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5 EURES Five European RES Heats Pilots

Wp3, Feasibility study report Catalonia DRAFT 16.11.2005

DISCLAIMER: The sole responsibility for the content of this [webpage, publication etc.] lies with the authors. It does not represent the opinion of the Community. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Generalitat de Catalunya Departament de Medi Ambient i Habitatge Direcció General del Medi Natural

Doctor Roux, 80 08017Barcelona Telèfon: 93 567 42 00

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INDEX

1. General overview of the region 4 1.1. Location, infrastructure, climate conditions 4 1.2. Present energy market – industry, household, municipal, service

sector 7 1.3. Future trends of energy market 9

2. Identification of key players and other basics facts 12 2.1. Authotities 12

2.1.1. Spanish context 12 2.1.2. Catalonian context 13

2.2. Industry – forest, energy, agriculture, transportation 14 2.3. Associations 14 2.4. Legislation, taxes, education level in the area and in the country 16 3. Assessment of biofuel harvesting potential in the

region 20 3.1. Forest resources- Forest area and timber production volume 20

3.1.1. The Catalonian region 20 3.1.2. The Cerdanya region 22

3.2. Forest industry – Companies and their products around Catalonia 25 3.3. Potential of forest industry residues – Bark, sawdust, and shavings 25 3.4. Potential of logging residues from final fellings 25 3.5. Potential of stumps and stem woods loss 27 3.6. Potential of small wood from thinings 27 3.7. Potential of agrobiomass: reed canary grass, straw, etc. 27

4. Problems wich limit the usage of biofuels in Catalonia 28 4.1. Barriers for the use of forest biomass 28 5. Assessment of the biofuel market potential in the

Region 30 5.1. Assessment of the biofuel consumption at the moment 30

5.1.1. Biomass from agriculture and forestry 30 5.1.1.1. Forest biomass 31 5.1.1.2. Clean wood residuals 31 5.1.1.3. By-products of the sawmill industry 32

5.1.2. Biogas 33 5.2. Biofuel potential 33

5.2.1. Biomass from agriculture and forestry 33 5.3. Evaluation of the biofuel price 34 5.4. Promising biofuel consumption sites 34

5.4.1. Biomass from agriculture and forestry. 35

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6. Description of wood fuel harvesting technology 36 6.1. Harvesting technology for timber 36 6.2. Biomass harvesting in Catalonia 37

7. Recommendation for the regional biofuel strategy 40

8. Selection of cases 41

References 42

Annex 1: Macromagnitudes in Catalonia 43

Annex 2: Final energy consumption given for each sector and divided per energy sources 44

Annex 3: Energy fluxes in Catalonia 2003 46

Annex 4: Estimation of the energy fluxes in Catalonia for 2015 according to scenarios IER and BASE 47

Annex 5: The Forest Policy General Plan 2005-2014 49

Annex 6: Wood table prices 50

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Feasibility study, draft document

1. General overview of the region

1.1 Location, infrastructure, climate conditions Catalonia is an Autonomous Community belonging to Spain. It’s located in the north eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. Catalonia limits with Andorra and France (northern part), Valencia (southern part), Mediterranean Sea (Eastern part) and Aragon (Western part). The exact coordinates are: eastern longitude from 3º 19' 59,94'' on the oriental end, until 0º 9' 41,69'' on the occidental part; latitude north from 42º 51' 45,97'' on the septentrional part until 40º 31' 27,56'' on the meridional end (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Location of Catalonia in Europe and administrative division of Catalonia in different regions (“comarques”). TERRITORY Catalonia has a total surface of approximately 32.000 km2, this counts for 6,3% of the whole Spanish surface. The different land uses are given in Table 1. The Catalan region shows remarkable resemblances with the European average. Comparing with the Spanish situation the most significant differences are seen in a higher percentage of forests and shrub lands and urban areas, while the percentage of the cultivated land and fields and pasture-lands are less then the Spanish average. Table 1: Surface and land use of Catalonia, Spain and EU-15 (Generalitat de Catalunya, 2004)

CATALONIA SPAIN EU - 15 Surface (1000 km2) 32 506 3157 Cultivated land (%) 28,6 36,9 28,3 Fields and pasture-land (%) 15,9 21,9 15,7 Forests and shrub land (%) 43,3 32,8 43,3 Lakes and rivers (%) 1,0 1,2 3,7 Urban areas (%) 6,7 4,2 4,8 Others (%) 4,5 3,0 4,2

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The total population density in Catalonia is 210 inh./km2, in comparison with Spain and EU-15 this is remarkable high. The total population amounts to 6,704 million inhabitants, 15,69% of the total Spanish population. The growth of the population is far above the Spanish and EU-average with a total growth of 20,7 per 1000 inhabitants, according to respectively 6,8 and 3,4 for Spain and EU-15. This high number is due to a very high migration ( Table 22). Looking to the whole Catalonian surface the population density distribution is concentrated at the coast, with a hot spot around the metropolitan of Barcelona with more than 800 inh./km2. More country-inwards and up to the Pyrenees the population density is lower than 50 inh./km2 (Figure 2). Table 2: Population characteristics

CATALONIA SPAIN EU - 15 Density (inh./km2) 210 84 121 Population (1000) 6.704 42.717 379.483 Migration balance(1) 19,0 5,6 2,6 Natural growth(1) 1,7 1,2 0,8 Total growth(1) 20,7 6,8 3,4

(1) Per 1000 inhabitants The total active population in Catalonia amounts to 3,05 million people with an activity rate of 57,7%. The unemployment rate is 9,2%, this is lower than the Spanish average of 11,1%, but still higher than the average European rate of 7,6%. 2,769 million people are active working wherefrom 2,6% in agricultural, 38,6% in the industrial and construction, and 58,8% in the service sector. Important for Catalonia is the Tourist sector at the Coast ( Table 3). Although Catalonia shares not more than 6,3% of the whole Spanish surface, 17,2% of all Spanish tourism accommodation is found in Catalonia. Table 3: Occupation

CATALONIA SPAIN EU - 15 Active population (1000) 3.050 18.267 176.427 Activity rate (%) 57,7 53,8 56,4 Employment (1000) 2.769 16.241 162.974 Agriculture (%) 2,6 5,9 4,0 Industry and construction (%) 38,6 31,3 28,2 Services (%) 58,8 62,7 67,8 Unemployment rate (%) 9,2 11,1 7,6

Figure 2: Population density in the different Figure 3: Road network of Catalonia autonomous regions in Catalonia. (Llegenda:Legend; Veh/dia: vehicles per day)

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On the whole Catalan territory there are a total amount of 1201 km of primary roads and 10.825 km of secondary roads ( Figure 33). The railway network is transporting every year 169, 613 million travellers, this is good for 26,6% of the Spanish railway transport. 5,349 millions of tons of goods are transported by train too, a share of 16,9% in the Spanish total. CLIMATE Bordering to the Mediterranean Sea, Catalonia has overall a Mediterranean climate with dry temperate winters and not extremely hot summers. Above all at the littoral zones the temperature is less intense due to the tempering effect of the sea. The hottest months of the year are July and August. Spring and fall are the less stable seasons with the most precipitation and during the latter heavy rainfalls are taking place between the coastal areas and areas more land inwards, this caused by the increased temperature of the sea water at the end of the summer. The Pyrenees and the regions bordering to them has a high mountain climate, with minimum temperatures below 0°C and annual precipitation over 1000 mm with snow abundance in winter time. The average annual temperature for these regions is about 10°C, although for the highest parts the annual average can be lower than 5°C. At the coast the temperatures increase from the north going to the south, for the precipitation the opposite is seen. Going up to the north, the precipitation is increasing. Monthly averages in temperature differ from 5°C in wintertime to 29°C in summertime. Going country-inwards, far from the sea, there is a continental climate with rather cold winters and very hot summers.

Climate types in Catalonia: 1-2: Mediterranean with sea influence. 3-4: Mediterranean with continental influence 5-6: Atlantic climate 7: Mediterranean high mountainous climate

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1.2 Present energy market – industry, household, municipal, service sector

Final energy consumption Figures of the final energy use in Catalonia are shown in Figure 4. The total amount of energy use increased from 11816,3 ktoe in the year 1997, over 13386,1 ktoe in 2000 to 15240,6 ktoe in the year 2003. This was an increment of 13,25% from 1997 to 2000 and a little higher 13,85% from 2000 to 2003. The amount of the different energy sources of each sector are shown in the tables of Annex 1.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

Fina

l con

sum

ptio

n (k

toe)

Primary 482,8 549,3 583,6

Services 1092,3 1336,8 1667,8

Household 1515,1 1761,8 2024,6

Industry 4150 4490,5 5214,7

Transport 4576,1 5247,7 5749,9

1997 2000 2003

Figure 4: Final energy consumption for each sector. The two biggest energy consumers are the transport sector (38%) and industry (34%), together good for 72% of the total Catalonian final energy consumption. Households a services had a share of respectively 14% and 11% and the primary sector 4%. The percentages have been more or less stable from 1997 to 2003, Figure 5 gives a perspective of the year 2003.

Transport38%

Industry34%

Primary4%

Household13%

Services11%

Figure 5: Share of each sector in the final energy consumption in the year 2003

Primary energy consumption The final energy consumptions mentioned above reflects the needs of the final consumer of that energy. However the primary energy consumption will reach much higher amounts, for the reason that between the primary consumption and the final consumption of the energy, significant losses must be taken into account. Losses can be of different kind, like losses of production operations, transformations, transport and distribution or energy consumption during transformation by the energy sector itself.

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The primary consumption itself is the sum of the total primary production and the balance between import and export. Figure 6 shows where the losses are taking place from the primary input until the final consumption.

Figure 6: Schematic view on the energy streams in Catalonia The Primary energy consumption achieved in 2003 a total amount of 25.951,8 ktoe, this was 14,0% more than in the year 2000 when 22.756,6 ktoe was consumed. In 1997 the primary consumption was still 20.423,3 ktoe, this was 11,4% less than in 2000 (Figure 7). The three biggest sources for the primary energy support are fuel-oil, nuclear energy and natural gas as can be seen in Figure 7. They share for respectively 48%, 25% and 22% in the total primary consumption.

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

Prim

ary

cons

umpt

ion

(kto

e)

renewables 685,9 622,5 830,5

non renewables residues 38,7 64,8 56,1

Saldo d'intercanvis elèctrics 105,9 345,4 330,1

Nuclear 5658,6 5993,4 6419,8

natural gas 3207,2 3875,4 5676

Fuel-oil 10390,6 11586,9 12471,5

1997 2000 2003

Figure 7: Primary energy consumption

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RES The share of the RES in the primary energy consumption is still small, 830,5 ktoe, and counts for the year 2003 to 3,2% of the total. In 2000 the share of RES was 2,7% of the total primary energy consumption. A positive trend can be seen in the evolution of RES, although big efforts will be necessary if the goals of the Catalonian Energy Plan (Pla de l’Energia a Catalunya en l’horitzó de l’any 2010) want to be reached. In this plan the goal is set to double the share of 2,7% from the year 2000 to 5,4% in the year 2010 to a total of 1527 ktoe. In a current draft of a more recent energy plan (Pla de l’Energia de Catalunya 2006-2015) the goal is to reach a share of 7,9% with a total consumption of 2.689 ktoe in 2015. In this plan also the goal for the year has been set more ambitious to a total share of 6,5%. This is 1,1% higher than the goal pointed in the previous plan. From the RES, the share of the different components is shown in Table 4. Energy generated by hydro power is far away the main RES in Catalonia, followed by SUR and renewable residues and forest and agriculture biomass. Table 4: Share of the different RES to the total of the RES

ktoe % Solar 2,9 0,3 Wind 14 1,7 Hydro 519,4 62,5 Forest and agriculture biomass 93,9 11,3 SUR and renewable residues 147,7 17,8 Biogas 22,7 2,7 Biofuel 29 3,5 Total 830,5 100

SUR: Solid Urban Residues

Renewable energy sources

63%11%

18%

0%3% 3% 2% SolarWindHydroForest and agriculture biomassSUR and renewable residuesBiogasBiofuel

Figure 8: Share of the different types of RES in the total RES 1.3 Future trends of energy market In order to foresee the Catalonian energy needs of the future, estimations were made in the ‘pla de l’energia a Catalunya en l’horitzó de l’any 2010’ (Energy plan for Catalonia until the year 2010) and a draft of ‘pla de l’energia de Catalunya 2006-2015’ (Energy plan for Catalunya 2006-2015). For these estimations two different scenarios

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were followed. The first scenario is called BASE. On this scenario is assumed that the evolution of the energy needs will follow the current tendencies. On the other hand, the second scenario IER (Intensiu en Eficiència energètica i energies Renovables) is aiming to use more renewable energy sources and a more efficient energy use, with the main goal decreasing the future energy need according to the BASE scenario. The objectives of both energy plans are to reach the estimations made by the IER scenario. Following description of the expectations of the future will be done according to the most current energy plan existing in Catalonia (pla de l’energia de Catalunya 2006-2015). Although this plan is not yet really official, these values can be assumed as the future ones (the draft of the plan has been published for public consultation and recommendation in March 2005). For the scenario BASE the final energy consumption is estimated to reach an amount of 20.105,5 ktoe in the year 2015. This corresponds with an average annual increase of 2,2% in the period 2003-2015. For the other scenario, IER, the final consumption is estimated to be 18.071,8 ktoe in the year 2015 with an annual increment of 1,1% (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Estimation of the final energy consumption. For the scenario BASE the primary energy consumption is estimated to reach an amount of 33.699,9 ktoe in the year 2015. This corresponds with an average annual increase of 2,2% in the period 2003-2015. For the other scenario, IER, the final consumption is estimated to 31.287,6 ktoe in the year 2015 with an annual increment of 1,6% (Figure 10). The IER scenario foresees a decrease of the primary energy consumption of 2.412,3 ktoe according to the BASE scenario. The aim is to replace fossil combustibles (oil derivates, natural gas and carbon) by using RES and to increase the energy efficiency.

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Figure 10: Estimation of the primary energy consumption.

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2. Identification of key players and other basic facts 2.1. Authorities 2.1.1. Spanish context The Ministry of Industry, Tourism and Trade (MITYC) is responsible for national implementation of energy, strategies and the political management of the economic market. The Directorate General for Energetic Politicies and Mines is in charge of fiscal instruments for renewable energy policy and the main national authority for energy conservation, efficiency, promotion of renewable and energetic technology. The MITYC has approved recently the National Plan in order to assign the emission trading scheme required by the Kyoto Protocol and the European Union. MITYC has formulated Actions Plans for Energetic Efficiency, and a specific Plan to promote renewable energy during the period 2000-2010.

Technological Area

Unit Energetic objectives 1999-2010

Investments (M€)1999-2010

Public grants (M€)1999-2010

Little hydroelectricity (<10 MW)

MW 720 878,4 -

Hydroelectricity (10-50 MW)

MW 350 204,0 -

Wind Power MW 8.140 6156,0 - Biomass: thermal ktep 5.700 3299,6 1530 Biomass: electricity

MW 1.703 - -

Biofuels ktep 500 6019 - Biogas MW 78 133,0 - Photovoltaic solar power

kWp 135 820,0 290

Thermal solar energy

MW 200 577,5 356

Thermal solar energy (little temperature)

m2 4.496.500 1.509,0 498

Solid waste MW 168 555,6 24 TOTAL 14.735 2.698

There are some organisations related with the MITYC: • The National Energy Commission (CNE) is the public organism responsible of the

transparency of energetic sector. • A Commission participates for different Ministries for the energetic use of biomass • The Institute for the Diversification and Saving of the Energy (IDEA)

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2.1.2. Catalonian context Competencies are very limited in the energetic sector in Catalonia, but it is in renewable area, where the government could act more efficiently. The competencies in energy are in the Department of Work and Industry, and they have created the Catalonia Institute of Energy to manage the different policies and grants related with the sector. Actually, the Catalonian government is working in the Energetic Plan during the period 2006-2015. The Department of the Environment and Housing (DMAH), partner of 5Eures project, is the authority in Catalonian forest materies: managements, subsidies, planning, etc. So is one of the main authorities in bioenergy obtained from forests sources. DMAH administers financial support and aims to ensure diverse and sustainable use of renewable resources, protect the health of plants and animals, to maintain the habitats and to help at rural development. Actually DMAH is preparing a new Forestry Policy Plan for the 2005-2014 (Annex 4) period with different targets related with use of biomass. DMAH participates in a variety of organisations involved in forestry developments like CREAF (Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications) or CTFC (Forest Technology Centre of Catalonia). These centres are developing research in different areas, some of them interesting for the 5Eures project like CO2 fluxes, biomass production of Catalonian forests, use of the biomass… Other possible authorities involved in some bioenergy project would be: Industry Department of Industry, Department of Agriculture and municipalities..

- Department of Labour and Industry (DTI): Responsible of all industry matters, subsidies control, etc. Also involved in all bioenergy topics through of the Catalonian Energy Institute (ICAEN).

- Department of Agriculture, Grazing and Fishing (DARP): responsible of rural

sector and management of European subsidies.

- Municipalities: They are responsible of regional planning, which is one of the best instruments to develop sustainable policies than could be used to promote the use of renewable energies. The DTI has specific subsidies related with renewable energies for municipalities.

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2.2 Industry – forest, energy, agriculture, transportation. In Catalonia there are two main industries, one sawmill that produce palets and other produce particle board. The main part of the harvested wood is provided to these plants. Moreover there are sawmills smaller distributed around all the territory that mainly produce palets, too. There are some sawmills that produce structural wood but they use mainly wood of other countries (France, Lithuania…). These companies are contrary to any bioenergy wood project in Catalonia because say that the biomass will do competence to obtain raw material. The DMAH has begun contacts with this sector, but in the two meetings already established it has been demonstrated that this is a really important barrier to this kind of projects development. There are few plants of biomass in Catalonia, one near of Barcelona, concretely in the city of Molins de Rei which burn pines of Pinus pinea and it is working from 2000 and produce 3 MW of heat energy to warm urban houses. Other heat plant is in the village of Sant Pere de Torelló which your capacity is about 6 Mw for district heating. It obtains the biomass of remains of palets and furniture. There is another heating plant in the municipal of Mataró (at the border of Barcelona) which is working on biomass with a maximum potential of 4,7 MW. The heating plant is supporting energy for the heating of a sport centre and the hospital of Mataró. There is one single power plant in Catalonia which is generating electricity out of biomass. The plant is situated in Móra d’Ebre and has a gasification installation. The transport of wood across Catalonia is only by road. There are some restrictions about the conditions of the trucks like maximum of authorized weight that it can not overcome 26 tons for trucks of three axes. These trucks weigh 15 tons, so they can transport only 11 tons. This is not a problem to transport biomass because your density is low but for this reason, the yields are very low, too. If the distances are larger the price to transport biomass per ton is very expensive. This is a very important fact in feasibility study, as it is the best way to transport the biomass and the maximum distance in order to the costs are the less possible. 2.3 Associations Forest owners associations/ syndicates/ trade unions The main trade unions of forest owners in Catalonia are:

- Consorci Forestal de Catalunya (Catalan Forest Consortium): o C/ Jacint Verdaguer 3, 2n. 17430- Santa Coloma de Farners o Tel. (+34) 972 842708 - Fax (+34) 972 843094 - E-mail:

[email protected] - Unió de Pagesos de Catalunya (Catalan Farmers Union):

o Av. Francesc Cambó, 14, 3r B. 08003 Barcelona o Tel: (+34) 93 268 09 00- Fax: (+34) 93 268 48 93- Email:

[email protected]

Fax: 93 280 29 94

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



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- Joves Agricultors I Ramaders de Catalunya (Young farmers and drovers of Catalonia)

o (some addresses; http://www.jarc.es/; [email protected]) - Institut Agrícola Català de Sant Isidre (Agricultural Catalan Institut of St. Isidre) :

o Pl. Sant Josep Oriol, 4. 08002- Barcelona. o Tel: (+34) 933 011 636- Fax: (+34) 933 173 005- Email:

isans@institutagricola. These associations represent the private forest ownership in Catalonia. Private associations:

o There are few examples of forest owners associations created after forest fires for on the whole management,

- Agrupació de propietaris Amics del Bosc (1999)

- Associació de propietaris Berguedà Verd (2000)

- Associació de propietaris Boscos del Bages Nord (2001) These associations represent the private forest, are partocinated by Diputació de Barcelona, Xarxa de Municipis, and also have collaboration with the municipal Government from the region. Actually we have 13 Associations, which 10 are from forest fires and 3 from green forest. The objectives of the forest fires associations are to restoration the zone and reforest too. After this treatments this associations follow the same objectives than green forests that are; make the forest works together to decrease the cost, and sent all the wood together.

There are few examples of forest owners associations created after forest fires for on the whole management, but are minority and outside the study case areas (in Berguedà and Bages):

- Agrupació de propietaris Amics del Bosc (1999) - Associació de propietaris Berguedà Verd (2000) - Associació de propietaris Boscos del Bages Nord (2001)

Forest industry transformation associations:

- Confederació Catalana de la Fusta. - Associació Nacional de Fabricantes de Tableros - ANFTA - Catalunya. - Gremi d’Asserradors i Rematants de Catalunya.

Other associations: - Associació d’Ens Locals de Muntanya dels Pirineus (AMPI) (Municipalities

associations of the Mountainous Pyrenees region). They represent an important part of the public forest owners of Catalonia:

o Patronat de Turisme Terres de Lleida. Rambla de Ferran 18 1r. 25007 Lleida.

o Tel: (+34) 973 24 54 08- Fax: (+34) 973 24 55 58. - Associacions de Defensa Forestal (ADF’s) (Forest Defence Associations):

These associations include forest owners and municipalities mainly for forest fires prevention and fight against. They include some municipalities, so there are some of them in each region (“comarca”).

Fax: 93 280 29 94

mailto:isans@institutagricola



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o Subdirecció General d'Agents Rurals i Prevenció d'Incendis Forestals (DMAH). Apartat de correus, 119. Finca Torreferrussa. Ctra. de Sabadell a Sta.Perpètua de Mogoda, km,4.5. 08130 Santa Perpètua de Mogoda

o Tel: (+34) 93 574 00 36 - Fax: (+34) 93 574 16 95

ACCF Associació Catalana Promotora de la Certificación Forestal (Association

to promote the forest certification).

ONG Forest Association PROFOR is an estate and national association, in this association works all kind off forest professionals and people who have some relation with environment would. The objectives of this association are promoting the forest sector to all of the person who has some relation with environment and nature would and also promote between the societies in general.

2.4. Legislation, taxes, education level in the area and in the country, etc. Current legislation in electric sector offers an open market since January 1st of 1998, but the Spanish Government has the opportunity to fix reference prices and offer some advantages for some special types of energy. Spanish legislation force to electric companies to buy the excess of energy produced by power plants, with special conditions for the ones that are in a special regime like biomass plants. Electricity produced by biomass has been regulated since 1994 with public prices for the energy. In 1998 starts a new system that offers bonus to the energy produced by some special systems, including renewable, biomass residues or cogenerates systems. For biomass, the bonus are actually 0,028174 €/kWh for power plants than use normally vegetables under one year of age and 0,022633 €/kWh when use forest or agriculture residues. The actual legislation, published on 31 of December of 2004, difference three types of biomass plants depending on the source: 1. Biomass from energetic growing, agriculture and forest residues 2. Biofuels, dungs, biogas to come from agriculture, farming, muds and other

biodegradable residues 3. Biomass residual from agriculture and forestry industries Two options are opened to biomass plants: • Sell the electricity to the next distribution company with a fixed price which is a

percentage of the medium price (TERM=73,304 €/MWh actually) and than could be variable

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Type % period €/MWh % period €/MWh 1. Biomass 90% 20 first years 65,974 80% after 20 years 58,643 2. Biofuels, biogas, dungs 90% 20 first years 65,974 80% after 20 years 58,643 3. Biomass residual 80% indefinite 58,643

• Sell the electricity in a free market with a bonus and an incentive

Type Bonus (%)

Bonus (€/MWh)

Incentive (%)

Incentive (€/MWh)

1. Biomass 40 29,332 10 7,330 2. Biofuels, biogas, dungs 40 29,332 10 7,330 3. Biomass residual 30 21,991 10 7,330

Forest fuel procurement is not supported by subsidies but chipping forest residues in the forestry ways have subsidies between 180,306 €/ha and 300,51 €/ha. The better-paid subsidies are for protected planned or public forest. The financial subsidies to forest managements are the principal instrument drived for Environment Department to promote the sustainable management for the Catalonian forest. Different kinds of subsidies:

1. Impulse of the private forest associations. 2. Extend, protect and improve the forest surface.

2.1 Forestry of the non-agrarian surfaces. −− −− −− −− −−

2.2 worker management to improve the forest. 2.3 worker management to improve the cork forest. 2.4 forest track. 2.5 Managemen projects and PTGMF (In publics’ areas).

3. Forests fires prevention. 4. Tabulate the forest exploitations with the fauna. 5. Commercialisation and transformation of the forest products.

The Forestry subsidies can be for private propriety and public as well, like Natural parks, public forests, Forest fire Association, municipal government… These aids are biannual, and have a period to presentation the solicitude. The action can’t be began before to present the solicitude. After this the petitioners have to present a different kind of documents for each thing. When all the documents are correct, the economic department of the government make a revision and, give to each other the % of the money that they concern, depends of the activity and the petitioner situation. After the action done the government worker (normally a forest engineering) goes to certificate and supervisee the specific activity.

Fax: 93 280 29 94


Doctor Roux, 80 08017Barcelona Telèfon: 93 567 42 00 Fax: 93 280 29 94

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Some examples of the subsidies import:

Activity Euros/ha Cleaning of brushwood 661,11 Elimination of residuals in forest road 300,51 Elimination of residuals in the forest 210,35 First thinning in even-aged forest 504,85 Shoot selection in broadleaf forest 600,00 Pruning until 2m high minimum 240,40 Defense lines for forest fire prevention, and elimination of residuals in the forest. 721,21 Defense lines for forest fire prevention, and elimination of residuals on forest road 1.021,72 There is not a high level of expertise in wood energy, the limited use of biomass to produce energy or hot water, makes difficult to develop a good level of workers in this sector because there is not demand. The existence of a School of Forest Engineering, and nine secondary schools than offers forestry formation in Catalonian, could help to adapt the labor sector to this kind of demand if it is necessary in the future. Two university centers works in forestry sector, the CREAF (Centre for Ecological Research and Forestry Applications) and the CTFC (Forest Technology Centre of Catalonia). The DMAH participates in both. They make some studies related with biomass and could help to develop a better level of knowledge. The Energetic Plan between 2006 and 2015 for Catalonia, make predictions for two scenarios. The first one (Base) works thinking in a future with similar conditions than currently, the second one (IER), supposes a scenario using the best energetic system and including promotion of renewable. The use of energy in the different sceneries left a small percentage for renewable sources like biomass.

Any 2003

Coal and not renewable residues

0,5%

Petroleum products51,6%

Gas23,0%

Renewables0,9%

Electricity24,0%

Any 2010 Base


0,4%


Gas25,0%

Renewables1,3%

Electricity26,0%

Any 2010 IER


0,4%


Gas24,3%

Renewables3,2%

Electricity26,1%



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Any 2015 IER


0,4%


Gas24,1%

Renewables4,0%

Electricity28,7%

Any 2015 Base


0,3%


Gas25,1%

Renewables1,5%

Electricity28,0%

Next table shows the actual consume of biomass and the predictions for both scenarios. Both of them present important increments for the use of forestry biomass.

2010 2015 Consume of biomass (ktep/year) 2003 Scenery

BASE Scenery IER

Scenery BASE

Scenery IER

Forestry and agriculture biomass

93,9 123,3 161,7 136,6 228,6

Biogas 22,7 117,4 162,6 120,1 205,6 Renewable residues 147,7 146,8 166,7 146,8 198,8 Biofuels 29,0 213,5 376,8 213,2 680,1 Biodiesel 5,4 193,8 358,1 193,8 664,9 Bioethanol 23,6 19,7 18,7 19,4 15,2 Total biomass 293,3 605,0 867,8 616,7 1.313,1 Currently the use of biomass is oriented to the production of heat or hot water normally at the domestic sector or in some industries. In 2003 there was only one plant which produced electricity using forestry biomass in Catalonia. The Energetic Plan of Catalonia wants to contribute to the viability of Catalan forests, increasing the use of biomass into the energetic consumption market. This objective wants to promote owner's associations, mechanization of works and adaptation of machinery to the obtainment of biomass. Improvements of technology could increase the efficiency of utilization of biomass, which will improve creation of new electric power plants of biomass and promote new systems like gasification and pyrolisi. But it is in thermal uses where high performance makes interesting the use of biomass, especially where thermal demand is high like regions in Pyrinees, industry, third sector or sportive installations.


Telèfon: 93 567 42 00 Fax: 93 280 29 94

3. Assessment of biofuel harvesting potential in the region 3.1 Forest resources – Forest area and timber production volume The following graphics show the distributions of Catalan area. According to the 2.1st article of the Forest Law of Catalonia 6/1988 30th March, forest lands include: dense and clear forests, shrubs and natural grazing areas. Around 60% of the total area of Catalonia is forest land. 3.1.1 The Catalonian region Catalonian area distribution. Total Area: 32.090 km2.

Doctor Roux, 80 08017Barcelona 20

Graphic 1: Catalonian area distribution Bosc dens = dense forest Matollar = shrub Conreu = farm lands Prat = grazing area Urbà = urban areas MCSC = Soil Covertures Map of Catalonia Figure 11: distribution of forest Figure 12: distribution of forest types

MCSC-1993MCSC-1993

32.090 km232.090 km2

(MCSC-2003)(MCSC-2003)

60,4% Softwoods 26,1% Evergreen Broadleaf trees 9,4% Deciduous Broadleaf trees 4,1% Mixed forests Source: IEFC (1986-95)



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DIAMETER CLASSES DISTRIBUTION

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Graphic 2: diameter classes distribution of Catalonia Graphic 3: diameter classes distribution of Catalonia with restrictions: Densitat (peus/ha)= density (trees/ha) 1. first restriction: slope < 100 % (45º) Corba ideal= Ideal distribution 2. second restriction: forest cover > 70% Corba real= real distribution These graphics show the diameter classes distribution of two forest surfaces: the graphic 2 is for the total forest surface (1.142.919 ha) and the graphic 3 we have applied two restrictions to calculate the harvestable area (725.868 ha). These restrictions are a slope < 100 % (45 degrees) and a forest cover 70 %. So, are discounted shrub areas, steep slopes as ravines, etc. Because of this the density of trees is greater (graphic 3: average of 937,78 trees/ha) than the graphic 2 (average of 767,72 trees/ha). We can see that there is a surplus of trees per hectare with small diameter, moreover the difference on the graphic 3 is greater than graphic 2. Most of the forest surface in Catalonia is lacking of management, so a lot of non-commercial products are accumulated in the forests, available to be devoted to bioenergy. At the same time, quality commercial wood is lacking because of this kind of forest management. An increase in forest management would improve possibilities for these forests. More cleaning/ thinning operations in the forests and a wider range of possible destinations for forest products (i.e. bioenergy) would increase managed area and probably productivity (quality and amount). It’s important to remark importance of forest fires in Catalonia. The effects of this management lack are extensive and periodical forest fires, with dramatically consequences. One of these effects is the abandoning of burned areas. According to the Second National Forest Inventory (NFI II) in the region of Catalonia, the forest growth is 2.950.000 m³/year. According to the statistics data of Environment and Housing Department the fellings are about 890.000 m³/year. This means that there is a positive balance of 2.060.000 m³ available each year. This is a wood surplus of wood that every year is accumulated in our forests The cutting intensity in Catalonia is lower if we compare with other Europeans countries, our values goes since 30 to 50 normally this is because the way that we have to make the timber harvesting like I explained before, hauling with non mechanised methods because of geographical conditions, high investment costs of machinery versus low returns…Some intensity cutting values:

Quercus ilex forest: 30- 50 t/ha −− −−

−−

Pinus with a regular and product management (P.pinaster, P.radiata): - First cutting: 15-20 t/ha - Second cutting: 50 t/ha - Final cutting: 100 t/ha Other Pinus: 30- 50 t/ha



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3.1.2. The Cerdanya region: Cerdanya area distribution Total area of the Cerdanya region is 54.637 ha. This map shows the different habitats and their distribution. Habitat map Bosc dens = dense forest Bosc clar = clar forest Matollar = shrub Prat i harbassars = grazing area Improductiu natural = natural unproductive Altres = others Improductiu artifical = artificial unproductive Conreu = farm lands

Meranges

Lles de Cerdanya

Prullans

Bellver de Cerdanya

Montellà i Martinet

Llívia

Guils de Cerdanya

Puigcerdà

Bolvir

Ger

Isòvol

Fontanals de Cerdanya

Alp

Prats i Sansor

Das

Urús

Riu de Cerdanya

Carreteres principals i secundàries

Matollars de Genista balansae

Matollars de Buxus sempervirens

Prats basòfils secs

Prats acidofils secs

Prats d’alta muntanya

Prats de dall i pastures grasses

Boscos aciculifolis de Pinus sylvestris i P. nigra

Tarteres

Roques no litorals

Ciutats i pobles (Citys and villages)

We can see that the Cerdanya is a Valle across the Segre River. On each side of the river we can found the land farms (yellow color) because is the area with less altitude and less slope, moreover there are concentrate the great part of the villages and population. On the hillside there are the forest surfaces (dark green color) and on top of the mountain there are the grazing areas (light green color). The total forest surface in Cerdanya is 20.831 ha. The distribution per surface occupied by dominant specie is the next:

SURFACE PER SPECIES

55%34%

4% 7%

Pinus uncinataPinus sylvestrisAbies albaPlanifo lis

Table 1 Species

Surface (ha)

%

Pinus uncinata 11.469 55,06 Pinus sylvestris 7.139 34,27 Abies alba 819 3,93 Broadleaves 1.404 6,74 TOTAL 20.831 100

In the same way that before we can compare the next graphics, which show the diameter classes distribution for the total forest surfaces (graphic 4: 20.831 ha) and the



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diameter classes distribution with two restrictions: a slope < 100 % (45 degrees) and a forest cover > 70 %. So, we don’t account the shrub surface, ravines…because of this, the surface is lesser than the total surface (graphic 5: 14.395 ha). Moreover, the trees density is higher (graphic 5: average of 901,48 trees/ha) than in the graphic 4 (average of 764,96 trees/ha). Graphic 4: diameter classes distribution in theCerdanya Graphic 5: diameter classes distribution in the Cerdanya with restrictions


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We can see that there is a surplus of trees per hectare with small diameter, moreover the difference between the curves is bigger in the graphic 5 than graphic 4. Because it increases the diameter, the real curve is adjusting to ideal curve. There is a lot of forest surface lacking of management, so a lot of non- commercial products are accumulated there, available for bioenergy use. Cerdanya is a very tourist region and the people go to Cerdanya to enjoy the nature and the environment. There are some different kinds of protected forests in this region, and so there is a strict control for these areas. This is one of the reasons for having no deficit regarding the ideal distribution. Most of the forest land of the Cerdanya is public ownership and has a good management level. The predictions for the management are improving for the next years. The next table shows for the total surface, the number (amount) of trees, the volume with bark and the volume without bark and the per cents of the different species. The 90 % of trees are conifers, mainly Pinus uncianata (61,16 %) and after of Pinus sylvestris (25,61 %) and if we see only the volume of wood, the conifers are 95 %. The broadleaves only are the 10% of number of trees of the total of the region and a bit more of the 5% of volume with bark.



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Number of trees Volume with Bark Volume without Bark Table 2

Species % number % Cubic meters % Cubic meters

Pinus uncinata 61,16 9.745.378 55,55 1.860.448 56,24 1.567.318

Pinus sylvestris 25,61 4.080.228 30,78 1.030.865 30,25 843.040

Abies alba 5,70 907.884 10,06 336.749 10,22 284.785

Fraxinus excelsior 1,95 310.200 0,81 27.191 0,76 21.290

Quercus humilis/cerroides 1,71 273.180 0,62 20.616 0,51 14.152

Alnus glutinosa 0,88 140.729 0,24 7.901 0,22 6.260

Pinus nigra 0,56 88.576 0,19 6.409 0,15 4.115

Pyrus malus 0,49 78.229 0,11 3.732 0,10 2.703

Sorbus aucuparia 0,33 52.980 0,18 6.002 0,17 4.634

Populus tremula 0,27 42.815 0,19 6.506 0,18 4.989

Others 1,35 215.001 1,27 42.493 1,21 33.711

TOTAL 100 15.935.199 100 3.348.913 100 2.786.997

The next table shows the tree number, volume with bark and volume of total wood from Cerdanya region per diameter classes. The diameter classes 10 (the minimum inventorial) represented the 34 % of the total number of trees from of the total forest surface.

Table 3 Number of trees Volume with bark (cubic m)

Volume of wood (cubic m)

Diameter % Number of

trees % VWB % VOW 10 34,04 5.423.858 7,09 237.478 6,58 183.415 15 21,88 3.486.766 10,63 355.829 10,06 280.252 20 15,97 2.544.296 13,33 446.313 13,00 362.288 25 11,09 1.766.562 14,75 494.039 14,73 410.423 30 7,28 1.160.600 14,51 485.791 14,68 409.176 35 4,90 781.459 13,82 462.801 14,13 393.778 40 2,49 397.352 9,91 332.033 10,21 284.513 45 1,14 181.193 6,19 207.308 6,40 178.374 50 0,56 90.000 3,78 126.599 3,93 109.456 55 0,35 56.027 2,91 97.474 3,05 84.887 60 0,13 20.265 1,28 42.859 1,34 37.340 65 0,06 9.536 0,57 19.120 0,59 16.507 70 0,11 17.285 1,23 41.269 1,31 36.586

Joint of species 100 15.935.199 100 3.348.913 100 2.786.997

The next table shows the different aerial parts of the total stock in Cerdanya for all the species.

Table 4: stock in aerial biomass and stem wood production These are the absolute values, in dry weight of biomass of the different aerial parts and the total aerial stem wood production (PLAT). Region Biomass (thousand of t) PLAT

Total aerial Wood Bark Branches Needles 1000* t/year

Cerdanya 2.226,70 1.563,10 256,1 325,5 82 54,5

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3.2 Forest industry – Companies and their products around Catalonia A complete official directory about the number of forest companies don’t exist in Catalonia. So, the next table shows estimative data about the number of forest – industry and their wood consummation: Table 5

Consumption of wood of the forest – industry of first transformation

Industry Consumption of wood with bark

Number of companies

Packing industry (palet) 350.000 m3 48

Quality sawmill 80.000 m3 20

Pole industry 100.000 m3 6

Particle board industry 100.000 m3 1

Others 80.000 m3 10

TOTAL 710.000 m3 85

The different between this 710.000 m3 and 890.000 m3 (forest users statistics) is due to some limitations: these statistical data are estimative; and also the amount of “domestic” wood as can be fuelwood that is difficult to control and estimate. We don’t control the international trade (inputs and outputs). From the decade of the nineties, there has been an increase of the dedicated companies of first transformation, overcoat in works of forestry service: clear of bushes, clear under electrical lines and other actions of forest fires prevention. In Cerdanya there are eight forest companies, three companies of first transformation and five of second transformation 3.3 Potential of forest industry residues – Bark, sawdust and shavings, etc. All the sawdust that produce sawmills goes to particle board company TRADEMA, the only industry of this sector in Catalonia. So there is no surplus of sawdust because all it is bought by TRADEMA. All the bark produced by sawmills is used for gardening compost and also water purifiers. There are no specific data about byproducts produced by these companies, so it can be estimated that about 40% of the wooden raw material became byproduct. 3.4 Potential of logging residues from final fellings. Any felling in Catalonia forests need the authorization of DMAH, so we can know the annual harvesting wood in Cerdanya by these statistics data. The follow table resumes the fellings of the last four years and the kind of propriety (public or private).

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Table 6: annual harvesting in the Cerdanya Pv= Private forests U= Public forests The average of the harvesting in Cerdanya is 9.967 m3/year but there are many surface forests that have not management. The follow table shows the per cent of biomass available and per cent of wood of the main species:

Species % Wood % Bark % Branches % Needles Abies alba 82 8 8 2 Fraxinus excelsior 73 8 17 2 Pinus sylvestris 63 11 22 4 Pinus uncinata 71 10 15 4

Table 7: per cent of the differents parts aerie of the main species If we calculate the average of finals fellings for each species (respect table 6) and apply these percentages (table 7), we can calculate the potential logging residues from final fellings. This is summarized in the next table:

confieres

Biomass Abies alba

Pinus uncinata

Pinus sylvestris

Fraxinus sp.

TOTAL

wood 68,47 4.430,22 1.888,90 44,53 6.432

Bark 6,68 623,97 329,80 4,88 965

Branches 6,68 935,96 659,61 10,37 1.613

Needles 1,67 249,59 119,93 1,22 372

TOTAL 84 6.240 2.998 61 9.383

confieres Planifolis Annual

harvesting Cerdanya (m3)

Abies alba

Pinus uncinata

Pinus sylvestris

Populus canadiensis

Alnus glutinosa

Platanys hybrida

Betula alba

Fraxinus sp. Altres

Llenyes TOTAL

2001 U 173 4.585 3.826 - - - - - - - 8.584 PV - - 511 29 7 5 - - - 1.180 1.732

2002 U - 2.277 245 - - - 245 - - - 2.767 PV - - 2.573 - - - - - - - 2.573

2003 U - 2.462 1.590 - - - - - - - 4.052 PV - 6.420 - - - - - - - 20 6.440

2004 U 161 8.952 3.212 - - - - 244 - - 12.569 PV - 263 36 112 624 - - - 117 - 1.152

TOTAL 334 24.959 11.993 141 631 5 245 244 117 1.200 39.869

2.950 m3/year of logging residues

The result is that there are 2.950 m3/year of logging residues from final felling that remain in the forest. But if we see the previous graphic 5, we will verify that there are an excess of wood that is not harvested. Moreover, in the Cerdanya there are 232 hectares of Populus sp. plantations. The estimation of tops and branches are of 348 tons of dry weight that it would have to be considered because is biomass very easy to collect.



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3.5 Potential of stumps and stem wood loss In the region of Cerdanya is not available to use the stumps for biomass because the slope is high and this use could cause a loss of soil and the beginning to erosive process. The stumps in the forest have an aims of to fix the soil and to contribute organic matter. These aims are more important than the produce energy heat. 3.6 Potential of small wood from thinnings In the graphic 5, we can see that there are an excess of wood in all diameter classes. We can calculate this excess if we make the difference within the data of ideal curve and real curve. This is summarized in the next table:

CD Density (tress/ha)

Number of trees

Volume with bark

Volume of wood

10 67,71 974,62 42,67 32,9615 94,20 1.356,04 138,39 108,9920 85,48 1.230,49 215,85 175,2125 63,02 907,10 253,68 210,7530 37,22 535,77 224,26 188,8935 21,91 315,34 186,75 158,9040 8,10 116,65 97,47 83,5245 -1,70 0 0 0TOTAL 377,63 5.436,02 1.159,07 959,22

We can considerer these results as thinnings because these amounts are a surplus respect the ideal curve. 3.7 Potential of agrobiomasses: reed canary grass, straw, etc. This kind of biomass isn’t available in the Cerdanya because in this moment the agrobiomass already have a destination, the agrobiomass is used for the domestic animals and this is not possible to substitute for another thing, and at the same time there aren’t surplus of these kinds of products.

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4. Problems which limit the usage of biofuels in Catalonia Catalonia has elevated energy consumption due to its industrial activities and the high population density in some parts of the territory, moreover the natural resources of the region are relative limited. Catalonia counts for 18,8% of the gross domestic product of Spain, 15,8% of Spain’s population, but it has only 6,3% of its territory. This fact makes it more difficult for Catalonia to reach elevated shares in renewable energy. There is much less potential for biofuel production comparing to countries like Finland or Sweden which have a very low population density and bigger amounts of natural resources. 4.1. Barriers for the use of forest biomass Looking to the barriers for the use of wooden biomass in Catalonia different points of view can be considered. All barriers can be attributed to the specific characteristics of the Mediterranean forest type. The environmental function of the Catalonian forests. The soils of the Catalonian forest are not very much rich soils with low productivity and sensitive to erosion. The forests have an important function to protect the soil against erosion. These environmental characteristics have an important influence on the feasibility of biomass harvesting in Catalonia. The average production in the Catalonian forest is about 2,3 ton/ ha/year. The low production of the forest makes it less profitable to invest in a rather intensive forest management. A lot of forest owners operate their forest activity alongside another primary activity, which is often agriculture. In a lot of cases, forest owners emphasize their primary activity, while economic interests are prevailing to forestry. Very often, forest activities are neglected due to its lack of economic benefit. The forest market works in a very narrow benefit, according to a low wood industry price linked to the international market of wood products. As an example, some wood from eastern European countries is arriving to Catalonia with lower prices than is harvested here. The consequence of this is a sub exploitation of a lot of forest stands, with a further effect on worse quality of future wood. These lack of forest management and labour in the forest however has as another negative side effect that biomass is accumulating in the forest. This increment of biomass increases the danger of forest fires significant, which is a not negligible consideration in Mediterranean forests. Some of the remaining biomass in the forest (harvesting residuals) has a protective task against soil erosion after fellings. For this reason too, the harvesting of stumps could have negative side effects on the ecosystem. Also a total extraction of all the biomass also could accelerate an exhaustment of the already rather poor soils.

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The lack of specialization. Standard equipment of forest machinery such as processors, forwarders and harvesters are used in other parts of Europe and Spain, but not in Catalonia. Given that the appropriate machinery for the specific conditions within the Catalonian forests do not exist, adaptation and modification of standard machinery would facilitate the labour of forest exploitations and could significantly reduce the harvesting costs associated with an improvement on harvesting organization (grouped management). Pilot experiments are currently being carried out with machinery usually used in countries whom are more familiar with forest biomass exploitations. Also there are no specialised forest workers familiar with biomass harvesting and even so there is no knowledge about specialised biomass harvesting machinery. Investments in specialised machinery should be necessary to make biomass harvesting viable, but the lack of knowledge and experience strongly deter investors. Therefore the importance of pilot projects and demonstration projects has to be emphasized. Another point according these barriers is that also the specialised installations and knowledge for using this biomass is missing. Advanced technology on industrial level is still not developed in Catalonia, although there is more and more interest in knowing this kind of technologies already developed in other countries.

The complex structure of the forest ownership in Catalonia Private owners, mainly small to medium sized forest owners and individual stakeholders, make it increasingly difficult to establish forest associations and associated forest management. These associations have the potential to work together as one community to facilitate certain forest management operations. These associations offer technical advice, administrative support, and better conditions on the market. The presence of such associations could be a huge aid to forest owners who are currently afraid to invest in biomass production and harvesting. This situation differs from other countries, or other parts of Spain, where several private owners merge together to form corporations. Harvesting costs and costs for the extraction of the biomass out of the forests. This barrier can be seen as a consequence of all the previous barriers, but in fact the main reason of the low biomass production in Catalonia is the insufficient economic return. As a consequence of the low forest productivity, the return of specialised machinery and personal is also very low. Basically, the costs rise on account of the difficult geographic characteristics of the Catalonian forest area. The majority of the Catalonian forests exceed the maximum price limit that assumes a power plant to guarantee a minimum economic profitability. The barriers explained above render difficulties in guaranteeing a continuous supply of forest biomass. However, a continue supply is one of the main bases for the establishment of a biomass using sector. Also can be noted that the forestry sector in Catalonia in general is not a principal sector like in other European countries. It has to be taken into account that possible interventions to boost the biomass sector can influence the whole forestry sector. Changes of the market, for example by subsidising the biomass energy sector, can have negative consequences for the existing industry working on the same raw material. Small companies will not be able to adapt to big or abrupt changes of the market.

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5. Assessment of the biofuel market potential in the region 5.1. Assessment of the biofuel consumption at the moment The total consumption of biomass in Catalonia in the year 2003 was 293,3 ktoe. These amounts contains the consumption of biomass from forestry and agriculture, the consumption of other organic residues (waste water sludge, urban waste,…) used for the production of biogas, the consumption of biocombustibles with vegetal origin and the consumption of residues (burning of urban waste and other organic residues). The major part of the energy consumption from biomass corresponds to the incineration of solid urban waste (147,7 ktoe), the second biggest part is from biomass from agriculture and forestry (93,9 ktoe). The table shows the biomass consumption in 2003 and the estimations for the future following the scenario IER (Intensiu en Eficiència energètica I energies Renovables).

Biomass consumption (ktoe/year)

2003 2010 2015 2003-2015

2003 - 2015 (%)

Biomass from forestry and agriculture

93,9 161,7 228,6 134,7 143,5

Biogas 22,7 162,6 205,6 182,9 805,7 Solid urban waste 147,7 166,7 198,8 51,1 34,6 Biocombustibles 29,0 367,8 680,1 651,0 2245,2 Biodiesel 5,4 358,1 664,9 659,5 12213,0 Bioethanol 23,6 18,7 15,2 -8,4 -35,6 Total biomass 293,3 867,8 1.313,1 1.019,7 347,1 5.1.1. Biomass from agriculture and forestry The biomass from agriculture and forestry sources is basically used for direct heat production. The total amount of energy from this source was 93,9 ktoe in 2003. The two most important sectors which are using this type of biomass are domestic use (fuelwood for central space heating) and industry. Biomass in industry is used for heat production, heat necessary for one of the industrial processes. Primary sectors and tertiary sectors utilise a much lower rate of biomass. Nevertheless, it can be said that there is no forestry activity oriented to the energetic production in Catalonia. Table 5 shows which the current destinations are for the different kinds of raw material available in Catalonia. Table 5: Current use of wood biomass susceptible for energy use in Catalonia Kind of raw material Current destination Branches and harvesting residues Crushed and spread in forest Little wood (diameter < 12 cm) Not extracted due to elevated costs, absence

of decent machinery and limited access Bark Garden construction, ….. Chips and sawdust Panel industry (agglomerate) Wood residues from sawmills Panel industry (agglomerate) Cork residues Cork agglomerate industry and industries of

biomass energy generation Residues from furniture industries Landfill or panel industry

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So, it could be said that the market of wood products that are used for producing energy in Catalonia can be divided in three parts: forest exploitation, residual wood recovery and energetic production with by-products. 5.1.1.1. Forest biomass The low productivity of the Catalan forests (about 1 m3/ha/year) and the low price of the wood during the last years (24 €/tn) have created the following situation in the woods of the country:

• Great accumulation of fuel in the woods due to the low forest exploitation • Method of harvesting that , during years, has only extracted the bigger and

good trees without making any kind of improvement to he mass • Great presence in the forest of little trees and lack of trees of big diameter • Lack of inversion in the forests: trails, etc.

Therefore, the market of wood products in Catalonia it’s focuses in little diameter and low quality wood. Regarding industrial uses we could distinguish between three different cases:

• Paper industry: Exportation to Teruel (40.000 tn/year minimum) and Saint Gaudens (South of France)

• Particle board industry: Solsona only. About 80.000 tn/year • Saw industry: Distributed in the north of Catalonia mainly. 640.000 tn/year

So, as it can be seen, there is a lack of market and high cost of extraction that forces the little diameter trees and the cutting residuals to rest in the forest. Even in the cases where there is a great fire risk the material is crushed in the forest and not extracted. Nowadays the costs of harvesting trees between 15 and 40 cm of diameter are about 15 €/tn. 5.1.1.2. Clean wood residuals The residual management in Catalonia is divided in two different circuits depending on its origin. On one hand, we have the domestic residuals, in which are included all the materials produced by the citizens in their homes, and on the other hand, we have all the residuals produced by the industries. Domestic residual The way of treating the domestic residuals is concentrated in the “deixalleries”. A “deixalleria” is a place in where the citizen must bring the special residuals that are produced without in their homes without having to pay any tax. This way of residual treatment produces that many gardening waste ends in the “deixalleries” as the owners, nor the enterprises, of little gardens bring the material their own to the installation. Gardening industrial residual We are referring to greats amounts of trunks (the less important part), branches and harvested grasses. Nowadays this kind of residual has three different treatments: chipping and abandoning on the same place, dump it on a rubbish dump or making compost. The cheapest formula is to chip it. To bring it to a compost plant it supposes an intermediate cost, and finally the most expensive treatment is to bring it to a rubbish

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Doct08017Barcelona Telèfon: 93 567 42 00 Fax: 93 280 29 94

dump. The rubbish dump it supposes a cost between 19 to 30 €/tn. The compost plant asks for less money but they only accept the better materials. Even though the existence of compost plants, they are not able no consume all the green material produced in Catalonia because there would not be enough market to sell all the compost production. In the present situation, even the gardening enterprises that own a compost plant think about the biomass energy plants like a chance to decrease the costs of the treatment of gardening surplus. Recycled wood industrial residuals In this section are included all kind of packing wood and recovered materials from demolitions that have come to the end to their life due to their bad state. This materials are collected by private enterprises specialized on residual treatment with the aim to reintroduce it into the productive cycle and enlarge their life. Nowadays de wood residuals are bought mainly the particle board industry, by purchasing it directly or acquiring it trough subsidiary enterprises dedicated to chip all the residual wood that they can collect. The cost of dumping that kind of residual is between 9 and 15 €/tn. The industry of particle board is paying between 14 and 15 €/tn. 5.1.1.3. By-products of the sawmill industry Bark, sawdust, residual saw wood with or without bark, firewood and chips produced by the Catalan saw industries. Nowadays every of these products have its own particular circuit of commercialization:

• Bark: Mulching and compost. 54400 tn/year. 14 a 15 €/m3 (particle board) • Sawdust: Sold on firs term to bakeries, farms and cleaning enterprises. The

main part is sold to particle board industry. 84000 tn/year. 5 a 6 €/m3 (particle board)

• Chips: Including firewood and residual saw wood. 150000 tn/year. 23 €/m3

or Roux, 80 32

Forestry Gardening

Cutting residuals

Rest in the forest

TrunkBig wood Grass Branches

Sawmill

Saw wood Firewood Sawdust

Recovered wood

BarkChips Residual saw wood

Mulch Compost

End of life

Local consumption Particle board industry

Selfconsumption Garbage dump

Circuit of the different forest products



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5.1.2. Biogas In the year 2003 biogas was used for the generation of 22,7 ktoe of energy. Most of the energy produced with biogas is electricity. The main locations where biogas extraction/production and utilisation is done are. Waste disposal sites, plants where urban waste is treated, plants using biogas from waste water sludge and manure treating sites with the production of biogas. 5.2. Biofuel potential

Table 6 gives the total amount of biomass use in the year 2003 and also the predictions towards the future in Catalonia following the scenario IER (Intensiu en Eficiència energètica I energies Renovables). The production of wooden biomass was in the year 2003 93,9 ktoe representing 12,7% of the RES market. In this year the gross potential of electricity production out of wooden biomass was 0,5 MW, the gross potential was in this year 9.864,1 MW. For the year 2015 the total gross potential for Catalonia is estimated to reach 15.105,3 MW and the potential of wooden biomass is estimated to be 52,7 MW. Table 6: Biomass production in the year 2003 and estimation of the production in the future

2003 2010 2015 Production

(toe) % of market

Production (toe)

% of market

Production (toe)

% of market

Wooden Biomass 93.905 12,7 161.731 8,2 228.567 9,2 Biogas

iocombustibles22.724 3,1 162.609 8,2 205.570 8,3

B 29.034 3,9 376.797 19,1 680.160 27,5 In the year 2001 the total production amount of biomass residues from forest harvesting activities was calculated on 100.000 tons of dry material a year. Another 95.000 tons of dry material a year were generated by improvement activities (electricity lines, fire management). The total estimated potential is nevertheless much higher. Biomass residues from

tential of 565.000 tons of dry material a year (350.000 tons nd 215.000 tons d.m./year resulting after forest fires) and

f forest owners ket rice

uited to the demands of the supplier. more developed io a g

decrease the costs f supplie c the eco e owevesize owne estm pecia mac n no

the e ment o est owners associations, for example organegion ent c can b mor ier.

forest harvesting have a pod.m /year from harvesting a.the improvement activities have an potential of 250.000 tons of dry material a year. 5.2.1. Biomass from agriculture and forestry Forest associations To install a biomass industry it is first of all necessary to guarantee the supply the raw material. It can help when forest owners work together to share technology and knowledge. Investments could be done together and a commune market strategy can

elp to make the biomass production viable. The establishment ohassociations can be an important impulse to reach a profitable biomass marsituation. Fixed annual amounts of biomass would be guaranteed on a stable psA mechanisat

or then of the r and in

biomass hrease

rvesting anomic r

nd handlinturn. H

can r, for

small or medium d forest rs inv ents in s lised hinery ca t beprofitable. With for each forest r

stablish, investm

f forosts

ised e carried e eas

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34

Research and development Adaptation and specialising the forest machinery to the specific conditions of the Catalonian forest would also increase the return of the machinery. Adaptation to physiologic conditions and species would increase the efficiency of the machinery. Not

onsumption iomass production and harvesting could give several forest owners the possibility to

turn from there forest. This would also have a positive influence

s is an interesting option of biomass use .It has

nergy prices for electricity generated from renewable sources is set for the year 2005 e biofuels the price of electricity generated of biomass

only research to the harvesting technology should be done. Also the technology for consuming biomass can be improved, for example biomass burners on industrial sale. Specific technology can be imported from other countries and investigation can be done to adapt the existing technology to the specific Catalonian needs. Propagation of the biomass production and cBget some economic reon the quality of the forest stands. Several Catalonian forests are not managed or not really managed in a proper way. Biomass production can lead to equilibrium between environmental and economic returns. This argument can be propagate different stakeholders (environmental as well economic) to manage forest for biomass production. Pilot projects and demonstrations are playing a important role to increase the use of biomass. Biomass for heating purposehigh energy efficiency and is relative easy to carry out. For the propagation of the biomass for heating purposes, public buildings will be heated by biomass. 5.3. Evaluation of the biofuel price Eon 7,33 eurocent/kWh. For thfrom energy crops and residues from agriculture and forestry is 6,8214 eurocent/kWh, the price of electricity generated of biomass from residues of forestry and agriculture is 6,0884 eurocent/kWh. The prices of the raw material are given in the Table 7 below. Table 7: Prices of different kinds of biofuels Kind of material Euro/ green ton Euro/ ton D.m.20% Chips and sawdust 30 - 36 54 - 65 Bark 12 - 18 22 - 32 Wood residues from sawmills 24 - 27 43 – 49 Residues for incineration 15 - 16,2 27 – 29 Cork residues 601 - 901,5 1100 – 1600 Wood (generic) 27 - 72,1 49 – 130 Cork (generic) 1442,4 - 2040 2500 - 4300 Recycled wood 14-15 €/m3 Wood for inceneration 5-6 €/m3 5.4. Promising biofuel consumption sites

Technically, in most of the cases it is possible to transform the existing plants for waste

isposal by burning into cogeneration plants. Nowadays demonstration of the eaching the goals of an increased biofuel ons has to be put both on large scale

ndustrial use of biofuels, district heating) and on small scale (households using biomass for central heating).

dpossibilities of biofuel use is primordial for r

se. The emphasis by these demonstratiu(i

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35

Demonstration project are running with in municipal buildings showing the feasibility of biomass use. Currently there is one single power plant in Catalonia which is generating electricity out of biomass. The plant is situated in Móra d’Ebre and has a gasification installation.

ombined heat and power lant in Sant Pere de Torelló, the plant had an annual production of 6000 MWh.

ipal heating. r municipal heating nja”, is si Rei

lobregat). The pla use since the year 2000 and uses wood ss as energy source for the heat production. The plant has a thermal potential of

uction o is 6.800 MW, the annual consumption of 00 tons. This plant has a maximum potential to provide heat for

r heating plant in th Mataró (at f Barcelona) on biomass with a ntial of 4,7 M ting plant is

the heating of sport centre and the hospital of Mataró.

From the year 1993 until the year 1997 there was an active cpCurrently the plant is only used for municAnother plant fo called “La gra tuated in Molins de(comargue Baix L nt is inbioma2.250 kW. The yearly prod f heat biomass therefore is 2.2700 households

heThere is anot e municipal ofaximum pote

the border oawhich is working m W. The he

supporting energy for a 5.4.1. . Biomass from agriculture and forestry

In the year 2015 biomass should produce a total amount of 228,6 ktoe of energy. Most of this energy should be generated in electricity, this with a total potential of 51,4 MW. The rest of the biomass consumption should be used for heating purposes. There is a total amount of 134 million euros to reach these goals

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6. Description of wood fuel harvesting technology

6.1 Harvesting technology for timber

The method of cutting in the forest of Catalonia is meanly the selective felling (“entresaca”). This means that only cut the selected trees, not all. This work is little mechanized due to the low yield that the harvester has in these conditions. The cut with saw chain is the most common in the forest of Catalonia.

Moreover, the delimbing is with saw chain, too. This way of cutting differs from other countries and other parts of Spain where

the three cutting is mechanised and harvesters and processors are used. The common exploitation methods are: the tree-length method and the cut-to-length method. In tree-length logging method trees are felled and delimbed at the stump and the stems are transported to the landing or roadside. the cross-cutting of the stems takes place at the landing or at the mill. In the cut to length method trees are felled, delimbed and cross-cut at the stump and the products are hauled to the roadside where they are stocked ready for further transportation. The exploitation method which will be used depends on: - The destination of the wood, depending on the quality and dimensions - Terrain conditions which permit the movements of machinery through the forest

The cut to length method is normally carried out in Europe with the use of a harvester or a processor. The wood is cut in logs of 2 – 2,5 meter or logs of 5 – 6 meter. The length of the logs depend on the final destination of the wood, the short logs have as principal destination fire wood and pulp wood. In Catalonia the cut to length method is not as mechanised as in other European countries. Cutting, delimbing, cross cutting, grouping and bunching/ piling are still made manually. Hauling with non mechanised methods are still common in Catalonia, because of geographical conditions, high investment costs of machinery versus low returns. The manual haulage of wood is rather rare and done with wood with little dimensions and in conditions where mechanisation is impossible or unprofitable, for example sometimes for fuelwood. The haulage with the use of animals is common in Catalonia, although its use is decreasing versus machinery. Artificial chanels are also used in few locations of catalonia for fuelwood hauling in Natural protectes areas.



37

The most common mechanized equipment are agricultural tractors for wood skidding. There are also some forest tractors (skidders) more adapted for forest conditions. However, agricultural tractors are more versatile for other purposes and cheapers, according to the traditional link between agricultural and forest tasks, and the dispersion of harvesting operations.

The crane cable has been used in Catalonia for some demonstration activities, and it’s used seldom.

Forwarders, processors and harvesters are also seldom used, because of the harvesting dispersion, orographic conditions and lack of harvesting roads inside the forests for soil protection. This wood is transported until the landing and there is loading on the truck. The wood is transported up to sawmill.

6.2 Biomass harvesting in Catalonia

There are some heat installations in Catalonia feed by biomass. Some of these installations are importing their raw material, like for example wood pellets, from regions outside Catalonia, because the supply in Catalonia is not fulfilling the necessary demands of biomass. Others are using dry fruits cover as raw material. Amount of harvesting of biomass in Catalonia for heat or electricity production is very poor. There are still no common techniques for harvesting biomass because the yield is



38

still too small. There is the presence of at least one mobile chipper. The biomass harvesting industry and market has still a long way to grow. There have been some demonstration activities with different kind of chippers and crushers but in this moment this activity doesn’t spread due to processing costs and lack of demand places. The Catalan legislation (Decree 64/1995, 7th on March) establishes measurements of prevention of forest fires, concretely your article 12 say that the forestry residues have been crushed and distributed on the surface and these residues have been eliminated in a band of 20 meters to every side of the road forest.

The habitual is to use a stripper (brushcutter) connected to a tracked tractor across the forest. If the residues forestry is the side of the road we use a tractor with crane and crushing.

In the following paragraphs possible techniques for biomass harvesting in Catalonia are described.



39

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7. Recommendation for the regional biofuel strategy

Training

One of the main lackings of forest bioenergy development has been clearly detected along this study: there is a general lack of knowledge about this subject at different levels: from lack of successful experiences that could be an example for forest bioenergy spreading, since the simple technical knowledge about chip boilers installation. Regarding this problem, the main needed points for developing are the following:

- Subjects: o Supply chains o Harvesting and processing equipments, and logistics and procedure

optimization o Technologies and conditions for energy obtaining (heat and/ or power) o Dissemination of successful experiences, trade marks, techniques and

technologies, etc.

- Potential target groups: o Forest technicians and managers o Forest owners o Potential deliverers (harvesting enterprises, wood commercials, etc.)

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o Boiler or energy plant installation enterprises o Possible investors o Others

One example of these training activities could be a training course about the decision process of kind and size of the installation, and about calculations of this project.

Case studies

It has been also clear the importance of evaluating specific conditions through the case studies, in order to develop specific solutions for specific problems in each project. The rigor of these case studies must be guaranteed through the previously mentioned training. This makes especially important the expected case studies of this 5 Eures project under supervision and advising of foreign expertise.

Supply chains

Another weak point of forest bioenergy in Catalonia is the wood supply chain dynamics at this moment. Thus trials and demonstrations for optimization of this potential supply chains are needed, according to techniques and technologies developed in experienced countries suitable for specific Catalonian conditions. Biomass supply logistics has been discussed along years in Catalonia, regarding some questions as costs, needed equipments, supply security, biomass sources, etc. It’s also especially important the need of training, technology transfer, trials and dissemination in this subject, to be developed also in the case studies.

8. Selection of cases

According to the visits to Catalonian interesting points and the predisposition of corresponding stakeholders, three case studies have been proposed:

1. District heating in Lles Municipality (Cerdanya) 2. Biomass boiler system (forest chips) in the public sport building in Alp

Municipality (Cerdanya): Besides specific interest of this case and responsible stakeholders, this is a possible case for have a trial of the mobile unit of forest biomass heating. This municipality is determined for adapting the actual installations for this trial if necessary. Also, this would be the best case for also develop the corresponding supply chain trials and valuations in this area.

3. To use the by-products of a small sawmill to produce heat for the municipality of Sant Hilari de Sacalm (La Selva).

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References Generalitat de Catalunya 2004. Xifres de Catalunya 2004, Institut d’Estadistica de Catalunya.

World Wide Web References Viquipèdia free internet encyclopaedia. Coordinates of Catalonia. http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalunya. Accessed on August 8th 2005. Catalonian Government. Map of Catalonia situated in Europe. http://www10.gencat.net/gencat/AppJava/cat/catalunya/laclau/catala/territori/geografica.jsp. Accessed on August 8th 2005. Catalonian Government. Map of Catalonia divided in different regions. http://www.gencat.es:8000/osial/owa/p03.comarques. Accessed on August 8th 2005. Catalonian Government. Map of road network in Catalonia http://www10.gencat.net/ptop/binaris/imd01_tcm32-13475.jpg Accessed on August 9th 2005 Grup del SIS. Climate conditions in Catalonia http://www.geocities.com/jgiro2002/clima.html Acessed on August 9th 2005.

Fax: 93 280 29 94

http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalunya

http://www10.gencat.net/gencat/AppJava/cat/catalunya/laclau/catala/territori/geografica.jsp

http://www10.gencat.net/gencat/AppJava/cat/catalunya/laclau/catala/territori/geografica.jsp

http://www.gencat.es:8000/osial/owa/p03.comarques

http://www10.gencat.net/ptop/binaris/imd01_tcm32-13475.jpg

http://www.geocities.com/jgiro2002/clima.html



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Annex 1: Macromagnitudes in Catalonia The Gross Domestic Product (GDM) of Catalonia was 131.321 million euro in 2004, 18,86% of the Spanish GDM. The Gross Value Added (GVA) was that year 117.481 euro, 18,66% of the spanish total. The share of the different sectors are given in Table 8. Biggest share of the GVA goes to the services with 62%, second is the industry with 28, 1%, construction and agriculture count for 8,2% and 1,7%. Table 8: Macromagnitudes

CATALONIA SPAIN EU - 15 % Cat./Spain

Gross Domestic Product (Millions Eur) 131.321 696.208 9.170.420 18,86GDP per inhabitant (Eur) 20.444 16.898 24.060 Gross Value Added (Millions Eur) 117.481 629.434 8.475.548 18,66 Agriculture (%) 1,7 3,4 2,0 Industry (%) 28,1 20,1 21,5 Construction (%) 8,2 9,6 5,5 Services (%) 62,0 66,9 71,0 INDUSTRY The Volume of trade of Catalonia is 112.534 Euro, good for 25,2% of the total Spanish volume of trade, for the import and export the share in the national total is even bigger. Respectively 29,6% and 27,7%. Table 9: Industry and trade

CATALONIA SPAIN % Cat./Spain

Volume of trade (Millions Eur) 112.534 447.234 25,2 Energy and water (%) 6,8 14,0 12,3 Minerals (%) 12,9 17,5 18,6 Chemistry (%) 15,7 8,5 46,6 Machinery (%) 26,4 23,6 28,2 Food (%) 14,9 16,7 22,5 Leather and textile (%) 7,3 5,0 36,6 Paper and graphic arts (%) 7,5 6,0 31,6 Others (%) 8,5 8,9 23,9 Imports (Millions Eur) 51.219 172.789 29,6 Exports (Millions Eur) 36.207 130.814 27,7

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Annex 2: Final energy consumption given for each sector and divided per energy source INDUSTRY 1997 2000 2003 ktoe % ktoe % ktoe %

Carbó 70,8 1,7 82,8 1,8 24,9 0,5Coc de petroli 585,3 14,1 609,5 13,6 748,1 14,3

Fuel 449,3 10,8 381,7 8,5 282,2 5,4Gasoil 90,8 2,2 111 2,5 109,6 2,1

GLP 36,2 0,9 36,6 0,8 34,3 0,7Gas natural 1513,6 36,5 1715,7 38,2 2287,8 43,9Electricitat 1298,5 31,3 1469,6 32,7 1637,8 31,4

Residus no renovables 38,5 0,9 40,6 0,9 42,8 0,8Biomassa forestal i

agrícola 58 1,4 43,6 1,0 43 0,8Biogàs 0,0 0,0 4 0,1

Solar tèrmica 0 0,0 0 0,0 0,1 0,0Residus renovables 0,0 0,0 0 0,0

Total 4150 4490,5 5214,7 HOUSEHOLD 1997 2000 2003 ktoe % ktoe % ktoe %

Carbó 1,1 0,1 0,8 0,0 0,5 0,0Coc de petroli 5,3 0,3 5 0,3 4 0,2

Gasoil 179 11,8 218,2 12,4 156,2 7,7Querosé 0,0 0,0 0,2 0,0

GLP 0,4 0,0 0,4 0,0 181,3 9,0Gas natural 224,7 14,8 229,6 13,0 842,2 41,6Electricitat 477,9 31,5 614 34,9 798,1 39,4

Residus no renovables 581,7 38,4 642,1 36,4 0,0Biomassa forestal i

agrícola 44,7 3,0 50,8 2,9 39,9 2,0Solar tèrmica 0,3 0,0 0,9 0,1 2,2 0,1

Total 1515,1 1761,8 2024,6 PRIMARY 1997 2000 2003 ktoe % ktoe % ktoe % Coc de petroli 0,3 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,3 0,1Gasoil 439,6 91,1 503,5 91,7 520,1 89,1GLP 14,7 3,0 14,9 2,7 15,1 2,6Gas natural 2,9 0,6 2,9 0,5 9,8 1,7Electricitat 23,5 4,9 25,8 4,7 35,8 6,1Biomassa forestal i agrícola 1,8 0,4 1,8 0,3 1,8 0,3Biogàs 0,0 0,0 0,8 0,1Total 482,8 549,3 583,6

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SERVICES 1997 2000 2003 ktoe % ktoe % ktoe %

Carbó 0,7 0,1 1,2 0,1 1 0,1Coc de petroli 1,5 0,1 0,8 0,1 0,7 0,0

Fuel 16,5 1,5 14,5 1,1 9,2 0,6Gasoil 78,5 7,2 96,9 7,2 98,6 5,9

GLP 68,6 6,3 69 5,2 69,5 4,2Gas natural 188,8 17,3 247,1 18,5 358,5 21,5Electricitat 727,6 66,6 895,8 67,0 1120,5 67,2

Biomassa forestal i agrícola 10 0,9 11,4 0,9 8,8 0,5Biogàs 0 0,0 0 0,0 0,6 0,0

Solar tèrmica 0 0,0 0,1 0,0 0,5 0,0Total 1336,8 1667,8 1092,3 TRANSPORT 1997 2000 2003 ktoe % ktoe % ktoe % Gasoil 2275,2 49,7 2942,9 56,1 3506,8 61,0Querosé 528,5 11,5 645,5 12,3 741,2 12,9Benzina 1709,1 37,3 1588,8 30,3 1398,3 24,3GLP 7,2 0,2 7,2 0,1 7,6 0,1Gas natural 0 0,0 0,9 0,0 3,4 0,1Electricitat 56,1 1,2 62,5 1,2 63,6 1,1Bioetanol 0 0,0 0 0,0 23,7 0,4Biodiesel 0 0,0 0 0,0 5,4 0,1Total 4576,1 5247,7 5749,9 FINAL CONSUMPTION 1997 2000 2003 ktoe % ktoe % ktoe %

Carbó 72,6 0,6 84,7 0,6 26,4 0,2Coke 592,4 5,0 615,5 4,6 753 4,9

Fuel-oil 465,8 3,9 396,2 3,0 291,5 1,9Diesel oil 3072,1 26,0 3872,6 28,9 4391,3 28,8Kerosene 528,9 4,5 645,9 4,8 741,4 4,9Gasoline 1709,1 14,5 1588,8 11,9 1398,3 9,2

GLP 351,4 3,0 357,4 2,7 307,7 2,0Gas natural 2183,2 18,5 2580,6 19,3 3501,7 23,0

Residus no renovables 38,5 0,3 40,6 0,3 42,8 0,3Electricitat 2687,5 22,7 3095,7 23,1 3655,7 24,0

Biomassa forestal i agrícola 114,5 1,0 106,9 0,8 93,5 0,6

Bioetanol 0 0,0 0 0,0 2,7 0,0Biodiesel 0 0,0 0 0,0 10,5 0,1

Biogàs 0 0,0 0 0,0 5,4 0,0Solar tèrmica 0,3 0,0 1,1 0,0 2,7 0,0

Residus renovables 0,0 0,0 0 0,0Total 11816,3 13386,1 15240,6

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Annex3: Energy fluxes in Catalonian 2003

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Annex 4: Estimations of the energy fluxes in Catalonia for 2015 according to the scenarios IER and Base

Base Scenario

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IER Scenario

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Annex 5: The Forest Policy General Plan 2005-2014 The Forest Policy General Plan 2005-2014 at the moment is not already approved, but the predictions are that have to approve before finish the 2005 year. In this Plan we can see that bioenergy use is considerate. We can found in: http://www.plapoliticaforestal.net/

2. Improve the products functions 2.5 Potency the transformation industries and the energetic user for the

wood products.

25.3 Promotion the energetic user for the wood products: 25.31 To guarantee the energetic diversification programme, respect biomass to energetic use. 25.32 Promotion the economic valuation of forestry biomass like an energetic product. 25.33 Promotion the use of the forestry sub product from industries like a biomass to co

generates energy.

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http://www.plapoliticaforestal.net/



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Annex 6: Wood table prices Llotges prices of contractation and market from Vic (update 27/03/04) and Girona (Update 30/04/04) * = excusive prices from Vic Llotja. ** = Excusive prices from Girona Llotja. Date: We understand the prices from the industry, without populus, which is from the truck.

Cotització

anterior

variation Update prices

de 10/20 cm ∅ 39,00 / 42,00 = 39,00 / 42,00 t Ailanthus altissima

de 20 a més cm ∅ 54,00 / 57,00* 48,00 / 54,00**

↓ =

54,00 * 48,00 / 54,00**

t t

de 12 a més cm ∅ 42,00 / 48,00*

36,00 / 45,00** = =

42,00 / 48,00*36,00 / 45,00**

t t Aesculus

hippocastanum Barramenta 36,00*

30,00 / 36,00** +3,00 +3,00

39,00* 33,00 / 39,00**

t t

Xapa 1a. 60,00 / 66,00 -3,00 60,00 / 63,00 *

57,00 / 63,00 **

m3

m3

Xapa 2a. 43,00 / 49,00 -3,00 43,00 / 46,00 *40,00 / 46,00

**

m3

m3

Bordils(rebrolls) de 18/20 a més cm ∅

36,00 / 39,00** s/c

Populus

(m3 in industry)

Llata canadà de 12 a 18/20 cm ∅

30,00 / 33,00* = 30,00 / 33,00* t

de 18/20 a més cm ∅ 57,00 / 78,00* = 57,00 / 78,00* t

Franxinus superior 78,00/108,00* 72,00 / 90,00**

= =

78,00/108,00*72,00 / 90,00**

t t

de 18/20 a més cm ∅ 54,00 / 72,00 = 54,00 / 72,00*

50,00 / 70,00 **

t t Fagus

sylvatica superior 84,00 / 90,00*

90,00 / 120,00** = ↓

84,00 / 90,00*80,00 / 110,00**

t t

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51

de 20/22 a més cm ∅ 51,00 / 60,00* 48,00 / 57,00**

-6,00 -3,00

51,00 / 54,00*45,00 / 54,00**

t t Platanus

hispanica Inferior a 20 cm ∅ 33,00 = 33,00 t

Blada de 18/20 a més cm ∅ 57,00 / 81,00* = 57,00 / 81,00* t

Fulla ampla i pènol de 22 a més cm ∅

72,00 / 84,00* = 72,00 / 84,00* t Quercus

Fulla petita de 23 a més cm ∅ 48,00 / 54,00 = 48,00 / 54,00 t

Thin 42,00 = 42,00 t Robinia pseudoacàcia

Wide 36,00 = 36,00 t

de 12 a 19 cm ∅ 36,00 /

39,00** t

Pinus douglas de més de 20 cm ∅ 48,00 / 66,00 t

Pinus pinea de més de 18 cm ∅ de 20 a més cm ∅

36,00 / 39,00* 36,00 / 39,00**

= =

36,00 / 39,00*36,00 / 39,00**

t t

Pinus halepensis de 12 a 19 cm ∅ de més de 16 cm ∅ de 20 a més cm ∅

36,00 / 39,00** 42,00 / 48,00* 42,00 / 48,00**

-3,00 -3,00

=

36,00 ** 42,00 / 45,00*

42,00 / 48,00**

t t t

Pi insigni de 12 a 19 cm ∅ de més de 20 cm ∅

39,00 / 42,00** 48,00 / 66,00

-3,00 -3,00

36,00 / 39,00**

48,00 / 63,00

t t

Pinus sylvestris de més de 14 cm ∅ 42,00 / 50,00* -2,00 42,00 / 48,00* t Pinus nigra de més de 16 cm ∅ 42,00 / 50,00* = 42,00 / 50,00* t Pi blanc (bord) de més de 14 cm ∅

de 20 a més cm ∅ 36,00 / 39,00* 39,00 / 42,00**

-3,00 ↓/↑

33,00 / 36,00*36,00 / 45,00**

t t

Pinassa de més de 14 cm ∅ 39,00 / 45,00* = 39,00 / 45,00* t Pi variat de 12 a 25 cm ∅ 42,00 / 45,00* = 42,00 / 45,00* t

Sticks Quercus ilex 51,00 / 57,00*

48,00 / 54,00** = =

51,00 / 57,00*48,00 / 54,00**

t t

Quercus ilex (zona Bages)

54,00* = 54,00* t

Quercus ilex (zona Vallès)

54,00* = 54,00* t

Quercus 39,00 / 42,00* 36,00 / 39,00**

= =

39,00 / 42,00*36,00 / 39,00**

t t

Quercus (zona Bages) 42,00* = 42,00* t

Quercus (zona Vallès) 39,00 / 42,00* = 39,00 / 42,00* t

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Fagus sylvatica 33,00 / 39,00* = 33,00 / 39,00* t Fagus sylvatica (zona Vallès)

39,00 / 42,00* = 39,00 / 42,00* t

Quercus suber 33,00 / 33,00* 36,00**

= =

30,00 / 33,00*36,00**

t t

TRITURATING WOOD

Conífers (zona Vallès) 21,04 / 23,44* = 21,04 / 23,44* t Coníferes (zona Solsona) 27,05 / 28,85* = 27,05 / 28,85* t Coníferes (St. Gaudens) 37,80* = 37,80* t Frondoses (zona Vallès) 20,43* = 20,43* t Frondoses (zona Solsona) 25,00 / 24,00* = 25,00 / 24,00* t Frondoses (St. Gaudens) 38,16* = 38,16* t Aesculus hippocastanum(zona Vallès)

20,43* = 20,43* t

Aesculus hippocastanum (zona Solsona)

s/c* = s/c* t

Aesculus hippocastanum (St. Gaudens)

36,46* = 36,46* t

Fagus sylvatica (zona Vallès)

20,43* = 20,43* t

Fagus sylvatica (St. Gaudens)

41,77 * = 41,77 * t

Eucalyptus (Vallès) 20,43* = 20,43* t Eucalyptus (Solsonès) s/c* s/c* t Platanus hispanica(Vallès)

20,43* = 20,43* t

Platanus hispanica (St. Gaudens)

39,06* = 39,06* t

Llotja de Girona 19,00 / 26,00** = 19,00 / 26,00**

t

CONÍFERES TRUNK 54,00 / 63,00* +1,00 54,00 / 64,00* t

Suro trituració verd (rebuig) s/c*

180,00** = =

s/c* 180,00**

ttCORCK

Suro “enrase” sec magatzem Suro “enrase” verd

1202,00/2554,00* 901,52/1803,00**

= ↓

1202,00/2554,00* 901,00/1794,00**

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53

WOOD PRICES OF THE CATALUNIA FORESTY SAT (AGRARY TRASFORMATION). Data: these prices not contain the transport until the industry. Wood prices in industries from Sant Gaudens (France). Ptes/tn Euros/tn Different (populus, etc...) 6600 39,67 Fagus sylvatica 7180 43,16 Eucalyptus with bark 7180 43,16 Quercus 6600 39,67 Aesculus hippocastanum 6150 36,97 Platanus 6700 40,27 Gros bois (gran ∅ +50 cm fins a 110 cm) - 507 - 3,05 Prices of Pinus carried to Tarascón industry (France) Ptes/tn Euros/tn Pinus 6500 39,07 Prices of Pinus carried to Cella industry (Teruel) Ptes/tn Euros/tn Pinus 6100 36,66

wp3, feasibility study report - european commission · annex 1: macromagnitudes in catalonia 43...

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