sustainable energy and human development - annex

Annex 1: Energy Access - Overview of data gaps

Significant data gaps were identified throughout the research and analysis process, these data

gaps are summarised below:

Table A1.1: Data Gaps

Data Gap Possible solutions

Insufficient information on absolute

number of people without access to

electricity and their effect upon poverty

and economic development in the

region.

Collection of this information by

government agencies through national

household surveys, processing of this

information by governments and

development agencies. This information

will be needed in order to track progress

towards achieving the goals of SE4ALL

Insufficient data on the frequency and

duration of blackouts and supply

interruptions and their effect upon

poverty and economic development

(with the exception of Tajikistan and

Kyrgyzstan).

Collection of this information by

government agencies through national

household surveys and also from utility

providers will be needed in order to track

progress towards achieving the goals of

SE4ALL

Insufficient information to calculate the

“Index of Access” to electricity as

outlined by the tracking methodology

publication1

The information required includes the

annual average household consumption of

electricity in Kilowatt Hours and can be

supplied from utility companies. In

addition the suggested household survey

in Annex 5 can be used.

1 See: World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking methodology

Annex 2: Energy Access - Tracking

Tracking Access to Electricity: Firstly, the existing definition and proposed methods for

measuring access to electricity under the Tracking Methodology,2 such as household surveys

(see Annex 3), which commonly ask respondents questions such as “Do you have grid-supplied

electricity access?” although convenient, fail to capture several important aspects of electricity

supply problems, such as interruptions, and off-grid solutions, such as diesel generators, which

are both common in the region. Secondly, a ranking tier system of access to electricity is

proposed whereby greater levels of electricity access, assessed by the ability to operate

appliances with increasingly higher electricity requirements, means the higher the tier ranking

of the country. Ranking levels of access in this manner would tend to indicate higher

consumption as favourable clashing with the energy efficiency goals of the region. The tier

ranking methodology, whilst providing a convenient means for measuring aspects of access to

electricity and ranking countries accordingly, can fail to capture important aspects of supply

and may provide misleading measures of electricity access.

The World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking Methodology proposes a multi-tier measurement, which

attempts to encompass the following tracking indicators for access to modern cooking solutions

in the immediate and medium term.

Table A2.1: Tracking Framework for Access to Cooking

Immediate Medium Term

Global Tracking • Use of non-solid

fuels in cooking

fuel = access

Measuring Technical Performance:

Multi-tier technical measurement of the

primary cooking solution in two steps. First at

global level tracking.

1) Three level measurement based on

cookstove type:

• Self-made cookstove

• Manufactured cookstove

• BLEN cookstove

and

Fuel type:

• Biogas/LPG/Electricity/

Natural gas

• Biomass/coal/charcoal/

Kerosene/ethanol

Country Level Tracking • Nil Measuring Technical Performance:

Secondly at country level tracking

2) According to certification Manufactured

and BLEN cookstoves are categorised in

three grades based on four technical

attributes:

2 World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking methodology

• Efficiency

• Indoor Pollution

• Overall Pollution

• Safety

Measuring Practicality:

Measurement of additional aspects of access

beyond technical performance by three

attributes:

• Conformity

• Convenience

• Adequacy (Fuel stacking)

Source: World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking methodology

Access to Modern Cooking Solutions: The tracking indicators of access to modern cooking

solutions evaluate on the one hand the technical performance of the primary cooking solution

(including the fuel and the cookstove itself), and on the other hand assess how this solution fits

with households’ daily life. The combination of the two metrics offers a comprehensive

measurement of access to cooking. As with electricity, the methodology is based on multiple

tiers and is fuel neutral. The immediate and medium-term tracking indicators for access to

modern cooking solutions can be found in: Annex 3. Unfortunately the existing definition and

measurement of access to cooking is confined to fuel type, and omits the role of the cookstove.

This fails to capture important information related to the human development goals of SE4ALL,

such as reducing associated negative health effects, increasing energy efficiency and decreasing

greenhouse gas emissions through employing different types of cookstove. It is the

combination of the fuel and cookstove type that determines the levels of efficiency, pollution

and safety outcomes of the cooking solutions.3 Furthermore, limiting the definition and

measurement of access to cooking solely to the primary cooking solution will fail to capture the

complex phenomenon of fuel stacking, when multiple fuels may be used, therefore additional

measures are needed to capture and ensure the ongoing monitoring of this data.

In the medium term, the global tracking framework recommends the following additional

methodologies be developed for tracking access to energy, including access to electricity and

cooking solutions:

Access to Heating:

As case studies have shown, energy for heating is a major requirement in the ECIS region.

Unfortunately the tracking framework identifies no suitable data on energy for heating that

would allow the compilation of a global database.4 In the medium term SE4ALL envisions the

development of a tracking framework to measure access to heating.5

3 World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking methodology 4 Ibid 5 Ibid

Community Energy and Productive Uses of Energy:

The household-based definition of access to energy excludes the opportunity to measure access

to energy used for community services such as health and education and productive uses such

as enterprises.6 The Tracking Methodology identifies lack of data as a major constraint in

measuring access to energy for community services and productive uses. Only recently have

attempts been made by the IEA, WHO, USAID and UNESCO to measure access to energy for

public services and productive uses.7 The methodology suggests no immediate term data

indicators, whilst in the medium term it will be necessary to develop frameworks to measure

energy access across community services and productive uses.

The World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking Methodology proposes a multi-tier measurement, which

attempts to encompass the following tracking indicators for access to electricity in the

immediate and medium term:

Table A2.2: Tracking Framework for Access to Electricity

Immediate Medium Term

Global Tracking • Household

connection rates

Source of Electricity:

To be defined by the following three

categories:

• No electricity

• Solar Lantern

• Home system

• Mini grid or grid connection

Country Level Tracking • Household

connection rates

(regardless of the

type of electricity

supply or the type

of electricity

services)

Access to Electricity Supply:

Based on a Five Tier framework ranked on the

following six attributes of electricity supply

• Quantity of supply (W)

• Duration of Supply (Hrs)

• Evening Supply (Hrs)

• Quality of Supply (Voltage)

• Affordability

• Legality of connection

Access to Electricity Services:

Defined by the use of an increasing number of

key electricity services. This is measured by the

ownership of increasingly advanced appliances

following the equivalent tier of electricity

supply needed for their adequate operation.

*Depending on availability of data, it is

suggested these indicators are customized for

country level tracking.

6 World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking methodology 7 UNDP 2010 Energy and Communal Services in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan: A Poverty and Social Impact Assessment

* It is suggested a similar framework for

heating, productive uses and community

services are envisaged to be developed and

implemented over the medium-term.

Source: World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking methodology

Annex 3: Energy Access - Draft Questionnaires for Measuring Household Access to

Electricity

Table A3.1: Measuring Access to Electricity Supply

Part 1

Measuring Access to Electricity Supply

Survey Question Response Tracking

Level

1 Source of Electricity

Co

un

try

Leve

l Tra

ckin

g

Glo

ba

l Le

vel

Tra

ckin

g What is the primary source of electricity supply

in the household

No Electricity

Solar Lantern

Rechargeable Battery

Home System

Mini-Grid or Grid

Connection

2 Quality of Supply

What is the capacity of the household

electricity supply system?

Less than 20w

More than 20w

More than 100w

More than 500w

More than 2,500w

3 Duration of Supply

How many hours of electricity supply do you

get per day?

Less than 4 hours

At least 4 hours

At least 10 hours

At least 16 hours

At least 22 hours

4 Evening Supply

Do you get electricity supply for 4 hours in the

evening for at least 5 days in a week?

Less than 2 hours

At least 2 hours

At least 4 hours

5 Legality of connection

Do you receive utility bills? Yes

No

6 Quality of Supply

Do you face voltage problems? Yes

No

7 Affordability

Is your income higher than…? No

Yes

Part 2

Survey Question Response

Does your house own

1 Task lighting Yes/no

2 Electric Radio Yes/no

3 Phone Charging Yes/no

4 General Lighting Yes/no

5 Television Yes/no

6 Electric fan Yes/no

7 Light and discontinuous load of thermal or mechanical applications (e.g.

washing machine, food processor, rice cooking, etc.)

Yes/no

8 Medium and/or continuous load of thermal applications (e.g. refrigeration, etc.) Yes/no

9 Heavy and/or continuous load of thermal or mechanical applications (Air

conditioning)

Yes/no

Source: World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking Methodology

Annex 4: Energy Access - Draft Questionnaires for Measuring Household Access to

Cooking Solutions

Table A4.1: Measuring Access to Household Cooking Solutions

Source: World Bank 2013 SE4ALL Tracking Methodology

Annex 5: Energy Access - Mapping Data

REGION Country

Immediate tracking

Eletrification Cooking Solution Solid Cooking Solution

rural/urban

Total Use of solid

fuel Use of non-

solid fuel Rural Urban

EU

Bulgaria 99

Cyprus 100

Czech Republic 99 1.73 97.43 4.51 0.94

Hungary 99

Lithuania 99

Poland 100

Slovakia 98 2.88 93.49 4.16 2.11

Romania 99 22.9 77.1 41.8 2.5

CENTRAL ASIA

Kazakhstan 100 19.03 80.98 40.79 6.85

Kyrgyzstan 100 37.26 62.4 56.2 12.36

Tajikistan 97.3 34.98 64.98 48.42 7.54

Turkmenistan 100 0.2 99.8 0.5 0

Uzbekistan 99.7 15.67 84.27 24.75 0.66

WESTERN

BALKANS AND

TURKEY

Albania 100

Croatia 99 12.22 86.9 23.68 6.87

Bosnia and Herzegovina 98.5 48.7 51.29 67.15 18.47

Kosovo

Montenegro 31.86 68.15 56.22 17.86

Serbia 100 33.54 66.14 61.3 13.75

Macedonia 97.4 36.49 63.38 55.13 24.46

Turkey 99.9 11 89

WESTERN CIS

Ukraine 100 4.16 95.63 8.66 2.23

Moldova 98.6 14.72 84.97 23.77 1.17

Russian Federation 99 3.43 96.57 9.33 0.4

Belarus 100 3.42 96.58 9.3 0.4

CAUCASUS

Armenia 99.8 4.4 95.47 11.77

Azerbaijan 100 9.79 90.07 22.65 0.87

Georgia 100 41.97 56.22 77.21 8.57

Formatted: Font: +Body, 11 pt, Font color:Background 1, English (United States)

Annex 6: Energy Access - Additional Regional Data and Information

Table A6.1: Regional Data

Year Event Remarks 2008/2009 Kyrgyzstan:

Drought conditions

reduced water volumes

at Toktogul to

extremely low levels

In 2008, there was a decrease in the water reserves at the Naryn

hydropower plants. This led to a sharp decline in electricity

production and resulted in systematic scheduled power cut-offs

in businesses and houses across the country for a couple of

months. This occurred again in 2009.

2009/2010 Kyrgyzstan:

Blackouts during winter

Growing public dissatisfaction in the Kyrgyz Republic, in part due

to rolling blackouts and energy price hikes during the winter of

2009-2010, culminated in the violent replacement of President

Kurmanbek Bakiyev with a new interim government. The shock

of these events suggests that a stable and affordable electricity

supply, particularly during the winter, will acquire even greater

precedence for the Kyrgyz leadership and efforts to achieve this

are likely to include stricter management of the various

hydropower stations throughout the country.

2007/2008 Tajikistan:

Unusually cold winter

brought the energy

sector to the brink of

collapse

In the winter of 2007-2008 unusually cold weather brought the

energy sector to the brink of collapse with rolling/scheduled and

unscheduled blackouts. The international financial crisis and

rising food prices compounded the crisis, the most pronounced

adverse effects of which were felt by the poor and vulnerable. 2011 Tajikistan:

Energy rationing due to

cold winter

An unexpected cold snap led to the reintroduction of nation-

wide electricity rationing in March 2011. Increased electricity

imports were not an option due to the collapse of the Central

Asia distribution network. 2000/2001

2006/2007

Albania:

Power crises due to lack

of rainfall

Since nearly all domestic production comes from hydropower

plants, the power system is vulnerable to variations in rainfall.

Lack of rainfall caused a power crisis characterised by severe

load-shedding from 2000 to 2002 and a second crisis from late

2006 through 2007. Seasonal variances in river flow volumes

also affect the country’s electricity generation, with August and

September historically being “dry” months. The second crisis

was exacerbated by a steep increase in the price of imported

electricity. Average daily electricity outages amounted to 3.7

hours in 2007, with a daily shortfall of approximately 2.5 GW.

2008/2009 Ukraine, Slovakia,

Hungary, Czech

Republic and 13 other

European countries

Gas dispute with between Ukraine and Gazprom in January

2009. This disagreement resulted in supply disruptions in many

European nations, with 18 European countries reporting major

drops or complete cut-offs of their gas supplies transported

through Ukraine from Russia. Ukraine, Slovakia, Hungary and the

Czech Republic were most affected.

Source: All information obtained from REEEP/Reegle 2013 Clean Energy Info Portal – Country Source: Profiles

adapted from http://www.reegle.info/countries

Annex 7: Energy Efficiency - Additional Regional Data Figure A7.1: Compound annual growth rates of the total primary energy supply (TPES) by decade, 1990-2010

Source: Author’s calculations based on (IEA online).

Figure A7.2: Contribution of energy-using sectors to final energy consumption by region, 1990 - 2010

Notes: a) for Central Asia, 1995 data is used instead of 1990 data,

b) no data for the commercial and public buildings sector of Kyrgyzstan.


3.8%

-2.5%

-3.5%

-9.9%

-4.0%

-4.1%

3.3%

2.1%

3.3%

0.7%

1.0%

1.3%

Turkey

Western Balkans

Central Asia

Caucauses

Other CIS

Total, exc. Turkey

2000-2010

1990-2000

152028

679

85

5

192432

155190

178

1120

23

105

6

133

1

2619

30

289162

157

912

15

44

7

41

3

89

10

13685

108

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

199020002010

199020002010

199020002010

199020002010

199020002010

Tur

key

Wes

tern

B

alka

nsC

auca

sus

Cen

tral

Asi

aO

ther

C

IS

Share of final energy consumption

Fin

al e

ner

gy

con

sum

pti

on

by

sect

or,

mto

e

buildings industry transport agriculture & fishery non-energy & non-specified

Figure A7.3: Contribution of energy-using sectors to final electricity consumption, 1990 - 2010

Notes: a) for Central Asia, 1995 data is used instead of 1990 data,

b) no data for the commercial and public buildings sector of Kyrgyzstan.


Energy consumption by the agricultural sector represents a region-specific challenge in Central

Asia. In 2010, the agricultural sector consumed 23-33% of national electricity in Uzbekistan,

Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Unequal distribution of water resources and poor

water management represents one of the most acute problems in the Central Asia region.

While Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan have abundant water resources and generate about 90% of

their electricity from hydropower stations (IEA online), Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan

experience ongoing water shortages especially during the peak irrigation season. As a result,

the countries are involved in transboundary disputes over water resources and have tense

geopolitical relationships. Energy efficiency in agriculture is therefore a priority in Central Asia.

Figure A7.4: Share of electricity for agriculture in total final electricity consumption, 2010


1.44.0

7.4

2.13.3

4.2

0.61.5

1.4

1.91.92.4

16.621.2

30.7

2.44.0

6.6

2.51.11.8

1.70.20.4

4.34.0

6.0

54.332.1

33.8

0.2

10.26.0

8.1

0.60.1

0.1

2.92.2

2.0

8.43.0

1.6

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

199020002010

199020002010

199020002010

199020002010

199020002010

Tur

key

Wes

tern

B

alka

nsC

auca

sus

Cen

tral

Asi

aO

ther

C

IS

Share of final electricity consumption

Fin

a el

ectr

icit

y co

nsu

mp

tio

n b

y se

cto

r, m

toe

buildings industry transport agriculture & fishery non-specified

23%

31%

32%

33%

Kyrgyzstan

Turkmenistan

Annex 8: Energy Efficiency – Sector

Transformation sector

The efficiency of the energy transformation sector could be measured as the ratio of final to

primary energy consumed by economies.

and illustrates that the efficiency of the transformation sector increa

Macedonia, Moldova, and Georgia during 1990

the transformation sector declined during this period of time. The changes in the efficiency

levels of the transformation sector could be

its final energy products (electricity vs

energy carriers consumed (fossil fuels, biomass, nuclear vs

efficiency of primary energy carriers into final energy carriers at respective facilities.

Figure A8.1: Ratio of the total final energy consumption to the total primary energy supply, 1990 vs

the direction of time)

Source: World Bank, 2013

84%

50%

72%

61% 61%

74%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Alb

ania

Bos

nia

and

Her

zego

vina

Cro

atia

Ser

bia

Mac

edon

ia, F

YR

Western Balkans

94%

76%

63%63%

70%

81%

Sector-Specific Data (other than the Building Sector)


primary energy consumed by economies. Figure A8.1 presents these ratios for ECIS countries

illustrates that the efficiency of the transformation sector increased in Albania, Croatia,

Macedonia, Moldova, and Georgia during 1990-2010. In all other countries, the efficiency of


levels of the transformation sector could be explained through the changes in the structure of

its final energy products (electricity vs. heat vs. refinery products), the structure of primary

energy carriers consumed (fossil fuels, biomass, nuclear vs. hydro), and the transformation

imary energy carriers into final energy carriers at respective facilities.

: Ratio of the total final energy consumption to the total primary energy supply, 1990 vs. 2010 (arrows indicate

74% 72%

64%

57%

67%

87%

71%

58%

89%

57%

Tur

key

Bel

arus

Rus

sian

Fed

erat

ion

Ukr

aine

Mol

dova

, Rep

ublic

of

Taj

ikis

tan

Uzb

ekis

tan

Kaz

akhs

tan

Kyr

gyzs

tan

Tur

kmen

ista

n

CIS Central Asia

70%

81%75%

88%

70%

60%

71%76%76%

92%

Specific Data (other than the Building Sector)


presents these ratios for ECIS countries

sed in Albania, Croatia,

2010. In all other countries, the efficiency of


explained through the changes in the structure of

refinery products), the structure of primary

hydro), and the transformation

imary energy carriers into final energy carriers at respective facilities.

2010 (arrows indicate

73% 72%

58%

Arm

enia

Geo

rgia

Aze

rbai

jan

Caucasus

84%

61%

84%

Commercial and public buildings sector

Figure A8.2 illustrates the energy intensity of

sector value added and its compounded annual growth rates in 1990

significant decline in commercial and public sector energy intensity throughout the whole

region, except Turkey and Western Balkans.

Figure A8.2: Energy intensity of the commercial and public buildings sector per sector value added and its

annual growth rate (CAGR)

Source: Author’s calculations based on

Note: The figure does not contain the data for all Western Balkans without Turkey (1990),

Kosovo (2000, 2010), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2000, 2010), Montenegro (2000, 2010),

Kyrgyzstan (1990, 2000, 2010) and

11

34

21

15

17

7

11

18

3

20

Turkey

Other CIS

Western Balkans

Caucasus

Central Asia

EU-27

Se

rvic

es

en

erg

y in

ten

sity

,

ko

e/1

00

0 U

S$

PP

P 2

00

5

EI 1990

mmercial and public buildings sector

llustrates the energy intensity of the commercial and public buildings sector per

sector value added and its compounded annual growth rates in 1990 - 2010. The


region, except Turkey and Western Balkans.

: Energy intensity of the commercial and public buildings sector per sector value added and its

based on (IEA online), (World Bank online) and (WEC online)

igure does not contain the data for all Western Balkans without Turkey (1990),

0), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2000, 2010), Montenegro (2000, 2010),

and Kazakhstan (1990).

11

34

21

15

90

17

37

11

50

109

18

55

70

141

20

4%

-1%

-11%

-2%

-1%

-4%

-3%

-3%

-1%

EI 2000 EI 2010 CAGR 1990-2000 CAGR 2000-2010

commercial and public buildings sector per

2010. The figure shows a


: Energy intensity of the commercial and public buildings sector per sector value added and its compounded

(WEC online).

igure does not contain the data for all Western Balkans without Turkey (1990),

0), Bosnia and Herzegovina (2000, 2010), Montenegro (2000, 2010),

4%

7%

9%C

AG

R o

f se

rvic

es

en

erg

y in

ten

sity

Industry sector

Figure A8.3 illustrates the energy intensity of industry in the ECIS region and its compounded

annual growth rates in 1990 - 2010.

energy intensity during the last two decades

intensity grew in 1990-2000 and then declined in 2000

intensities in Central Asia and the Other CIS

Figure A8.3: Energy intensity of the industry and its compo


Notes: The figure does not contain data for Kosovo (1990, 2000, 2010), Bosnia and Herzegovina

(1990), Montenegro (1990, 2000), Croatia (1990), Serbia (1990)

105

26

115

91

112

103

80

108

Turkey

Other CIS

Caucasus

Western Balkans

Central Asia

EU-27

Ind

ust

ry e

ne

rgy

inte

nsi

ty,

ko

e/1

00

0 U

S$

PP

P 2

00

5

EI 1990

illustrates the energy intensity of industry in the ECIS region and its compounded

2010. The Caucasus experienced a sharp decline in industrial

energy intensity during the last two decades, while in the other regions industria

2000 and then declined in 2000-2010. In 2010, the industrial energy

intensities in Central Asia and the Other CIS regions were more than double that of

: Energy intensity of the industry and its compounded annual growth rate (CAGR)


igure does not contain data for Kosovo (1990, 2000, 2010), Bosnia and Herzegovina

(1990), Montenegro (1990, 2000), Croatia (1990), Serbia (1990) and Kazakhstan (1990).

105

220

26

115

248

91

112

330

207

133

384

103

80

283

522

108

228

131

-1%

-4%

-19%

-1%

-4%

-1%

-9%

-2%

EI 2000 EI 2010 CAGR 1990-2000 CAGR 2000-2010

illustrates the energy intensity of industry in the ECIS region and its compounded

Caucasus experienced a sharp decline in industrial

regions industrial energy

2010. In 2010, the industrial energy

that of the EU-27.

(WEC online).


Kazakhstan (1990).

3%

2%

2%

5%

CA

GR

of

ind

ust

ry e

ne

rgy

inte

nsi

ty

Transport sector

Figure A8.4 illustrates the energy intensity of transport in the ECIS region and its compounded

annual growth rates in 1990- 2010. The

intensity of GDP in all regions, except

the Other CIS region, Central Asia, and

the EU-27.

Figure A8.4: Energy intensity of transport and its compounded annual growth rate (CAGR)



(1990), Montenegro (1990, 2000)

Turkey

Western Balkans

Caucasus

Other CIS

Central Asia

EU-27

Tra

nsp

ort

en

erg

y in

ten

sity

, ko

e/10

00 U

S$

PP

P 2

005

EI 1990 EI 2000

illustrates the energy intensity of transport in the ECIS region and its compounded

2010. The figure illustrates the declining transport energy

intensity of GDP in all regions, except the Western Balkans. The transport energy intensity of

the Other CIS region, Central Asia, and the Western Balkans is considerably higher than that of

: Energy intensity of transport and its compounded annual growth rate (CAGR)



(1990), Montenegro (1990, 2000) and Croatia (1990).

16

30

26

46

33

23

19

25

34

58

62

25

21

17

52

59

64

27

-2%

-3%

-2%

-6%

-1%

-1%

-4%

0%

0%

-1%

EI 2000 EI 2010 CAGR 1990-2000 CAGR 2000-2010

illustrates the energy intensity of transport in the ECIS region and its compounded

igure illustrates the declining transport energy

ans. The transport energy intensity of

Western Balkans is considerably higher than that of

(WEC online).


2%4%

CA

GR

of

tran

spo

rt e

ner

gy

inte

nsi

ty

Agriculture sector

Figure A8.5 presents the energy intensity of agriculture in the ECIS region and its compounded

annual growth rates in 1990 - 2010. The energy intensity in the Other CIS region, Central Asia,

and the Western Balkans grew in 1990

intensity in the Caucasus declined in

agricultural energy intensity experienced steady growth during the last two decades.

Figure A8.5: Energy intensity of agriculture and its compounded annua



(1990, 2000), Montenegro (1990, 2000), Croatia (1990)

30

14

26

Western Balkans

Turkey

Caucasus

Other CIS

Central Asia

EU-27

Ag

ricu

ltu

re e

ner

gy

inte

nsi

ty,

koe/

1000

US

$ P

PP

200

5

EI 1990 EI 2000

presents the energy intensity of agriculture in the ECIS region and its compounded

2010. The energy intensity in the Other CIS region, Central Asia,

and the Western Balkans grew in 1990 – 2000 and then declined in 2000 – 2010

Caucasus declined in the 1990s and increased in the 2000s. In Turkey,


: Energy intensity of agriculture and its compounded annual growth rate (CAGR)

based on (IEA online), (World Bank online), and (WEC online)


(1990, 2000), Montenegro (1990, 2000), Croatia (1990) and Serbia (1990).

30

64

64

118

112

89

40

46

37

152

146

105

14

26

96

83

145

119

-3%

3%

6%

-2%

-3%

-2%

6%

-9%

6%

0%

-1%

EI 2000 EI 2010 CAGR 1990-2000 CAGR 2000-2010

presents the energy intensity of agriculture in the ECIS region and its compounded

2010. The energy intensity in the Other CIS region, Central Asia,

0, while the

2000s. In Turkey,


(WEC online).


3%

6%

11%

6%

6%

0%

CA

GR

of

agri

cult

ure

en

erg

y in

ten

sity

Annex 9: Energy Efficiency - Residential Buildings Sector

The intensity of the residential sector could be measure

of the residential sector per capita or, better, per household.

available as an indicator than household number statistics because the l

census frequency (typically one per decade).

residential sector per capita in 1990, 2000, and 2010 as well

rates in the regions. Analysis reveals

capita is considerably lower for all

region.

Figure A9.1: Energy intensity of the residential sector


online).

Notes: a) For Central Asia, the figure contains 1995 data instead of 1990;

b) The figure does not contain the data for: Kosovo (1990, 2000, 2010) and Montenegro

(1990, 2000, 2010).

Figure A9.2 plots the energy intensity of the residential sector per ho

data available, it is possible to conclude that the energy intensity per household decline

beginning of 1990s, but changed

2010 was more available than for 1990

intensity per household increased in Kazakhstan, Armenia,

and Bosnia and Herzegovina, while in

Table A9.1 for the annual rates of decline). The difference

interplay of factors such as population changes, person per household changes, the growth of

Turkey

Other CIS

Western Balkans

Caucasus

Central Asia

EU-27

Re

sid

en

tia

l en

erg

y in

ten

sity

,

ko

e/c

ap

ita

EI 1990

Residential Buildings Sector-Specific Data

The intensity of the residential sector could be measured in the total final energy consumption

of the residential sector per capita or, better, per household. Population statistics

indicator than household number statistics because the latter is dependent on

census frequency (typically one per decade). Figure A9.1 presents the energy intensity of the

in 1990, 2000, and 2010 as well as its compounded annual growth

Analysis reveals that final energy consumption of the residential sector

is considerably lower for all the ECIS regions than for the EU-27, except for the

Energy intensity of the residential sector per capita

based on (IEA online), (World Bank online)

For Central Asia, the figure contains 1995 data instead of 1990;

igure does not contain the data for: Kosovo (1990, 2000, 2010) and Montenegro

plots the energy intensity of the residential sector per household. From the limited

data available, it is possible to conclude that the energy intensity per household decline

beginning of 1990s, but changed to an upward trend at the end of 1990s. The data for 2000

2010 was more available than for 1990-2010 and revealed different trends. The energy

intensity per household increased in Kazakhstan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Ukraine, Turkey,

, while in Georgia, Tajikistan, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan it declined (see

the annual rates of decline). The difference in trends could be explained

as population changes, person per household changes, the growth of

309

715

307

277

307

613

277

816

280

249

318

596

268

571

262

384

307

580

1%

-1%

1%

1%

0%

0%

0%

4%

1%

-4%

1%

0%

EI 2000 EI 2010 CAGR 1990-2000 CAGR 2000-2010

in the total final energy consumption

opulation statistics are more

is dependent on

presents the energy intensity of the

as its compounded annual growth

that final energy consumption of the residential sector per

for the Other CIS

and (EUROSTAT

igure does not contain the data for: Kosovo (1990, 2000, 2010) and Montenegro

usehold. From the limited

data available, it is possible to conclude that the energy intensity per household declined in the

at the end of 1990s. The data for 2000-

different trends. The energy

Belarus, Ukraine, Turkey,

Georgia, Tajikistan, Russia, and Kyrgyzstan it declined (see

trends could be explained by the

as population changes, person per household changes, the growth of

CA

GR

of

the

re

sid

en

tia

l e

ne

rgy

inte

nsi

ty

living area, penetration of end-use technologies, fuel switching, energy efficiency, and

interruptions of energy supply.

Figure A9.2: Energy intensity of the residential sector per household

Source: Author’s calculations based on (IEA online) and (UNECE online).

Table A9.1: Annual growth rates of energy intensity per household during 2000-2010

Country Time interval CAGR

Kazakhstan 2000-2010 12%

Armenia 2001-2008 11%

Turkey 2002-2008 4%

Belarus 2000-2009 3%

Bosnia and Herzegovina 2000-2007 2%

Azerbaijan 2000-2010 1%

Ukraine 2000-2010 1%

Georgia 2000-2010 -1%

Tajikistan 2000-2010 -2%

Russian Federation 2002-2010 -3%

Kyrgyz Republic 2000-2009 -6%

Source: Author’s calculations based on (IEA online) and (UNECE online).

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Res

iden

tial

sec

tor

ener

gy

inte

nsi

ty,

koe/

ho

use

ho

ld

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Belarus

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Croatia

Georgia

Kazakhstan

Kyrgyz Republic

Macedonia, FYR

Moldova

Russian Federation

Serbia

Tajikistan

Turkey

Ukraine

Figure A9.3 provides an estimate of space heating intensities per household and per m2 in

Russia during 1993-2010. During this period space heating intensity per household declined by

2.4%/year and in 2010 was 65% of its 1993 level. The space heating intensity per m2

declined

by 4.0%/year and in 2010 was 50% of its 1993 level. The intensity per household differed from

the intensity per m2 because the living area per person changed significantly (increased) during

the last two decades.

Figure A9.3: Dynamics of estimated space heating intensity per household and per m

2, Russia, 1993 - 2010

Source and notes:

The space heating intensity per household was calculated as the residential energy consumption (IEA online)

divided by the number of households (UNECE online) minus residential electricity consumption per household for

electrical appliances and lighting (WEC online). Since the number of persons per household available for 2002 and

2009 has not changed significantly, the constant number of 2.7 person/household was assumed for the whole

period. For the space heating intensity per m2, the obtained space heating intensity per household was

recalculated back to intensity per person and divided by the living space per person (Rosstat 2012).

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010M

Wh

/ho

use

ho

ld

KW

h/m

2

Space heating intensity per m2 Space heating intensity per household

Electrical intensity per household increased during 1990 – 2010 in the countries for which

information was available (Figure A9.4). This is because the growing number of electrical

appliances and equipment outweighed electrical efficiency gains achieved in the sector.

Figure A9.4: Electrical intensity of households and its compounded growth annual rates, 1990 - 2010

Source: (WEC online).

As a result of the growing number of electrical appliances and equipment over the last two

decades, electricity consumption in the residential buildings of the ECIS region grew

1.34.6 times (Figure A9.5).

Figure A9.5: Index of total final electricity consumption in the residential and commercial and public sectors (1990 = 1.0)


1978

718

2113

1992

1154

1683

2675

2297

1961

2781

2378

2536

-5.2%

8.9%

2.4%

1.4%

5.4%

5.1%

-1.2%

1.0%

Kazakhstan

Turkey

Russia

European Union

CAGR, %kWh/household

2010 2000 1990 2000-2010 1990-2000

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Households

Turkey

Western BalkansCentral Asia

Caucauses

Other CIS

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Commercial and public sectors

Turkey


Caucauses

Other CIS

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Households

Turkey


Caucauses

Other CIS

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Commercial and public sectors

Turkey


Caucauses

Other CIS

Figure A9.6 represents the dynamics of energy efficiency on the refrigerator market in Western

Europe, Eastern Europe, and Russia. The figure reveals that in Russia during 2004 – 2011 the

share of A+ class refrigerators increased from 2% to 21% and the share of A class refrigerators

grew from 35% to 55%. In contrast, in Western Europe and Eastern Europe, A+ class

refrigerators were already dominating the market by 2011 (46% and 65% respectively).

Figure A9.6: Dynamics of energy efficiency on the refrigerator market over time in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, and

Russia

Source: based on (GfK, 2011) and (UNDP, Government of Russian Federation, and GEF 2009).

A UNEP country lighting assessment of the Russian Federation (UNEP, 2012) concluded that the

transition to energy efficient lighting in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors as

well as outdoor uses may result in numerous benefits. More specifically, exchanging lamps on a

national scale (see Figure A9.7 for installed stock of lamps before and after transition) allows

reducing electricity consumption for lighting by 46.3% or 5.8% of total national electricity

consumption (see Figure A9.8 for details).

Figure A9.7: Installed Stock of Lamps (by sector, by lamp type)

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

Eas

tern

Eur

ope

Rus

sia

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

Eas

tern

Eur

ope

Rus

sia

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

Eas

tern

Eur

ope

Rus

sia

Wes

tern

Eur

ope

Eas

tern

Eur

ope

Rus

sia

2004 2007 2010 2011

A++

A+

A

B

Other

Source: UNEP, 2012

Figure A9.8: Total Electricity Consumption (by sector, by lamp type)

Source: UNEP, 2012

Annex 10: Energy Efficiency - Legislation and Policies in the ECIS Region

Table A10.1: Overview of energy efficiency legislation and targets in the ECIS region

Country

Legislation (if the Law is missing, the

presence of Energy Efficiency Strategy

was checked)

Targets

Albania,

Bosnia and

Herzegovina,

Kosovo, fYR

Macedonia,

Montenegro,

Serbia,

Moldova,

Ukraine

These countries are Contracting

Members of the Energy Community

Treaty and thus are obliged to

introduce EU energy efficiency

legislation. By today, they have

adopted or in the process of adoption

of three EU energy efficiency

Directives: 2006/32/EC on Energy End-

Use Efficiency and Energy Services

(ESD), 2010/31/EU on the Energy

Performance of Buildings (EPBD) –

Recast 2002/91/EC, 2010/30/EU on

Labeling of Energy-Related Products

(Recast Directive 92/75/EEC) and

implementing directives and delegated

acts.

The targets of the EU Energy

Services Directive 2006/32/EC

(European Commission 2006) apply,

namely energy savings as 9% of total

energy sales in 2018 vs. 2010

(delayed implementation as

compared to the EU by 2 years).

Albania The Energy Efficiency Law was adopted

in 1995.

Bosnia and

Herzegovina

As of 2013, the Energy Efficiency Law

was in the public hearing procedure.

Croatia

As a Member of the European Union

since July 2013, the EU’s energy

efficiency legislation is mandatory for

Croatia. This includes the key directives

listed above and Energy Efficiency

Directive 2012/27/EU (European

Commission 2012). Additionally, the

Energy Strategy of Croatia adopted in

2002 contains energy efficiency

provisions.

The targets of the EU Energy

Services Directive 2006/32/EC

(European Commission 2006) apply,

namely energy savings as 9% of total

energy sales in 2016 vs. 2008.

Following the adoption of Energy

Efficiency Directive, 1.5%/yr. energy

(sales) savings vs. recent 3 year-

period should be achieved with

utility obligation or alternative

approach. Ban on incandescent

lamps in the residential sector since

2013.

Serbia The Energy Law adopted in 2004

contains some energy efficiency

Additionally to above, the Energy

Sector Development Strategy

Country



was checked)

Targets

provisions. The Law on Efficient Use of

Energy was adopted in 2013.

requires the intensity reduction

2%/yr. in 2005-2015.

fYR

Macedonia

The Energy Law adopted in 2011

contains some energy efficiency

provisions.

Montenegro The Law On Energy Efficiency was

adopted in 2010.

Kosovo The Law on Energy Efficiency was

adopted in 2011.

Moldova The Energy Efficiency Law was adopted

in 2010

Ukraine

The Energy Strategy of Ukraine to 2030

adopted in 2006 contains some energy

efficiency provisions.

The Economic Programme on

Energy Efficiency for 2010-2015

requires a 20% reduction in GDP

energy intensity (or 3.3%/yr.) by

2015 vs. 2005.

The 2006 Energy Strategy to 2030

required that the Government of

Ukraine set a 50% reduction target

for energy intensity by 2030.

Armenia

No Energy Efficiency Law. The National

Security Strategy of RA (2007) contains

the aim of maximal possible utilisation

of energy saving potential.

n/a

Azerbaijan

No Energy Efficiency Law. The National

Strategy in the field of alternative and

renewable energy sources until 2020

was developed, but has yet to be

adopted. The Strategy contains energy

efficiency provisions.

The mentioned Strategy also

contains the target of a 20%

improvement in energy efficiency by

2020.

Belarus

The Law On Energy Saving, enacted in

1998 and last amended in 2006,

requires that the Government establish

the promotion of energy efficiency as a

national priority.

The National Energy Saving

Programme for 2011-2015 requires

reducing GDP energy intensity by

29-32% during 2011-2015.

Georgia n/a n/a

Kazakhstan

The Law on Energy Saving and Energy

Efficiency Improvement was adopted in

2012. The Law contains the main

directions of national energy efficiency

The Energy Saving Plan adopted in

2011 requires a 10% reduction of

energy intensity in 2015 vs. 2008.

Country



was checked)

Targets

and conservation policies.

Kyrgyzstan n/a

Russian

Federation

The Law on Energy Saving and on

Increasing Energy Efficiency and on

Introduction of Changes in Selected

Legislative Acts of the Russian

Federation, was enacted in 2009 and

replaced the Law on Energy Efficiency

of 1996.

The Energy Strategy of the Russian

Federation to 2030 requires a 50%

GDP energy intensity reduction in

2030 vs. 2005. The Federal

Programme “Energy Conservation

and Improvement of Efficient

Efficiency” for the period until 2020

required 7.5% overall intensity

reduction in 2015 vs. 2005. The

programme also contained sector

specific targets in 2020 vs. 2011

(public sector, transport, industry,

energy suppliers). Ban on

incandescent lamps since 2013.

Tajikistan

The Law on Energy Efficiency and

Energy saving is to be adopted in 2013

and will replace the Law on Energy

saving of 2002.

n/a

Turkey

The Energy Efficiency Law was

developed and adopted in 2007. The

Law contains the main direction of

national energy efficiency and

conservation policies.

The Energy Efficiency Strategy

requires a 20% GDP energy intensity

reduction in 2023 vs. 2011; the

target is further split by sectors. The

Energy Strategy Plan requires

overall 20% energy savings in 2023

vs. 2008. Ban on incandescent lamps

since 2011.

Turkmenistan

No Energy Efficiency Law. The Law of

Turkmenistan on Energy Saving is

currently being drafted.

n/a

Uzbekistan The Law on Rational Use of Energy was

adopted in 1997. n/a

Source: based on (WEC online), (REEGLE online), (Kogalniceanu and Borko, 2013), UNDP

country office questionnaires

Table A10.2: Policy tools except Labels and Minimum Energy Performance Standards (to be cont.)

Typ

e Measure Sector

Alban

ia Croatia Serbia Turkey Ukraine

Russian

Federation

Fin

an

cia

l

Energy audits

Households Y

Commercial and

public Y

Industry Y Y

Subsidies

Household

equipment Y (SWH) Y (lamps)

Dwellings Y (existing)

Commercial and

public Y (existing) Y (existing)

Industry Y (el. motors)

Soft loans

Households Y (refr., AC, Lamps,

SWH, wood stoves)

Dwellings Y (existing)

Commercial and

public Y (existing)

Industry Y (el.motors) Y (el.

motors)

Fis

cal Tax reduction

Dwellings Existing:

VATL

SWH (import tax,

VAT)

New

dwellings

Transport Cars: purchase tax, incl.

VAT

Accelerate

depreciation Industry Y

Re

gu

lati

on

(e

xce

pt

lab

els

an

d M

EP

S)

Other

regulatory

instruments

Households MEA MEA MEA MCR

Industry MEA, MCR MEM,MCR MEA,MEM

Transport MCR

Public MEA MEA,M

CR MEM,MCR MCR

Commercial MEA MEA,M

CR MEM,MCR

Incandescent

lamps phase-

out

N Y (2013) Y (2011) N Y (2014)

Mandatory

training for

professionals

N Y (engineers) Y (audit,

managers)

Oth

ers

me

asu

res

Voluntary

agreement

Industry VA (1175 Co)

Transport Y

Public Y

Commercial VA (890 Co)

ESCO Number 2 10 37 30

Turnover € 10 mil

Certification Auditor

certification N Y Y Y Y

Source: based on (WEC online)

Table A10.3: Labels and Minimum energy efficiency performance standards (to be cont.)

Sector Households Transp

ort

Indust

ry

Commercial and public

End-use

Re

frig

era

tors

Wa

shin

g

ma

chin

es

Air

co

nd

itio

nin

g

Lam

ps

So

lar

wa

ter

he

ate

rs

Ca

rs

Ind

ust

ria

l e

lect

ric

mo

tors

Air

co

nd

itio

nin

g

Off

ice

eq

uip

me

nt

Ne

w d

we

llin

g

Ne

w c

om

me

rcia

l

Ne

w p

ub

lic

Ex

isti

ng

dw

ell

ing

Ex

isti

ng

com

me

rcia

l

Ex

isti

ng

pu

bli

c

Country Labels

Albania LB(M) LB(M) LB(

M)

LB(

M)

LB(M) LB(M) LB(M) LB(M)

Croatia LB(M,20

07)

LB(M,20

07)

LB(M,20

07)

LB(M,20

07)

LB(M) LB(

M)

LB(M,20

09)

LB(M,20

09)

LB(M) LB(M,20

09)

Serbia

Turkey LB(M,20

02)

LB(M,20

03)

LB(M) LB(

M)

LB(M,20

08)

LB(M,20

08)

LB(P,20

17)

LB(P,20

17)

Ukraine LB(V) LB(V) LB(P) LB(P

)

LB(P) LB(P)

Russian

Federation

LB(M,20

11)

LB(M,20

11)

LB(M,20

11)

LB(P

)

LB(V,20

10)

LB(V,20

10)

Country Minimum energy efficiency standards

Albania MS MS MS MS MS MS

Croatia MS(P) MS(P) MS(P) MS(P) MS(

P)

MS(20

08)

MS(200

8)

MS(200

8)

Serbia MS(P) MS(P) MS(P) MS(P) MS(

P)

MS MS(P) MS(P)

Turkey MS(200

5)

MS(201

1)

MS(200

3)

MS(20

12)

MS(20

00)

MS(200

0)

MS(200

0)

Ukraine MS(P) MS(P) MS(P) MS(P) MS(P) MS(P)

Russian

Federation

MS(201

1)

MS(20

03)

MS(20

03)

Source: based on (WEC online)

Annex 11: Energy Efficiency - Finance

The Review of the Financial Support Facilities Available for Energy Efficiency and Renewable

Energy (Western Balkans Investment Framework, 2011) identified twenty-five individual funds

which provide financial and technical assistance to improve energy efficiency in the Western

Balkans. The total funding available was estimated as around EUR 830 million, 98% of which is

loan financing, including associated technical assistance and grants (see Table A11.1).

Table A11.1: Main energy efficiency and renewable energy financing facilities in the Western Balkans

No. EUR

mil.

% of

total

Regional Total 11 629.3 75.8%

Regional Loan Funds (with Technical Assistance and grants)

8 616.9 74.3%

Regional Technical Assistance Programmes and Funds 3 12.4 1.5%

Country Loan Funds (with Technical Assistance and grants) Total 5 64.1 7.7%

Croatia 1 Not

included

Montenegro 1 7.7 0.9%

Serbia 3 56.4 6.8%

Country Mixed/Energy Efficiency Loan Total 2 91.6 11.0%

Serbia 2 91.6 11.0%

Country Technical Assistance Funds Total 2 3.0 0.4%

Montenegro 1 1.5 0.2%

Kosovo 1 1.5 0.2%

Country Grant Funds Total 3 12.3 1.5%

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 15.0 1.8%

fYR Macedonia 1 15.0 1.8%

TOTAL: 25 830.4 100%

Source: (Western Balkans Investment Framework, 2011).

Annex 12: Renewable Energy – Total energy supply

Table A12.1: Total of renewable energy in total primary energy supply (TJ) and share of RE (%)

SUB-

REGION Country

Total of All

Energy Sources

(TJ)

Total of

Renewable

Energy Sources

(TJ)

Total of

Renewable Energy

excluding hydro

power (TJ)

Share of RE

including

hydropower

(%)

Share of

hydro

power (%)

Share of RE

excluding hydro

power (%)

WESTERN

BALKANS

AND

TURKEY

Albania 86,972.73 36,151.59 8,862.28 41.57% 31.38% 10.19%

Bosnia and

Herzegovina 268,161.11 36,552.31 7,653.51 13.63% 10.78% 2.85%

Croatia 357,356.61 47,389.51 17,399.71 13.26% 8.39% 4.87%

Kosovo n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Montenegro n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a

Serbia 653,595.61 85,986.99 43,171.69 13.16% 6.55% 6.61%

fYR Macedonia 120,979.85 17,853.69 9,107.71 14.76% 7.23% 7.53%

Turkey 4,401,713.01 486,741.33 300,242.17 11.06% 4.24% 6.82%

CAUCASUS

Armenia 102,381.91 9,270.45 67.2 9.05% 8.99% 0.07%

Azerbaijan 495,640.71 12,411.43 3.6 2.50% 2.50% 0.00%

Georgia 130,555.85 50,678.03 16,950.76 38.82% 25.83% 12.98%

WESTERN

CIS

Belaurus 1,161,001.94 61,470.51 61,308.49 5.29% 0.01% 5.28%

Ukraine 5,464,495.85 109,320.87 61,965.14 2.00% 0.87% 1.13%

Moldova 108,967.37 3,281.87 2,997.41 3.01% 0.26% 2.75%

RF Russian Federation 29,371,365.68 740,871.89 141,425.21 2.52% 2.04% 0.48%

CENTRAL

ASIA

Kazakhstan 3,140,432.47 30,994.00 2,109.60 0.99% 0.92% 0.07%

Kyrgyzstan 122,177.57 37,344.67 149.97 30.57% 30.44% 0.12%

Tajikistan 96,627.53 57,052.27 0 59.04% 59.04% 0.00%

Turkmenistan 892,072.06 10.8 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

Uzbekistan 1,833,287.18 39,041.03 10.01 2.13% 2.13% 0.00%

ECIS Region 48,807,785.04 1,862,423.24 673,424.466 3.82% 2.44% 1.38%

Source: IEA (2010).

Annex 13: Renewable Energy – Total RES electric installed capacity by technology

SUB-

REGION Country Hydroelectricity Biomass Solar Wind SHPP Geothermal

CENTRAL

ASIA

Kazakhstan 2,217 0 < 1 MW 2 115 0

Kyrgyzstan 2910 0 0 0 41 0

Tajikistan 4,037 0 < 1 MW 0 132 0

Turkmenistan 1 0 0 0 5 0

Uzbekistan 1,736 2 < 1MW < 1MW 394 0

WESTERN

BALKANS

AND

TURKEY

Albania 1475 0 0 0 44 0

Bosnia and

Herzegovina 2117 0 < 1 0 60 0

Croatia 1,918 7 5 217 3 3

Kosovo n.a

Montenegro 658 0 < 1 < 1 9 0

Serbia 2,225 0 2 0 31 0

Macedonia 573 0 7 0 60 0

Turkey 17,887 0 9 2,312 1,490 238

WESTERN

CIS

Belarus 30 6 < 1 2 16 0

Ukraine 5,600 8 373 276 112 0

Moldova 64 3 < 1 < 1 0 0

RF Russian Federation

46,892 0 < 1 17 250 82

CAUCASUS

Armenia 1207 < 1MW <1 MW 3 218 0

Azerbaijan 977 0 2 3 n.a 0

Georgia 2850 0 < 1 <1 50 0

ECIS Region 95,374 25 398 2,831 3,030 323

Annex 13 is based on data accessed from the following sites:

Albania

Renewable Facts, 2014. <available online at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/albania

Albania Energy Association (AEA), 2013: Albania Wind Energy. Available at: http://aea-al.org/albania-wind-energy/

National Agency of Natural Resources, 2012. Hydropower Situation – Albania. <Available online at:

http://www.akbn.gov.al/images/pdf/hidroenergjetike/Hydropower_Situation_and_Current_Situation.pdf Republic of Albania, The GEF and UNDP, 2012: Draft Albanian Renewable Energy Action Plan.

Armenia

Babayan, T., 2012: Renewable Energy in Armenia. Available at: http://www.energy-

community.org/pls/portal/docs/1668199.PDF

UNDP and The GEF, 2012: Armenia: Situational analysis and assessment in the context of Sustainable Energy for All Initiative:

Rapid Assessment – 2012. Available at: http://www.nature-

ic.am/res/Third%20National%20Communication/WEB/SE4ALL%20Armenia_Report%20_ENG_.pdf

Renewable Facts, 2014. <available online at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/armenia

The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia, 2013. Available at: http://www.minenergy.am/

Azerbaijan

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/azerbaijan

State Agency on Alternative and Renewable Energy Sources of the Republic of Azerbaijan (ARES), 2013: Experimental Hybrid

Polygon. Available at: http://ares.az/gobustan-polygon/

The World Wind Energy Association (WWEA), 2013: 2012 Annual Report.

Available at: http://www.wwindea.org/webimages/WorldWindEnergyReport2012_final.pdf

Belarus

Energy Charter Secretariat (ECS) 2013: In-Depth Review of the Energy Efficiency Policy of the Republic of Belarus, available at:

http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Belarus_EE_2013_ENG.pdf

Raslavicius, L., 2012: Renewable Energy Sector in Belarus – A review, in: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (16): 5399-

5413.

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/belarus



Bosnia and Herzegovina State Electricity Regulatory Commission, 2012. Report On Activities of the State Electricity Regulatory

Commission. Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Pavlovic, T. M., Milosavljevic, D. D., Mirjanic, D., Pantic, L. S., Radonjic, I. S., and D. Pirsl, 2013: Assessments and perspectives of

PV solar power engineering in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina). In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,

18: 119-133.

http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/bosnia-and-herzegovina

State Electricity Regulator Commission (SERC), 2012: Report on Activities of the State Electricity Regulatory Commission.

Available at:

http://www.derk.ba/DocumentsPDFs/DERK_izvjestaj_o_radu_2012-en.pdf

The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), 2013: Annual Report 2012. Available at:

http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/EWEA_Annual_Report_2012.pdf

Croatia

The Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship (2013): Interactive Renewable Map. Available at: http://oie-

aplikacije.mingo.hr/InteraktivnaKarta/

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/croatia

Georgia

Energy Charter Secretariat (ECS), 2012: In-Depth Review of Energy Efficiency Policies and Programmes: Georgia. Available at:

http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Georgia_EE_2012_ENG.pdf

Green Georgia. Available at: http://www.greengeorgia.ge/

Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia (MESD) – Sustainable Development Department, 2013:

Renewable Energy. Available at: http://www.greengeorgia.ge/

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/georgia


Available at: [http://www.wwindea.org/webimages/WorldWindEnergyReport2012_final.pdf Promotion of Small Hydro retrofitting and Implementation in the Caucasus and Carpathian region (SHYCA), 2010: Existing and

prospected small hydro power plants in the Caucasus and Carpathians – SHP state-of-the-art in Georgia. Available at:

http://www.shyca.org/results/WP2/wp2surveyGE.pdf

Kazakhstan

Energy Charter Secretariat (ECS), 2013: Investment Climate and Market Structure Review in the Energy Sector of Kazakhstan.

Available at:

http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Kazakhstan_ICMS_2013_ENG.pdf

Energy Charter Secretariat (ECS), 2013: Investment Climate and Market Structure Review in the Energy Sector of Kazakhstan.

Available at:

http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Kazakhstan_ICMS_2013_ENG.pdf

(based on cf =0.4 with o.4 bln kw-h produced electricity from SHPP)

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/kazakhstan


Available at: [http://www.wwindea.org/webimages/WorldWindEnergyReport2012_final.pdf

Kyrgyzstan

Desertec Knowledge Platform. 2012: Available at: http://knowledge.desertec.org/wiki/index.php5/Kyrgyzstan#Electricity

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/kyrgyzstan

fYR Macedonia

Energy Agency of the Republic of Macedonia, 2013: Register of Plants for the production of electricity from RES. Available at:

http://www.ea.gov.mk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=679&Itemid=124&lang=mk

EVN Macedonia, 2013: Generation. Available at: http://www.evn.mk/Za-nas/Proizvodstvo.aspx

See -Change Network (SEECN) c, 2013: Invest in Haste, Repent at Leisure - Are IFIs behaving as if EU accession criteria and

extreme energy losses do not exist in South East Europe. Available at: http://bankwatch.org/sites/default/files/SEE-IFI-

energy.pdf

EVN Group EVN Macedonia, 2013: Generation. Available at: http://www.evn.mk/Za-nas/Proizvodstvo.aspx

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/macedonia

Moldova

UNECE, 2009: RES Development and Potential Moldova. Available at:

http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pp/ee21_sc/20scJune09/4_june_morn/8_ceban_e.pdf Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/moldova

Montenegro

United Nations Development Programme, 2012. Montenegro in the context of Sustainable Energy for All Initiative: Rapid

Assessment and Gap Analysis.

Ministry of Economy, 2012: Update / Upgrade of “Energy Development Strategy of Montenegro by 2030. (Green Book and draft

White Book). Available at: http://www.seaeds.me/images/120627_Output_3-1_Green_Book_final_draft_ENG.pdf Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/montenegro

Russian Federation

Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, 2013. Available at: http://minenergo.gov.ru/activity/vie/

Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th Century (Ren21), 2013: Renewables 2013 Global Status Report. Available at:

http://www.ren21.net/REN21Activities/GlobalStatusReport.aspx

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/russia

Tatiana, D., 2010: Renewable Energy in Republic of Moldova. Available at:

http://www.potsdam.ihk24.de/linkableblob/1071254/.4./data/Praesentation_ConsultGroup-

data.pdf;jsessionid=FC02A719B44F8ACB8038450F1B51EAD3.repl2

UNECE, 2009: RES Development and Potential Moldova. Available at:

http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pp/ee21_sc/20scJune09/4_june_morn/8_ceban_e.pdf

Serbia

European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), 2013: Eastern winds – Emerging European wind power markets. Available at:

http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/files/library/publications/reports/Eastern_Winds_emerging_markets.pdf

Katic, V., Corba, Z., Milicevic, D., Dumnic, B., Popdic, B., and A. Evgenije, 2013: Overview of Solar PV Energy in Market in Serbia.

Presented at the 6th PSU-UNS International Conference on Engineering and Technology (ICET-2013), Available at:

http://www.psu-uns2013.com/material/papers/Session13/Session13-13807.pdf

Panic, M., Urosec, M., Milanovic, A., Brankov, J., and Z. Bjeljac, 2013: Small hydropower plants in Serbia: Hydropower potential,

current state and perspectives. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 23: 341-3149.

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/serbia

Tajikistan

Energy Charter Secretariat (ECS), 2010: Tajikistan - In-Depth Review of the Investment Climate and Market Structure on the

Energy Sector. Available at:

http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Tajikistan_ICMS_2010_ENG.pdf

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/tajikistan

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2013. Sustainable Energy for All Regional Questionnaire on Renewable

Energy, Tajikistan

Turkey

Benli, H. 2013: Potential of renewable energy in electrical energy production and sustainable energy development of Turkey:

Performance and policies. In: Renewable Energy, 50: 33-46.

British Petroleum (BP), 2013: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2013. Available at:

http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/statistical-review-of-world-energy-2013/review-by-energy-

type/renewable-energy/solar-energy.html

Capik, M., Yilmaz, A. O., and I. Cavusoglu, 2012: Hydropower for sustainable energy development in Turkey: The small

hydropower case of the Eastern Black Sea Region. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16: 6160-6172.

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/turkey


Available at: [http://www.wwindea.org/webimages/WorldWindEnergyReport2012_final.pdf

Turkmenistan

INOGATE, 2012: Energy Portal – Energy cooperation between the EU, Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Available

at: http://www.inogate.org/index.php?option=com_inogate&view=countrysector&id=85&lang=en

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/turkmenistan

Ukraine

European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), 2013: Global Market Outlook For Photovoltaics 2013-2017. Available at:

[http://www.epia.org/index.php?eID=tx_nawsecuredl&u=0&file=/uploads/tx_epiapublications/GMO_2013_-

_Final_PDF_01.pdf&t=1371545969&hash=b8a6b70a25a6f556f849eef7de6b2b44033e143a]

Institute for Renewable Energy at NAS of Ukraine, 2012: Development or renewable energy in Ukraine as a contribution to

environmental stability in Europe and development of new models of cooperation in energy sector. Presented at the 21st OSCE

Economic And Environmental Forum first Preparatory meeting. Available at: http://www.osce.org/eea/99193

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/ukraine

Uzbekistan

UNDP, 2007: The Outlook for Development of Renewable Energy in Uzbekistan. Available at:

http://www.undp.uz/en/publications/publication.php?id=79 The American Uzbekistan Chamber of Commerce (AUCC), 2012: Uzbekistan starts construction of new hydro power station.

Available at: http://www.aucconline.com/news.php?news_id=319

The Governmental Portal of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2010: Wind Energy Plant Built in Tashkent Region. Available at:

http://www.gov.uz/en/press/economics/5442

Renewable Facts, 2014. Available at: http://www.renewablefacts.com/country/uzbekistan

Annex 14: Renewable Energy – Potential for renewable energy in thousands of MW by type

of technology

Table A14.1: Renewable Energy Potential

Region Country Potential in MW Total

Potential

(MW) Biomass Solar Wind SHPP Geothermal

WESTERN

BALKANS

AND

TURKEY

Albania 423 26,155 2,000 4,500 n/a 33,078

Bosnia and

Herzegovina 600 48,682 2,000 571 6 51,859

Croatia 1,490 53,416 6,900 177 n/a. 61,983

Kosovo n/a. 10,392 n/a. n/a n/a 10,392

Montenegro 578 12,839 400 232 n/a 14,049

Serbia 5,438 83,485 390 4,514 0.1 93,828

fYR Macedonia 462 24,074 375 225 n/a 25,136

Turkey 15,995 3,871,472

114,17

3 6,849 1,500 4,009,989

WESTERN

CIS

Belarus 2,399 282,844 96,757 297 n/a 382,297

Ukraine 24,481 807,537 26,793 1,963 14,855 875,629

Moldova 800 45,796 2,733 251 n/a 49,580

Russian Federation 55,984 22,828,364 39,048

35,16

0 3,000 22,961,556

CAUCASUS

Armenia n/a 39,699 495 305 n/a 40,499

Azerbaijan 1,500 115,220 4,500 350 800 122,370

Georgia 1,719 96,865 2,300 4,452 n/a 105,336

CENTRAL

ASIA

Kazakhstan 320 3,763,218

354,00

0 4,795 n/a 4,122,333

Kyrgyzstan 179 267,358 1,500 1,826 15 270,878

Tajikistan 275 195,096 2,000

22,83

1 n/a 220,202

Turkmenistan n/a 655,054 10,000 1,324 6,600 672,978

Uzbekistan 800 592,982 1,562 1,826 304 597,474

ECIS Region 113,443

33,820,54

8

667,92

6

92,44

8 27,081 34,721,447


World Bank, 2011. World development indicators: Land area (sq. km) <available online at:

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2>

Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2011. Electric Power Annual 2009. Assistant Administrator for Energy Statistics. Office of Electricity,

Renewables, and Uranium Statistics, U.S. Department of Energy. Washington – US.

Reference for solar energy

The technical solar potential is estimated by using Hoogwijk & Graus (2008) and Hoogwijk (2004) average land use factors for centralised solar

PV installations and JRC’s (2011) assumption that 1 KW installed capacity requires a surface 6.6 m². This equalises an average conversion

efficiency factor of about 16%.

Due to illustrative reasons the technical solar PV potential for the Russian Federation is cut at 5,000 GW. However it is around 22,000 GW.

Albania

Biomass: Karaj, S., Rehl, T., Leis, H., Muller, J. 2009. Analysis of biomass residues potential for electrical energy generation in Albania.

Universita¨t Hohenheim, Institute of Agricultural Engineering (440e), Garbenstr. 9, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany. Renewable and Sustainable

Energy Reviews, ELSEVIER.

Wind: Albania Energy Association (AEA), 2012: Renewable Energy Resources and Energy Efficiency in Albania, available at: <http://aea-

al.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/RENEWABLE-ENERGY-ALBANIA.pdf>

SHPP: WBC-INCO, 2012: National background report on Energy for Albania. Available at:

<http://wbc-inco.net/attach/WBC-INCO.net_AL-Report_Energy_2012_v02.pdf>

Armenia

Wind: Armenia Renewable Resources and Energy Efficiency Fund (R2E2) and The GEF, 2008: Wind Power Development in Armenia. Available

at: <http://r2e2.am/wp-content/uploads/Windpower_in_Armenia.pdf>

SHPP: Danish Energy Management A/S, 2011: Renewable Energy Roadmap for Armenia. Available at:

<http://reweek.am/UserFiles/45567aaef3822f38dfd12365719112eeRenewable%20Energy%20Roadmap%20for%20Armenia.pdf>

Azerbaijan

Biomass, wind, Geothermal and SHPP: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2013. Sustainable Energy for All Regional

Questionnaire on Renewable Energy, Azerbaijan

Belarus

Biomass: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2002: Renewable Energy Resource Assessment - Renewable Energy Country

Profile Belarus. Available at:

<http://ws2-23.myloadspring.com/sites/renew/Shared%20Documents/Country%20Notes/old%20website%20country%20profiles/Belarus.pdf>

Wind and SHPP: Raslavicius, L., 2012: Renewable Energy Sector in Belarus – A review, in: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (16): 5399-

5413.


Biomass: Energy Charter Secretariat (ECS), 2012: In-Depth Review of Energy Efficiency Policy and Programmes – Bosnia And Herzegovina.

Available at: http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/BiH_EE_2012_ENG.pdf

Wind and SHPP: Karakosta, C., Flouri, M., Dimopoulou, S. and J. Psarras, 2012: Analysis of renewable energy progress in the western Balkan

countries: Bosnia–Herzegovina and Serbia. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 16: 5166-5175

Geothermal: Karakosta, C., Flouri, M., Dimopoulou, S. and Psarras, J. Analysis of renewable energy progress in the western Balkan countries:

Bosnia–Herzegovina and Serbia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 5166–5175. ELSEVIER.

Croatia

Biomass and SHPP: Lalic, D., Popowski, K., Gecevska, V., Vasilevska, S. P., and Z. Tesic 2011: Analysis of the opportunities and challenges for

renewable energy market in the Western Balkan countries. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15: 3187-3195.

Wind: Krajacic, G., Drazen, L., Duic, N., Zeljko, M., Arantegui, R. L., Loisel, R., and I. Raguzin, 2013: Analysis of financial mechanisms in support to

new pumped hydropower storage projects in Croatia. In: Applied Energy, 101: 161-171.

Geothermal: Lalic, D., Popovsk, K., Gecevska, V., Popovska, V. and Tesi, Z. Analysis of the opportunities and challenges for renewable energy

market in the Western Balkan countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15 (2011) 3187– 3195. ELSEVIER.

Georgia

Biomass: USAID, 2008: Renewable Energy Potential in Georgia and the Policy Options for its Utilization. Available at:

http://www.greengeorgia.ge/?q=node/123

Wind and SHPP: Raslavicius, L., 2012: Renewable Energy Sector in Belarus – A review, in: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (16): 5399-

5413.

Kazakhstan

Biomass: The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 2009: Kazakhstan – Country Profile. Available at: <http://ws2-

23.myloadspring.com/sites/renew/countries/kazakhstan/profile.aspx>

Wind: UNDP and The Gef, 2012: Transforming on-Grid Renewable Energy Markets – A Review of UNDP-GEF Support for Feed-in Tariffs and

Related Price and Market-Access Instruments. Available at:

http://web.undp.org/gef/document/UNDP_FIT_Port_TransformingREMarkets_15oct2012.pdf

SHPP: Energy Charter Secretariat (ECS), 2013: Investment Climate and Market Structure Review in the Energy Sector of Kazakhstan. Available at:

<http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Kazakhstan_ICMS_2013_ENG.pdf>

Kyrgyzstan

Biomass and SHPP: Ministry of Energy of the Kyrgyz Republic, 2010: Development of the Renewable Energy Sector in the Kyrgyz Republic.

Available at: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/energy/se/pp/eneff/Astana_EEForum_Sep2010/d2s2_3_Stamaliev.pdf

Wind: The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 2009: Kyrgyzstan – Country Profile. Available at:

http://ws2-23.myloadspring.com/sites/renew/countries/kyrgyzstan/profile.aspx#solar

fYR Macedonia:

Biomass and SHPP: Lalic, D., Popowski, K., Gecevska, V., Vasilevska, S. P., and Z. Tesic, 2011: Analysis of the opportunities and challenges for

renewable energy market in the Western Balkan countries. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15: 3187-3195.

Wind: Government of the Republic of Macedonia, 2010: The strategy for renewable energy resources exploitation up to 2020. Available at:

http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/677Strategy_for_utilization_RES_Macedonia.pdf

Moldova

Biomass and Wind: Republic of Moldavia, 2011: Energy policy of Republic of Moldova. Available at: http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/3923.pdf

SHPP: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Energy Efficiency 21 Programme, 2009: Republic of Moldova – Energy Profile.

Available at: http://energyeficiency.clima.md/public/files/EnergyProfileMoldova.pdf

Montenegro:

Biomass: Kovacevic, I., 2010: Renewable Energy Sources in Montenegro. Available at: http://www.energy-

community.org/pls/portal/docs/566194.PDF

Wind: Republic of Moldavia, 2011: Energy policy of Republic of Moldova. Available at: http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/3923.pdf

SHPP: United Nations Development Programme, 2012. Montenegro in the context of Sustainable Energy for All Initiative: Rapid Assessment and

Gap Analysis.

Russian Federation:

Biomass, Wind and SHPP: The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 2009: Russia – Country Profile available at:

http://www.ebrdrenewables.com/sites/renew/countries/Russia/default.aspx

Serbia:

Biomass, Wind and SHPP: Republic of Serbia, 2013: National Renewable Energy Action plan of the Republic of Serbia. Available at:

http://www.energy-community.org/pls/portal/docs/2144185.PDF

All energies: Karakosta, C., Flouri, M., Dimopoulou, S. and Psarras, J. Analysis of renewable energy progress in the western Balkan countries:

Bosnia–Herzegovina and Serbia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16 (2012) 5166–5175. ELSEVIER.

Tajikistan:

Biomas: Doukas, H., Marinakis, V., Karakosta, C., and J. Psarras, 2012: Promoting Renewables in the energy sector of Tajikistan. In: Renewable

Energy, 39: 411-418.

Wind: The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 2009: Tajikistan – Country Profile. Available at: http://ws2-

23.myloadspring.com/sites/renew/countries/tajikistan/profile.aspx

SHPP: Eurasian Development Bank (EBD), 2011: Small Hydropower in the CIS – Current Status and Development Prospects. Available at:

http://www.eabr.org/general//upload/reports/full%20version_14.pdf

Turkey

Biomass and SHPP: Benli, H. 2013: Potential of renewable energy in electrical energy production and sustainable energy development of

Turkey: Performance and policies. In: Renewable Energy, 50: 33-46.

Wind and SHPP: Baris, K., and S. Kucukali, 2012: Availability of renewable energy sources in Turkey: Current situation, potential, government

policies and the EU perspective. In: Energy Policy, 42: 377-391

Turkmenistan:

Wind: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), 2009: Country Chapter – Republic of Turkmenistan. Available at:

http://www.giz.de/Themen/en/dokumente/gtz2009-en-regionalreport-turkmenistan.pdf

SHPP: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 2012: Aquastat – Turkmenistan Country Profile. Available at:

http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/TKM/index.stm.

Geothermal: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), 2009. Country Chapter: Republic of Turkmenistan. Department

Water, Energy, Transport Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg 1-5. Eschborn, Germany

Ukraine:

Biomass, Wind and SHPP: Institute for Renewable Energy at NAS of Ukraine, 2013: Development or renewable energy in Ukraine as a

contribution to environmental stability in Europe and development of new models of cooperation in energy sector. Presented at the 21st OSCE

Economic And Environmental Forum First Preparatory meeting. Available at: http://www.osce.org/eea/99193.

Uzbekistan:

Biomass: Center for Economic Research (CER), 2011: Renewable Energy Potential. Available at:

http://www.cer.uz/upload/iblock/b28/pb_2011_03_energiy.pdf.

Wind: UNDP, 2007: The Outlook for Development of Renewable Energy in Uzbekistan. Available at:

http://www.undp.uz/en/publications/publication.php?id=79

SHPP: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), 2009: Country Chapter – Republic of Uzbekistan. Available at:

http://www.giz.de/Themen/en/dokumente/gtz2009-en-regionalreport-uzbekistan.pdf

Annex 15: Renewable Energy - RES Policy instruments in the ECIS Region

Albania

International Energy Agency (IEA), 2013. Law 053-2012 on general regulation of the electricity sub sector. Policy

and measurements: Renewable energy, 2013.

Republic of Albania, 2013: Law No. 138/2013 On Renewable Energy Sources.

Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th Century (Ren21), 2013: Renewables Interactive Map Renewables

Policy Table: Renewable Energy Promotion Policies. <Available online at:

http://www.map.ren21.net/pdf/renewablepolicytable.aspx>

Armenia

Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. The Action Plan of the Government of Republic of Armenia Aimed at the

Implementation of the National Program on Energy Saving and Renewable Energy of Republic of Armenia.

Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2007. National Program on Energy Saving and Renewable Energy of

Republic of Armenia. <Available online at

http://www.minenergy.am/images/stories/documents/national__program_english.pdf>

Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, 2004. The Law of the Republic of Armenia on Energy Saving And

Renewable Energy. <Available online at:

http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=2119&lang=eng>

UNDP and The GEF, 2012: Armenia: Situational analysis and assessment in the context of Sustainable Energy for All

Initiative: Rapid Assessment – 2012. <Available online at: http://www.nature-

ic.am/res/Third%20National%20Communication/WEB/SE4ALL%20Armenia_Report%20_ENG_.pdf>

Azerbaijan

Energy Charter Secretariat (ECS), 2013: In-Depth Review of the Energy Efficiency Policy of Azerbaijan. <Available

online at:

http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Azerbaijan_EE_2013_ENG.pdf>

INOGATE, 2012. Status report 2011: An Energy Review of the Inogate Partner Countries. Brussels, Belgium.

<Available online at: http://www.inogate.org/media/documents/INOGATE%20Status%20Report%20EN.pdf>

Ministry of Industry and Energy, 2010. Rules of Issuing Special Permission to Activity Concerning Alternative and

Renewable Energy Source.

Ministry of Industry and Energy of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 2004. The State Program on Use of Alternative and

Renewable Energy Sources. <Available online at: http://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/docs/AZE-Renewable-

Energy-Strategy-en.pdf>

Belarus

Council of Ministers of Belarus, 2011. National Energy Saving Programme 2011-2015. <Available online at:

http://www.pravo.by/main.aspx?guid=3871&p0=C21001882&p2={NRPA}>

Economy Committee of Minsk, 2007. Hydropower and wind development programme - Minsk Oblast. <Available

online at: http://law.by/work/EnglPortal.nsf/0/959590399A7CC2BCC225734000457E6F?OpenDocument>

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2002: Renewable Energy Resource Assessment - Renewable

Energy Country Profile Belarus. <Available online at:

http://ws2-

23.myloadspring.com/sites/renew/Shared%20Documents/Country%20Notes/old%20website%20country%20profile

s/Belarus.pdf>

Ministry of Economy of Belarus, 2011. Resolution on Feed-in Tariffs for electricity generated from renewable energy

sources.


Government of Federation BiH, 2011. Regulation amending regulation on use of renewable energy and co-

generation <Available online at: http://www.fbihvlada.gov.ba/bosanski/zakoni/2011/uredbe/11hrv.html>

International Energy Agency (IEA), 2012. Decision on the amount of the fee to encourage electricity generation

from renewable energy sources and efficient co-generation, Republic of Srpska. Policy and measurements:

Renewable energy, 2013.




Croatia




The Government of the Republic of Croatia, 2012: The Tariff System for Electricity Production from Renewable

Energy Sources and CHP. <Available online at:

http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/2012_06_63_1508.html>

The Government of the Republic of Croatia, 2007. Regulation on Incentive Fees to Promote Electricity Production

from RES and cogeneration. Pursuant to Article 28, paragraph 3 of the Energy Act (Official Gazette 68/2001 and

177/2004). <Available online at: http://releel.mingorp.hr/UserDocsImages/2_Incentives_for_RES_CHP_33_07.pdf>

The Republic of Croatia Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, 2009. Energy Strategy of The Republic

Of Croatia. Zagreb, Croatia

Georgia

Energy Charter Secretariat, 2012. In-Depth Review of Energy Efficiency Policies and Programmes: Georgia. Brussels,

Belgium. <Available online at:

http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Georgia_EE_2012_ENG.pdf>



Tbilisi, Ivane Javakhishvili, 2011. Renewable Energy in EU – Georgia: Legal and Regulatory Perspective. State

University-Institute of European Studies, Khatuna Didbaridze.

USAID, 2008: Renewable Energy Potential in Georgia and the Policy Options for its Utilization <Available online at:

http://www.greengeorgia.ge/?q=node/123>

Kazakhstan



Republic of Kazakhstan, 2012: The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Amending Certain Legislative Acts

Regarding the Improvement of the Regulatory Approval System. Available at:

http://www.mondaq.com/x/179854/Law+On+Amending+Certain+Legislative+Acts+Regarding+Improvement+Of+T

he+Regulatory+Approval+System+Changes+In+Law+On+Architecture+TownPlanning+And+Construction+Activity

Republic of Kazakhstan, 2009: The Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan about support of use of Sources of Energy.

Available at:

http://www.kazembassy.org.uk/img/001%20Law%20of%20the%20RK%20on%20support%20of%20use%20of%20r

enewable%20sources%20of%20energy(1).pdf

Kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyz Republic, 1996: Law on Energy. Available at: http://www.hydroinvest.biz/en/laws-and-regulations/136-

energy-law-kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyz Republic, 2008: Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Renewable Energy Sources. Available at:

http://www.hydroinvest.biz/en/laws-and-regulations/138-res-law-kyrgyzstan

Kyrgyz Republic, 2008: National Energy Programme, Available at:

http://www.carecprogram.org/uploads/pages/countries/KGZ-National-Energy-Program-2008-2010-en.pdf

fYR Macedonia

Energy Regulatory Commission of the Republic of Macedonia, 2013: Tariffs for Renewable Energy Sources 2013.

<Available online at: http://www.erc.org.mk/pages_en.aspx?id=162>

Government of the Republic of Macedonia, 2010: The strategy for renewable energy resources exploitation up to

2020. <Available online at:

http://www.uncsd2012.org/content/documents/677Strategy_for_utilization_RES_Macedonia.pdf>




See -Change Network (SEECN) c, 2013: Invest in Haste, Repent at Leisure - Are IFIs behaving as if EU accession

criteria and extreme energy losses do not exist in South East Europe. <Available online at:

http://bankwatch.org/sites/default/files/SEE-IFI-energy.pdf>

Moldova

Republic of Moldavia, 2011: Energy policy of Republic of Moldova. <Available online at:

http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/3923.pdf>




Montenegro

Regulatory Energy Agency of Montenegro, 2011. Regulatory framework for renewable. <Available online at:

http://www.oie-res.me/index.php?page=zakon-o-energetici>

The Government of Montenegro, 2011. Decree on Tariff Incentives for Renewable Energy and Efficient

Cogeneration. Pursuant to Article 20, Paragraph 2 of the Energy Law (“Official Gazette of

Montenegro”, No. 28/10). <Available online at: http://www.oie-

res.me/uploads/archive/News%202010/E_Decree%20on%20the%20tariff%20system.pdf>

Russian Federation

Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, 2010. Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period up to 2030. Approved

by Decree N°1715-r of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 13 November, 2009 – Moscow, Russia

Federation. <Available online at: http://www.energystrategy.ru/projects/docs/ES-2030_(Eng).pdf>

Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, 2009. State Policy Guidelines for Promoting Renewable Energy in the

Power Sector.




Serbia

Ministry of Infrastructure and Energy, 2009. Feed-in tariffs for renewable energy sources and combined heat and

power generation. <Available online at: http://www.ssl-

link.com/mre/cms/mestoZaUploadFajlove/Decree_on_feed_in_tariffs_-_OJ_99-2009.pdf>

Republic of Serbia, 2013: National Renewable Energy Action plan of the Republic of Serbia. <Available online at:

http://www.energy-community.org/pls/portal/docs/2144185.PDF>




Serbian Energy Agency (AERS), 2013: Decree on incentive measures for privileged power producers. <Available

online at:

http://www.aers.rs/FILES/OIE/Eng/2013-02-

02%20Decree%20on%20Incentive%20Measures%20for%20Privileged%20Power%20Producers.pdf>

Tesic, M., Kiss, F., and Z. Zavargo, 2011: Renewable energy policy in the Republic of Serbia. In: Renewable and

Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15: 752-758.

Tajikistan

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 2009: Tajikistan – Country Profile. Available at:

http://ws2-23.myloadspring.com/sites/renew/countries/tajikistan/profile.aspx

UNDP, 2012: Sustainable Energy For All –Tajikistan Rapid Assessment and Gap Analysis. Available at:

http://www.undp.tj/files/reports/SE4ALL_TAJ_Rapid_Assessment_Final_English.pdf

Turkmenistan

Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21th Century (Ren21), 2013: Renewables 2013 Global Status Report.

Available at:

http://www.ren21.net/REN21Activities/GlobalStatusReport.aspx

Turkey

Benli, H. 2013: Potential of renewable energy in electrical energy production and sustainable energy development

of Turkey: Performance and policies. In: Renewable Energy, 50: 33-46.

KPMG International Cooperative, 2012. Taxes and incentives for renewable energy. <Available online at:

http://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/taxes-incentives-renewable-

energy-2012v3.pdf>

The Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Investment Support and Promotion Agency, 2005. LawNo.6094: Law on

Amendments on the Law on Utilization of Renewable Energy: Resources for the Purpose of Generating Electrical

Energy. Turkey. <Available online at: http://www.invest.gov.tr/en-

US/infocenter/publications/Documents/RENEWABLE.ENERGY.pdf>

Renewable energy policy database and support (ResLegal), 2013: An initiative of the European Commission –

Turkey. <Available online at: http://www.res-legal.eu>




Republic of Turkey, 2005: Law on Utilization of RES for the Purpose of Generating Electrical Energy <Available

online at: http://www.eie.gov.tr/eie-

web/english/announcements/YEK_kanunu/LawonRenewableEnergyReources.pdf>

Republic of Turkey, 2002: Electricity Market Licensing Regulation. <Available online at:

http://www.ongurergan.av.tr/en-EN/mevzuat/Electric%20Market%20Licensing%20Regulation.doc>

Turkish Electricity Transmission Company (TEIAS), 2013: Turkish Electricity Production Planning Study (2005-2020).

<Available online at: http://www.teias.gov.tr/Eng/apkuretimplani/veriler.htm#_Toc86219420>

Ukraine

International Energy Agency (IEA), 2005. Law on Combined Heat and Power (cogeneration) and Waste Energy

Potential in Ukraine. <Available online at:

http://www.iea.org/policiesandmeasures/pams/ukraine/name,38647,en.php>

Ministry of Fuel and Energy, 2003. Law on Alternative Energy Sources. <Available online at:

http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/555-15>

OECD, 2012: Private Sector Development Policy Handbook - Attracting Investment in Renewable Energy in Ukraine.

<Available online at: http://www.oecd.org/countries/ukraine/UkraineRenewableEnergy.pdf>




Uzbekistan

Republic of Uzbekistan, 1997: Law on the Rational Use of Renewable Energy Source, Available at:

http://www.unescap.org/esd/publications/energy/compend/ceccpart4chapter12.htm#3 Economic

Annex 16: Renewable Energy - RES Policy instruments in the ECIS Region Indicator Definition

Capital subsidy, grant, or

rebate

One-time payments by the government to

cover a percentage of the capital cost of an

investment.

Tax incentives

Includes all tax incentives such as: investment

tax credits, production tax credits or

reductions in sales, energy, carbon, excise,

VAT, etc.

Public competitive

bidding

Tendering system for contracts to construct

and operate a particular project, or a fixed

quantity of renewable capacity in a country or

state.

Public investment, loans

or financing

Provides infrastructure projects and use of

public benefits, funds, loans etc.

Feed-in-tariff

Set a fixed, guaranteed rate that power

producers will be paid through a standard PPA

for every kWh fed into the grid and usually

guarantees grid access to RE generators.

Electric utility quota

obligation/ RPS

Generally called Renewable Portfolio Standard

(RPS), renewables obligations or quota

policies. A standard requiring that a minimum

percentage of generation sold or capacity

installed be provided by renewable energy.

Obligated utilities are required to ensure that

the target is met.

Tradable renewable

Certificates provide a tool for trading and

meeting renewable energy obligations among

consumers and/or producers, and also a

means for voluntary green power purchases.

They operate by offering 'green certificates'

for every kWh or MWh generated by a

renewable producer. The value of these

certificates, which can be traded on a market,

is added to the basic payment for the

renewably generated electricity.

Law in renewable energy

The “Law on renewable energy” is considered

a specific legislation such as legally binding

targets for RE, defined feed-in-tariffs for RES,

preferential grid-access for RES or as part of

other legislation on energy.

Source: Author’s creation.

Annex 17: Renewable Energy – Renewable Energy Targets


Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia, Ukraine and Kosovo:

Energy Community (EC), 2012: Energy Community Ministerial Council adopts Renewable Energy 2020 targets. <Available online at:

http://www.energy-community.org/portal/page/portal/ENC_HOME/NEWS/News_Details?p_new_id=6342>

Belarus:

Republic of Belarus, 2013. In-Depth Review of the Energy Efficiency Policy of THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS. Available online at <

http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Belarus_EE_2013_ENG.pdf>

Kazakhstan:

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 2013. Sustainable Energy for All Regional Questionnaire on Renewable Energy, Kazakhstan.

Programme for Energy Generation Development of RK , 2010-2014. (http://www.mint.gov.kz/)

Turkey:

Republic of Turkey Prime Ministry Undersecretariat of State Planning Organization, 2009. Electricity Energy Market and Supply Security Strategy

Paper. Secretariat of the Higher Board of Planning. <Available online at:

http://www.enerji.gov.tr/yayinlar_raporlar_EN/Arz_Guvenligi_Strateji_Belgesi_EN.pdf>

Azerbaijan:

Renewable Energy Target of Azerbaijan, 2011. Available at:

http://www.abemda.az/uploads/ABEMDA%20prezintation.pdf

Russian Federation:

International Financial Corporation, 2011, Renewable Energy Policy in Russia -Waking the Green Giant. Russia Renewable Energy Programm and

The GEF.

Annex 18: Renewable Energy – Evolution of renewable energy in the ECIS Region

Table A18.1: Evolution of renewable energy between 2000 and 2010 and the component annual growth

Source: IEA (2010).

Sub-region Hydroelectricity Solar Wind Geothermal Biomass

2000 2010 CAGR 2000 2010 CAGR 2000 2010 CAGR 2000 2010 CAGR 2000 2010 CAGR

WB and Turkey 214,638 324,238 4.2% 11,011 18,582 5.4% 119 11,000 57.3% 28,618 83,309 11.3% 348,265 269,666 -2.5%

WCIS 40,900 47,802 1.6% 0 0 0.0% 22 184 23.9% 0 0 0.0% 47,551 124,599 10.1%

Caucasus 31,164 55,338 5.9% 0 0 0.0% 0 29 0.0% 250 0 -100% 27,051 15,070 -5.7%

Central Asia 148,069 162,173 0.9% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 0 0 0.0% 3,228 2,270 -3.5%

Russia 590,784 599,447 0.1% 0 0 0.0% 7 14 7.2% 0 17,988 0.0% 163,082 123,423 -2.7%

ECIS Region 1,025,555 1,188,999 1.5% 11,011 18,582 5.4% 148 11,227 54.2% 28,867 101,297 13.4% 589,177 535,028 -1.0%

Annex 19: Renewable Energy – Imports and exports in terms of renewable and non-

renewable in the ECIS Region

Table A19.1: Imports and exports in terms of renewable and non-renewable and the share of RE by

country

REGION Country TPES in RE

Renewables (TJ) Non-Renewable (TJ)

IMPORTS EXPORTS IMPORT EXPORT

CENTRAL

ASIA

Kazakhstan 30994.001 0 0 485,680 -3,826,421

Kyrgyzstan 37344.665 0 0 97,189 -7,264

Tajikistan 57052.268 0 0 36,225 -1,652

Turkmenistan 10.802 0 0 3,680 -1,035,965

Uzbekistan 39041.031 0 0 68,323 -543,945

WESTERN

BALKANS

AND

TURKEY

Albania 36151.594 0 0 55,132 -31,553

Bosnia and

Herzegovina 36552.313 0 0 137,179 -55,687

Croatia 47389.51 298.77 -4514.626 297,835 -105,425

Serbia 85986.991 41.994 -125.981 258,051 -38,833

fYR Macedonia 17853.688 342.941 -76.618 67,177 -14,396

Turkey 486741.333 0 0 3,392,125 -297,787

WESTERN

CIS

Belarus 61470.514 0 0 1,465,327 -486,215

Ukraine 109320.865 0 0 2,135,748 -370,524

Moldova 3281.865 0 0 104,167 -503

Russian

Federation 740871.886 2.01 -4.019 958,223 -25,203,940

CAUCASUS

Armenia 9270.454 0 0 75,043 -3,924

Azerbaijan 12411.434 0 0 1,452 -2,206,438

Georgia 50678.032 0 0 85,149 -7,728

ECIS Region 1862423.246 685.715 -4721.244 9,723,705 -34,238,202

Source: IEA (2010)

Annex 20: Renewable Energy - Tracking Issues

Table A20.1: List of indicators used for analysis in the Renewable Energy chapter (ECIS Region)

Indicator Unit Definition

Total primary renewable energy supply * TJ According to IEA (2012)8, Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) is equivalent to total

primary energy demand. This represents inland demand only and, except for

world energy demand, excludes international marine and aviation bunkers.

Total primary renewable energy supply

(excluding hydroelectricity)

TJ The same definition with TPES, but excluding hydroelectric power

Share of RE in TPES* % The percentage of renewable energy in the TPES

Share of RE in TPES (excluding

hydroelectricity)

% The same definition as the Share of TPES, excluding hydroelectric power.

Electricity output GWh Represents the gross electricity production in terms of renewable energy, and is

measured at the terminals of all alternator sets in a station; it therefore includes

the energy taken by station auxiliaries and losses in transformers that are

considered integral parts of the station.

Electricity output (excluding

hydroelectricity)

GWh The same definition as Electricity output, excluding hydroelectric power

Share of renewable energy in electricity

output

% The percentage of renewable energy in the total electricity output

Share of renewable energy in electricity

output (excluding hydroelectricity)

% The same definition of Share as RE in electricity output, excluding hydroelectric

power

Heat output TJ According to IEA, heat output (production) includes all heat produced by main

activity producer CHP and heat plants, as well as heat sold by auto producer CHP

and heat plants to third parties.

Component annual growth rate (CAGR) % Represents the evolution of renewable energy supply from 2000 to 2010. The

indicator shows the year-over-year growth rate of evolving renewable energy in

ten years. The compound annual growth rate is calculated by taking the root of

the total percentage growth rate, where n is the number of years in the period

being considered. The calculation is: CAGR = (Ending value/beginning

value)^(1/n. of years)-1.

Component annual growth rate (CAGR)

(excluding hydroelectricity)

% The same definition as the CAGR in Share of RE in electricity output, excluding

hydroelectric power

Policy targets Existen

ce of

Countries with specific target for renewable energy in final energy consumption

and electricity production or consumption.

Feed-in-tariff * Existen

ce of

Feed-in-tariffs is an economic policy created to promote active investment in and

production of renewable energy sources. It typically makes use of long-term

agreements and pricing tied to costs of production for renewable energy

producers.

Specific legislation for RES* Existen

ce of

Number of countries with specific legislation or regulations supporting the

development of renewable within the electricity, heat sectors.

Renewable energy installed capacity MW Installed capacity is the amount of energy that a power station is able to

produce9.

Technical potential of renewable energy MW Technical potential is defined by IPCC (2012) as the amount of renewable energy

obtainable by full implementation of demonstrated technologies or practices.

Technical potential represents the achievable energy generation of a particular

technology (in this case solar, hydroelectricity, wind and biomass) given system

performance, topographic limitations, environmental, and land-use constraints.

Renewable energy supply per capita MWh/

capita

Represents the RE in TPES per capita.

Total primary energy supply per capita MWh/

capita

Represents the TPES per capita (Total energy).

Renewable installed capacity per capita MWh/

capita

Represents the installed capacity of RE per capita.

Technical potential of renewable energy

per capita

MW/

capita

Represents the technical potential of renewable energy per capita.

Note: The use set of indicators marked “*” is recommended by the SE4ALL GTF. The rest were specifically developed to

illustrate, as efficiently as possible, the state of affairs in renewable energy in the ECIS region with a social element embedded.

8 IEA, 2012 Definition of Total Primary Energy Supply (Online at: http://www.iea.org/stats/defs/Tpes.asp) 9 According to the GTF methodology, “Small, distributed grid-connected generation, such as small-scale photovoltaic (PV) or wind and solar water heating. These may not be included in statistical reports, and a correction based on installed capacity may be needed. Indeed, current practice is inconsistent across countries” (Banerjee, 2013).

Table A20.2: List of indicators used for the Renewable Energy chapter (ECIS Region) and the indicators

suggested from the Global Tracking Framework.

Indicator Definition Unit Year Source GTF

10

Situation

Total primary renewable energy

supply (TPES)

According to IEA, Total Primary

Energy Supply is equivalent to

total primary energy demand.

This represents inland demand

only and, except for world energy

demand, excludes international

marine and aviation bunkers.

TJ 2010 IEA X Utilised

Total final energy consumption

(TFEC)

Total Final Energy Consumption

(TFEC) figures heat and electricity

are reported directly in the form

ready for consumption. 11

TJ - IEA X Not utilised

Deployment diversification According to GTF “Number of

countries exceeding threshold

capacity levels for key

technologies, which would

identify only those countries with

a larger absolute and globally

significant level of production

(100 MW)”.

MW 2010 IEA X Utilised

Total primary renewable energy

supply (excluding

hydroelectricity)

The same definition of total

primary energy supply, but

excluding hydroelectricity.

TJ 2010 IEA Utilised

Share of RE in TPES The % of renewable energy in the

total primary energy supply % 2010 IEA X Utilised

Share of RE in TPES (excluding

hydroelectricity)

The same definition of Share of

TPES, but excluding

hydroelectricity of the account.

% 2010 IEA Utilised

Electricity output Represent the gross electricity

production in terms of renewable

energy, and is measured at the

terminals of all alternator sets in

a station; it therefore includes the

energy taken by station auxiliaries

and losses in transformers that

are considered integral parts of

the station.

GWh 2010 IEA X Utilised

Electricity output (excluding

hydroelectricity)

The same definition of Electricity

output, but excluding

hydroelectricity.

GWh 2010 IEA Utilised

Share of renewable energy in

electricity output

The % of renewable energy in the

total electricity output % 2010 IEA Utilised

Share of renewable energy in

electricity output (excluding

hydroelectricity)

The same definition of Share of

RE in electricity output, but

excluding hydroelectricity.

% 2010 IEA Utilised

Heat output According to IEA, heat output

(production) includes all heat

produced by main activity

producer CHP and heat plants, as

well as heat sold by auto

producer CHP and heat plants to

third parties.

TJ 2010 IEA Utilised

Component annual growth rate Represents the evolution of % 2000- IEA Utilised

10 Represents the indicator suggested in the Global Tracking Framework (GTF). 11 According to GTF, advantages of TFC are: heat and electricity in form ready for consumption; closer to useful energy output valued by end-users and better balance for directly produced RE. Disadvantages are: Losses need to be allocated.

(CAGR) renewable energy supply from

2000 to 2010. The indicator

shows the year-over-year growth

rate of evolving renewable

energy in ten years. The

compound annual growth rate is

calculated by taking the root of

the total percentage growth rate,

where n is the number of years in

the period being considered. The

calculation is: CAGR = (Ending

value/beginning value)^(1/n. of

years)-1.

2010

Component annual growth rate

(CAGR) (excluding

hydroelectricity)

The same definition of

Component annual growth rate

(CAGR) Share of RE in electricity

output, but excluding

hydroelectricity.

% 2000-

2010 IEA Utilised

Number of countries with policy

targets

Countries with specific targets for

renewable energy in final energy

consumption and electricity

production or consumption.

- - Many

sources X Utilised

Technology costs Costs of equipment for each

technology - - - X Not available

Total installed project cost Total installed project cost,

including fixed financing costs - - - X Not available

The levelised cost of energy

(LCOE)

The levelised cost of energy

(LCOE) - - - X Not available

Investment on renewable

energy

- - - X Not available

Number of countries with Feed-

in-tariff

Set a fixed, guaranteed rate that

power producers will be paid

through a standard PPA for every

kWh fed into the grid and usually

guarantees grid access to RE

generators.

- - Many

sources Utilised

Number of countries with a

specific legislation for

renewables

Number of countries with specific

legislation or regulations

supporting the development of

renewables within the electricity,

heat sectors.

- - Many

sources X Utilised

Renewable installed capacity

(excluding large hydroelectricity

and including small

hydroelectricity)

Installed capacity is the amount

of energy that a power station is

able to produce.12

MW 2012

Many

sources

Utilised

Renewable installed capacity

(including large hydroelectricity

and excluding small

hydroelectricity)

MW 2012

Renew

able

Facts

Utilised

Technical potential in terms of

renewable energy

Technical potential is defined by

IPCC (2012) as the amount of

renewable energy obtainable by

full implementation of

demonstrated technologies or

practices. Technical potential

represents the achievable energy

generation of a particular

technology (in this case solar,

hydroelectricity, wind and

biomass) given system

performance, topographic

MW 2012 Many

sources

Utilised

12 According to the GTF methodology: “Small, distributed grid-connected generation, such as small-scale photovoltaic (PV) or wind and solar water heating. These may not be included in statistical reports, and a correction based on installed capacity may be needed. Indeed, current practice is inconsistent across countries”.

limitations, environmental, and

land-use constraints

Renewable energy supply per

capita

Represents the RE in TPES per

capita.

kWh/

capita 2010

IEA,

World

Bank

Utilised

Technical potential in terms of

renewable energy per capita

Represents the technical

potential of renewable energy

per capita.

MW/

capita 2000-

2012

World

Bank,

many

sources

Utilised

Source: Authors creation based on (2013)

Annex 21: UNDP - SE4ALL Regional Questionnaire on Renewable Energy (Indicator

Definitions and Units for Renewable Energy)

1. Renewable Energy policy instruments

a. Financial incentives: adoption of fiscal, financial and economic incentives at the country level (please

describe the financial incentive);

b. Regulatory policies in Renewable Energy: specific legislation or regulation supporting the

development of the renewables within the electricity, heat and transport sector (please specify the

legislation);

c. Policy targets (%/year): policy target in renewable energy and level of that target in each country

2. Countries reaching target levels of renewable energy as a proportion (%) of energy demand: If a country

proportion (%) target for renewable energy exists, is this target yet achieved? (yes/no)

3. Technology progress

a. Technology cost (USD):

- Equipments costs (USD): average of equipment cost for each renewable technology;

- Total installed project cost (USD): total installed project cost, including fixed financing costs;

- The levelised costs of electricity – LCOE (USD): is the price of electricity required for a project

where revenue would equal costs.

b. Evolution of renewable energy per technology (GWh/year): The progress of technology for each

renewable in the past of years

4. Investment in Renewable Energy (USD): Total investment in renewable energy from public and private

sector;

5. Potential for Renewable Energy (GWh/year): Potential for renewable energy in terms of hydro, biomass,

solar, geothermal and wind;

6. Information on Bioenergy use: Particularly relating to “traditional biomass13

” Issues with Biomass –

Traditional versus Modern:

a. Biomass used for cooking and heating (GWh/year);

b. Biomass used to produce household electricity more efficiently – via improved cooking and heating

appliances. And if possible, to produce heat efficiently for commercial and industrial needs, as well

as electricity and transport (GWh/year).

13

Traditional solid fuels consisting of: wood, charcoal, coal, dung, crop wastes