european exploration of the americas, · pdf fileeuropean competition in north america ......

Hernando Corts and Montezuma II. Engraving (19th century), Gallo Gallina.
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European Exploration of the Americas, 14921700Europeans explored and colonized the Americas and had a major impact on Native Americans. Slavery developed in the colonies.

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SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
Spain Claims an Empire
European Competition in North America
The Spanish and Native Americans
Beginnings of Slavery in Americas
European Explorationof the Americas, 14921700

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Section 1
Spain Claims an EmpireSpain claimed a large empire in the Americas.

Spain and Portugal Compete
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Spain Claims an Empire
Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal (1494):- moves Line of Demarcation 800 miles west- gives Portugal much of eastern South
America
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Get rich by mercantilismsetup of favorable balance of trade
Europeans also explore to become rich and expand their empires
European missionaries convert Native Americans to Christianity

Europeans Explore Foreign Lands
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Amerigo Vespucci sets out to find sea route to Asia (1501)
Ferdinand Magellan sails west around South America to Asia; he dies
Explorer Vasco Nez de Balboa finds Pacific Ocean (1513)
He realizes that Americas are not Asia; America named after him
Magellans crew returns; first people to sail around world (15191522)

Vasco Nez de Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean. Painting (1911), Clyde O. De Land.

The Invasion of Mexico
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Conquistadorssoldiers; explore Americas, claim for Spain
Corts defeats Montezuma, Aztecs; takes over region for Spain
Aztec leader Montezuma at first welcomes, then opposes Corts
Conquistador Hernando Corts and men land in Central America (1519)

The Conquest of the Incan Empire
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Inca have powerful empire along western coast of South America
Conquistador Francisco Pizarro and men conquer Incas (1531)

Reasons for Spanish Victories
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European diseases kill millions of Native Americans; weakens resistance
Conquistadors treat Native Americans brutally
Spanish form alliances with Native American enemies of Aztecs and Incas
Spanish are excellent soldiers, sailors; have superior weapons

Other Spanish Explorers
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3 Spanish expeditions set out to find cities of gold (15391542):- Francisco Vzquez de Coronado travels
through Arizona, New Mexico - Hernando de Soto explores southeast North
America - Juan Rodrguez Cabrillo sails up California
coast All 3 expeditions fail to find cities of gold

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Other European countries competed with Spain for control over territory in the Americas.
Section 2
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/amer_hist_recon/resources/htmls/animations/ah02_anim_noamerica.html

The Search for the Northwest Passage
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Northwest Passagetheoretical water route through North America to Asia
Giovanni da Verrazzano searches for French along Atlantic coast (1524)
John Cabot searches for English (1497); 2nd voyage never returns
Henry Hudson searches for passage for Dutch, English
Jacques Cartier searches for French up St. Lawrence River (15341536)
None of the expeditions successful in finding Northwest Passage

Spain Responds to Competition
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Spain angry about English and French claims in North America
Nearby, Spanish troops build St. Augustine fort
French Protestants found colony in Florida (1564)
Religious tension among Spain, England, France
Spanish troops destroy Protestant colony, massacre French

Spain and England Clash
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Catholic Spain wants Englands Queen Elizabeth, a Protestant, dethroned
During voyage, he plunders Spanish galleons, gets treasures for England
Englishman Sir Francis Drake travels around world
England challenges Spains sea power

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada
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Philip II of Spain sends Spanish Armada to conquer England
England does not finance colonization; its private citizens must
English victory has two major effects:- England remains independent and
Protestant - Spains image suffers; other nations
challenge Spain
Using smaller, faster ships, English fleet defeats Spanish Armada (1588)

Sea battle between Spanish Armada and English naval forces. Oil (about 1600),Hendrik Cornelisz Vroom.

The French and Dutch Seek Trade
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Frenchman Samuel de Champlain explores St. Lawrence River
Dutch start colony of New Netherland along Hudson River
Rich fur trade develops; colony of New Francethrives
In Quebec, Champlain founds first permanent French settlement (1608)
Dutch buy Manhattan Island (1626), start town of New Amsterdam

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Spanish rule in the Americas had terrible consequences for Native Americans.
Section 3

Spanish Colonies in the Americas
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By 1700, Spain controls much of the Americas
Build new roads; transports soldiers, goods more efficiently
Each province called viceroyalty; top officialviceroy
Divides American empire into two provinces, New Spain and Peru

Life in Spanish America
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Spanish colonists receive encomiendasgrants of Native American labor
Spanish rulers create haciendaslarge estates; produce food for colony

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Spanish colonial society has four levels
Mestizos are third level, mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry
Creoles are second level, Spanish descent born in colonies
Spanish-born colonists are top level; hold the most power
Native Americans, enslaved Africans lowest layer; have least power
continued Life in Spanish America

The Role of the Church
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MissionsSpanish settlements in Americas; church, town, farmlands
Some missionaries treat Native Americans as slaves
Missionaries provide food, protection, education for Native Americans
Missions goal is to convert Native Americans to Christianity
In 1680, Pop leads rebellion against Spanish, but is defeated

Sugar Plantations Develop
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Plantationslarge farms that grow cash crops; export crops to Europe
Using encomiendas Spaniards force Taino to labor, who suffer, die
Many plantations grow sugar

The Abuse of Native Americans
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Most Spaniards treat Native Americans as beasts of burden
Because of his efforts, Spanish king issues New Laws in 1542
For 50 years, he fights against the abuse of Native Americans
Catholic priest Bartolom de Las Casas gives up his encomienda
These laws order freeing of enslaved Native Americans
But king eventually reverses many of these laws

The Columbian Exchange
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Columbian Exchangetransfer of living things between hemispheres
Potatoes, corn move to Eastern Hemisphere; help feed population
Horses, cattle, wheat, onions, grapes move to Western Hemisphere
Includes transfer of germs that kill millions of Native Americans
People move from one hemisphere to other; cultures blend

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Slavery in the Americas began in order to provide cheap labor for the colonies.
Section 4

The Origins of American Slavery
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Slaveryholding a person in bondage for labor
In some societies slaves own property and their children are freed
Continued . . .NEXT

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Sugar plantations change slavery
Turn to using enslaved Africans because they:- are immune from most diseases - provide cheap labor - have experience farming - have no allies to help them in the Americas
First use enslaved Native Americans; many die from disease, overwork
continued The Origins of American Slavery

The Slave Trade
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In 1509, Spanish king sends 50 African slaves to Hispaniola
West African kingdoms on coast gather captives from inland
European slave traders ship Africans to Americas
Starts slave trade in Americas; soon colonies depend on slave labor
These kingdoms then trade captives for goods, become rich
Inland African societies weaken

The Middle Passage
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African Diasporaforced removal of people from Africa
About 2 million of these die during voyage called the middle passage
Overall, about 12 million enslaved Africans are shipped to Americas
Slave trade lasts until the late 1800s
On the ships, enslaved Africans face horrible conditions and disease

Slavery in the Americas
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Most enslaved Africans are forced laborers in haciendas, mines
Leads to racismbelief that some people inferior because of their race
European

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