean Dennis Cashman. America in the Twenties and Thirties. The Olynipian Age of Franklin Delrino Roosevelt (New York U.P.. f25. pbk f10) continues the author's ambitious survey of the first half of the twentieth century. William E. Leuchtenburg, 'Why the candidates still use FDR as their measure' (Amer. Heritage, 39) is an election year reminder that FDR still casts a shadow. William R. Brock, Welfare, democracy arid the New Deal (CUP, f30) is a masterly examination of an important subject. Slow to adopt welfare as a statutory right, the advent of FERA looked as if it might lead to a fully integrated welfare system. Brock argues that FDR took a wrong turn in 1935 when the system divided responsibility between the federal government and the states. Thomas S. Olson, Saving capitolism: the Reconstrirctiori Finance Corporation and the New Deal I933- I940 (Princeton U.P.. f17) is a long awaited study of a central New Deal agency. Whether it was more than that. as the author argues. is open to question but the book furnishes a clear picture of the role of the RFC in preventing economic collapse and effecting the New Deal. There is a particularly valuable description of Jesse Jones the Chairman of the RFC. Jo Ann E. Argersinger, Toward a New Deal in Baltimore: people arid government in the greut depression (North Carolina U.P.. $29.90) is readable and informative. Douglas L. Smith, The New Deal in the irrbnn Soirrh (Louisiana State U.P.. f28.45) examines the impact of the New Deal on four southern cities Atlanta. Birmingham. Memphis and New Orleans. Harold F. Bass, Jr, 'Presidential party leadership and party reform: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the abrogation of the Two-Thirds Rule' (Presidential Studs. Q . , 18) states that the consequences for the South, the Democratic party and FDR himself, not least i n 1940, were considerable. Stuart Kidd, 'Redefining the New Deal: Some thoughts on the political and cultural perspectives of revisionism' (1. Amer. Studs., 22) argues that the formulation of a revisionist approach to the New Deal would be aided by a cultural perspective and surveys some of the writings underlying that approach. Two leading figures of the period are portrayed in Robert A. Burt, Two Jewish justices: outcasts in the promised land (California U.P., $19.95). This penetrating study of the influence of Brandeis and Frankfurter is absorbing but not entirely dispassionate. Brandeis is the 'prophet' with an instinctive sympathy for oppressed outsiders; Frankfurter the priest who soon lost his liberal tendencies and became at one with the establishment. Nonetheless it is hard not to sympathise with Burt's enthusiasm for Brandeis or dislike of Frankfurter; the former's moral authority surely made him the greater man? Glen Jeansonne. Gernld L . K . Smith: minister ofhate (New York U.P.. f20) is now the standard biography of a singularly

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unattractive figure. Robert H. Zieger, John L. Lewis: laboirr leader (Twayne. $24.95, pbk $10.95) is a well-written biography intended for the general reader and students yet based on recent scholarship. David Brinkley, Washington goessto war (Deutsch, 532.95) is a mixture of personal reminiscence and research supplemented by interviews with leading figures of the period. As a news commentator Brinkley combines journalism with history into a readable and entertaining account. He is very good on the confusion in wartime Washington. Frederick W. Marks 111. Wind Oversand: the diplomacy of Franklin Roosevelt (Georgia U.P.. $29.95) is based on massive research. A critical examination of FDR's foreign policy it does not fully allow for the constraints on him at the time. Much is made of FDR's supposed lack of understanding of foreign affairs and his tendency to play things by ear. but Presidential foreign policy is necessarily personal and it is questionable whether a heavily bureaucratic approach would be much better. Perhaps Marks' questions deserve consideration rather more than his answers. Scott D. Sagan. 'The origins of the Pacific War' ( J . Interdisc. Hist.. 18) argues that war occurred between America and Japan due to a mutual failure of deterrence rather than to Japanese miscalculation. Raoul Aglion, Roosevelt and de Goulle: Allies in conflict: a personal memoir (Free Press, $22.50) are the experiences of one of de Gaulle's representatives in Washington who later enjoyed a distinguished diplomatic career. This is an essential source for an understanding of what is often regarded as one of FDR's blind spots; the author argues that the real trouble lay with those anti-Vichy Frenchmen who also happened to be anti-de Gaulle. Robert H. Keyserlingk, Austria in World Wur 11: An Anglo-Atnericnn dilemtiiu (McGill-Queen's U.P., $29.95) is a revisionist examination of Allied policy towards Austria and throws new light on how it was formulated.

Cold War America John Patrick Diggins, The proird decades: Atnericu in wur and peace 1941-1960 (Norton, pbk $19.95) blends political. social and cultural history into an absorbing synthesis. Its particular merit is that it truly gives a portrait of a society as a whole. Robert Wuthnow. The resrructirring of American religion: Society and faith since World War I 1 (Princeton U.P.. $25.00) is the first in a dozen or so volumes that are planned to survey Church and State throughout American history. As a bizarre example of unorthodox religion that led to a significant Supreme Court decision see Robert Ellwood. 'Making new religions: The story of the Mighty I AM' (Hist. Today, 38). Athan G. Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J . Edgar Hoover ond the great American inquisition (Temple U.P., $27.95) takes advantage of the Freedom of lnformation Act to produce the most informative account to date of an organisation that sought the limelight yet hid its secrets; the picture that emerges is a depressing one as the subtitle suggests. Ilene Philipson. Ethel Rosenberg: beyond the myths (Waits. $18.95) tries to strike a balance between saint and sinner; clearly a complex personality, her story evokes sympathy. One recalls Eisenhower's letter to his son, "It goes against the grain to avoid interfering in the case where a woman is to receive capital punishment." See also Deborah Dash Moore, 'Reconsidering the Rosenbergs: symbol and substance in second generation American Jewish consciousness' ( J . Amer. Ethnic Hist.. 8 ) argues that the most vehement in their insistence that the Rosenbergs be executed were anti-Communist Jewish intellectuals. Another victim of the Cold War is Alger Hiss, Recollections o f a life (Unwin Hyman. f12.95). Now in his mid-eighties and with failing eyesight this is both a memoir and a final protestation of innocence, having failed to get the Courts to clear his name. Perhaps the Scottish verdict 'Not proven' is most appropriate. Ellen W. Schrecker, No ivory tower: McCarthyism and the universities (OUP, f 16) is not encouraging reading. Academics do not come too well out of the account of this witchhunt but the book itself is well-written and well-researched. Edmund F. Kallina Jr. Courthouse over White House: Chicago

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and the presidential elecrions of1960 (Central Florida U.P., $25.00) now publishes in book form an issue he first explored ten years previously in the Journal of American Studies. The argument is that Illinois' 27 electoral votes did not alone deprive Richard Nixon of the White House and that the real battle as far as Chicago Democrats were concerned was to keep control of the local political machinery. The presidential election was a side issue! To anyone with any experience of the parochialism of local politicians this has the authentic ring of truth. Michael P. Weber, Don't call me boss: David L . Lawrence, Pittsburgh's renaissance tnayor (Pittsburgh U.P., $32.95, pbk $16.95) is a sympathetic treatment of a man who bridged the gap between the old city-bosses and the new-style politicians whose career carried him at the age of 69 to the Governorship of Pennsylvania. Kenneth O'Reilly examines the role of the FBI in two articles: 'The FBI and the civil rights movement during the Kennedy years - From the freedom rides to Albany' ( J . South. Hist., 54) and 'The FBI and the politics of the riots 1964-1968' ( J . Amer. Hist., 75) where he suggests Hoover outwitted Lyndon Johnson. David Caute, Sixty Eight: Theyear of the barricades (Hamish Hamilton. f14.95) moves beyond America in its discussion but inevitably has much to say on the American experience in the 'Year everything went wrong.' The Journal of American Stirdies, 22 has a special issue devoted to Civil Rights and Student Protest. Bruce Allen Murphy, Fortas: the rise ond ruin of a Supreme Coirrt Justice (Morrow, $25.00) examines the career of a man who against his better judgment took a place on the Court and whose subsequent disgrace thwarted Earl Warren's wish not to let Richard Nixon appoint his successor. Fortas emerges as an activist who lacked the judicial temperament. Dale E. Casper, Richard M. Nikot?: A bibliogrciphic exploration is the first bibliography and lists some seventeen hundred items. Tip O'Neill with William Novak, Man of the House: The life arid political memoirs of Speaker Tip O'Neill (Bodley Head, f 15) is an enjoyable book that contains a great deal of practical wisdom. O'Neill's insights on politics and politicians are useful, even necessary corrective to more academic studies. Byron E. Schafer. Bifiirccrted politcs: evolution and reform in the national purty cot~ventiot~ (Harvard U.P.. f21.95) is an exhaustive examination of postwar national party conventions.

Modern foreign policy David Dimbleby and David Reynolds, An ocean apart: the relationship between Britain and America in the twentieth centiiry (Hodder and Stoughton. f14.95) is heavily weighted to the modern period. Based on the television series, it succeeds in giving a balanced and informative view of politicians and issues for the general reader. Thomas G. Paterson, Meeting the communist threat: Trirtnnn to Reagan (OUP. $24.95) is a collection of essays written over a twenty year period. The author sees a consistent failure of American leaders to have been an exaggeration of the Communist threat and an inclination to broaden particular policies into universal verities. Jean Edward Smith, 'General Clay and the Russians: A continuation of the wartime alliance in Germany, 1945-1948' (Virginio Q. R . , 64) argues that the Russians co-operated with Clay in endeavouring to set up a four-power government; co-operation broke down not on a local basis but due to increasing distrust of the Russians in Washington. Germany was not so much the cause of the Cold War as its consequence. Donald Knox, The Korean War: Uncertain victory (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, $29.95) is the second volume of an Oral History of the Korean War. Primarily concerned with American soldiers it is notable that they appear more ideological in their attitudes than their British counterparts. H. W. Brands Jr, Cold warriors: Eisenhower's generation and American foreign policy (Columbia U.P., $30.00) discusses the men who made the foreign policy of the fifties. The author is now bowled over by Eisenhower revisionism and enters a cautionary note on his alleged moderation. Stephen G. Rabe, Eisenhower and Latin America: The foreign policy of anticommunism (North

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Carolina U.P.. $29.95, pbk $9.95) suggests the mainspring of his policy was a desire to block the ‘international communist conspiracy’ though the victims were more inclined to see it as traditional sphere of influence politics from their powerful neighbour. This theme, however, is correlated by Lloyd C. Gardner, Approaching Vietnam: from World War I1 through Dienbienphu. 1941-1954 (Norton, f 15.95) which is essentially a work on Eisenhower. The author sees that the real purpose of his policy was to build a democratic state in South East asia that would act as a bulwark against communism. In this respect. the decision not to intervene to save the French, is a side-issue. The latter is examined in Melanie Billings-Yun, Decision against war: Eisenhower and Dien Bien Phu 19S4 (Columbia U.P., $29.50). As an ex-soldier Eisenhower was so appalled at the professional incompetence in choosing such a site for a last stand, one suspects he thought the French didn’t deserve any help. Credence is given to the hidden-hand (or perhaps sleight of hand) theory of his Presidency in his clever evading of Congressional pressure, by leaving the initiative to the British whose response he accurately discerned. Paul M. Evans, John King Fairbank and the American understanding of modern China (Blackwell, f29.50) is part biography, part intellectual history. The subject of the book, however, remains an elusive figure albeit the work itself is informative and interesting. Yaacov Bar-Siman Tov, ‘The limits of economic sanctions: The American-Israeli case of 1953’ ( J . Contemp. Hist., 23) argues from America’s imposition of economic sanctions on Israel. following her decision to divert the waters of the Upper Jordan to the Negev desert, that such constraints are not always effective. Peter Boyle, ‘The special relationship’ ( J . Amer. Studs., 22) is a Review Article on the Anglo-American alliance. Lawrence S. Kaplan, N A T O and the United States: the enduring alliance (Twayne. $24.95. pbk $10.95) is a well- written, judicious account; the author brings his great knowledge of the issues to bear, particularly on the latter part of the period. Gordon H. Chang, ‘JFK. China and the bomb’ ( J . Amer. Hist.. 74 ) argues that John Kennedy and his closest advisers not only seriously discussed but also actively pursued the possibility of taking military action with the Russians against Chinese nuclear installations. The article provoked a letter of protest (ibid.. 75) on the grounds that i t was built on a misreading of the documentation and should not have been published lest i t be used by America’s enemies. The thought of KGB subscriptions to academic journals could be an example of actively pursuing external funding! William C. Berman, William Fitlbright and the Vietnam War: the dissent of a political realist (Kent State U.P., $24.00) is a close study of Fulbright’s finest hour. Neil Sheehan. A bright shining light: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam (Cape, f15.95) won a Pulitzer Prize. A blockbuster of a book. it has clearly benefitted from good publicity. For background detail see James S. Olson (ed.). Dictionary of the Vietnam War (Greenwood. $65.00). Archie Roosevelt. For lust of knowing: memoirs of an intelligence officer (Weidenfield, €20) cannot shake off the practised discretion of a CIA Station Chief. James A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The tragedy of American-Iranian relations (Yale U.P., f16.95) is the definitive account. Henry Brandon, Special relationships: a foreign correspondent’s memoirs from Roosevelt to Reagan (Macmillan. f 15.95) is an outsider’s view of inside Washington; the former Sunday Times correspondent knew his way round the American corridors of power. Michael Howard, ‘A European perspective on the Reagan years’ (Foreign Affs.. 66) is quite a trenchant preliminary assessment by a distinguished British historian.

Immigrants and ethnics Brian C. Mitchell. The paddy camps: the Irish of Lowell 1821-61 (Illinois U.P.. $24.95) has a wider significance than its title suggests. In a thorough bibliographical essay, the author surveys the whole range of Irish- American studies. Paul Finkelman, ‘The protection of Black rights in Seward’s

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New York' (Civil War Hist., 34) argues that the conventional wisdom for antebellum race relations, at least in New York, may be wrong. Seward during his Governorship (1839-43) used his position to protect blacks and his electoral successes suggest the voters offered their support. Leon Litwack and August Meier, Black leaders of the nineteenth century (Illinois U.P., $24.95) is an examination by some of the foremost scholars in the subject. Robert Wooster, The military and United States Indian policy 1865-1903 (Yale U.P.. f20) is an important book which suggests that essentially the War Department had no policy but dealt with each situation as it occurred. William B. Gatewood Jr. 'Aristocrats of color: South and North. The Black elite. 1880-1920' ( J . Soirth. Hist.. 54) discusses a forgotten minority. Herbert Shapiro. White violence and Black response: from Reconstructiori to Montgomery (Massachusetts U . P . , $35.00, pbk $14.95) is a disturbing account of white society's violence against black Americans, but is content to describe the injustice rather than offer new thoughts on it. William L. Ziglar, 'The decline of lynching in America' ( In/ . Soc. Sci. Rev., 63) discusses Theodore Roosevelt's concern over the issue but unwillingness to act, an example followed by his cousin. Increased public abhorrence led to some cessation in the practice, thanks to propaganda work by the NAACP. Alexander Bloom, Prodigol sons: the New York intellectiials and iheir world (OUP, $ 1 1.95) is an account of Jewish intellectual life from the 1930s. Elia Kazan. A life (Andre Deutsch, f17.95) is an over 800 page autobiography of the Anatolian Greek film director who suffered all the stresses and strains of the second generation immigrant. Two minority groups receive treatment in Gregory Orfalea. Before thej?ames: A quest for the history of Arab Atnericuns (Texas U.P., $22.50) which is a well-written, personal account; and Joan M. Jensen. Passage from India: Asian Indian immigrants in North America (Yale U.P.. $32.50) which is better on the anti-Asian- Indian reaction. Graham Smith, Wheii J i m Crow tnet John Birll: Black American soldiers in World Wrir I1 Britoin (Tauris. f14.95) is a definitive account. The ordinary Briton sided with the Blacks. unlike politicians of both left and right in their efforts to appease their allies.

Women There are some engaging remarks by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr, 'Arthur M. Schlesinper. Sr, new viewpoints in American history revisited' (New England Q.. 61). the comments by a distinguished historian on his father's work in his centenary and a reminder of the impetus to women's history given by the elder Schlesinger. Paul F. Boller Jr. Presidential wives: An anecdotal history (OUP. f 15) continues the author's search for humour in the White House. Largely concentrated on the twentieth century, Mamie Eisenhower's comment that she Couldn't understand what women wanted to be liberated from suggests Eisenhower revisionism may have to be qualified. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, Within the plantation: Block and white Women of the Old South (North Carolina U.P., $38.45. pbk $14.25) is the most complete study of southern plantation women to date. It becomes painfully apparent that the Old South was a patriarchal society. Jeane Boydston, Mary Kelley and Anne Margolis, The limits of sisterhood: The Beecher sisters and women's rights and women's sphere (ibid. . $32.00, pbk $12.95) studies white middle class attitudes and aspirations. Linda Gordon, Heroes of their own lives: the politics and history of family violence. Boston 1880-3960 (Viking, $24.95) is based on the records of three Boston welfare agencies for the protection of children which often brought to light women's problems. Beth L. Bailey, From front porch to back seat: Coirrtship in 20th centiiry America (Johns Hopkins U.P., f 12) takes the romance out of the subject. It all seems so mercenary, status and marketability being the salient factors. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward bound: American families in the cold war era (Basic Books, $20.95) examines the impact of the cold war on American domesticity during 1950s. The author argues that it

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affected everything from the design of suburban houses to relations between the sexes. Cynthia Harrison, O n account of sex: the politics of women's issues 1945- 1968 (California U.P.. f18) is a readable and original study of women's issues in federal politics. Ultimately enough pressure was applied to lead to the Equal Rights Amendment. Two women who did make an impact in federal politics, without being politicians were presidential wives. Betty Houchin Winfield. 'Anna Eleanor Roosevelt's White House legacy: The first public lady' (Presidential Studs. Q.. 18) examines her journalistic role and argues that it conferred a new status on the first lady. Henceforth they were public figures. Eleanor set a high standard and it is questionable how many successors kept to it. Lewis Gould, Lady Bird Johnson and the environment (Kansas U.P., $29.95) furnishes one possibility. Though faced with the inevitable problems of one who had influence rather than power, Lady Bird was the most interesting and effective of all postwar presidential wives, combining southern charm with northern efficiency.

(iv) Latin America and the Caribbean

Joseph Smith and Edwin Early

General The paperback editions of The Cambridge history of Latin America are not to have the market all to themselves. Indeed, students and teachers of the 19th century may well prefer the compact synthesis of D. Bushnell and N. Macaulay, The emergence of Latin Atnerica in the nineteenth centiiry (OUP, pbk f9.95). Even better value is the third edition of B. Keen and M. Wasserman. A history of Latin America (Houghton Mifflin. pbk f18.50). The addition of a brief section on geography and the inclusion of statistical tables further enhance the appeal of this well- established text. Although primarily concerned with contemporary issues T. Cubitt, Latin Atnerican Society (Longman, pbk f7.95) provides perceptive insights on the life of people in Third World societies.

Economic J. Love and N. Jacobsen (eds), Giiiding the invisible hand: economic liberalism and the state in Latin American history (Praeger. $38.50) is an especially timely collection of essays exploring the phenomenon of economic liberalism from the late colonial period to the 1930s. The impact of export commodities on development is carefully examined in R.J. Salvucci. Textiles and capitalism in Mexico: an economic history of the obrajes, 1539-1840 (Princeton U.P.. $40) and W. Fritsch, External constraints on economic policy in Brazil, 1889-1930 (Macmillan, f35). The latter work challenges the view that Brazilian economic policy during the Old Republic was subordinated to the need of protecting the interests of coffee planters. On a more contemporary theme A.B. Soskin, Non- traditional agriculture and economic development: the Brazilian soybean expansion, 1964-1982 (Praeger. $37.95) sees decidedly mixed results in the shift of agricultural resources,to soybean production in Brazil. The broader subject of Latin American industrialisation is featured in B. Albert, South America and thefirst world war: the impact ofthe war on Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Chile (CUP, f27.50) which argues that the war only reinforced Latin America's reliance upon exports of primary products.

The current economic crisis in Latin America continues to generate an outpouring of scholarly diagnosis and prognosis. A useful introduction for the general reader is P. Kunynski, Latin American debt (Johns Hopkins U.P.. pbk $12.95). S. Branford and B. Kucinski. The debt squads: the US, the banks, and Latin

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America (Zed, pbk f6.95) is more controversial in its advocacy that the creditor countries should grant immediate relief to the debtor nations. A similar argument is contained in J. Roddick, The dance of the millions: Latin America and the debt crisis (Latin American Bureau, pbk f5.95). A more conservtive approach is evident in R. Wesson (ed.). Coping with the Latin American debt (Praeger. $37.95) and H. Handelman and W. Baer (eds), Paying the costs of austerity in Latin America (Westview, f29.95).

International relations J.D. Martz (ed.). U.S. po/icy in Latin America (Nebraska U.P., $29.95) is a useful though conventional collection of American viewpoints. More interesting is the sympathetic discussion by two distinguished American scholars of why Latin Americans have come to resent their powerful neighbour in R. Roett. 'Anti-Americanism in the southern cone of Latin America' and L.D. Langley, 'Anti-Americanism in Central America' (Annals Amer. Acad. Pol. SOC. Sci.. 497). Additional historical evidence that the United States has acted as a reactionary force in the western hemisphere is provided by R.V. Salisbury, Anti-imperialism and international competition in Central America, 1920-29 (Scholarly Resources, $24). American diplomacy of the 19%k and 1960s is competently examined in S.G. Rabe. Eisenhower and Latin America (North Carolina U.P.. $29.95) and J.S. Tulchin, 'The United States and Latin America in the 1960s' (J. Interamer. Studs., 30).

High on the current agenda of American diplomacy is how to stem the trade in narcotics. The alarm bells are sounded in B.M. Bagley, 'The new Hundred Years War? US national security and the war on drugs in Latin America' (ibid. . 30). The note of growing American concern is also the theme of S.B. MacDonald, Dancing on a volcano: the Latin American drug trade (Praeger. pbk $12.95). Despite the proclaimed desire for international cooperation G. Loescher. 'Humanitarianism and politics in Central America' (Pol. Sci. Quart.. 103) shows that governments have conspicuously failed to agree on how to combat the problem of refugees. As usual Latin American opinion receives short shrift although L. Bethell and I. Roxborough, 'Latin America between the second world war and the cold war: some reflections on the 1945-8 conjuncture' ( J . Lat. Amer. Studs.. 20) declare their intention to focus on internal Latin American factors. The task will require a considerable amount of archival research. The danger of too superficial an approach to the study of diplomatic relations is exemplified in C. Escude. 'Argentine territorial nationalism' (ibid. , 20) which alludes to rather than explains the influence of the perception of territorial losses. The neglected subject of the contemporary foreign policy of the English-speaking nations of the Caribbean is dealt with in J. Braveboy- Wagner, The Caribbean in world affairs (Westview, pbk f13.50). More strident and journalistic in tone are the articles contained in J. Ferguson and J . Pearce (eds), The Thatcher years: Britain and Lutin America (Latin American Bureau, pbk f3.50).

Social One issue of the Hispanic American Historical Review, 68, addresses the topic of the abolition of slavery in Brazil. R.J. Scott, 'Exploring the meaning of freedom: postemancipation societies in comparative perspective' ( ibid.) serves as a useful introduction, but the outstanding analysis is provided by S. Drescher. 'Brazilian abolition in comparative perspective' ( ibid.) which examines a problem strangely neglected by historians. Slavery in the islands of the Caribbean has attracted much more historical attention. The works of Eric Williams have been particularly influential and were the subject of a 1984 conference whose proceedings are collected in B.L. Solow and S.L. Engerman (eds), British capitalism and Caribbean slavery (CUP, f25). On the wider spectrum of urban and family history J.E. Kicza, 'The social and ethnic historiography of colonial Latin America: the last twenty years' (Wm. & Mary Quart., 45) presents a lucid and highly informative survey of historical writing since the 1960s. For the national

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period i t is Brazilian society that has recently attracted most interest. 1987 saw monographs by Karasch, Levi. Lewin and Needell. Mention should also have been made of the important 'tour de force' by J.E. Hahner. Poverty and politics: the urban poor in Brazil. 1870-1920 (New Mexico U.P.. 1986. $32.50). A fine study of the opposite end of the social spectrum is E-S. Pang, In pursuit of honor and power: noblemen of the southern cross in nineteenth-century Brazil (Alabama U.P., $41.95). By contrast S . Lauderdale Graham, House and street: the domestic world of servants and masters in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro (CUP, f25) covers virtually the same period, but is more narrowly conceived.

An unusual cluster of historical attention has gathered around the question of strikes. The story of how economic forces provoked the first strike in North America is told with feeling in D.M. Ladd, The making of a strike: Mexican silver workers' struggles in Real del Monte, 1766-1775 (Nebraska U.P., f20.85). Equally uplifting in tone is P. Parkman. Nonviolent insirrrection in El Salvador: the fall of Marimiliano Hernandez Martinez (Arizona U. P., $28.95) which shows how political protest took the form of a national strike in 1944. The dictator was brought down but was followed by a military government. Living and working conditions remained harsh for the mass of people living in El Salvador and the rest of Latin America. The grim reality is emphasised in R.F. Piiieo. 'Reinterpreting labor militancy: the collapse of the cacao economy and the general strike of 1922 in Guayaquil. Ecuador' (Hisp. Amer. Hist. R . , 68). Interesting material on the organisation of labour is also contained in M. Cross and G. Heuman (eds). Labour in the Curibbeari (Macmillan, pbk f 10.95).

Precolonial Students of prehistory are well-served by the collection of articles in R.W. Keatinge. Peruvian prehistory: an overview of pre-Inca and Inca society (CUP, f35). W.E. Doolittie. Pre-Hispanic occupance in the valley of Sonora, Mexico (Arizona U.P., $24.95) points to the existence in this region from the 11th century onwards of complex agricultural settlements rather than nomadic peoples. J . Broda. D. Carrasco and E.M. Moctezuma. The great temple of Tenochtitlan: center und periphery in the Aztrc world (California U.P. $38) explains the significance of the great symbol of Aztec power.

Colonial and Independence L. Lisle. 'Military aspects of the conquest of Mexico' (Military R., 68) likens the military tactics of Cortes to those employed by the Romans in subjugating Gaul. J.S. Super, Food, conquest. and colonization in sixteenth-century Spunish America (New Mexico U.P., $24.95) examines the contribution made to the local diet by the conquerors. His contention that the introduction of new livestock and crops expanded food production is fascinating and will prove controversial. More conventional in its survey of Spanish influence is D.J. Weber (ed.). New Spain'sfnr northern frontiers: essays on Spairi in the American West, 1540-1821 (Southern Methodist U.P., $13.95). The frequently superficial treatment of Latin America by historians prompts S.J. Stern to take 1. Wallerstein to task in 'Feudalism. capitalism, and the world-system in the perspective of Latin America and the Caribbean' (Amer. H.R. . 93)._H.J. Klein and J . Barbier. 'Recent trends in the study of Spanish American colonial public finance' (Lar. Arner., Research R . , 23) argues that the colonial economy was thriving during the 17th century. P. Bakewell. Silver and entrepreneurship in seventeenth-century Potosi: the life and times of Antonio Lopez de Quiroga (New Mexico U.P.. $35) shows how an individual entrepreneur could make his fortune. The decline of Potosi and the rise in Mexican silver production is carefully charted by R.L. Garner, 'Long-term silver mining trends in Spanish America: a comparative analysis of Peru and Mexico' (Amer. H . R . , 93). The cacao trade is examined in E. Pifiero. 'The cacao economy of the eighteenth-century province of Caracas and the Spanish cacao market'

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(Hisp. Amer. Hist. R . , 68). In practice the colonial administrative structure was generally accommodating to the growth of commerce. This was particularly evident in Buenos Aires and forms the theme of Z. Moutoukias, 'Power, corruption, and commerce: the making of the local administrative structure in seventeenth-century Buenos Aires' ( ibid.) , S.M. Socolow, The bureaucrats of Buenos Aires, 1769-1810 (Duke U.P.. f42.75) and J. Cooney, 'Oceanic commerce and Platine merchants, 1796-1806' (Americas. 45). Indian resentment against Spanish oppression is stressed by W. Stavig, 'Ethnic conflict, moral economy and population in rural Cuzco on the eve of the Thupa Amaro I1 rebellion' (Hisp. Amer. Hist. R . . 68). Although it is based only on a single slave register D. Ramos, 'Slavery in Brazil' (Americus, 45) shows, however, that employers in the diamond mines of Diamantina, MG, did attempt to provide rudimentary medical care for their workers.

National: (a) Argentina An invaluable bibliographical aid is L. Horvath, Peronism and the three Perons: a checklist of material on Peronistn and on Juan Domingo, Eva and Isabel Peron and their writings it1 the Hoover Itistitiition Library and Archives and in the Stanford University libraries (Hoover Institution P.. $16.95). The bulk of secondary publications are dominated by the desire to use the Peronist past to make sense of the present chaos in Argentina. A contour of a path through the minefield is visible in T. Halperin Donghi. 'Argentina's unmastered past' (Lat . Atner. Research R . . 23). C.H. Waisrnan. Reversal of development in Argentina: postwar courirer-revolririonary policies arid their structural consequences (Princeton U.P., $40) places the blame for Argentina's decline on the adoption of economic protection and the corporate state during the late-1940s. The quality of political leadership is bemoaned in P.A. Poui. 'Argentina 1976-1982: Labour leadership and military government' ( J . Lat. Amer. Studs.. 20) and the new English translation of G. O'Donnell, Biireaiicratic authoritarianism: Argentina, 1966-1973 (California U.P.). A more objective stance is adopted by D. James, Resistance and integration: Peronism and the Argentine working class, 1946-197 (CUP, f27.50) which is based upon archival research and considerably expands our knowledge of the development of Argentine trade unions. In a revised and enlarged edition of a study first published in 1976 D.C. Hodges, Argentina, 1943-1987 (New Mexico U.P., pbk $13.95) presents interesting new information gained from interviews with opposition leaders. Despite all the turmoil of the last decade the author remains committed to his belief in socialist revolution.

(b) Brazil R.J. Barman, Brazil: the forging of a nation, 1798-1852 (Stanford U.P., f25.95) is a scholarly reconstruction of the complex events that led to the formation of a politically independent Brazil. This work fills a major gap in the existing historical literature. The great crisis that struck the Old Republic is illuminated in R.M. Levine. "'Mud-hut Jerusalem": Canudos revisited' (Hisp. Amer. Hist. R . , 68) which argues persuasively that what occurred was 'not a reckless, malevolent anti-social movement of religious deviants but a story of a hopeful and innocent settlement of rural migrants. neither apocalyptic nor evil'. The hostile Brazilian environment has deterred many attempts to establish permanent settlement. The story of one ill-fated enterprise is told in W.C. Griggs, The elusive eden: Frank McMullan's confederate colony in Brazil (Texas U.P., pbk $9.95). K. Bakx. 'From proletarian to peasant: rural transformation in the state of Acre, 1870-1986' ( J . Developnzent Stiids.. 24) is an informative study of development in a particular region. Further evidence of social and economic distrimination against blacks is provided in R. Andrews, 'Black and white workers: Sio Paulo, Brazil, 1888-1928' (Hisp. Atner Hist. R . , 68) and T. Meade and G.L. Pirio, 'In search of the Afro-American "Eldorado": attempts by North American

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blacks to enter Brazil in the 1920s' (Luso-Braz. R . , 25). More recent political developments are examined by J.D. French, 'Workers and the rise of Adhemarista populism in Sao Paulo. Brazil 1945-7' (Hisp. Amer. Hist. R . . 68) and M. Kinzo. Legal opposition politics under authoritarian rule in Brazil (Macmillan, f33) which meticulously describes the progress of the MDB from 1966 to 1979. Much more readable is T.E. Skidmore, The politics of military rule in Brazil. 1964-85 (OUP. f22.50). This authoritative analysis of Brazilian politics is a mine of information and complements the Same author's previously published and highly regarded study of the period from 1930 to 1964.

(c) Other South American Countries Recent events in Colombia throw into question the thesis of J . Hartlyn. The politics of coalition rule in Colombia (CUP, f27.50) that the system of coalition politics inaugurated in 1958 has laid the basis for political and economic stability in that country. The contemporary difficulties facing the region are discussed in D.L. Herman (ed.). Democrucy in Lntin America: Colonibia and Venezirela (Praeger, $45.95). C. Harding, 'Antonio Diaz Martinez and the ideology of Sender0 Luminoso' (Bull. Lat. Amer. Research. 7) provides a brief introduction to a topical subject. D. Corkhill and D. Cubitt, Ecuador (Latin American Bureau, pbk f3.95) is a short and useful study. The relationship between the Bolivian government and foreign capitalists is competently examined in J. Hillman. 'Bolivia and the international tin cartel, 1931-1941' (J. Lat. Amer. Studs.. 20). The historical isolation of Paraguay is broken by two articles! V.B. Reber. 'The demographics of Paraguay: a reinterpretation of the Great War 1864-70 (Hi.xp. Anier. Hist. R. , 68) impressively marshals statistics to argue that war casualties have been 'enormously exaggerated' by historians. D. Abente, 'The liberal republic and the failure of democracy' (Americas. 45) presents a descriptive outline of political developments from 1870 to 1936. On Chile it is worth noting the appearance of a second edition of B. Loveman. Chile (OUP, pbk f 11.95) and the author's comment in the preface that 'an appropriate conclusion to the last chapter . . . would have been the departure of General Pinochet.' Although personally sympathetic to Allende, E. Kaufman. Crisis in Allende'.s Chile (Westview, f34.95) presents the best scholarly overview so far written of Allende's presidency. G. Arriagada. The politics ofpower: Pinochet (Unwin Hyman, pbk f7.95) explains how Pinochet has remained in office by exploiting his powers of patronage and suppressing civil liberties.

(d) Mexico The impact of the Bourbon reforms on the ruling elite is discussed in L. Arnold, Birrenircrocy and bureaitcrnts in Mexico City, 1742-1835 (Arizona U.P., $25) and J.R. Booker, 'The Vera Cruz merchant community in late Bourbon Mexico: a preliminary portrait 1770-1810 (Americas. 45). An unusually large number of articles examine political developments during the 19th century. Although based on limited historical evidence R. D. Anderson. 'Race and social stratification: a comparison of working-class Spaniards. Indians and castas in Guadalajara, Mexico in 1821' (Hisp. Anier. Hist. R . , 68) argues cogently that economic considerations outweighed racial factors. S.M. Arrom, 'Popular politics in Mexico City: the Parian riot. 1828' (ibid.) deals competently with a little-known event. Two articles by M.P. Costeloe, 'Federalism to centralism in Mexico' (Americas, 45) and 'The triangular revolt in Mexico and the fall of Anastasio Bustamente. August-October 1841' (I. Lnt. Amer. Studs., 20) similarly enhance our knowledge of a neglected period of Mexican history. P. Santoni. 'A fear of the people: the civic militia of Mexico in 1845' (Hisp . Amer. Hist. R . , 68) highlights the difficulties of forming a national militia. The puzzle of why liberals so readily tolerated Juarez's repressive rule is explained by D.A. Brading, 'Liberal patriotism and the Mexican Reforma' (J. Lat. Amer. Studs., 20) which argues that the ideas of

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classical republicanism saw Juirez as a hero who had saved the republic from conservative treachery and foreign dominion. The relationship between Mexico and the United States is examined in several works. J.E. Weems. To conquer a peace: /he war be/ween /he United S/a/es and Mexico (Texas A&M U.P., $29.50) presents a detailed account from an American point of view of the battles of the 1846-8 War. A concern to see events from the vantage point of the local people is evident in R. Ruiz, The people of Sorrora and Yunkee capiralists (Arizona U.P., $35). The author concludes that the impact of American money and migration during the Porfiriato was inherently damaging to the local economy and its people. But the argument is hardly new and forms only part of a complex picture. A close relationship has long existed between the peoples of the borderland and is expertly discussed in O.J. Martinez. Troublesome border (Arizona U.P., $22.95). Despite the prevailing local hostility and military tension. it is not therefore totally surprising to learn from L.B. Hall and D.M. Coerver. Revolution on /lie border: /he United Slates and Mexico, 1910-1920 (New Mexico U.P.. $35) that American imports across the border actually increased from 1913 to 1918. Aspects of Mexico's troubled economic development since the 1920s are critically examined in S. Sanders, 'The coming troubles' (Orbis, 32) and G.W. Grayson, Oilrind Mexicuti foreigti policy (Pittsburgh U.P., $19.95).

(e) Central America The major publication of the year is J . Dunkerley. Power in the Isthniris: a poli/ical history of r,rodern Cenirul Aniericu (Verso. f29.05) which is likely to become the definitive text on the history of the region. W.G. Lovell, 'Surviving conquest: the Maya of Guatemala in historical perspective' (La/ . Amer. Research R . . 23) shows how the Maya endured into the 19th century. Our understanding of the Guatemalan revolution and its untimely demise in 1954 is considerably enhanced by J. Handy. 'National policy. agrarian reform, and the corporate community during the Guatemalan revolution. 1 9 4 - 1954' (Conip. Stiirls. SOC. Hist., 30) and "'The most precious fruit of the revolution": the Guatemalan agrarian reform, 1952-54' (Hi.cp. Atner. Hi.st. R . . 68). The portrayal of Arbenz in a more positive light is particularly interesting. The role of the military in modern Guatemala is discussed in F. Patterson, 'The Guatemalan military and the Escuela Politecnica' (Artwrl forces (e Society, 14) which describes how a loyal elite has been trained to become 'competent managers of violence'. For some reason few books appear on the contemporary 'crisis' in Central America though B.B. Larkin (ed.). Vital iritercsts: /he Sol'iec issiie in U.S. Central Atiirricriti policy (Lynne Rienner, pbk €11.95) deserves mention as a useful teaching aid. I t is ;in

interesting compendium of the views of American scholars, journalists and political figures including President Reagan.

( f ) The Caribbean I t was only to be expected that L.A. Perez would write a superb history of Cuba. Cirba: Betrueen reform U I J ~ revolii/iort (OUP. f20) is a masterly synthesis. The author's erudition is demonstrated by the fact that his 'Selective Guide to the Literature' is the longest chapter of the book! Appearing in advance of celebrations to mark the 30th anniversary of the revolution P. Marshall, Ciibu libre: breuking the chains? (Unwin Hyman. pbk 16.95) provides a well- informed assessment. R.W. Fontaine. Terrorism: the Ciibrm contiecrioti (Taylor & Francis, pbk €9.50) categorically condemns Cuba's involvement in international terrorism The author's reference to allegedly incriminating documents and phctsgiaphs brings to mind a recent occasion in which American charges lacked credibility. This episode is discussed in D.D. Newsom. The Soviet brigride in Cuba (Indiana U.P., pbk $7.95). W. Smith, The closes/ of enetnies: a personal and diplomatic accoiint of US-Cuban relniioris since 1957 (Norton, pbk f6.95) is critical of the unsympathetic attitude adopted by successive U.S. governments towards

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reaching an accommodation with Fidel Castro. A.H. Luxenberg, 'Did Eisenhower push Castro into the arms of the Soviets?' ( J . Interamer. Studs.. 30) argues, however, that the president in question was never really in control of rapidly moving events. This argument is more convincing that the deterministic model of American policy presented in M.H. Morley. Imperial state and revolution: the United States ond Cuba, 1952-1986 (CUP, pbk f 15). Nevertheless, Morley has written a substantial work which will certainly be widely read and debated.

Students and teachers will welcome the 4th edition of J.H. Parry, P. Sherlock and A. Maingot. A short history of the West Indies (Macmillan. pbk f6.50). The new edition takes the story beyond 1970 and into the 'politics of post- independence'. F.A. Baptiste. War, cooperation and conflict: the European possessions in the Caribbean, 1939-45 (Greenwood. f30.50) is a well-researched monograph which reveals that wartime relations between the U.S. and the European allies were far from smooth. The recent fall of the Duvaliers from power in Haiti has prompted a historical reassessment and an updating of D. Nicholls. From Dessolines to hvn l i e r (Macmillan, pbk fY.95) and J. Ferguson. Papa Doc, Baby Doc: Huifi ond the Duvnliers (Blackwell, pbk f7.95). Both are well-written studies although Nicholls provides a more substantial history of Haiti. G. Fauriol. 'The Duvaliers and Haiti' (Orbis. 32) discusses links between the Duvalier family and the U.S. government. E.M. Petras. Jumuicuri Iubor rnigruiion: white cupitalund black labor. 1850-1930 (Westview. $31.50) is informative on the migration of Jamaican workers to join the construction of the Panama canal. Useful insights on modern Jamaican politics and society are provided by A.J. Payne, Politics in Jamnica (Hunt, f22.50) and H . Goulbourne. Teuchers, edircation und politics in Janraica, 1892-1972 (Macmillan, pbk fY.95). The Centre for Caribbean Studies at Warwick University and Macmillan Caribbean are to be commended for launching a series that makes possible the publication in paperback of such interesting works as those by Golbourne on Jamaica and Nicholls on Haiti.