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Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme

Household Energy StrategyReport No. 163/94

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JOINT UNDP / WORLD BANKENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMMiE (ESMAP)

PURPOSE

The Joint UNDP/World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP) waslaunched in 1983 to complement the Energy Assessment Programme, established three years earlier.ESMAP's original purpose was to implement key recommendations of the Energy Assessmentreports and ensure that proposed investments in the energy sector represented the most efficient useof scarce domestic and external resources. In 1990, an intemational Commission addressed ESMAP'srole for the 1990s and, noting the vital role of adequafe and affordable energy in economic growth,concluded that the Programme should intensify its efforts to assist developing countries to managetheir energy sectors more effectively. The Commission also recommended that ESMAP concentrateon making long-term efforts in a smaller number of countries. The Commission's report wasendorsed at ESMAP's November 1990 Annual Meeting and prompted an extensive reorganizationand reorientation of the Programme. Today, ESMAP is conductingEnergy Assessments, performingpreinvestment and prefeasib:ity work, and providing institutional and policy advice in selecteddeveloping countries. Through these efforts, ESMAP aims to assist governments, donors, andpotential investors in identifying, funding, and implementing economically and environmentallysound energy strategies.

GOVERNANCE AND OPERATIONS

ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (ESMAP CG), composed of representatives of theLJNDP and World Bank, the governments and institutions providing financial support, and repre-sentatives of the recipients of ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by the World Bank'sVice President, Finance and Private Sector Development, and advised by a Technical AdvisoryGroup (TAG) of independent energy experts that reviews the Programme's strategic agenda, itswork program, and other issues. ESMAP is staffed by a cadre of engineers, energy planners andeconomists from the Industry and Energy Department of the World Bank. The Director of thisDepartment is also the Manager of ESMAP, responsible for administering me Programme.

FUNDING

ESMAP is a cooperative effort supported by the World Bank, UNDP and other United Nationsagencies, the European Community, Organization of American States (OAS), Latin AmericanEnergy Organization (OLADE), and countries including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark,Germany, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,Portugal, Swveden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

FURTHER INFORMATION

An up-to-date listing of completed ESMAP projects is appended to this report. For furtherinformation or copies of ESMAP reports, contact:

ESMAP

c/o Industry and Energy DepartmentThe World Bank

1818 H Street N.W.Washington, D.C. 20433

U.S.A.

GUINEA

HOUSEHOLD ENERGY STRATEGY

JANUARY 199

ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

CERESCOR Centre de Recherches Scientifiques de Conakry-Rogban6DNFC Direction Nationale des For&ts et de la ChasseESMAP UNDP/World Bank/Bilateral Donors "Energy Sector Management Assistance

Program"MARA Ministere d'Agriculture et des Ressources AnimalesONAH Office National des HydrocarburesSEE Secretariat d'Etat aux EnergiesSNE Soci6te Nationale d ElectricitW

TOE Tons of oil equivalent (-43 GJ)kgoe kilo of oil equivalents (=43 MJ)

CONVERSION FACTORS

Firewood 16 MJ/kgCharcoal 30 MJ/kgKerosene 35 MJ/liter

LPG 45 MJ/kgDiesel 44.7 MJ/kI kWh 3.6 MJ

EXCHANGE RATE

1US$ = FG 655 (1990)lUS$ = FG 710 (1991)1US$ = FG 918 (1992)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................. i

I. INTRODUCTIONA. Background for Guinea Household Energy Project .................................................. IB. Project Outputs. . . 1

(a) Institutional Strengthening. I(b) Studies .I

II. COUNTRY BACKGROUND. 3A. Economic and Demographic Trends. 3

(a) Population. 3(b) GDP. 3(c) Economic Policy. 3

B. The Energy Sector.. 4(a) National Energy Balance. 4(b) Sector Institutions. 5

lI. NATIONAL DEMAND FOR AND SUPPLY OF HOUSEHOLD FUELS. 7A. The Macro Picture of Household Energy Demand. 7

(a) The Relative Size of Rural and Urban Demand. 7(b) The Market Shares of Household Fuels. 7(c) The Informal Sector. 8

B. The Macro Picture of Woodfuel Supply and Demand . . 9(a) The Economic Scope of the Biomass Supply Chain. 9(b) The Woodfuel Demand - Supply Balance in Guinea. 9

IV. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN HOUSEHOLD ENERGY DEMAND ... 15A. Average Consumption of Fuels in Conakry Households . . .15

(a) Consumption of Fuelwood and of Charcoal .15(b) The Consumption of Modern Fuels .16

B. Socio-Economic Determinants of Demand . .............................. 16(a) Needs ............................. 16(b) Household Income ............................. 16(c) Fuel Prices ............................. 18(d) Relative Fuel Prices ............................. 18(e) Prices and Types of Stoves .............................. l9

C. Household Expenditures on Woodfuels and LPG for Cooking ... 19(a) Level of Daily Expenditures .................................................... 19(b) Consequences for the Economics of Improved Stoves .20

V. THE WOODFUELS SUPPLY CHAIN .. 21A. The Fuelwood Supply Chain .. 21

ka) Organisation of Supply in Rural Areas .21(b) The Organisation of Supply in Urban Areas .21

B. The Charcoal Supply Chain .. ................................ 22(a) Producer Regions .22(b) Producers .22(c) Wholesalers and Retailers .23

C. The Price Structure for Woodfuels in Conakry .. 23(a) The Price Structure of Fuelwood .23(b) The Price Structure for Charcoal .24

VI. THE SUPPLY OF SUBSTITUTE FUELS ............................................................... 26A. Introduction ... ............................................................ 26

(a) General Situation for the Substitute Fuels ................................................... 26(b) Barriers to the use of Substitute Fuels ......................................................... 27

B. Distribution of Kerosene and of Gasoline . . ............................................................. 27C. LPG Distribution ... ............................................................ 28

(a) Infrastructure ....... 28(b) Marketing Strategies ............................................................... 28

VII. HOUSEHOLD ENERGY POLICIES IN GUINEA . .......................................................... 30A. PD 'it Government Strategy ................................................................ 30B. Go. .-ient Policies Toward the Regulation and Taxation of Woodfuel Supply ..... 31

(a) Forest Legislation ............................................................... 31(b) Taxation Policies ............................................................... 31(c) Attempts to Rationalize Charcoal Production ......................... .................... 32(d) Fuelwood Production Projects ............................................................... 33

C. Demand Side Policies: Promotion of Improved Stoves .......... .................................... 33(a) Household Stoves ............................................................... 33(b) Improved Stoves for the Informal Sector .................................................... 34

D. Towards a New Household Energy Strategy . ............................................................. 34(a) The Need for a Reform ............................................................... 34(b) A Model for the Household Energy Situation 20 Years from Now .............. 35

ANNEXES

Annex I: List of background studies prepared by the GuineaHousehold Energy Project .37

Annex 11.1: Energy Consumption Statistics, Guinea 1990 .38Annex 11.2: Forecasts for Household and Informal Sector Consumption, 1990-2009,

Rural Areas and Major Cities .40Annex 11.3: Classification of Biomass Resources in Guinea Maritime .43Annex II.4: Price Structures for Petroleum Products, Conakry, 1990 .49Annex II.5: Price Structures for Fuelwood and for Charcoal, 1990. 5 1Annex 11.6: Relative Costs of Cooking .56Annex II.7: Statistics on the Supply of Woodfuels by Orgin and Means

of Transport ........................................... 57

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1: Final Energy Consumption by Sector, 1989/1990 .....................................................4Table 3.1: Rural and Urban Household/Informal Sector Energy Consumption .......................... 7Table 3.2: Household and Informal Sector Energy Demand in Conakry ................................... 8Table 3.3: Estimation of Forestry Resources in Guinea, 1990 .................................................... 9Table 3.4: Annual Accessible Natural Production of Fuelwood ................................................. 10Table 3.5: Use of Mangrove Wood, 1990 ......................................................... 12Table 3.6: Estimated Volumes of Biomass in Guinea Maritime .................................................. 13Table 3.7: Population Projections and Household Woodfuels Demand Estimates

for Conakry ......................................................... 13Table 4.1: Household Woodfuel Consumption in Conakry, 1990 .............................................. 15Table 4.2: Daily Household Market Expenditures by Socio-Economic Group .......................... 17Table 4.3: Relative Use of Fuel for Cooking in Conakry During the Rainy Season

by Socio Economic Group ......................................................... 17Table 4.4: Evolution of Woodfuel Prices, 1985-1990 ......................................................... 18Table 4.5: The Relative Prices of Household Fuels in Conakry,1990 ......................................... 19Table 4.6: Market Share and Cost of Stoves for Principal Use in Conakry ................................. 20

Table 5.1: Fuelwood Price Structures, Conakry 1990 ....................................................... 24Table 5.2: Price Structure for Charcoal, Conakry, September - October 1990 ........................... 25Table 6.1: Price Structure of Kerosene and Gasoil Prices in Conakry,1990 ................................ 28Table 6.2: Upfront Investment for LPG Users, 2.75 kg Bottle .................................................... 29

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1: Projections for Rural and Urban Woodfuels Demand ............................................I... I I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Woodfuels (fuelwood and charcoal) are the major source of energy in Guinea. thatis used by 99% of households. Charcoal is only an important fuel in Conakry, however. The naturalproduction of fuelwood is estimated to be twice the projected demand by 2010. It therefore wouldseem that Guinea does not have to worry about deforestation and fuelwood problems. However, theuncontroled, concentrated and intense exploitat' an of the natural forest cover in densely populatedand highly urbanized (90%) Guinea-Maritime, which is the focus of this report, has resulted ingrowing degradation of the forest cover in general and of the important coastal mangroves inparticular. The market efficiently supplies the consumer in Conakry with a steady, uninterruptedsupply of woodfuels at low prices. However, these low prices are below their economic cost, due tothe fact that woodfuel taxes are insignificant and fiscal compliance rate is low. Despite these lowprices the percentage of household income spend on household fuels in Conakry Is very highcompared to other West-African countries. Without significant interfuel substitution, which isrendered difficult by low income levels and an inadequate modem fuei distribution system, futuredemand for fuelwood and charcoal in Conakry will cause environmental problems, in particular inthe coastal mangroves. Given the low woodfuel prices and a lack of interest in demand managementby consumers; the low fuelwood tax and low fiscal compliance rate, and the growing degradation ofthe natural forest cover in vulnerable areas a strategy is proposed that alms to [a] create economicincentives for #%e rural population in Guinea-Maaritime to manage the natural forest rationally; lb]protect the environments on which rural dwellers depend for their survival; [c] stabilize employmentopportunities in the woodfuel trade; [d] encourage the use of improved wood and charcoal stoves tocurb rising urban woodfuel demand; and [e] stimulate substitution of mangrove wood by thermalsolar power for rural salt production and demand management measures for rural fish smokingactivities.

A. Present Situation

2. In 1990, the energy demand of the household and informal sector amounted to 0.95million toe or 61% of final energy demand in Guinea. Woodfuels cover more than 90% of thisdemand. Rural and urban residents use mostly fuelwood; in Conakry, the consumption of charcoal Isimportant as well.

3. The use of modern fuels in households is still in the incipient stage. The rralpopulation uses hardly any modem fuels. 20% of urban households have access to electricity, whilemost urban households use gasoil as their fuel for lighting. Less than 2% of the urban householdspossess an LPG or a kerosene stove.

4. The quality of the distribution chain for modem fuels is low. Electricity consumersexperience frequent brown-outs and black-outs. Irregular supplies of kerosene and gasoline at theservice stations lead to high costs of retail distribution with a mark-up over prices at the pump ofabout 80%. The kerosene stoves that are marketed are of poor quality and can only be used forminor cooking tasks. The three LPG distributing companies charae different prices for a recharge.The cost of using either LPG or kerosene/gasoline for cooking is three to four times as high as thecost of using woodfuel stoves.

5. The quality of the distribution chain for woodfuels, on the contrary, is excellent. Thefuelwood needs of the majority of the population are covered by self-collected fuelwood that isreadily available; and the commercial system of woodfuels production and distribution was and isable to fully cover the commercial demand for fuel of the growing urban population. Annual tradetumover is about 7 billion FG (or US$ 10 million). The employment in the trade amounts to about11,700 manyears, of which some 2,700 are within wood harvesting and the production of charcoal,4,600 in transport and wholesale activities, and 4,400 are in retailing. Because of the widespWread useof part time workers, the total number of persons employed by the sector is likely to be 25,0-30,000.

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6. The forest resource base is favorable for a biomass oriented demand structure.Almost 80% of the land is covered by woody biomass (including fallows) and thanks to favorablesoil conditions and high precipitation, the annual productivity of tree growth and the naturalregeneration of cut forests is high. If the resource base is exploited rationally, the (growing) demandfGr woodfuels can be covered in a susmainable manner. The problem is that no incentives exist topromote a rational management of the resource base. The (practical) freedom to cut wood almostanywhere makes standing wood a free good, and there are no legal ownership rights to managedresources (except for commercially managel plantations).

7. The rich biormass resource base and the elastic stucture of supply allowed theGovernment to follow a non-interventionist policy in the woodfuel sector. Currently, there is noeffective control over woodfuel production and the legal restrictions on wood cutting are ignored.Neither the wood cutters, nor the production areas nor the produced quantities are known orcontrolled in a satisfactory manner. The taxation of woodfuels serves no regulatory objective, its levelis marginal and amounts to only 3% of the retail price. Moreover, it is levied in an administrativelycumbersome and costly manner, while it has a low rate of compliance.

8. The nassive policy of non-intervention in the commercial woodfuel chain is comingunder pressure from demographic forces. The growing rural population's need for farm land affectsthe supply side as wooded areas are felled for cultivation and the fallow cycles are being reduced.The growth of the population leads to a similar growth in the demand for woodfuels; while increasingurbanisation rates accelerate the market shares of traded fuelwood in general and of charcoal inparticular. Between 1990 and 2009, the consumption of woodfuels will increase by 80% (from 2.6mt. to 4.6 mt.), while the consumption of commercially traded woodfuels will increase 180% (from0.8 to 2.2 million tons fuelwood equivalent).

9. The annual natural producdon of accessible fuelwood will be twice as high as theexpected demand in 2010. Thus, demand can be covered in a sustainable manner, if the supply isproperly managed and its exploitation is subjected to some form of landuse planning. But becauseof regional disparities between the local availability of sustainable fuelwood supply and the localdemand for woodfuels, a continuation of present "laissez-faire" policies will lead to anoverexploitation of woodfuei resources in some regions. Around the larger urban centers, thenegative combined effects of the pressures from farm land, and from urban woodfuel demand arebecoming increasingly visible.

10. The situation is particularly acute in Guinea Maritime. It has 30% of the nationalpopulation, but only 15% of the land area and an urbanization rate of 80-90% versus the nationalaverage of 34%. In order to cover urban demand, charcoal makers are clearing forest resources in theinner Savannah areas. The prohibition since 1989 against charcoaling by the regional authorities inthe prefectures of Dubreka and Forecariah is ignored. At the coast, the increasing cutting of theMangrove resources north and south of Conakry for fuelwood gives rise to concern over the impacton, inter alia, local fishery resources.

1 The authorities in the SEE (Secretariat dEtat aux Energies) and the DNCF (DirectionG 6rale Nationale des Forets et Chasse) are aware of the problems and have launched projects thatseek to improve the situation. Most of the projects were in the area of energy efficiency and werefailures. Since 1983, the SEE has run a program to dissiminate improved household stoves InConakry. Yet in 1990, less than 2% of households in Conakry possessed an improved stove. Duringthe same period, improved stove programs in Burkina Faso and in Niger achieved a penetration rateof 30-40% in the urban households. A prototype for an improved stove for fish smoking was tested,but rejected by the end users because of claims that its use led to a change in the taste of the fishproducts. In 1989, a project was initiated to disseminate improved charcoaling techniques amongprofessional charcoalers in the prefecture of Dubreka. But because of a ban on charcoaling of theprefectoral authorities, the same year, the program had to be stopped without results. The DNCF istrying to reorganise its activities from a repressive orientation to become a provider of advise andtechnical services to the local communities. Little has been achieved so far in practice, although aproject to establish fuelwood plantations is under implementation in Guinea Maritime. A positive

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aspect of the reforms is that the DNCF has become attached to the Ministry of Agriculture and thatattempts are made to integrate the forestry arid agricultural extension services at local level.

12. In part, the failures of tne projects can be attributed to errors in the approach that wasused. But the main reasons for the disappointing situation can be sought in the weak financialsituation of the involved institutions; and in the fact that the projects were isolated initiatives that werenot part of an integrated sector strategy. No attempts were made, for example, to define a new pricingpolicy for household energy that could promote the achievement of the overall objectives forhousehold energy policy.

B. Guidelines for the formulation of a Household Energy Strategy

13. The key issue for Guinea's energy sector is to achieve an ecologicaily sustainablebalance between the demand and the supply of fuelwood with a minimum of consequences on theimport of oil products. Since the financial resources are scarce, and the institutional infrastructure isiveak, household energy policy during thc next decade should focus on regulating the supply and thedemand of woodfuels in Guinea Maritime. It is the area with the fastest growing level of demand forwoodfuels and it has a topography that facilitates control of the incoming supply.

(a) Oblectives for Household Energ Policy

14. The objective for household energy policy during the 1990s Is to prepare thelegislative and organisadonal groundwork for a modem system of household energy production anddistribution.1 The doyev ten,p1 objeives are:

(i) to restructure the fuelwood sector around Conakry so that supply in the medium termwill cwme from managed forestry resources

(ii) to promote fuelwood conservation in the larger urban centers through the economicpricing of fuelwood and charcoal, the provision of improved stoves andimprovements in the distribution and the suoply of modem fuels

15. The immediate objectives of this policy are: (a) To increase the range of choices forconsumers with regard to the types of stoves; (b) to focus the fuelwood management activities of theDNCF on the mangroves and on the charcoal producing areas of Guinea Maritime; (c) to strengthenthe, institutional capacity of the SEE and the DNCF to monitor and to regulate the activities in thesector, and (d) to increase the level of taxation on woodfuels and to rationalize the system of taxcollection.

(b) InlividImL rngrammt.

16. The operational implications of these objectives are spli up into the four programproposals that are outlined below. The programs consist of individual projects for which finance canbe sought from bilateral or multilateral donors, and present an integrated package of mutuallyreinforcing measures on the demand and the supply side. The first program, promotion of energysavings", concerns demand management. The second program, "promotion of the management offuelwood resources", deals with supply management. The third program, "strengthening the taxationof woodfuels", is an instument to further the goals of both the demand and the supply side measures.The fourth program, "promotion of fuel switching", has a demand management objective, but focuseson means to improve the supply of the substitute fuels.

17. The programs have different time frames and different impact. The programs withthe fastest Impact are the programs for energy saving and for pricing policy. Lack of data on theeconomic value of fuelwood in Guinea prevented the calculation of estimates on the economic ratesof return for the different programs. But it is known from other countries, that the IRRs of successful

I Chapter VII provides a vision of how a modern energy sector could look like in Guinea twenty years from now. Thepolicy objectives and the content of the program proposas are deduced from this vision.

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improved stove projects are very high, and that the cost of investment is rather low. On the otherhand, howevet, the reduction in household energy demand that can be achieved by a successfulenergy saving program is small when compared to the absolute oopulation induced increase indemand. Within the de.cade of the 1990s. the growth ot the urban population will increase thecommercial demand for woodfuels by more than 70%. If the improved stove program attains theproposed 30% penetratdon target, it will reduce the absoiute level of this total demand by only 6-8% -the acquisition of an improved stove by a household leads to savings of no more than 20% in use.Higher prices as such will reduce demand. But it is known from neighboring countries, that the pticeelasticity of demand ; no more than -0.1.

18. The economic rate of return of projects that ain tc increase the sustainability ofwoodfued production is less favorable than fo. energy saving projects, and the impact will only showup in the longer tum. But given the projected demand trends, any real impact of household energypolicy will depend on the success of such measures. Finally, fuel switching to modern fuels is asolution for the long run, and will in part depend on an increase in the income per capita.

Programme I: Promotion of Energy Savings

Project 1.1: Improve Energy Efficiency in the Informal Sector

19. The informal sector accounts for close to 30% of the commercial woodfuel demandIn Guinea Conakry. Since more than 90% of the sector's demand is concentrated in four-five energyIntensive industries, energy saving interventions can be precisely targeted. Ranked by order ofpriority, the project aims to introduce energy saving technologies in salt production, flsh smoking andurban bakeries.

20. Salt is produced in the mangroves in a very energy inefficient way and consumed anestimated 93,000 tons of fuelwood in 1990. From an economic point of view, the national benefitsfrom the production can hardly justify the economic cost of the consumed wood. But salt extractionis economically important for the vilages along the coast, and provides subsistence for more than8,000 households. A ban on salt production in the mangroves is therefore, hardly feasible.

21. Instead, the SEE in cooperation with CERESCOR and a leading foreign researchinstitution should investigate the possibility of using solar energy systems as a source of process heatfor salt extraction. If the investigation shows that use of a solar based energy technology istechnically and practically feasible, the Govemnment should subject salt extraction to a system oflicenses. Licensed operators should be required to use the developed solar energy technology, whichwould be leased to them at an annual cost that is close to the financial opportunity cost to theoperators of using fuelwood from the mangroves for process heat.

22. The annual lease fee will be far below the amortised cosi of the equipment. Therefore,donor finance is needed to cover the cost of the equipment. From a strict economic point of view itwould probably be cheaper to import the salt instead. But in view of the increasing willingness of theinternational donor community to finance environmental programs, the opportmity cost to Guineaof receiving the finance may be close to zero - the cost may be born by other pote.tial receivingcountries instead. The quantitative objective of the program for the year 2000 Is to switch the energyconsumption of 90% of salt production to solar energy, thereby saving some 80-120,000 tons ofmangrove wood, depending on the development of the demand for salt.

23. The drying a.d smoking of fish consumes an estimated 54,000 tons of fuelwood peryear, most of which comes from the mangroves. Since the previously developed improved stoves, didnot meet the user requirements in terms of taste preservation and ease of use, the SEE in cooperationwith CERESCOR and an appropriate foreign research institute should attempt to develop one or twonew protoypes of improved stoves. If the development efforts are succesful, a campaign for thediffusion of these stoves should be implemented. The quantitative objective for the campaign shouldbe to achieve a penetration rate of 90% within the year 2000. If such stoves can save 20% of energy,

such a program could save 10-17,000 tons of fuelwood per year, depending on the evolution ofdemand.

24. Finally, a similar research and an oven diffusion program should be attempted for theurban bakeries.

25. Charcoaling is an area, where the SEE has atempted to introduce new techniqueswith higher yields. However, based on the experience of other countries that like Guinea have a longtradition of professional charcoaling (e.g. Ghana), it is unlikely that an energy efficiency programfor charcoalers will be successful. The professional charcoalers have developed a high level ofenergy efficiency within the limits of their traditional techniques. New low cost improved techniqueslike the Casamance kiln are only slightly more energy efficient. Of more immediate impact will be aneffective stumpage fee systenm that is based on the amount carbonized fuelwood rather than on thequantity of charcoal produced.

Project 1.2: Diffusion of Imp__ed som Stoves

26. The SEE in its Improved stove project has marketed two improved charcoal-cum-fuelwood stoves that both have lead to resonable savings in energy. The Kalowm stove is a slowcooker, because of a low maximum power, whereas the Mamou stove is to time savings as well. Thedissemination of the stoves has been low, because they are considerably more expensive than thetraditional maigache stoves although they are produced by the same type of informal sectormetalshops. The reasons is that the latter is produced by leftovers of metal from the production ofother goods in the workshops, whereas the improved stoves have to be made from whole new metalplates.

27. Thb SEE should seek to have these stoves produced by altemative metal workshopsthat use scrap metal In their production. These producers have to be tained, and a maketingcampaign has to be organised for the promotion of the stoves. The quantitative target for thecampaign should be to that one third of urban households use Improved charcoal an fuelwoodstoves by the year 2000. This would lead to a saving of 5,000 tos of charcoal and of 20,000 tons offuelwood.

Programme II: Promotion of the Management of Wood Resources

28. The aim of any forest management operation is the sustainable provision of goodsand services from the forest area. In the case of Guinea, these goods and services include (dependingon the specific site being managed): fuelwood, poles, timber for local building constuction, forage,medicine and other minor but impotant products for the nral population. Even modest gins insustainable productivity could have a significant impact on the fuelwood supply. Preliminary datasuggest that the cost may be no more than US$200ihectare to restore and rebilitate the productivepotential of even fairly degraded forest ares.

29. Yet, inspite of favorable natural condidons, commercial fuelwood reforestationschemes are unlikely to become economically viable during the 1990s. This leaves two main avenuesto increase supply: (a) Closely coordinating energy policy and agricultural development policy toensure that a maximum of the wood resources cleared for agricultural expansion are recovered forenergy purposes and are not bumed on-site; and (b) increasing the producdvity of the natura forestsand of forest falows through the introduction of natural forest managemenL

30. The immediate priority of resource management In the 1990s Is to Implement theSchema Directeur des Mangroves. Next, there Is a need to train DNFC staff in the techniques of landuse planning, the organisation of management schemes for forest management involving localvillages and in the provision of technical services to the local management cooperatives that amformed.

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Programme HI: Strenghtening of the Taxation of Woodfuels

31. A revision of the pricing and taxation policies for woodfuels is a condition for theattainment of the policy targets for the other programs. The taxation system needs a completeoverhaul: The level oi taxation has to be raised from the present marginal 1% of retail prices topromote the objectives for demand management; the design of the taxation system has to be changedto prortiote a management of the resource base; and the administration of the taxation system has tobe simplified to save costs and to increase compliance. lTe primarv objective of taxation olicv forhousehold energy should be to correct market imperfections that prevent prices on the market toreflect the correct economic cost of the fuels.

32. At present, the free access to standing wood leads to consumer prices for woodfuelsthat do not reflect the proper economic cost of the fuels. No proper estimates exist of the economiccost of standing (fuel)wood. But it could be up to 10 FG per kg. This amount is composed of thredifferent schedules, i.e.: (i) a management fee required to cover the labor and other cost necessary tomanage the harvested forest area on a sustained basis and which is estimated to be FG 6/kg; (ii) a feeto cover the cost of operating a mral woodfuel market through which all woodfuels from a managedforest area will be marketed. This fee is estimated to be FO 2/kg, and (iii) an administrative fee of FO2/kg necessary to cover the cost of the woodfuel control and monitoring system at the entry pointinto Conakry. If this assumption is correct, the retail prices of fuelwood on the market in Conakryshould be raised 40% through taxation, and the prices of charcoal by 50%. The increase in woodfuelpricing should be implemented stepwise over a five year period. That is, full economic cost pricingshould be achieved by the end of 1997.

33. Such a level of taxation would convey the correct pricing signals to the consumer ofthe cost of his fuel use to society and encourage a switch to the use of improved stoves in households.But it is equally important to design the taxation system in such a way that it provides incentives toinvestments that increase the productivity of the resource base. Fuelwood from non-managedresources should be taxed fully to reflect the cost of replacement and of control The taxation ofmanaged fuels should only reflect the cost to the forestry service of providing technical assistance tothe producers and of administering the needed land use planning. Finally, the taxation shouldpromote a maximum exploitation of the wood resources for fuelwood that are on land that is clearedfor agriculture.

34. To achieve these objectives, the system of levying the tax has to be simplified. Atpresent, the taxation of woodfuels takes place at three levels: The producer is subject to pay fees forhis cutting permits; the transporter for his transport permits; and the wholesaler for his storagepermits. This system should be replaced by a single taxation of charcoal and of fuelwood at thepoints of entry to Conakry. The fuelwood and charcoal from the interior savannah areas comes byroad. Since only two main roads lead to Conakry, the taxation of these resources can take place atthe check point at km. 36. The fuelwood from the mangroves come by boat to the wharves, and thelevy on this fuel should take place there.

35. To ensure compliance, the levying of taxes has to be closely monitored. Through thesurveys, the SEE has information on the daily amounts that enter Conakry. Therefore, the data existsto permit a comparison of the daily or weekly tax receipts with the the amounts that can be expectedduring the particular season. The daily receipts should be registered at the control stations, andweekly reports be prepared.

36. In order to provide incentives for investments in the management of resources, theDNFC should hand over tax exemption tickets for specified quantities of fuelwood that correspond tothe managed production from cooperatives that prepare management plans. The receipt of thesetickets should be subject to a fee, that reflects the cost of technical services that the DNCF provides tothe cooperadves. Similar tax exemption tickets should be issued to farmers that clear land. Thequandty of tax exempted fuelwood should equal the fuelwood quota fixed for the land. The farmershould pay a fee for the tax exemption that equals say 50% of the value for tax exemption.

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Programme IV: Promotion of Fuel Switching

37. The urban household consumers for modem fuels can be divided Into two categories:The minority of relatively wefl off consumers that can afford to pay for electricity Installations andfor LPG as a source for cooking, and the majority of low Income households to whom only keroseneand gasoil as sources for lighting are of relevance. For both consumers the problem is the same: Thehigh cost of the gross inefficiencies of the public supply companies. The key to a better situation inthe sector is to implement the planned privatisation of the hydrocarbon sector, and to continue therestructuring of ENELGUT that has started in 1990.

38. The elimination of ONAH, the national oil company, from the national maiket and itsreplacement by international professional oil companies will by Itself improve the distibution of oilproducts. Since the supply of diesel and of kerosene at the service stations wil become regularir4,the retail price of both fuels should fall, as It becomes easier for the smal retailers to acquire thefuels. Further price reductions in the retail margin due to higher efficiencies might be achieved, if theoil companies invest in small tankers to supply kerosene and gasoU directly to the barrels of te small"wholesalers/retaUers" that operate in the market as intermediaries.

39. Several investors are ready to invest in the establishment of small bottling plants andLPG receiving facilities at the harbor. The Govemment should speed up the approval process andavoid that artificial obstacles are set up by the bureaucracy.

40. Finally, the Govermment should test alternative kerosene stoves on the market, that arebetter adapted to the cooking needs of the local cuisine.

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C. The Cost and the Expected ResulWt of the Progrm

;-vings in%ofyear

Coat of pogam Impact. Savigs in tos 2000=sectcomBnonetsUS$ Charcoal Fulwood demad

PrgammeI:-Renewableeney 500,000 80.000 11for salt production

- New stoves for fish 250,000smobngNeow stoves for urban 17,000 2bakeries

-hnproved stoves forhouseholds 250,000 5,000 20,000 2

-ScheinaDireciur 200,000des Mangroves

- Taining in land use 500,000planning and extensionservice

- Studies 100,000-Training 50,000- Equipment 50,000

Program IV:-Testing of new 250,000 15,000 4stoves and of newdistribution systems forkesene

-Total 3,950,000 S,000 182,000 19

I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background for Guinea Household Energy Project

1.1 During the nineties, Guinea must deal with four major energy problems:

(a) dependence on imported oil for petroleum products with its ensuing foreignexchange burden

(b) unreliable and insufficient distribution system for petroleum products

(c) unreliable and insufficient public electricity supply

(d) persistent and growing demand for fuelwood and charcoal as an energy source, whichis increasingly contributing to deforestation.

1.2 The World Bank has provided assistance to the Govemment of Guinea in theformulation of policies and in the provision of finance in all four areas. The most important projectssince the mid-1980s concern assistance to the reorganisation of the power sector and of petroleumdistribution respectively.

1.3 In 1986, the UNDP-World Bank-Bilateral Donors "Energy Sector ManagementAssistance Program" (ESMAP) published the report "Guinee - Problemes et choix 6nergetiques",which, inter alia, pointed to the need to elaborate a strategy for the household energy sector. Incollaboration with the Government of Guinea, ESMAP undertook the preparation of an urbanhousehold energy strategy and action program in 1990. Because of limited resources, the workconcentrated on the priority issue, the coverage of household demand in Conakry, the capital ofGuinea, and its impact on the supply from the Guinea Maritime Province.

1.4 The present report is the result of a collaborative venture between ESMAP and theGovernment of Guinea represented by the Secretariat dEtat aux Energies (SEE), and the DirectionNationale des Forets et de la Chasse (DNFC). The report's objective is to outline a strategy whichensures household demand for energy in Guinea Maritime is covered in a least cost manner tosociety, including a minimisation of the environmental costs.

B. Project Outputs

(a) Institutional Strengthening

1.5 The process of preparing the report was considered to be as important as its finalproduct, the strategy. The design of the project targeted the preparation of the strategy as a means tostrengthen the know-how of the national staff that deal with household energy issues. Throughout thecourse of this study, the ESMAP consultants worked closely together with staff from the twocounterpart institutions and from the National Research Center, CERESCOR. Training was providedto the counterparts through "learning by doing" and through more formal training sessions in keyanalytical household energy issues, in the preparation and implementation of surveys, in dataprocessing techniques and the formulation for operational strategies.

(b) Studies

1.6 The field activities of the international consultants and the Govemment staff began inJune 1990 and ended in December 1990. The activities produced background studies in thefollowing areas:

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Demand

(i) creation of a Data Base on the pattem of household energy consumption based on anenergy survey of more than 450 household in Conakry

(ii) a sirvey and study of the consumption of fuelwood ("bois de mangrove") for thesmoking of fish

Woodfuel Production and Supply

(iii) a forestry management study and a study of the potential biomass resources inGuinea Maritime.

(iv) a survey and study of the structure of charcoal and fuelwood production and trade aswell as the effectiveness of government measures to control it

(v) surveys of seasonal changes in fuelwood and charcoal supply during the rainy andthe dry season

(vi) several weight and price studies for the relevant fuels. Analysis of the price differenceIn the dry season, rainy season and before and during the Golf Crisis

Distribution of Household Petroleum Products

(vii) a study of the distribution of kerosene Rnd gasoil for household consumpdon

(viii) a study of LPG distribution and of the advantages and disadvantages of basing the"mass" promotion of LPG on the dissemination of LPG-stoves for use with small (2.7kg) cylinders

Imnwmvd Stoves

(ix) testing of stove efficiency (improved wood stoves, kerosene LPG stoves)

(x) a study of the production and marketing structure for improved stoves

1.7 A list of the studies prepared by internadonal and national staff for this project, isfound in Annex 1.

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II. COUNTRY BACKGROUND

A. Economic and Demographic Trends

(a) Popuation

2.1 In 1990, Guinea had a population of 5.8 million. The annual growth of thepopulation averaged 2.5% during the 1980s, and is expected to increase to 2.8% per year during the1990s. Thus, at the end of this century, the population is projected to reach 8 million, with the urbanpopulation reaching 41% of the total, or 3.4 million. 34% of the population live in urban areas. Thegrowth rate of the urban population of 5.7% Is much higher than the growth rate of the ruralpopulation.

2.2 1.04 million people (half of the urban population) live In Conakry, the capital. Theannual growth rate in Conakry during the 1980s averaged 5.6%. If this growth rate continues overthe next 10 years, the city will have a population of 1,8 million in year 2000. The growth rate caneasily increase due to an uncontrolled immigration, such as caused by the civil war in Liberia. In1990 Govenmment officials estimate that there were at least 400,000 refugees from Liberia in thecountry, of which more than 100,000 had moved to Conakry.

(b) O&

2.3 Guinea is one of the least-developed and poorest countries in the wodd, with auer cjita in 1989 of USD 430. Mining (more than 20% of GDP) and agricuture (30% of GDP) arethe most important economic activities in Guinea providing employment for almost 80% of the totalpopulation. Services accounted for 38% and manufacturing 3% of GDP.

2.4 The mining sector produces 90 % of the county's exports. Guinea's mineral potentialmakes it one of Africa's resource-rich countries. The country has two-thirds of the worlds' knownbauxite reserves, and a substantial amount of gold and diamond production. Potential deposits ofother minerals, such as lead, zinc, silver, uranium, cobalt, nickel and platinum have aso beenidentified in the country.

2.5 Guinea has a wet rainy season lasting for 5 months with a rainfall of more than 3000mms, followed by a dry period of 7 months. The soil Is excellent in most parts of Guinea andespecially in the Guinea Maritime area. The wide range of natural resources allows a diversifiedagricultural production. Plantation agriculture, mainly bananas, pineapples, palm kemels and coffee,provided much of the export eamings and public revenue up to the early 1960s.

The data from 1960-1985 are unreliable. But it is evident that per capita agricultaloutput and the quality of the crop declined substantially. Guinea used to be a exporter of agriculproducts. Now it depends on imports to feed its gmwing urban population. Exports were directed toEastern Bloc partners in compensation for the loss of the convertible currency markets. But this shiftin agricultural trading patterns diminished Guinea's long-term ability to regain access to othermarkets, especially in Westem Eurjpe, where quality requirements are more stringent

2.6 Production has begun to suffer because of the poor structre of land and soil. Thesoil is degraded due to the pressure of the growing agriculturd population living on the avaiableresources of land, which begins to undermine the traditional metiods of shifting cultivation.

(c) Economic Policy

2.7 Despite a favorable agricultural, mineral and hydropower potential, Guinea'seconomic performance since its Independence in 1958, has been disappointing. The main causalfactors were bad management and poorly conceived policies of the Sekou Toure Adminison. Theeconomic development outside the agricultural sector was based on production by state companies.

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But while the development of the private sector was blocked by public intervention, inadequate tariffand overemployment policies of the public sector, led to the financial ruin of the public companiesand a severe decline in the levels of service.

2.8 The new Govemment, which took over in 1985, has implemented a new economicpolicy based on: (i) public stabilisation, (ii) institutional reform and (iii) the promotion of initiativesfrom the private sector.

B. The Energy Sector

(a) National Energy Balance

2.9 Guinea is relatively favorably endowed with energy resources. The country has largebiomass resources and a large potential for hydropower.

2.10 Guinea's energy consumption in 1989 of 1.6 million toe, is one of the world's lowest,whether expressed in terms of the final energy consumption per capita of 270 kgoe, or in terms ofthe per capita consumption of oil products of 96 kgoe. Excluding the mining sector, theconsumption figures drop to 197 kgoe and 25 kgoe respectively.

2.11 In spite of the low level of consumption, the cost of importing 570,000 tons of oilproducts imposes a high burden on the economy. In 1989 the bill for oil imports amounted to USD180 million, which equaled 24% of export income and 18% of the total import bill.

2.12 The sectoral comoosition of the national energy balance (see table 2.1) is dominatedby the household and informal sector with 67% of final energy consumption, followed bymining/industry (25%) and transport (6%). The fue1 strucLtur is dominated by biomass fuels(firewood and charcoal), which account for 63% of the total fnal consumption. Hydrocarbon fuelsaccount for 35% of the fuel demand, and electricity (excluding selfgeneration) the remaining 1%.Power producdon is based on hydropower (30%) and diesel units.

Table 2.1 Final Energy Consumption by Sector, 1989/1990 (1000 TOE per year)

Fuel- Char- Fuel Gas- LPQISector wood coal oil oil KaosenGmoil Petrol EleaL Total

Household, inf. sector 947 38 0 30 18 0 0.12 7 1041

Transport 0 0 0 33 0 67 0 0 100

Industry, mining 0 0 330 52 0 13 0 3 398

Public sector 0 6 0 15 0 0 0 8 23

Total 947 38 300 130 18 80 0.12 18 1582

Share(9) 61 2 21 8 ' 5 0 1 100

ESMAP ESTIMATES: Electricity consumption reflects only ENELGUIrs sales in the Conakry and Kindiaareas. The extent of autoproduction is unknown, but due to the problems with insfficient and unstable electicitysupply in Guinea, autoproduction is common in high income households and in major enterprises, in particularmmug

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2.13 The consumption pattern for commercial energy (petroleum products andelectricity) reflects the low level of industrialization in Guinea and the limited residential use ofelectricity and petroleum for lighting and cooking. Mining is the dominant consumer and transportthe second largest consumer of petroleunm products.

2.14 Fuelwood is almost exclusively consumed by households for cooking and by theinformal sector. The informal sector, such as breweries, bakeries, fish smoking houses andblacksmiths consumes about 30% of the fuelwood and about 15% of the charcoal.

(b) Sector Illstitutions

2.15 The institutional structure of Guinea's energy sector is relatively complex andpresently under change. No single agency manages the sector as a whole. The former government'sstate control over the key economic sectors, left only the fuelwood and charcoal systems in privatehands. This public sector managened system led to an almost complete breakdown of service levelsand is now under liquidation in favor of more private involvement.

MARA

2.16 The Ministere des Ressources et de 1'Envlronnement (MARA) has the primaryresponsibility for the development of the country's mineral and energy ressources. Within MARA, eSecretariat d'Etat aux Energie (SEE) is responsible for all activities related to modem fuels;, while theDirection Generate Nationale des Forets et Chasse (DNFC), among other matters, is responsible forthe management and the development of forest resources in Guinea.

2.17 The SEE has four technical "Divisions" - "Studies and Planning", "New and RenewableEnergy Resources", "Hydrocarbons" and "Hydraulics". The "divisions" are subdivided into a total of12 "sections". The most relevant "sections" for household energy policy are:

(a) "Energy Planning" and "Norms and Control" under the Division for Studies andPlanning. The latter deals inter alia with quality control for oil products in Guinea

(b) "Exploration-Production" in the Division for Hydrocarbons is responsible for thepromotion of LPG.

(c) "Energy Savings" in the Division for Renewable Energy Resources undertakesimproved stove projects.

2.18 The SEE has a permanent staff of about 200. But insufficient financial resources andtechnical-economic training of the professional staff, have prevented the SEE from paticipatingmore dynamically in the sector as a whole. The disastrous financial and operational situation of thepublic supply companies, is another reason. Before the SEE can start to implement rational policies, amajor structural reform of the supply sector is needed. The SEE has been footdragging over theseissues.

2.19 The DNCF is headed by a Directeur National, who is assisted by a Deputy. Two so-called "cellules" - Planification et Programme" and "Administatdve et Financiere" - provide generaland administradve support. The DNCF at the central level has three "divisions" - "D'Am6nagement deFor&s", "Foresterie Rurale" and "Economie et Legislation Forestiere". The most important sectionsthat relate to the management, the supervision and monitoring of forest biomass energy resourcesare:

(a) All three sections of the "Division d'Amenagement des Forets", that is, "Inventaire etClassement des Forets", Amenagement des Foitts Schemas Directeurs Porestiers" and"Sylviculture et Reboisement".

(b) "Bois-Energie", which is responsible for research and data collectin

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(c) "Animation et Vulgarisation" of the "Division Foresterie Rurale", which, inter alia, is incharge of the diffusion of improved stoves in rural areas.

Interministerial Coordination

2.20 Horizontal coordination ih the field of environment is promoted by the "ConseilNational de l'Environnement", which is headed by the Minister of MARA aVd comprisesrepresentatives from 10 ministerial departments. In recognition of the links between agriculturaldevelopment and deforestation, MARA and the Ministry of Agriculture reached an agreement in1989 to establish joint offices at the regional levels - the Directions Prtfectorales du DiveloppementRurale et de l'Environnement. Within these "directions", the DNCF operates a "Section ProtectionForestiere et Chasse".

CERESCOR

2.21 The Centre de Recherche Scientifique de CONAKRY- Rogbane (Ceroscor) includesenergy research in its activities, with special emphasis on solar energy and biogas projects.

Supply Companies

2.22 ONAH is the state owned oil company, which was responsible for the import,marketing, distribution and sales of oilproducts. ONAH imported more than 50% of hydrocarbons.The remaining part were imported by the SHELL-Guinea or by the mining companies. ONAH wasnot financially viable and unable to maintain the existing infrastructure. During the 1980s, only theONAH gasoline stations in Conakry were functioning. Al other stations had broken down and theregional distribution of oil products was taken over by the informal sector.

2.23 ONAH was abolished by Presidential Decree in 1990. Difficult negotations were heldwith the three international oil companies, AGIP, SHELL and TOTAL for the creation of the jointventure "Societe Guineene des Petroles" (SGP) to take over the responsibility for commercial importsand distribution of oil products.

2.24 ENELGUI is the state electricity company and responsible for the public electricitysupply. Due to severe problems with the production and the distribution of electricity the company isunder administration and being reorganized. Price Waterhouse is in charge of the mangement ofENELGUI during a five years period.

2.25 The supply of fuelwood and charcoal is in private hands. The Cooperative desCharbonieres is based in Conakry and is the interest group for the producers of charcoal. TheSyndicat des Charbonieres comprises a group of wholesale merchants. It is responsible for thedistribution and the road transport of charcoal.

2.26 More than 200 NGOs are registered in Guinea. The "Secretariat d'Etat I laDNcentralisation" (a ministry) has created S.CI.O. (Service de Coordination des Interventions desONG) to coordinate their activities. Several NGOs are active in the field of envirorment and forstry.Some of the first improved stove projects, for example, were implemented by VITA.

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m. NATIONAL DEMAND FOR AND SUPPLY OF HOUSEHOLD FUELS

3.1 Charcoal and fuelwood account for more than 95% of total household energyconsumption. Fuelwood consumption is more important (92%) than charcoal (4%) or modem fuels(4%), while rural demand (70%) is more important than urban demand (30%). Energy demand byGuinea Maritime is dominant with 14% as against 16% by all other urban households in total energyconsumption. Although the woodfuel demand-supply balance will be positive during the next twodecades the biomass resource base, especially the coastal mangroves, is increasingly andunnecessarily being degraded. Another important issue is the energy consumption by the informalartisinal sector, in particular by coabtal salt producing and fish drying operations, which negativelyimpact on the important mangrove ecosystem. The proposed strategy therefore will focus on thesituation in heavily urbanized (90%)and densely populated Guinea Maritime, in particular ofConakry, whose woodfuel demand will increase by 127% or 1 million tons of wood equivalentduring the next 15 years. This level of urban demand is equal to the estimated total annualsustainable production of the forest resources of Guinea Maritime. It is clear, therefore, that theexploitadon of woodfuels has to be regulated to avoid undue pressure on the forest resource base.

A. The Macro Picture of Household Energy Demand

(a) The Relative Size of Rural and Urban Demand

3.2 The rural population comprises two thirds of the total population, and rural percapita energy consumption is higher than the urban average. As a result, rural households accountfor 70% of final energy consumption in the household and informal sector. The urban householdand informal sector accounts for the remaining 30% of the sectoral consumption, see table 3.1 2).

Table 3.1: Rural and Urban Household/Informal Sector Energy Consmption1990, Tons of Oil Equivalents

Fuelwood Charcoal Gasoil Keros_ene LPG Tota

Rural Household 719,500 1,500 12,400 0 0 733,400

Urban Household,Conakry areas 79,600 32,600 11,820 15,800 155 139,975

Uran Household,other urban 148,000 4,130 6,120 2,700 0 161,000

Total 947,100 3820 30.300 1850 115 1.034.375

Source: ESMAP/SEH 1990 Energy Consumption Survey.

(b) The Market Shares of Household Fuels

3.3 Charcoal and fuelwood account for more than 95% of the total household energyconsumption. Fuelwood is more important than charcoal, as almost 100% of rural households and80% of urban households outside Conakry use fuelwood as their only domestic fuel. The use ofcharcoal is essentially confined to urban households in Conakry, where charcoal is consumed as theprimary cooking fuel by 81% of the households during the rainy season and by 42% of householdsduring the dry season.

2 Agricultural residues are not used in Guinea. In rural areas vegetal residues are used occasionally to light fires, but thequantity is negligible.

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3.4 Due to the inadequate and unreliable nature of the supply of oil products in Guinea,gas oil rather than kerosene, is widel, used in Guinea for lighting. The consumptuon of electricity byhouseholds is negligeable. Even in Conakry, only 20% of households have access to electricity.

(c) The Informal SectoM

3.5 The informal sector is an important source of female employment. A few industriesare energy intensive activities and account for 90% or even more of the sector's energy consumption.The smoking of more than 100,000 tons of fish per year consumes an estimated 58,000 tons ofwoodfuels (including the wood used for charcoal). This represents approximately 50% of the totalenergy demand in the urban informal sector. Other important consumers are beer production, black-smiths and bakeries. Modem fuels are not used in the informal sector, except LPG and electricity thatare used by some blacksmiths and some "higher class" restaurants.

3.6 Due to the consumption of the heavy energy consumers, the informal sector accountsfor 28% of total fuelwood demand in Conakry, and for 15% of total charcoal demand see table 3.2.

Table 3.2 Household and Informal Sector Energy Demand in Conakry, 1990(TONS, Electricity = GWh)

Fuelwood Charcoal aoi Kerose LPG Elecetcity

Households 129,200 38,740 11,100 15,200 107 67Informal Secter 61,050 6,840

Total 190,250 45,580 11_100 15, 107 67

Source: ESMAP estimates. Electricity consumption reflects only ENELGUrs sales in Conakry. The extent ofautoproduction is unknown. But very few national houseltlds can afford to install autogenerators tocover demand during the frequent supply interruptions in Conakry. It was impossible to separateconsumption of oil products in the household and the infonral sector. But consumption of oil productsin the infonnal sector is insignificant

3.7 In the rurallcoastal area of Guinea Maritime, salt production is the most Importantenergy consuming industry. More than 90,000 tons "bols de Mangrove" are used for this purpose3.This activity is economically important for the villages along the coast, and provides the livelihood ofmore than 8,000 families.

3.8 Most of the services in the informal sector are produced to satisfy the demands ofhouseholds. Major shifts in the rspective market shares of formal and informal sector production inGuinea are not foreseen during the next two decades. Therefore, it can be expected that the energydemand in the informal sector will follow the evolution in urban household demand. The oneuncertainty in this assumption is the implicit belief, that the smoking of fish - and the fish catch - canreach the same high growth rates as the urban population.

3 Ptrst loam rich in salt, fom the exudation by mngrove folage, is scawed off the surface of the tidal flat close to asalt poducing village. Secondly, an arement is made for lettng seawater percolate through this loamy ubstanceand collecting the solution in a pit. Finally, the resuting liquid is placed in large flat iron pans under which woodfire is maintamed until the crystllizaon of dry salt

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B. The Macro Picture of Woodfuel Supply and Demand

(a) Th Economic So of the Biomass Suppy ChAin

3.9 Both the firewood and the charcoal trade in Conakry are well organized andpowerful. Annual trade tumover is about 7 billion FO (or 10 mill. US$). Total employmentgeneration in the trade amounts to about 11,700 man-years, of which some 2,700 are within woodharvesting and production of charcoal; 4,600 In transport and wholesale activities and the remaining4,400 in fuelwood retailing. Because of the widespread use of part-time workers, the total number ofpersons working in the sector is likely to be 25,000 - 30,000.

(b) Thg Woodfuel Demand - Suyply Balance in Guinea

3.10 In the absence of a proper mapping of the national forestry resources, the estimatesof national forest cover are subject to a high degree of uncertainty. Table 3.3 is based on estimatesby the DNCF, which in turn are based on estimates of varying quality and degree of detail fordifferent parts of the country. According to these estimates, Guinea is still favorably endowed withforest stock. In 1990, about half of the territory was covered by forests. Adding fallows and forestsavannah, the proportion of land with some degree of wood resources amounts to more than 86% ofthe territory.

Table 3.3: Estimadon of Forestry Resource in Guinea, 1990

Ve etation: Area % of TeMtor

Mngoves 250 1.0Dense Humid Fore 700 2.9Dry Dense Foest 1,600 6.5Forsted Savannah 10,636 43.3

Total Forested Areas 13,186 53.6

Fallows and Wood Savannah 7,500 30.5

Toa Wooded Area 20,686 84.1

Agricultural Land 1,700 6.1othr 2,200 9.8

Total Territory 24,586 100.0

Soure: Sherif Bah, Les Ressoures Foestixes, 1990.

3.11 In Table 3.4 below, the anmual accessible production is shown, based on the estimatesof standing cover, annual productivity and rates of accessibility.

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Table 3.4: Annual Accessible Natural Production of Fuelwood

Productivity Annual Prduct.on Accessibility Accessiblem ihah'er m Rate Production

Mangroves 5-8 1,250-2,000 20% 325,000 m3

Humid Forest 3-5 2,100-3,250 20% 560,000 m3

Dry Forest 2-3 3a20-4,800 40% 1.650,000 m3

Wooded Savannah' 1-2 10,636-21,272 5090 8,000,000 m3

Fallows & Savannah 0.5-1 3,750-7,S00 50% 2,800,000 m3

Total 21,000-39,000 13,300,000 m3 jSource: Sherif Bah, Los Ressouies Forestieres, 1990.

3.12 The resource base is being eroded Csrough the deforestation which takes place duc tothe expansion of agriculture, through logging, and, finally, the cutting of wood for fuel. Normally,the cleared terrain is cultivated during two consecutive ycars with two annual crops - the first yearwith rize and sorghum, the second year with peanuts.

3.13 As soon as a field is fallowed, it produces wood once more. The semi-evergreen forestvegetation in Guinea appears to tolerate and recover from land clearing in an exceptional manner. Ifthe cultivation period has not been very long, a sufficient amount of stumps and tree roots will havesurvived to ensure, that a dense thicket of fastgrowing tree and shrub species springs up and coversthe land with a fully closed canopy within a year.4

3.14 The favorable natural regeneration in Guinea makes it complicated to quantify theimpact of agricultural practices on the availability of fuelwood. What can be noted in practice,though, is that the natural regeneration is threatened by a shortening of the duration of the fallowperiods. Fallowing now rarely seems to exceed five years. A fallow of seven years is a good source offuelwood -the poles have a diameter that is thick enough to resist the clearing fire. A fallow of threeyears, however, produces little fuelwood -most poles bum completely.

3.15 Demand for woodfuels continues to increase. Figure 3.1 shows the trend basedevolution of woodfuel consumption in households and the informal sector up the year 2010.5 Thetotal urban and rural consumption of fuelwood can be estimated at 2.3 million tons, and the totalcharcoal consumption at 55,000 tons. This amounts to a total consumption of fuelwood of around2.6 million.6

4 A combination of heavy precipitation during five months of the year, botanical composition, deep and fairly well-structrured soils and, not least, original clearing practices, explain this unusual resilience to abuse. When clearing afield, at the onset of the dry season, farmers severe the stems of all sapling and young trees at about one meter abovethe ground level. After a few weeks they then ignite a fire which consumes the grassy ground-cover and most twigsbut only torches the tall stumps rich in sap and eventual larger stems lying on the ground. Having made the landeasily accessible in this manner and also enriched the soil with the ashes, the farmer the n proceeds to chop off all thetall stumps and also to remove larger unburnt pieces of wood.

5 The extrapolation is based on the present levels of per capita consumption and population growth rates. That is,annual population growth for the co'Jntxy as a whole of 3.2%, for Conalay 5.6%, for other urban areas 4.2%, with ruralpopulation calculated as the difference between total and urban population. In order to show the impact on theavailability of fuelwood resources, the consutnption of charcoal has been converted into fuelwood equivalents at theratio of 5.5:1 - assuming a weight conversior. efficiency of 18%.

6 This estimates is lower than other estimates by Cassagne, Madon and Schirrle which arrive at a figure of 4.5 to 6million tons. The difference is mainly due to different estimates of rural per capita fuelwood consumption. In thisstudy, a fgure of 1.3 kg per day is assumed.

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Figure 3.1: Projections for Rural and Urban Woodfuels Demand

Woodfuel DemandCCOAI * Riwood

2.8

2.0-

2.4-

2.8

0.0

0.0

0.4

ThrRuts I go Uban

3.16 Although the rural consumption of biomass fuels will diminish in relative importance,it wll stil be lrer than the urban consumption in 2009. A more important observation is thatalthough the resource basis will diminish, the total availability of fuelwood at national level in theyear 2010 will still be three times higher than the total denund for fuelwood.

3.17 But although the consumption of woodfuels Is a minor factor in the deforestationprocess, the environmental threat from the consumption of woodfuels will grow considerably:

(a) The first pressure emerges from the absolute fncrease In the conswnptlon of woodfelswhich will increase by 80% from 2.6 million tons in 1990 to 4.6 million tons in 2009.

(b) The second pressure emerges from the relative shift to a more concentrated form fdemand: 60% of the increase in the annual demand will occur from the urban sector.While rural demand of fuelwood is covered by the autocollecdon of dead wood, urbandemand for fuelwood is mostly covered by commercial cutting of dead and greenwood.

(c) The third pressure emerges from the growing share of the demand of charcoal-derivedwood - environmentally the most damaging and concentrated form of woodexploitation. The share increases from 11% of the total consumption of fuelwood in1990 to 17% in 2009.

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3.18 Finally, the regional situation differs from the national situation, as local imbalancesexist between demand and supply. The heaviest demand pressure on the available resources of woodIs witnessed in Guinea Maritime, where the demand from Conakry has led to a virtual disappeacof the "bois de service", and where charcoal production has an important local influence ondeforestation.

(c) The Demand-Supply Balance in Guinea Martime

3.19 With a surface area of 36,208 km2 Guinea Maritime covers about 15% of the totalarea of the Republic of Guinea. It is one of the densest populated parts of the country accounting forabout 30% of the total population or some two million inhabitents. In 1990 the population ofConakry was I million. Other important urban demand centers are the cities Forecariah (130,000inh.), Coyah (170,000), Dubreka (160,000), Kindia (240,000), Fria and Boffa (both 150,000). Theurbanisation rate in Guinea Maritime is thus 80-90%, whereas the national averate rate is 34%.

3.20 The five main types of vegetation are: Mangrove; savannah; degraded tropical humidand dry forests: fallows and thickets; agricultural fields, rice pads and fruit orchards.

3.21 Half of the fuelwood consumed by Conakry comes from the mangroves along thecoast; the other half of fuelwood and charcoal comes from the savannas in the prefectures ofForecariah, Coyah, Dubreka, Fria and Kindia.

Table 3.S: Use of Mangrove Wood, 1990

Household use in rural areas 152,000 tonsHousehold use in Conakry 54,000 tonsDrying and smoking of fish 58,000 tonsExtraction of salt 93,000 tons

Total estimated consmption 257.000 tons

Source: Mission estimates.

3.22 Along the Atlantic Ocean more or less degraded mangrove forests intersected by ricepaddies occupy about 250,000 ha of tidal flats. According to very approximate estimates, the annualconsumption of mangrove wood amounts to about 257,000 tons in 1990, see table 3.5. Almostcertainly, this amount does not exceed the sustainable production capacity of the mangrove forestTwice as much could possibly be extracted from the ecosystems without causing noticeabledegradation, by application and enforcement of good silvicultural management.

3.23 While this estimate is guesswork, it is a fact that present unplanned and erraticexploitation is causing rapid and clearly observable deterioration of the mangrove ecosystem. Thisdeterioration is not only leading to a steady decline in productive capacity in terms of woodproduction. It is also causing severe coastal erosion along the ocean front and affecting coastalfisheries adversely by impairIng the breeding aweas of several important fish species. Finally, fears arebeing expressed that severe damage to the systems may be caused by the disruption of the formerlymore regular flow of freshwater from the adjoining hills towards the mangrove supporting tidal flats,due to the rapidly expanding deforestation of the whole coastal province.

3.24 As far as the inland forest resources are concerned, the information is even morepatchy. But it seems, that no estate of effectively protected forest land has survived in GuineaMaritime, which properly protected and managed might ensure future wood supplies. Agriculturalexpansion seems to occur as intensively inside the "forets classees" established in a not remote past, asoutside their official boundaries. Apart from a few patches of degraded forest here and theresubsisting either because of "sacredness" or due to their location on inaccessible slopes, and the

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existence of one of two small sanctuaries, practically all dense natural forest which in the past musthave covered between one third and half of Guinea Maritime has now disappeared.

3.25 Some remedial afforeseataon has been carried out since the early 1950's. However, thecouple of thousand hectares planted competently with teak and Gmelina cannot influence the overaUsupply situation even marginally. Moreover, the plantations have not been thinned until now or inany other manner exploited for the satisfaction of local supply requirements.

Table 3.6: Estimated Volumes of Biomass In Guinea Maritime

Volume of BiomassArea kn2 m3/ha Growth (%) Growth (m3/ha)

C4-Savannah 181 20 5 18,100N-Savannah 1,085 1.5 5 8,140D5-Savannah 6,516 5 2 65,160E3-Savannah 4,800 50 2 480,000E4-Savannah 454 15 2 13,620ES-Savannah 3,561 12 2 85,460Mangove 1,980 40 5 396,000Makis 923 5 5 23,075

Total 19,500 1,089,655

Source: Mission esimates. For definition of classification, see Annex 1.3.

3.26 Tentative estimates of the standing volume and the productivity of forest biomassresources in the fuelwood and charcoal producing regions of Guinea Maritime show a likely annualproduction in the range of 0.46 million to 1.5 million m3, or 0.35 million to 1.2 minlion tons offuelwood. Table 3.6 shows the medium estimate of the estimations of an annual production of 1.1million m3 or 0.9 million tons7 .

3.27 The supply situation leads to the conclusion that the priority for household energypolicy is to address the situation in Guinea Maritime. This conclusion is reinforced by the demandprojections made in Annex 11.2, which show that the relative importance of biomass consumption in

will increase from 17% of national demand in 1990 to 27% in 2009.

Table 3.7: Population Projections and Household Woodfuels Demand Estimates for Conakry

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Growth rate of populationand demand 5.6% 5.6% 5.6% 5.6% 5.6%

Population (million) 1.04 1.4 1.8 2.4 2.9

Charcoal, tons 45,500 60,000 78,500 103,000 128,000Fuelwood, tons 1902500 250,100 328,400 431,000 S36.000

3.28 The population in Conakry will incmase from 1.04 million (18% of the total populationin Guinea) to 2.4 million in year 2005 (26% of the population). Unless the level and the structe ofper capita consumption is changed, the consumption of charcoal and fuelwood in Conakry willincrease by 127% during the next 15 years, from 440,000 tons of fuelwood equivalents to onemillion tons of fuelwood equivalents.

7 See Annex 113 for a decription of the wooden biom resources in Guinea Mritime.

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3.29 This level of demand is equivalent to the estimated total annual production of the forestresources in the fuelwood producing areas of Guinea Maritime. Since also the demand of the ruralpopulation and the other urban centres has to be satisfied, it is obvious, that the supply of woodfuelshas to be regulated in order to avoid undue pressures on the resources.

l

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IV. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN HOUSEHOLD ENERGY DEMAND 8

4.1 Charcoal and fuelwood are the most important household fuels. The major end-useis cooking. Only high income households use electricity and kerosene/gasoil for lighting purposes.LPG is hardly used. The low level of the use of modem fuels is due to low incomes, high prices,unreliable supply and inadequate distribution systems of modem fuels. Wood is by far the cheapesthousehold fuel, while modem fuels are four to five times more expensive, on a useful MJ basis.Despite low woodfuel prices household expenditures for household fuels (17%) are very high. Onan annual basis household fuel expenditures of an average household amount to FG 120,000.Investment in an improved stove, therefore, with which urban households have had little experienceso far, has a pay-back time of flve months. Successful dissemination of demand managementhardware and techniques therefore will have a positive Impact on both urban household revenues andon the demand for woodfuels.

A. Average Consumption of Fuels in Conakry Households

(a) Consumption of Fuelwood and of Charcoal

4.2 According to the results of the "1990 ESMAP Household Energy ConsumpdtionSurvey", the average household consumes 0.20 kglcapita/day of charcoal and 0.80 kg/capitalday offuelwood. Calculated on a weigthed basis over the year, 57% of the families use charcoal as theirprimary fuel for cooking, and 41% use fuelwood.

Table 4.1: Household Woodfuel Consumption In Canakry, 1990

Rainy DrySeason Season WAvemge

Chatwal% of families usingit as primary fuel 81% 42% 17%consumption cap/day 0.32 kg 0.11 kg 0.20 kg

Fuelwood% of families usingit as primary fuel 17% 56% 41%consumption cap/day 0.48 k 0.95 kg 0.80 kg

Source: SEE/ESMAP 1990 Household Energy Survey.

4.3 The seasonal variation in the level of consumption measured on a calorifc basis isrelatively modest, whereas the relative importance of the demand for charcoal and fuelwood variesbetween the rainy and the dry season. During the rainy season, there are problems with the supply offuelwood from the mangroves - the main source of fuelwood supply in Conakry - and it is easier tostore charcoal and to protect it against the humidity. Therefore, the consumption of charcoal percapita as well as the number of families using charcoal as a primary fuel increases:9

8 The demand data in this chapter were generated by the "1990 Household Energy Survey' conducted in Conary andinvolved a sample of 430 households. The data supply were generated by several surveys and studies of the charcoaland fuelwood production and of the fuel trade. It covers a study of the inport of charcoal at the 2 axes to Conury(km 36), the main roads from Kindia and Dubreka. The supply study also covers a survey of the mangrove wooddelivered at the debarcederes (the wharves at different locations in Conakry). More information on surveymethodology and the results are given in the Annexes.

9 High income families who use LPG or electricity for cooking, do not demonstrate seasonal variations in theircooking habits.

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(a) During the rainy season, 81% of the households use charcoal and 17% fuelwood astheir principal fuel. The household consumption per capita and per day averages0.32 kg of charcoal and 0.48 kg of fuelwood.

(b) During the dry season, the percentage of families that use charcoal as the principalfuel falls to 42%; whereas 56% use fuelwood as the primary fuel. The average level ofconsumption per capita and per day is 0.11 kg of charcoal and 0.95 kg of firewood.

4.4 In the rural areas outside Conakry and in other urban areas in Guinea the averagehousehold consumption of firewood Is higher, because wood is more readily accessible and can beself-collected (only some of it in urban areas). In Conakry, self-collection is practically nil.

(b) The Consumption of Modem Fuels

4.5 The consumption of modem fuels is low and used mainly for lighting. About 20%of the households in Conakry have access to electricity:I0 60% use kerosene or gasoil as a fuel forlighting-, whereas 20% use the light from open fire.

4.6 Less than 1% of the households use electricity for cooking. About 1% of thehouseholds use LPG for cooking, but then only as a secondary fuel. Kerosene is hardly used forcooling purposes at all.

4.7 On average, a household that is connected to ENELGUrs grid consumes 66 kWh permonth including sales to neighbours. For the total urban populadon, this leads to an averagehousehold consumption of electricity per capita of 33 kWh per year 11

B. Socio-Economic Determinants of Demand

(a) NkedI

4.8 The use of fuel for cooking is the most important energy end-use, and amounts toalmost 75% of total urban household energy demand in Conakry. Usually, households in Conakryuse a mix of fuels to meet their energy needs for cooking purposes. Although the principalhousehold use of fuelwood is for cooking, it is also used for heating water, especially for washing.

(b) Household Income

4.9 Household income is the most important socio-economic factor that influences thelevel and the structure of energy consumption. The size of the household is negatively correlated withincome, that is, the average size of the household decreases with income. According to the surveymade by SEE/EISMAP, the average size of a family in Conakry is 9.44 persons; the households whouse fuelwood as the primary fuel consist of 12.8 persons on average; "charcoal consumers" average8.7 persons per household, and LPG and electricity consumers 7.5 persons. Finally, although it iswell-known that both the level and the structure of energy consumption depend on the absolute leveland the relative structure of fuel prices, household income and fuel price are cross-related in theirImpact: Low levels of income force households to be very price conscious in their choice of fuel,whereas ease of use (and next, availability) are the most important determinants for the fuel use inhigh income households.

10 This connection level for the household, is much higher than the official figes, becas households in Guinea oftensell electricity to their neighbours.

11 Autoproduction of electricity is common in restaurants and in expatriate households in Conakry. This phenomenondoes not influence the number of connections to ENELGUIs grid, but increases the average consumption per capita.

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Table 4.2: Daily Household Market Expenditures by Soclo Economic Group

Share of Daily MarketSocio-Economic Class Groun Averaae Households Range

Modeste 39% 500-1600 1300Moyen 29% 1600-2400 2000Moyen Sup6rieur 27% 24004500 3000Aise 4% > 4500

Source: SEE/ESMAP Household Energy Survey, 1990.

4.10 The SEE/ESMAP household energy survey distinguished four socio-economicgroups according to the professions of the head of the family. Since the survey did not providereliable data or. family income, table 4.2 uses the daily household market expenses as an indicatorfor family income. The first three socio-economic income groups, "modeste", "moyen" and "moyensup6rieur" have very low incomes by European standards - the daily expenditures range from US$ 1to 7 per household. Therefore, their consumption patterns are "African". Some of the households inthe highest income group, the "aise", have levels of income and expenditure patterns of Europeanstandards. But mostly, even in this group, traditional forms of energy dominate the use of fuel forcooking.

4.11 Table 4.3 shows that charcoal and fuelwood are the most important imairvfuels inthe three lower socio-economic clas.es that together make up 96% of the households. During therainy season, charcoal is the primary fuel for about 80% of the households in all income classes,while most of the remaining households use fuelwood.

Table 43: Relative Use of Fuel for Cooking in Conakry during the Rainy Seasonby Socio-Economic Group

Socio-Economic ClassMoyen Superieur Moyen Modeste

Prhnary FuelWood 15% 14% 23%Charca 82% 84% 77%Kerosen efGas°il 0% 0% 0%LPG 1% 0% 0%Electricity 1% 0% 0%

Secondary FuelWood 31% 60% 59%Charcoa 20% 21% 33%KrosneGasoil 13% 7% 0%LPG 4% 2% 2%Electricity 29% 7% 2%

Source: SEE/ESMAP Household Energy Survey, 1990.

4.12 Charcoal is normally bought retail in small quantities each day by about 81% of theregular charcoal consumers. Only 4% of the households buy charcoal in large quantities to cover theneeds for a week or more. Fuelwood is bought retail in smaU daily quantities by 69% of thehouseholds. The remaining part of the families buy once a week or once a month. This group coversmore well-to-do families who buy wood from the wholesaler or directly at the wharves (debarcaderes)

4.13 Orly 0.5 % of households use LPG as their primary fuel for cooking. The familiesusing LPG are generally high income families. Many of them are expatriates from other African

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countries or from abroad. They consume about 8 kg of LPG a month, or a total of 100 kgs ofLPG/year.

4.14 Kerosene/Gasoil is a commonly used fuel for lighting purposes even though it canbe difficult for the household to find due to supply problems. Only 0.4% of the households inConakry use kerosene as the pdimary cooking fuel.

4.15 Table 4.3 shows that the main difference in the consumption pattern of the socio-economic groups concerns the use of secgndar fuels. Electricity and also kerosene are importantsecondary fuels in the higher income classes. The use of LPG remains insignificant.

(c) Fuel Prices 2

4.16 At the retail level firewood is usually sold in small quantities called a "tas". Whereasthe price is generally 100 FG for a "tas", the size of a "tas' is not well-defined and varies with themarket price for fuelwood. In 1990, a tas was approximately 2.8 kg for "bois de savanne" and 4.1 kgfor "bois de mangrove".13 The average retail price of charcoal in 1990 in Conakry was about FG108 per kg.

Table 4.4: Evolution of Woodfuel Prices 1985-1990

Prices in FGkg Chazvoal Fuelwood

October 1985: 27 11February 1987: 50 22October 1990: 108 31

Source: ESMAP 1985, Cassagne 1987. SEE/ESMAP Surveys 1990.

4.17 The available data on the evolution of prices over time is very patchy. According tothe information provided by table 4.4 the absolute price of fuelwood has tripled since 1985, whereasthe price of charcoal has quadrupled.

4.18 The price level for LPG in Guinea is high. Conakry does not posses port facilities toreceive shipments of bulk LPG from the international market, and the market is to small to generatethe significant economies of scale in LPG storage and filling. In 1990, the retail price for LPG wasabout 900 FGIkg. This price included a 10% tax (90 FG/kg) and a distribution margin (150 FG/kg).

(d) Relative Fuel Prices

4.19 Since the commonly used measures for woodfuel quantities are not well-defined, andthe efficiency of individual stoves varies, any definition of relative prices can be no more than anapproximation. Table 4.5 compares the consumer price on a MJ-basis at the energy efficiencies thatcorrespond to the different types of common stoves.14

12 The SEE/ESMAP project made several detailed surveys and studies in order to define the levels of the producer, thetransport, the wholesale and the retail. Unfortunately it was not possible to determine how much fuelwood priceshave changed during the past S years. According to some information available and mission's inquiries, the retailprices on fudwood in Conakry almost double every 2 nd year, measured in nominal terms. As it was almost impossibleto get informaton of the increase in other components of the cost of living/or information of the income level fordifferent types of families, no estimate of the real price increases could be made.

13 The latter has a higher water content, and a lower calorific value per kg than the former.

14 The efficiency of a stove is a measure of the useful heat produced. It is defined as the ratio between the heat absorbedby the pan and the heat generated by the fire.

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Table 4.5: The Relative Prices of Household Fuels in Conakry, 1990

Retail Calorific Pricepnice content Stove FG perFG/Ag MJ/kg or effi-cieny t'useful/ 1. Ber liter % Wuy

Fuelwood 24 14 18 9.5mangroveFuelwood 36 18 18 11.1savamaCharcoal 108 30 24 15Kerosene 700 35/1. 40 50Gasoil 700 37/1. 40 50LPG 900 45 45 44

Source: SEEFESMAP Surveys, 1990.

4.20 The table shows that the hydrocarbon fuels are not price competitive with woodfuels.Fuelwood was the cheapest fuel, charcoal was about 15% more expensive to use. Both LPG andkerosene/gasoil cost the urban consumer four times as much as wood.

(e) Prices and Types of Stoves

4.21 The differences in the cost of cooking between the fuels are reinforced by thedifferences in the costs of the stoves that are used by the fuels, see table 4.6. Families use normallytwo stoves for the preparation of meals. The Malgache-IQ is designed for charcoal. But in Conakryit is used as a charcoal-cum-wood stove. For using the stove with wood, special simple suuports are onthe market. 86% use the Malgache-stove as their principal stove for cooking and more than 60% ofthe households possess more than one Malgache stove. Next in Importance is the tois piems" which10% of the households use as their principal stove. Considering that an important part of the urbandwellers are migrants from rural areas this frequency is surprisingly low. The metallic three feetversion of the "trois pierres" is used by 5% of the households. Improved woodfuel stoves, the Mamouand the Kaloum, are ondy used by 1.4% of households as the principal stove, which shows that thec*ampaigns have had limited effect. The users of the improved stoves are among the richest and mostmodem families in Conakry. The users of Foyer Mamou, the improved stove designed in Mamou,often have their roots in Mamou or have relatives in that area and are therefore acquainted with thisstove.

C. Household Expenditures on Woodfuels and LPG for Cooking

(a) Level of Daily Expenditures

4.22 The average family of 9 persons in Conakry which uses charcoal as primary fuel,has a daily fuel expenditure of 330 FG. This expenditure corresponds to 17% o" the normal dailymarket expenses for a family. The share exceeds more than 20% of the daily markcet expenses forlow income families.

4.23 The average family of nine persons which uses wood as primary fuel for cookinghas a daily expenditure of 313 FG. This expenditure absorbs an average 16% of the daily exjrnsebudget. For the poorest households the share can be higher and exceed 20-30% of the totalexpenditure.

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(b) ConseqMences for the Economics of Imgroved Stoves

4.24 On an annual basis, the fuel expenditures of an average household amount to aboutFG 120,000. The Mamou improved stove is about 30% more efficient than the malgache stove.However, since a household that acquires an improved stove will continue to use the malgache stovefor some of the (arger) cookin tasks, it is realistic to assume that the Mamou stoves will save nomore than 20% of the annual fuel consumption. The financial saving is FG 24,000 for a neededinvestment of PG 9-10,000 in two Mamou stoves. Thus the pay-back period (not including thepossible saving of investments in a malgache stove) is about 5 months. The same conclusion isillustrated in Annex 11.7, which shows the annual relative cooking cost of an average family inConakry consisting of 9 persons using different #.ypes of stoves.

Table 4.6: Market Share and Cost of Stoves for PrincipalUse In Conakry

I Mads~~~~~~WetShrre Cost (PG)

TYois piesres 10.4% 0Foyr Ta mEtaique 5.0% nuFoyermalgache 86.1% 3,000FoyerMamounFA 12% 34,000Foyer Kaloum FA 02% na.Recbaudpedroml6dm 02% 12,000Rechoud ped prs. 02% 18,000Cuisimre gas 0.5% 28,500*Plaqueselectnques 0.2%Autres 05%

Total 100.0%

- Type camping gas for 2.7 kg cylinde.

Source: SEE/ESMAP Household Energy Surveys.

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V. THE WOODFUELS SUPPLY CHAIN

5.1 The woodfuel market chain is entirely operated by informal market actors. So far,the informal market has done an effective job of supplying urban consumers with their fuel, which,moreover, has been financed entirely with its own funds without Government help or intervention.The wood-cutting is done by peasants as part-time activity as well as by wood-cutters hired bywood transporters. Carbonization of wood is mostly efficiently done by professional charcoalburners on a contract basis with urban whole-sale distributors. The standing wood is practicallyfree of cost to the woodcutters and charcoal makers, because the stumpage fee, if paid, is only 0.1%of the final retail price in Conakry. Consequently, the market price of woodfuels does not representthe true economic cost of wood at all. Therefore, there is no incentive for any actor in the marketchain to manage the existing forest cover.

A. The Fuelwood Supply Chain

(a) Organisation of Supply in Rural Areas

5.2 The households in rural areas, account for 72% of the national fuelwoodconsumption. Similar to the situation in the cities, fuelwood consumption during the rainy season islower than in the dry season. Their firewood requirements are collected by members of the family,often by the women and children. The fuelwood resources are readily accessible and the collection offuelwood is normally selective - some species with muldple uses are not touched.

(b) The Organisation of Supplv in Urban Areas

5.3 Fuelwood in urban areas is mostly purchased, although the proportion may vary fromtown to town. The share of traded fuelwood is lower in the smaller towns where the inhabitants cangather wood from the surrounding fields. In Conakry all fuelwood has to be bought at the localmarket. Demand is covered about equally by "bois de savanne' and "bois de mangrove" .

5.4 Most of the "bois de savane" comes from the "prefectures" in the neighbourhood ofConakry - Dubreka, Coyah and Faricariah. The distances travelled in order to get supply for Conakryis often as much as 50-60 km or more. The wholesalers in Conakry normally harvest the woodthemselves with the help of woodcutters, or by negotiation with the local farmers. Transportation isger.erally performed by special hired trucks. But along the "route nationale" farmers sell some "tag"of fuelwood to transporters and to private consumers. They also bring fuelwood along when theydeliver agricultural products to the markets in Conakry. In those cases the wood is in the shape of"fagots" (pieces of wood with a total of approx. 11-13 kilogram), and is loaded on top of the trucks.

5.5 Rural people living within and around the mangrove zone supplement theirinsufficient income from agricultural pursuits by the exploitation and marketing of poles andfuelwood. The exploitation does not follow any specific plan. It is carried out in a seemingly erraticmanner according to both the nearness of places of consumption and the accessibility of valuablestands. Large trees are considered to be cumbersome and usually left to die from age and rot in situ.

5.6 The exploitation of mangrove wood is particularly intense and destructive in localitieswhere people produce salt. This is achieved by means of an excessively energy-inefficient process.First, loam rich in salt from the exudication by mangrove foliage is scraped off the surface of thetidal flat close to a salt producing village. Next, an arrangement is made for letfing seawater percolatethrough this loamy substance and colleeting the solution in a pit. Finally, the resulting liquid isplaced in large flat iron pans under which a wood fire is maintained until the crystallization of drysalt.

5.7 Large amounts of fuelwood from the mangroves are also exploited for the purpose ofsmoking and drying fish. But some of the fuel used for fish smoking is obtained from remaining

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savannah vegatation in the coastal regions and also from the clearing of cropland where shiftingcultivation is practised within short distance of fishing harbours.

5.8 However, the heaviest overall pressure on the mangrove ecosystem, besides clearing Ofpaddies,15 is caused by pole and firewood exploitation for covering household energy demand InConakry. The Conakry area has 6 important wharves where the mangrove wood can be delivered.Each wharf has a number of operators (up to 25), who ship the wood from the cutting areas northand south of Conakry in relatively small pirogues (big canoes) with an outboard motor.16 The seajourney to the locations in the mangroves (Koba, Mouramaya, Khabitaye) takes two to three days.The cutting is done by teams of 5 to 6 persons who need 10 to 12 days for a boat load.

5.9 On delivery at the wharves the mangrove wood is split into smaller pieces and sold toboth wholesale and retail dealers. The dealers normally collect the wood in large or small truck loads.Almost 50% of the mangrove wood delivered at the wharves in Conakry is sold to consumers withinthe informal sector.

B. The Charcoal Supply Chain

(a) Producer Rins

5.10 Charcoal is mainly produced in regions and localities where open woodland andsavannah is still the dominant vegatation form. Most of the charcoal for sale in Conakry is producedwithin a radius of 100 - 150 km from the town in the "prefectures" of Forecariah, Dubreka, Boffa,Fria, and Kindia. But according to the MACA/ESMAP surveys (see "comptage 1 et 2" in appendixI1.6) more than 10 % of the charcoal is produced in the Kankan region, which is more than 300 kmaway from Conakry.

5.11 The most valuable woodland used by professional charcoalers is typically on soilswith medium or low potential for crop farming which have not as yet attracted great attention by thefarming communities.17 Another somewhat inferior savannah vegetation, also utilized for charcoalproduction, is found on the plains with shallow soils overlying a hardpan which cover a considerableproportion of the province.

(b) Producers

5.12 The coaling is usually done very competently by professional charcoal bumers whowork ir, associations. Often the charcoalers have contractual relationships with the wholesalers inConakry, who are members of the Union des Cooperatives de Charbonniers. The wholesalers advanceraw materials and cash for living expenses to the charcoalers, who in tum promise to sell their outputto them.

5.13 A small proportion of charcoal in Guinea Maritime is produced by farmers in smalland not very efficient earth kilns, with wood obtained from the cleadng of bush fallows.

15 All along the coast, paddy is being planted on a steadily increasing scale on land tha until recendy was covered bymangrove. Inumerable rice fields can be observed along the sea front. on the embankinents of river statuaies amwithLn the transition zone that separates the mangrove vegetation from the higher hinterland.

16 For obvious reasons this activity is mainly confined to p. dods of calm seas during the dry season. There is reason tofear though that the introduction during coming years of larger and more seaworthy craft will lead both to anintensification of exploitation and an extension of the zone from where supplies are obtained for the capital.

17 Often dominated by such species as Pterocarpus erinaceus. Daniella oliveri Lophira sp. and Chlorophora sp.

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5.14 A "professional" kiln typically produces 150-250 fifty kilo sacs of charcoal. Aprofessional charcoaler produces two to three kilns a year. Both in the case of coaling being donewithin relatively dense woodland and on the basis of more open savannah, the exploitation of thewood appears to be carried out in an unsustainable manner, leading to the gradual depletion of theresource base.18 The adverse effect of such continuous overexploitation is severely aggravated bythe frequent occurence of bush fires during the dry season. These fires reduce the prospects fornatural regeneration of the forest vegetation.

(c) Wholesalers and Retailers

5.15 During the rainy season the production of charcoal declines, as the situation isunfavorable for carbonization and the movement of trucks. The consumption of charcoal, on theother hand, is much higher during the rainy season. This difference in the supply and demand ofcharcoal rquires significant storage facilities both along the main roads to and within Conakry.

5.16 The charcoal is bought by the wholesalers in Conakry who own the large depots, andorganize the road transport of charcoal. The largest wholesalers are organized in a syndicate -Syndicat des Charbonnieres, which has eight members.

5.17 The wholesalers sell the charcoal in 50 kg and 25 kg sacs from their stocks toindividual households and to retailers. But most households buy the charcoal in small quantitiescalled a pot (- 1 kg) from the retailers. Outside Conakry along the roadside consumers buy charcoalin sacs or "panier" (small baskets containing 8 kg".

C. The Price Structure for Woodfuels in Conakry

(a) The Price Structure of Fuelwood

5.18 The structure of firewood prices in Conakry for savannah and for mangrove wood isshown in table 5.1. The households/consumers have to pay 35 FG/kg for bois de savanne (wood) .nd31 FG/kg for bois de mangrove (wet wood with a very different calorific value), when they buy thewood from retailers. Many households in Conakry buy retail wood at the wharves. In those cases theconsumers only have to pay 24 FG/kg.

5.19 The " droit contumier" (see annex) is duty to the local village and represents 0.5% ofthe retail price. Normally, this duty is paid in form of several cases of Coca Cola to the "Chef deVillage".

5.20 Forestry taxes and duties are present at all levels in the price structure. Both theproducers, the transporters/wholesales merchants and the retailers have to pay taxes and duties to theforestry services (DNFC). But the total taxes and duties amount to only 2% of retail price.

5.21 The producer's price represents 17% of the retail price in the case of the bois desavane and amounts to 30% in the case of the bois de mangrove. Transport costs represents 14%(savanne) and 20% (mangrove) of the retail price. The wholesalers margin for the bois de savanne isvery high (40%) and only 8% for bois de mangrove. Compared to other neighbouring countries inWest Africa the retail margins are relatively low - the margin ranges from 19% to 23%.

18 The land which carries the most valuable stands for charcoal production presents adequate conditions for the eventualreplacement of the present woodland cov er with plantation of fastgrowing pole and fuelwood species, such as Acaciaauriculiformis and various eucalyptus.

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Table S.1: Fuelwood Price Structures, Conakry 1990

Bois de Bols desavanne MangroveEa A EQ I

Cutting permit 0.5 1 0.01 0.1Labor 3.1 9 6.2 19.9Other expenses 0.4 1 0.1 0.2Profit 2.2 6 3.0 9.6

Producer price 6.2 18 9.2 29.8

Transport cost 5.0 14 6.2 19.9Taxes 0.6 2 0.2 0.5Othe expenses 1.2 4 2.8 2.5Profit 14.0 40 7.9 7.9

Wholesal price 27.0 78 20.1 60.6

Transport cost 4.0 12.9Taxes 0.5 1.5Other expenses 0.6 2.0Profit 8.0 23 6.0 19.1

Consumer price 35.0 100 31.0 100.0

Source: SEE/ESMAP Surveys, 1990.

(b) The Prce Stmucture for Charcoal

5.22 In 1990, the average retail price of charcoal in Conakry was equivalent to around 108PG/kg. Table 5.2 shows the price structure for charcoal. The remarkable feature is that the margin ofthe retailers accounts for 45% of the retail price, and their profit margin for 31%. The producerprice was 23%. Transport costs amounted to 17% of the retail price, and the wholesaler's profitmargin for 11%. Taxation to the forestry service represented 4.1%1 % of the final retail pnice.

5.23 The taxation level at the production level, the cutting permit, is an insignificant 0.1% ofthe final retail price in Conakry. In other words the standing wood is practically free of cost to theoperators.

5.24 The result is that the purchase price for wood paid by the operators in no way representsthe true economic value of the wood. It is difficult to assess that value in Guinea. The economicopportunity cost of mining - effect of deforestation on the community, decline in soil fertility,erosion, effect on water tables, etc. - is not known. The cost of production of standing wood -through afforestation or forest management - is not known either.

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Table S2: Price Structure for Charcoal, Conakry,September-October 1990

Cutting permit 0.1 0.1Labor 10.0 9.3Otherexpenses 4,6 4.3Profit 10.3 9.6

Producer price 25.0 23.1

Transport 18.3 17.4Taxes 3.3 3.0Other expenses 1.4 1.3Wholesaler's Profit 11.6 10.7

Wholesale price 59.6 55.5

Taxes 1.1 1.0Otherexpenses 13.9 12.9Profit 33.1 30.6

Consumer price 108.0 100.0

Source: SEE/ESMAP Surveys, 1990.

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VI. THE SUPPLY OF SUBSTITUTE FUELS

6.1 Only kerosene and LPG are possible substitutes for woodfuels. Electricity is hardlyused at all for cooking purposes and therefore is not further discussed. The use of kerosene/gasoilis still insignificant (0.4% of households). The use of LPG is even lower. The existing distributionand marketing systems for modern fuels are inadequate, unreliable and underdeveloped,Improvement of the distribution system and reliability of supply as well as the marketing of a moreappropriate cooking stove will enhance the consumption of these fuels. However, if inter-fuelsubstitution were to take place to a significant extent it would by itself not have a positive impact onthe management practices, or the lack thereof, of the forest cover in Guinea Maritime. This holds inparticular for the coastal mangroves.A. Introduction

(a) General Situation for the Substitute Fuels

6.2 The most urgent energy problems in Guinea are related to the supply and thedistribution of electricity and petroleum products. Supply bottlenecks in commercial energy havebecome a serious constraint to economic growth. Transport fuels are unavailable in many areas, andthe industry has to provide its own power if it wishes to obtain access to electricity at acceptable levelsof s'rvice.

6.3 In the power sector, the main initerconnected network serving the Conakry-Kindiaarea accounts for more than 90% of the total public electricity supply in the country. Theinefficiency, organizational and administrative problems at ENELGUI, the national electricitycompany led to a virtual breakdown of public electricity supply. Low electricity prices - in October1990 the level of the average tariff amounted to 51% of the production price - thefts, severe energylosses in production and distribution, and financial arrears from the consumers brought ENELGUIinto an untenable financial situation. It was impossible for the company to comply with growingdemand of electricity due to inadequate investments, lack of spareparts and poor maintenance.

6.4 The key issues in the petroleum subsector are Identical to those in the electricitysubsector - institutional weakness, supply and distribution inadequacies. The terminal in Conakry'sharbor is continually congested with queuing road tankers and unauthorized personnel, primarilyinvolved in filling the containers at the pumps. There is leakage from containers while in transit andwhen transferring the products to fuel tanks or other containers. The official distribution system foroil products covered by ONAH is disorganized, inadequate and unreliable. There is often no gasolineor gasoil for sale for 4-5 days, which leads to high black market prices. In the interior supplies arriveonly sporadically and are often shipped in various unsuitable containers, such as drums or jerry cans,carried on the top of road tankers, which is both inefficient and unsafe.

6.5 As fuels, in a substitution strategy, LPG and kerosene each have their relativeadvantages and weaknesses. A successful fuelwood transition strategy should, therefore, promote bothfuel alternatives in order to widen the consumer's the choice. Worldwide, kerosene has played adominant role in the fuel transition process. Since it is used as a fuel for lighting in non-electrifiedhouseholds, a wide system of small distribution outlets is in place. It can be used in "any" quantity,depending on the cash situation of the household. Compared to LPG, it has low storage anddistribution costs, and does not demand investment in a cylinder.

(b) Barriers to the use of Substitute Fuels

6.6 While the above institutional barriers to an increased penetration of substitute fuelsare being addressed through the elimination of ONAH and the present restructuring of ENELGUI,other structural barriers will remain:

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(a) Since Guinea has no indigenous hydrocarbon resources nor a refinery, all oilproducts are imported. Therefore, balance of payments considerations call formoderate substitution policies.

(b) Due to the cost of transport and transport distances in the country it is expensive tointroduce Kerosene and LPG inside and in particular, outside the Guinea Maritimeregion.

(c) The amortized cost of an LPG or kerosene stove constitutes less than 5% of theannual cost of cooking. Nevertheless, the purchase of stoves for the substitute fuelsrepresents a cash flow problem for the average urban consumers.

(d) The inferior quality and inadequacy of kerosene and LPG stoves available on themarket of Conakry.

6.7 A gencral penetration of substitute fuels is also constrained by psychological factors,such as ingrained cooking habits in favor of woodfuels, fear of gas and the belief that the smell ofkerosene will affect the taste of cooking. More specific constraints of the situation in Guinea arediscussed below.

B. Distribution of Kerosene and of Gasoline

6.8 In Guinea, kerosene is often not available on the market. Sales from service stationsare the primary source of supply. In Conakry, kerosene is sold only by service stations owned byONAH, that is, 50% of the gasoline stations have kerosene for sale. But even the ONAH stations havea regular supply of kerosene only once or twice a week. During these days, the kerosene pumps (andthe access to the service stations) are blocked for hours by small retailers (peddlets) who want to buykerosene and gasoil in small quantities (5 or 10 liters) for resale. Outside Conakry it is almostimpossible to buy kerosene.

6.9 Gasoil, because of its use for road transport, is more readily available at the gasolinestations. Therefore, although kerosene is a superior fuel for use in petroleum lamps and stoves, gasoilis a more important household fuel for these applications.

6.10 According to the SEE/ESMAP 1990 household energy survey in Conakry morethan 80% of the households buy their needs for gasoil/kerosene from the retail merchants. Thefamilies buy in small quantities and the most commonly used units of measurements are "pot decigarette" or "pot de tomate". A "pot de cigarette" is an old tin box of John Player cigarettes andcontains, if it is not dented, 0.25 litre. A "pot de tomate" is a small tin can of concentrated tomatopaste containing 0.07 litre.

6.11 The inefficient system of "wholesale" and retail distribution has a high cost to theconsumer. Because of the time which the retailers use in acquiring gasoil and kerosene from theservice stations and the high transaction costs of selling kerosene in small quantities, the mark-up ofthe retailers over the price at the service stations is 60-80% see Table 6.1.:

6.12 Ondy 0.4% of the households in Conakry use kerosene as a cooking fuel. The mostimportant reason for not using kerosene for cooking purposes is that the price for using kerosene asa cooking fuel is 4-5 times higher than the cost of using woodfuels in the malgache stove.

6.13 The other reason is that the kerosene stoves are not adequate for the needs of themarket. The stoves are imported from Russia and China, the Tula (a pressurized Primus type stove)and the Wheel Brand (a wick stove) respectively. Prices for these stoves range from FG 12,000-20,000. The maximum power of both stoves is no more than 1 kW. As a result, the stoves can only beused to perform small cooking tasks. The quality of the stoves is low. The efficiency of the WheelBrand is a low 27 to 35%, and the wicks bum off very quickly. The Tula has a "laboratory"efficiency of 45%, but it is difficult to get the stove going and the nozile gets easily blocked.

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Table 6.1: Price Structure of Kerosene and Gasoil in Conkary, 1990

(Prices in FG per litre)Kerosene Gasoil

Oct. Sept. OCL Sept.

Gasoline station price 350 450 350 500

Cost of transport 35 45 25 25Ptofit margin 90 125 75 75Price semi-grossist* 475 620 450 600

Retailer's margin 100 80 100 100Retail price* 575 700 550 700

* The semi-grossist purchase the products at the service stations.** The retailers receive the products from the semi-wholesalers.

C. LPG Distribution

(a) Infrastructure

6.14 The LPG supply and distribution system is undertaken by three companies: SOGEDI,SAFINO-PRIMAGAZ and CAMPING GAS. SOGEDI covers almost 80% of the market and the twoother companies share the rest.

6.15 The price level for LPG in Guinea is high and can be explained by the fact thatConakry does not posses port facilities to receive the bulk shipments of LPG from the internationalmarket. At present, the domestic market absorbs only about 100 tons of LPG per year. This amountdoes not provide the economies of scale that make bulk LPG shipment from the oil refineries inDakar or Nigeria more efficient than road transport of cylinders to and from Dakar.

6.16 SOGEDI is the only company that has a bottle filling facility. The capacity of gasstorage at its bottling plant is only 35 tons. SOGEDI imports LPG in 10 tons bulk containers fromDakar, Senegal, every month. The other companies have to ship their cylinders back and forth toDakar for recharging. But although the cost of transport of this operadon should be higher than thecost of bulk transpors, the price of recharge per kg is lower in these companies than at SOGEDI. Theexistence of a price difference between otherwise identical products illustrates the lack of pricetransparency in a non-competitive market.

6.17 The quality of the infrastructure will improve in the near future. Several privateinvestors, including the distributor of Camping Gas, are currently studying the possibilities ofestablishing LPG storage and bottle recharging facilities on one of the small islands outside Conakiy.Camping Gas believes, that the operation of a filling station may reduce the cost of a recharge for a2.75 kg cylinder from FG 2,500 to 1,500.

(b) Marketing Strategies

6.18 All three distributors sell their cylinders either through traders (local supermarketsand the special stores) or directly to the big consumers who receive bottles of 12.5 or 35 kg.

6.19 Until recently the gas was only distributed to the consumers in 12.5 and 35 kgcylinders. But today it is also possible to purchase bottles of 3 and 6 kg. CAMPING GAS, a relativelynew distributor on the market started marketing a new and cheaper combination of a bumer and astove for use with a 2.75 kg stove. The burner is powerful (3.5 kW), which allows to heat up quicklyand save time. The bottles and bumers are imported, but the support is made in Conakry. Thestrategy of this move is to reduce the upfront cost to the consumer of a switch to LPG as well as the

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cash outlay for refills. In 1990, a distribudon network was set up and publicity campaign launched.The campaign resulted in the sale of 7000 bottles with a capacity of 2,75 kg. In October 1990, therate of recharging was 800 bottles per month.

Table 6.2: Upfront Investment for LPGUsers, 2.75 kg bottle

Bottle 17,500Buner 6,000Support 5,000Rechxae 2,500

Towa 28.50

6.20 This campaign will increase the low percentage of households that use LPG. Beforethe campaign, only 0.5% of the households In Conakry used LPG and outside Conakry consumptionof LPG in households is almost nonexistent. The relatively small market can be explained by thehigh cost of LPG as a fuel, and by the fact that the LPG stoves are 8-10 times more expensive thanthe traditional Malgache stove. Including the cost of cylinder and the recharge, the use of the"Camping Gas" stove demands an upfront investment of FG 28,500, which only a minoity canafford.

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VII. HOUSEHOLD ENERGY POLICIES IN GUINEA

7.1 To achieve the interconnected goals of environmental protection, energyconservation and consumer satisfaction, the following operational elements come into play: demandmanagement, interfuel substitution, pricing policy, and better management of the woodfuel supplysystem. Guinea, although it has some adequate policy components and developed some individualactivities, does not have a coherent strategy for the sector. Forestry legislation, for example issatisfactory, but the forestry taxation system is not, neither in theory nor in practice. There is aneed for change from the current system, where the objective of the forestry taxation is purelyfiscal, and where control and tax compliance are inadequate, to a new and effective system that hasas its main objective to bring about rational forest management including more rational charcoalproduction. As regards demand management, results of projects in the sub-region, and surveyssuggest that, with proper promotion and the right incentives, appropriate improved wood stoves andmodem fuels (kerosene) for households and for the informal artisinal sector can be successfullymarketed in Conakly. The main expected results are the following:

(a) the development and implementation of a fuelwood supply master plan for GuineaMaritime with a view to spatially and quantitatively reorganize fuelwood harvesting;

(b) the effective devolution of control by the State to the local population oftheresponsibility of the management and exploitation of the national forest cover.This devolution will take place within the context of the Conakry fuelwood supplymaster plan;

(c) the development and application of an incentive system, including a new regulatoryframework, pricing policy and fiscal regime; and

(d) the promotion, by the private sector, of substitute fuels, kerosene and LPG, and ofefficient stoves that are well adapted to the cooking habits and purchasing power ofthe urban population and rural artisans;

A. Present Government Strategy

7.2 The SEE and the DNCF have not formulated an explicit household energy strategythat provides clear guidelines for individual policy inidatives. Yet, a master plan for the mangroveswas published in 1988 and favourable preconditions exist for the implementation of future orientedreforms and policies:

(a) The key sectoral issues are well understood by the officials In MACA. The DNCFintends to establish cooperative links with the local communities to promote ruralforestry initiatives. That is, the DNCF hopes to change its role from being an enforcerof law and a tax collector to being a provider of services to the communities.

(b) The institutional set-up encourages the implementation of intregrated rural forestryprogrammes. In 1988, the Seeretariat des Eaux et Forets (a "Ministry") was abolishedand the DNCF attached to the Ministere de l'Agriculture et des Ressources Animales".At the level of the "prefectures" the integration was complemented by theestablishment of the "Directions Prefectorales du Developpement Rurale et del'Environnement".

(c) Valuable policy experiences have been gained with pilot projects: The DNCF set upthe "Bois energie" office to do research on woodfuel issues, and the "Animation etVulgarisatior." office to promote a more rational use of energy in rural areas; theSEEs "Energy Savings" section within the "Renewable Energy" office diffuses

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improved stoves in urban areas. Several pilot projects in energy efficiency have beenimplemented by NGOs and the SEE to promote the diffusion of improved stoves andof improved charcoaling techniques.

7.3 The individual initiatives have not led to the definition of a coherent action program.Lack of financial resources has blocked collection of needed background data and proper follow-upon policy proposals. The Sekou Toure administration left a legacy of corruption and publicadministration passivity, that takes time to change. As a result, there is at present no effective contmlof wood-cutting and charcoal production at the forest level.

B. Government Policies Toward the Regulation and Taxation of Woodfuel Supply

(a) Forest Legislation

7.4 The Forestry Code distinguishes between "exploitation du domaine forestier de retat"and "exploitation du domaine forestier des collectivit6s decentralises". The latter can be exploiteddirectly by the concerned decentralised collectivity, by a mangement contract or by the forestryservice itself. The operations are subject to a technical control by the forestry administration. But thelaw establishes that the forestry management plans are elaborated to cover the needs of the localcommunity. The law recognises the legitimacy of user rights by the local communities to theproducts from the local forests as long as they satisfy domestic needs.

7.5 In all three forms of decentralised operations, the trade of wood is regulated by asystem of permits for (i) the cutting of trees outside permanent agricultural areas or near familyhouses; (ii) the transport of wood to the urban consumption centers; and (iii) the storage facilities forwood owned by wholesalers in the cities.

7.6 In order to protect the resource base, the law requires the reforestation of exploitedforest areas; subjects the construction of access routes to an authorisatior. and forbids bush fires. Inpractice, the forestry administration realises that clandestine bush fires are more harmful thanregulated bush fires. It is left to the local communities to define when bush fires are to be ignited, sothat they can be controlled.

7.7 The costs of forestry administration and forestry development are financed by the"Fond Forestier National" which is part of the national budget.

7.8 Thus, the articles of the forestry code with regard to the control of forest managementare satisfactory. What is needed, though, is a precision of the modalities for their application.

(b) Taxation Policies

7.9 The forestry taxation system is the weakest element in the present regulation ofwoodfuels. The system serves no regulatory function; it promotes neither demand nor supplymanagement; and staff resources of the DNCF, who could have been used for service functions, areused to collect minimal fees.

7.10 The operators in the woodfuel chain have to obtain permits for which fees ar charged.At the level of the producer a fee is charged for the issue of the cutting permits by the local office ofthe DNFC. Charcolers pay a monthly fee of FG 20,000 for the cutting of a maximum of 60 steres ofwood, enough to produce 150 sacs of charcoal. Felwood cutters pay a monthly fee of FG 15,000 tocut a maximum of 50 stares. At the roadside control for entry into Conakry a transportation tax(taxe de circulation) of FG 15,000 (independent of vehicle size) is collected from vehicles thattransport woodfuels. The wholesalers of woodfuels in Conakry pay PG 1500 per month for thepermission to have a depot ;l9 and members of the Syndicat de Charbonniers are subject to a fee ofPG 5,000 (see Annex U.s for details). Several criticisms can be raised against this system:

19 This payment is not autorised by law, which stipulates that the permission for the depot is fiee.

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(a) The payment for the cutting permit is not a fee to cover the economic value of thestanding wood, as the harvested wood is considered a free gift of nature ("don deDieu"), and renewable.20 It is considered a pure fiscal tax for the right to exploit acommon good. As a logical consequence of this premise, the income from these feesis not transfered to the "Fond Forestier National", but to the Ministry of Finance foruse in the national and the prefectoral budgets.

(b) The combined fee for woodfuel exploitation represents less than 3% of the retailprice of charcoal and firewood in Conakry. The fees for the cutting permits amountto less than 0.1% of the final price on the market.

(c) Despite the low fee rates, the taxes are rarely paid by the operators. At the controlpost established for the same purpose on the two main roads into Conakry (km 36) asurvey showed that only 25% of the transporters of charcoal paid taxes beforeentering Conakry. In order to avoid taxation it is common that trucks, loaded withcharcoal, arrive at Conakry at 4 o'clock in the moming before the controllers are inplace. The unitary fee penalizes small transporters.

(d) The DNFC was unable to provide information about the total tax revenue for theprevious years. If all the fees had been collected in a regular way, the total taxes andfees for the supply of fuelwood for Conakry should have amounted to more than180,000 US$: 90,000 US$ for the taxation of charcoal and 93,000 US$ for fuelwood.

7.11 The DNCF is aware of the shortcomings of the taxation system and is discussing theintroduction of a new system, based on the following principles:

(a) The fees should equal the cost of wood replacement.

(b) The income from the fees should totally or in part be channelled back to the "owners"of the forest resources, that is the cooperatives or the plantation operators.

(c) Incentives should be given to invest the fee income into reforestation.

(c) Attempts to Rationalize Charcoal Production

7.12 The authorities have tried two means to rationalise the production of charcoal: theSEE attempted to increase the productivity of charcoal production through the promotion of higheryielding kiln techniques; and the prefectoral authorties of Dubreka and of Forecadah haveforbidden the production of charcoal in their regions since 1989.

7.13 To increase charcoal productivity, the "Division Energies Nouvelles et Renouvelables"of the SEE launched a training program in 1989 for charcoal markets in the Dubreka region forthe use of modem metal based kilns/retorts (a modified version of the Casamance kiln), an improvedcarbonization technique which permits efficiency savings of about 20% above the traditionalmethods. All the equipments (10 kilns) were placed in the prefecture of Dubreka. Unfotunately thetest program had to be cancelled two months later because of a law against charcoal production in theDubreka and the Forecariah regions issued by the prefectoral authorities.

7.14 The prohibition of charcoal production in the two regions stopped the "improvedcharcoaling" program, but not the production of charcoal in the areas. According to a survey madeby the MACA/ESMAP project in 1990, more than 20% of the ripply of charcoal comes from the

20 In addition, a non-official fee may be paid by the operator to the "traditional user" for obtaining the right forexploitation. Normally, the charcoalers pay a case of coca cola plus FG 60,000 to the village chiefs for the right toproduce charcoal in a detemnined area

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Dubreka region. The control post on the main roads into Conakry established by the police and thecustom authorities accept the illegal transport of charcoal from Dubreka.

(d) Fuelwood Production Projects

7.15 During the 1980s several forestry projects were launched and the end of the decadesaw the oreparation of the "Plan d'Action Environnemental" (PEA). While most of these projectsaimed at the management of high-value wood resources, four projects provide particularly relevantinfonnation for the future supply of fuelwood to the cities:

(a) The "Schema Directeur d'Amenagement de la Mangrove".

(b) The USAID supported "Forets Communautaire" project in the Prefecture of Pitastarted in 1983 to promote the plantation of village forests.

(c) The same intentions based on fastgrowing species are behind the CE suppiortedproject "Foresterie rurale a Kankan" which runs from 1990 to 1995.

(d) The CE supported "Plantations forestieres a croissance rapide pourl'approvisionnement de Conakry en bois-energie" project will from 1989 to 1994promote village plantations to produce poles and fuelwood.

C. Demand Side Policies: Promotion of Improved Stoves

(a) Household Stoves

7.16 The Improved Stove Project (PFA) in Conakry was founded in 1983. Despite its eailycreation very few improved stoves have been disseminated. Consequently, the achievements of thePFA (1.4% penetration in Conakry households) lag considerably behind the results in this area in theneighboring countries Niger and Burkina Faso (more than 30% penetration in their capitals).

7.17 The traditional malgache stoves are made by metal workshops in the infonmal sector.In Conakry two types of metal workshops can be distinguished: "welders" (artisans forgeron-soudeurs) and "plumbers" (artisans ferplantiers-t6liers). The "welders" make their products from newmetal and weld the metal together using electricity. The key products are doors and window frames.The leftovers of metal from this production are used by apprentices for the production of Malgachestoves. Hardly any "welders" sell their products through door by door sales or on markets. Theproducts are sold to customers who come to the shops. The "plumbers" use no electric welding anduse scrap metal as their raw material in production. The key products are scissors, water jugs and potsfor sale on the markets or by door-to-door sales. They do not produce malgache stoves.

7.18 The strategy of the PFA in Conakry aimed at replacing the malgache stoves by animproved model, leaving the production and marketing system tor woodfuel stoves untouched. Assuch, the strategy was the same as the strategies in Burkina Faso and Niger. Therefore, the PFAtrained the "welders" in the production of the two improved stove models, the Kaloum and the Malou.

Table 7.1: Price of Metal in Conakry, 1990

Thicknessmn pF FG/m2 Price

New Metal 15 mm 20,000 10,000 2*1 m

Scrap 1.8*0.87 m.

-New 12 mm 5,500 3,500-Old 12 mm 3500 2,500

Sowce: SEE/ESMAP swrveys, 1990.

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7.19 However, the problem is that the characteristics of the "welder" metal workshops, donot correspond to the production needs of the Mamou and Kaloum stoves. These stoves require largepieces of metal and can not be made from the leftovers of the production of window and doorframes. Therefore, the improved stoves are rather expensive. The direct production cost of theMamou is about 4000 FG. When including the indirect costs like workshop rent, managerial cost etc.and a reasonable profit margin, the retail price is 800-1000 FG higher, or almost twice the price ofthe Malgache stove.

7.20 To solve the cost problem, two options are available. Either nfw lower cost improvedstove models have to be designed for the "welder" workshops; or the price of the existing improvedstove models has to be reduced through new methods of production. As can be seen from table 7.1, aprice reduction is feasible when scrap metal is used. A cost production, therefore, may be achieved ifthe production is switched from the "welder" workshops to the "plumber" workshops who use scrapmetal.

7.21 The workshop switching option has some advantages. The "plumber" workshops havethe required skills for using scrap metal. They are used to using templates in their production andcan therefore achieve the required standardization of stove production. The design of new improvedstove models, on the other hand, takes time and neglects the PFA's experience with the Mamou andKaloum stoves. The drawbacks, however, are also obvious: New marketing systems have to designed,and competition from the malgache producers will be fierce. Nevertheless in other towns in Guinea(l'Abe, Pita and Mamou) there are already examples of NGO run stove projects that use this scheme.

(b) Improved Stoves for the Informal Sector

7.22 The SEE has attempted to introduce more energy efficient stoves for fish smoking ofthe Chocor type. The efforts, however, have not been successful. The fish smokers claim that theapplication of the improved stoves changes the taste of the fish, and that the consumers prefer thecustomaly taste. Since the results were discouring, new efforts should concentrate on developing anew model that satisfies the triple user requirements of energy efficiency, product taste and ease ofoperation.

D. Towards a New Household Energy Strategy

(a) The Need for a Reform

7.23 The state of affairs for household energy is not satisfactory:

(a) The service level for the modem household fuels - LPG, electricity and kerosene isbelow African standards. Supply is restricted and the financial cost of the fuels is highdue to an inefficient distribution system.

(b) Biomass fuels are readily available. But the exploitation of fuelwood resources at thepresent per capita levels is unsustainable in the longer term.

(c) The attempts to introduce energy saving programs have failed both with regard to thepromotion of improved stoves for the informal and the household sector, and withregard to the introduction of improved charcoaling techniques.

7.24 Thus, consumer welfare is negatively affected by the lack of choice caused by thehigh costs and the limited availability of modem fuels and of improved stoves; while the economy ishurt by the environmental consequences of the level of biomass demand and the structure of biomasssupply.

7.25 Sweeping reforms are needed across a wide front. But because of the magnitude ofthe necessary changes and the limited capacity of the public sector to quickly absorb changes, thestrategy has to make a careful evaluation of what is needed in terms of refoim, and what is feasible toachieve within the envisaged time frame.

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7.26 The policy recommendations that resulted from this study are presented in theexecutive summary. They represent a first stage towards the implementation of an institutional systemthat is capable of covering the demand for household energy in a rational and least cost manner. Thepolicy recommendations for the short term are based on a vision for the long term institutionalcontext, that is described below.

(b) A Model for the Household Energy Situation 20 Years from Now

7.27 In recognition of the need to promote competition and to tap private capital forneeded infrastructure investments, the production and the supply of energy have been fullyprivatized. Nevertheless, the influence of the Govenment with regard to promoting a positivedevelopment of the sector is now stronger than ever. A well trained professional staff definesguidelines for the development of the sector; fixes pricing policies to promote Governmentobjectives; monitors market prices, the risk of abuse of oligopoly positions and the compliance withthe agreements of the licensed supply companies; defines and monitors norms for safe operations;and identifies and defines priority programs fcr infrastructure investment, R&D and energy savingcampaigns, that are partly financed by foreign grant funds.

7.28 ONAH has been liquidated and well known International oil companies have takenover imports, the storage and distribution of oil products. The involvement of professional oilcompanies has led to the build up of a modem infrastructure for import and storage facilities,transport systems and a well operated network of service stations throughout the country.

7.29 Kerosene is available in sufficient quantities to cover demand, and sold by the oilcompanies from the pump at all service stations. Small peddlers still acquire kerosene at the pump forreselling in the streets at small quantities. But the price of kerosene to the final consumer has fallenThe rationalization of the operations has decreased the cost of kerosene at the pump; and the reducedwaiting time at the pump has reduced the margins of the resellers. In the larger cities such asConakry, the private oil companies supply kerosene directly from half ton tankers into kerosenedrums at the larger retail shops, from which consumers can purchase it in any needed quantity. Somelow-cost kerosene stoves are imported, while local blacksmiths produce an alternative low cost modelwhich was developed under an SEE sponsored programme. As a result of the lower price of kerosene,its improved availability and the existence of locally adapted stoves, some 25% of urban householdsare using kerosene for cooking, although mostly as a secondary fuel.

7.30 The Societe Guineenne des Petroles (SGP) has invested in LjQ receiving facilities atthe harbour, from which LPG is supplied by road tankers to botting plants. Private licensedentrepreneurs own and operate six small bottling plants, one in each of the six largest cities. Theforeign exchange cost of the plants was covered by bilateral grants from the country of orign.Before inslation, the plants were purchased by the private entrepreneurs who won the bottling pIantcontracts through a system of open bidding. Several locally adapted low cost LPG stoves aremarketed. Among the cylinders, the 6 kg bottle with its associated stove has the highest market share.The lower price and the higher availability of LPG and the aggressive marketing efforts by theprivate plant operators increased the penetration of LPG among urban households to 15%. LPG isused mainly as a secondary fuel, but consumption has reached 15,000 tons.

7.31 The state power company ENELGQUI has been tumed Into a joint stock company withthe Govemnment holding a 51% share and Guinean private capital holding the remaining shares. Theactivities of the company are regulated by a well defined licensing agreement, that contains welldefined performance targets for the company's operation. The financial situation of the company Ison a sound footing, thanks to a combination of three factors:

(a) An appropriate system of tariffs pemits ful cost recoverage;

(b) An efficient system of billing and active contmls have reduced non-technical losses tolow levels;

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(c) Technical losses were reduced to low levels through more efficient operation andbecause the financial situation of the company makes it possible to invest inpreventive maintenance.

7.32 Because of the improved financial situation and due to the mobilization of privateshare capital, ENELGUI has adequate funds to expand the system of distribution in the cities. Thanksto these investments already 50% of the urban population are connected to the grid.

7.33 Woodfuels are still the most important and cheapest source of household energy. Butthe system of woodfuel production and supply has become more regulated, and Improved stoveprograms have led to the use of improved stoves by a majority of the urban households and by mostenergy intensive informal industries.

7.34 The pressure of the growing population on available resources has not ceased. But themost dramatic consequences for the ecosystem that were feared at the beginning of the 1990s havebeen avoided. Two important structural reforms improved the situation. Firstly, land use planning isbeing introduced in Guinea and has started to yield the first results in Guinea Maritime. Secondly, inagriculture, land use planning is supported by a substantially Improved agricultuml extension servicethat provides farmers with training in higher yielding and ecologically more sustainable methods ofproduction.

7.35 The woodfuel chain is regulated as part of land use planning. The forestr serviceregulates the cutting of fuelwood through a system of licen3es to professional charcoalers andfuelwood suppliers. Taxes and fees are collected on non-produced fuelwood in order (i) to enablethe production of fuelwood from natural forest management and from afforestation schemes onmarginal land for agricultural purposes to be competitive on the market (ii) to finance the cost oftechnical assistance and monitoring by the forestry service and (iii) to promote the gradualpenetration of substitute fuels on the urban market. As part of land use planning, the forestry servicedirects the professional charcoal makers to forested areas that are cleared for agricultural expansion.As a result, more than 80% of charcoal is produced from this source of wood.

7.36 The immediate priority during the 1990s for land use planning was given to theimplementation of the Schema Directeur d"Amenagement de la Mangrove Guineenne (SDAM). Thetwo needs to (i) secure the mangroves as an important source of fuelwood supply for Conakry and(ii) to secure the area's potential for fisheries, were equally important considerations for thedetermined action of the Government. The situation of the Mangroves was brought under controldue to the implementation of a well-integrated programme, which comprised the following elements:(i) The clearing of large mangrove areas for the cultivation of paddy rice was reduced by providingthe farmers with technical assistance and the necessary fertiliser inputs for new methods ofproduction that optimised yields without undue damage to the ecosystem. (ii) "Natural forestmanagement", which secures the participants the exclusive right to the production, was introducedand technical assistance is provided by the DNFC. (iii) Salt production in the mangroves is licensed tovillage cooperatives who are using solar based technologies as process heat. As a result, fallowedpaddies are being afforested and forest utilization is based on the principle of sustained yieldmanagement.

- 37 -

Annex I

LIST OF BACKGROUND STUDIES PREPARED BY THEGUINEA HOUSEHOLD ENERGY PROJECT

1. Counterparn Wodidng Group

a. La production de chalbn de bo's

b. Les ressources forestieres

c. Politique forestier. le cadre institutionnel

d. Les axes d'actions qui portent sur l'approvisionnement enen combustible ligneux

e. Strategie de diffusion de foyers amellores dans la vile de Conakry

2. Questionnaire and household survey results, J. Arpaillange

3. Report on woodfuel market chain survey - rainy season. 0. Madon

4. Assessment on woody biomass available forfuel, Interforest AB

S. Draft report on household energy strategy, F. Lauuitsen

6. Fmal report on household energy strategy, W. Mos

ENERGY CONSUMPTION STATISTICS, GUINEA 1"9

ENERGY BALANCE IN GUINEA

FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPItON BY SECTOR, 1989/1990TJ PER YEAR

SECTOR FUELWOOD CHARCOAL, FUELOIL GASOIL PETROL GAS BUTANE ELECTRICr1Y TOTAL

HOUSEHOLD, INF. SECTOR 39656 1599 0 1270 0 5 294 42825TRANSPORT 0 0 0 1383 2818 0 0 4201INDUSTRY. MINING 0 0 13802 2181 544 0 121 16649PUBI SECTOR 0 0 0 616 0 0 340 956

TOTAL 39656 1599 13802 5451 3361 5 755 64630 oo

SOURCEESMAP ESTIMATES. ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION REFLECTS ONLY ENELGUI'S SALES IN THE

CONAKRY AND KINDIA AREASTHE EXTENT OF AUTOPRODUCTION IS UNKNOWN, BUT DUE TO THE PROBLEMS WrrH INSUFFICIENTAND UNSTABLE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY IN GUINEA, AUTOPRODUCTION ARE VERY COMMEN

HOUSEHOLD ENERGY DEMAND IN CONAICRY

CONAKRY HOUSEHOLDIINFORMAL SECTORENERGY CONSOMPTION, 1981990TONS, ELECTRICTlY-GWH

FUELWOOD CHARCOAL GASOIL KEROSENE LPG ELECTRICY

URBAN HOUSEHOLD 129191 38740 11075 15188 io7 67 m 3URBAN INF.SECTOR 61054 6837 j

TOTAL 190245 45577 11075 15188 107 _67i

ESMAP ESTIMATES. ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION REFLECTS ONLY ENELGUI'S SALES IN THECONAKRYTHE EXTENT OF AUTOPRODUCTION IS UNKNOWN, BUT DUE TO THE PROBLEMS WITH INSUFFICIENTAND UNSTABLE ELECTRICllY SUPPLY IN CONAKRY, AUTOPRODUCTION ARE VERY COMMENIT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SEPARATE CONSOMMATION OF OILPRODUCTS IN THE HOUSEHOLD ANDTHE iNFORMAL SECTOR

ETAT CTASBQTIOUE DE* IUPORTATIO4 DE PETROLE. OMAN

IJTRE PAtN AN 6t000 PcpDlow P.tIlo.t 1i00

1904 t0S 10017 t0" 100 Mpera Co e A -dpays C ot.kY ft02 do poy

6055 t s0000_ 50408 6Olo74 0100419 10"?77 02240502

GOSMPOUR1RAklM- OoSCoo 45t00 10402 411000

PORT.E JCtRAE ET AEltU A1E 1toJ:a 005205 1052310 075240 0U110040 17202 C4stoemmsdon de produ*.

Es _ 11_ 40402 20000 23141601 1tM7222 p.oodm Pu to&* cont0fam"Otl

etA011. P80t1 t7Ui 21111 100104050 212903123 imiiie@5i i7tji

TOFtNE 1 1ElOE PAN AN T.t do Cfa- AVifGe cto- Owl.. heua du p&ys pM lw40..

06DEN7 Et1 EN LiFE soem _ a.mus "omol6 C*r&Wy Con.AAq N d0p)..

PA 0to1e UAEtMOUE *004 ta 1"? 1000 10" VW ota ' ml 'A ml *0 ml

Es,6NCE 130t 0020 423 710300 70405 5s0 -35 03202 a2 SIM to 1130 0.05200 0.0002st

0*501. 1200 01300 80004 6706 01320 13 3ts 32 04e ?6 t 0040 22 14265 0.05147 00aot02

TKEiOS oiE U2J0 e7_tztha3 t 2 4 t102 14e0t t0000 16512 3100 el 40 30 o 9,000

TOTAL. P-61110.6 142342 0730" 140270 170?75 150730 141905 119040 - 3)055 0.112829 0.00875 -o

Pep..10n 10000oftsity Roosdvdpays

035000 4511000Cos.ommelIon de piOduftpoes.. ON .9b. Conoomnstlon

TItt de aocs- Avs.g ton- Olaf" Il... du pays pmw htsui p an

POtVOIR OJPANRAN s_eft arm"" ... mc'l CoMbo1 Con0fy As. do p"yeCALORIFCVAIU* 1s" so" t10 6 169e % ps o Si OJ S.O 0.1 0J

ESSFNC1 47E 3207464 20105 3592101 3301171 a011591 -3.0 3017507 02 2474430 10 543167 2.S 0.2

o*501 44.1 2742102 2230972 20200 3635274 3270052 32 02410 n 224334 22 030531 230 0.1

ICEROSEIE 42.5 st5150 238535 0)7360 _25041 8OSS21 It24 0O0314 05 510355 s 30010 0.5 0o01

TOTAl.tPETFJtE __ 01t555 440500 0e4 71492 0892271 852037 530606 t2t17tO 5.30 Fi2ji

8018 DE CHAUFFE VILE DIE CONA ,KRY TONNE PAR AN. 1990TIO 7NF1PTPANESAP. M P0uva

CAltOWIfC Consomtbc Con.onommtonVALUE low co.wo mno lIon p.. h&bOd pm sib pm hebitaMt pa low

GJ pw teet.. s d.ldd (NJa Poa COnDky Cuimbip19e o( tt 0 KOGo

8OIt06 MAEtROVE. 5ECTS0UR tORIIEL. 53401 t8 002200 St 4.03 0O14

(S06506 MANGROV9E SCTEUR MENAGR 00051 tO I05105 ."5 0

00008 NVAWINN6S. O6OUR INFORMEI. 10% 7803 t30 0.13 0.02 >

a_ DE__VA__ SEC1EUR7.5N^OE ^ 9 __ o tl 1195645 6 t1s 00 Is17245 33044 103 3.20 am1

C4Ao0DE 50. SCI INFORN EO ttS 0037 30 205007 7 0,20 0,02

CHIARSONpEEOtS.SS CtIEURIOEIIAGI _ a5 30740 30 tt22214 31 t 0.t 0

florAl. OOIsOUMAIIO N 071*500 tB 4SStt t _ 4? -- t73_2

FORECASTS FOR HIOUSEIIOLD AND INFORMAL SECTORCONSUMPTION, 1990-2009, RURAL AREA AND MAJOR CITIES

P6umEatAaumoI6tmiUsuEOw 1666

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1(6,64 233*656 341609 80226 M063 274.308 280184 MM646 311*32 323.7*2 388.875 353.236 368.427 394208 40*70 41kW?2 438.30 454.750 474.304 464.700 5*5.972 I46Io 217.443 226.576 636.06 2460 258634 26AS0 27.3258 2300*4 30.1t15 3*4.687 636.12 341.63 350.28 371.285 366.6 4033M0 49.660 437.619 456.30 475.515Z _qkr. 284.32 9422 274.888 308.266 26.425 307.68 2t9.7 332.4n 3W443 30.018 372t313 30r.457 4W0.6 410.26 434.8F0 48l.6SD 4k.136 487.435 806.445 s.9AMe NM. 559357.3 266.788 20.4 231.818 304.072 314kB63 330.151 3$44017 38.486 37AS21 308206 4050* 42S93 440.338 456.83 478.103 408.194 519JO8 840.90opiOofta*ib 3OWN606 700 303M 6 4.<6.6 4.177*4 4sM6s4 43476 4.45.304 4.80. 4.84.848 4.730642 4,634.88t 4,630130 5.028*21 .10,00 5214.447 .30lUSS 5.40t.0t1 5.4g2684 563.3w3

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- 41 - Annex 11.2Page 2 of 3

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-43 -

Annex I1.3Page 1 of 6

CLASSIFICATION OF BIOMASS RESOURCES IN GUINEA MARITIME

Reproduction for the report "Potentialites et Possibilites de Relance de I'Activite Forestiere"by Jean Esteve, Raymond Labrousse and Sylvie Gourlet

Tableau I

FOUTA ZONE ZONERESSOURCES ZONE GEOCRARICUE GUINEE TRANSITION OGUNEE fJALON ET SOUOANO SOUOAO-

EN WoIS ftORESTIERE fORETI =O1TAI. CONTRE- .OUINEENNE .0tJWIEENINEODCUVRE Y E EA SAVANE ET MARITIMS fORTS SmO NORO

; RESSOURC£S Pt4fltAti5 A. Al Al

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83AESSOURCES Fts d'(llitudi II-

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-44 -

Annex II.3Page 2 of 6

Tableau 2

Nature de la ressource et utilisation possible

fORtt OEWSE GALERIES fOREt SECHE PLANTATIONSNUmIof fORESTlERES SAVAD4E SOISEES _

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ORiT SECIIE1SAVANE SOtSEE: CZlO., r.o4, le*Id;l Feet.e

POXTATIONS : Pins (Fmset. t,lon I rh . Caui/w

RSSOURCES SISCEPTI3LES OALIMEKTER ( SOUS RESERVE DES CONDITIONS ECONOMIOVES ET

4+ + 4- aepeeeise, to.a

+ + : *ui en

4. : et.' 4 ha e..dewa.

O : v. u ktnd d

- 45 -

Annex II.3Page 3 of 6

12 RESSOURCES EN BOIS D'OEUVRE CONCENTREES

121 Unitf cartooraphique Al : Plantations forestieres Wges de plusde 20 ans

121.1 Localisation de la ressource

Ces plantations couvrent au total une superficie inferieure A3 000 ha. Elles sont localis6es A proxitit6 des pr6fectures ou en placettescomprises dans le p6riistre des forets ¢lass6es. Dans le plupyrt des cas, cesplantations somblent navoir fait l'obj6t d'aucun suivi sylvicol'e'ou de pro-tection officaes contre les feux.

Los principales de. ces plantations sont situ&es

- dans la r6gion de Delaba : plantations de PiA ' 450 ha.- dans la r6gion de Kindia : bloc Kouredi. situ6 A une quinzaine de kilom6-tres de Kindis : 1 376 ha de Teck et de Gaetinae .

- dons Is pr6fecture de Mamou : foret classee de la Pinselli, plantations deTeak et de OaelinA,

- dans la pr6fecture de For6cariah : fornt de Saraboli, plant6e au 3/4.640 ha environ, en Teck et Gaetina,

- dans la pr6fecture de Kankan : plantations de Teck et Gaelina au sud de Ken-kan,

- dans Is pr6fecture de Kouroussa : p6rimetre de reboisement du Niger, au sudde Kouroussa, aujourd'hui pratiquetent d6truit par les defrichements.

- aux environs de Dabola et de Faranah : placettes de faible extension.

121.2 Contexte fcolocioue

Ces plantations sont localis6es en conditions de sites tres varia-bles (sol, pente. rigime hydrique), avec des pluviom6tries comprises entre1 SOO am et plus de 3 000 mm (forct de Saraboli).

En raison de l'abserce de gestion (aucune doan6e fiable n'a pu 6trerecueillie) et des d6gets r6sultant des incendies, elles no peuvent 6treconsid6r6es comme des r6f6rences.

122 tni t6 cartooraghigue A2 : For6ts. denses humides sempervirentesde Guin6e Occidentale et de Guineo Foresti6re

122.1 Localisation de la ressource

En Guinee Occidentale et Maritime, il s'agit do reliques dovenuestrls rares comme la for6t de Kameleya dans la pr6fecture de For6cariah etquelques bols sacr6s sur le littoral.

En Guin6e Forestiere. on les trouve essentiellement dens les forntsclsss6es de Ziama et de DMMke. et dans le sud de l pr6fecture de Lola (r4-gion de N'Zo).

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Annex 11.3Page 4 of 6

122.2 Contexte icolWoiue

In Ouin&e Occidentole et PfaritiLe

Les for6ts guincennes sempervirentes couvraient probablement touteslea situations de sol suffisamment favorables de la zone a pluviomitrie coo-prise entre 2 50i. et 4 000 mm (Guin6e Maritime).

Leur dWfrichemenc eat tris ancipn et etait deji for$ement avanc6 31'6Poque de le premiire couverture phdtographique ehrieane det ;la r6gion(1954). Depuis cette date les d6trichements ont parachev6 la disparition desderniers petits massifs restant et ce quelle quo sait l'aptitude agricole des

Il oat probable quo ces forets dani -leur. composition floristiquesoient a subdiviser en deux groupes

- Les farets des collines et plateaux de la'zone littorale. I Fronager avecun pourcentage variable de P@laiers & hui'e dont il reste peut-etre quel-Ques t6moins en limite de la Guin6e Biasau.

- Les forets localis6es sur contreforts des plateaux greseux implanties surchaos gr6seux fissurcs et b6n6ficiant d'une forte hygrooetrie pendant unebonne partie de la seison seche. A 1'exception de la for&c de Kameleya itno subsiste de ces forets quo des recrOs ligneux secondaires ne depassantpas quelques mltres de hauteur.

122.3 Ressources en beis d'oeuvre

In Guinft Occidentale et maritime :

Les principales essences de bols d'oeuvre rencontrees dans Is foratde Kameleya sont le Lingu. Z'Iroko. 1. Frcnird. ec le Fromager.

Certaines do ces essences, en raison de leur inturit technologiqueat surtout de le proximit6 des msrch6s consomaateurs font l'objet d'une ex-ploltation ranuelle artisanale (cieurs do long) destiuo a al lmenter les pr#-fectures proches et dans certains cea, tr6s vraisemblibleaent destinee fsle-sent A Conakry.

135 Unit6 cartoursohiaue es : Reliques de forets denses, savanes bois6eset forats p6rivillageolses do GuinIe Occidentele et Maritime

On les trouve en grande Jeajorit& dans le nord-ouest du pays dans Ispr&fecture do BokW et do fagon tris dispera4e sur tout le'littoral (bois ss-cra on g6neral). On trouve des forSts p6rMvllageoises surtout dans le pr6-feeture de For6cariah. Cette unitS cuvre. au total. une superficie restr@in-to.,:

135.1 Contexte ecolocique

L'sItitude moyenne est inf%rieure 5 100 m. et les pr6clpitations w-pErfeures £ 2 000 as. La saison seche dure.de 4 & 6 mois.

Cos formations s'6tendent g6neralement sur des Plaines et cllipesbasses a sol ferr4litique profond.

135.2 Ressourees en bois d'oeuvre

Ces formations dans Is mesure om aloas n'ont pas fet dIfrich5es de-puis 1980 pourraient contenir aes essences comae le LinguE. l roko. le frIom-Oer.

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Annex II.3Page 5 of 6

144 Uniti eartoorsanlaue C4 : Savanestarborkes et reliques forestieresde la zone de transition fo et-savane i

On trouve cette uniti sur des superficies plus ou moins etenduesdans les prefectures de Faranah (sud de la pr6fecture). de Kissidougou.. doKerouan& et de Boyle essentiellement (mimes eonditions ecologiques que pourl'uniti 84). Elle est constitut6o d'une succession de formations arborces dedensiti variable (savane arbustive a forC,t s6che) et de savanes herbeuses,tris vulnirables car parcourues chaque annee par-de violents feux de brousse(recul des derniers lambeaux de forits siches qui laissent la place aux save-nes boisees puis arbor6es. avec leur cort6ge floristique de plus en plus pyr-ophile et appauvri). Les reliques forestlires (fornts seches ou humides) losplus int6ressantes subsistent dans les zones a fortes contraintes de relief(cha¶nes de Fon, de Going. hauts massifs et collines cuirassies) et d'aecessibiliti difficile, au niveau des forets galeries (essences les plus interessan-tes Acajou. Iroko, Fromager, Mitrogync stipuiosa dans les Las-fonds) et des

forets pdrivillageoises (Acajou. Fromoger. Dob*bc. parfois frokE, Froait etScabs).

154 Unite cartooraohiue 04 Reliques foresti6res et boqueteaux isolison zone de transition foret-savane

Cette unit, s'etend dans une large bande oucst-est prenant en echar-Pe le sud de la Guinie entre Is prdfecture de Kindis I l'ouest et cello deBoeyl 3 lest, et correspondent, sur 50 a 100 km (nord-sud) Isla zone de tran-sition fornt-savene (Mtme region naturelle et mimes conditions icologiquesquo pour les unites 84 et C4). r

Les ressources en bois d'oeuvre sont tris disoersios 3 la faveur destypes de stations suivents

- Galeries forestieres autrefois relativement larges avec une flore s'apparen-tent a celle des for&ts humides guiniennes et comportent des Fromagers.L'exemPle reprisentatif est constitub par les quelques reliques de la fo-ret du sud-est de la reserve de faune de Kankan.

Toutes ces reliques sont. en voie de disparition accileree et il n'en rest*quo quelauts temoins sous formes d'arbres isol6s (Fromager, Zroko et Mitre-oynu stLpulosa) dans leas bas-fonds.

- Boqueteaux de quelques. hectares de forets dispersis au milieu de savanesfeiblement boisees dont Te. seuls arhres presentant un interet bofs d'oeu-

,vre sont le VnAe (Pterocarjbus erinoceus) et l'AzobE de savenes, (LophirooZato).

Les res,ources exploftables sont peu importantes et quelle que soit. leur ve-lour irGleds lors de l'ach6ve#ent de Is conquite agricole des galeries fo-restinres r6siduelles.

Les seules actions onvisageables sont le classement en fornts villageoisesdes quelques tftes de source encore boisees ou des quelques boqueteaux icouvert forestier suffisamment dense pour que les feux qui ravagent cetteunite cheque annie y soient d'une mc.ndre intensiti.

1S5 Unite cartoeraohioue S0 Reliques forestibres. savanes et jacheresde Cuinie Occidental& et Maritime

Pmme rEgion naturelle. mimes conditions ecologiques que les unitis8S et CS.

Cette unitE se distingue de l'unit6 CS par un taux de boisement

nettemint plus faible. Oq trouve les arbres A l'etat isoli dans les champs*et dans les endroits les plus difficilellent accessibles (rebords de cuirasses.qualques t6tes de source. diaclases d*s massif5 grisoux). Lt saant Plus o.mains arbor6e et les jacheres dominent tres largement.

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Annex 11.3Page 6 of 6

163 Unite cartooraohioue E3 : Savanes faiblement arborfes sur plateauxet collines ghn6ralement cuirasis6es

On trouve cette unite dans tout le nord de la Guinfe (region soudano~-guin6enne nord), ainsi qu'en Basse et Moyenne Guinee sur des superficie6tendues.

En Haute et Moyenne Guin6e. il est encore possible de trouver dbois d'oeuvre dans les endroits les plus difficilement accessibles (rebordde cuirasses), mais la ressource est globalement tres faible.

164 UnitE cartoaraphioue E4 : Savanes faiblement arborees en zone detransition forit-savane

Mare region naturelle et mimes conditions ecologiques quo pour leunit6s 84, C4 et 04.

Cette unit& se distingue de l'unite 04 par ia disparition quasitotale des galeries forestieres. et des derniers boqueteaux de forets. L.savane falblemnt arboree est syst6satique.ent ravag6e par les feux et 1.v6gEtation a tendanee a evoluer vers une savane arbustive pyrophile. Le:ressources an bois d'ouvre sont inexistantes on dehors des forets perivillageoises dans la region de Kissidougou.

165 Unit6 cartooraohfhiue ES : Savanes faiblements arboreos sur plateauxgrEseux

Elles occupent des surfaces impartantes entre Kindia et Fria (o leimassifs grdseux surplombent la zone littorale A des altitudes variant d'untcentaine de m&tres au niveau de Wasseu a plus de I 000 a au nord de Kindia)au nord-est de Boke et dans la r6gion de tEliimEi a Lelouma (massifs plu161eves et plus secs). t

La vegetation dominante est une savane arborhe trEs claire avec doesarbres chetifs et mal developpes sans valeur en tant que bois d'oeuvre.

Toutes les zones beneficiant de conditions d'alimentation en ecu fa-vorables portaient autrefois des formations semi-caducifolihes ou semperviren-tes s'apperentant aux unitEs cartographiques 83 et 85 et installees :

- vans les zones fracturant le massif greseux en galeries lin6eires sur plu-siours dizaines de kilomEtres.

- Sur les gres poreux relativesent riches en eau. fMions de Joirnite loculi-s6s A flanc de versant ou an buttes surplombant les plateaux greseux.

- Sur toutes les formations d'iboulis de pente.

Ces formations forestiires ont pratiquesent toutes disperu ec sontau mieux represent6es par des fourrns secondaires issus de Jachires (unit&cartographique R) qui n'ont pas tous 6t6 delimites par Is carte au 1/500 000rEalis6e dans le cadre de cette etude.

Le survol aerien a mis en Evidence des reliques de l'ordre de quel-ques hectares localis6es dars des conditions do relief pratiquement inaccessi-bles : is surface totale restant tris faible a 1'Echelle du massif.

'Trs faiblenent habitoes. d'utilisation pastorale extensive (ce Qui

n'exclut pas is culture occasionnelle sur Ies rares sites suffisamment ri-ches en ligneux pour produire un Peu de cendre fertilisante). cos rones nepr6sentent A 1 fois ni ressource, ni probl6te d,alimentation de bois d'oeu-vre pour les besoins locaux.

PRICE STRUCTURES FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, CONAKRY, 190

STRUCTURE DES PRlX DES PRODUffS PETOUE. GUINE, BQUE MONDIALE. ESMAP-PROGRAMME 1990

JUIN 1990

UNIrEE ESSENCE GASOIL KEROSENE

Fwae CAf par $orm metrque USS 208.50 170.00 179.00Pen ceai o(1%) US$ 2.09 1.70 1.79Factue CAF nette USS 210.59 171.70 180.79Dense en litre par torme nukpie Litre 1300.00 1200.00 1250.00Factre CAF par lmre USS 0.16 0.14 0.14Taux dscad(l FGN/S$ 665.00 665.00 665.00Comisl de da e (.5%) FG 3.33 3.33 3.33Taux da dae effecti FGAUS$ 668.33 668.33 668.33Factute cal par liMe FG 108.26 95.63 96.66Fraisfirmcisr0.35%) FG 0.38 0.33 0.34Taens sdmw*f et TCA(25%) FG 27.07 23.91 24.17Frais porluaVefita, psags depot FG 5.09 4.43 5.09Transpon per lkre FG 40.00 40.00 40.00Maredosbuun ONH et p FG 194.20 185.70 183.75Prix de venteala a FG 375 350 3501

STRUCTURE DES PRIX DES PRODUITS PETOIUES, GUINEE. BANQUE MONDIALE. ESMAP-PROGRAMME 1990

OCTOBRE 1990

UNMlEE ESSENCE GASOIL KEROSENE

Factum CAF par tomemetqu US$ 397.50 285.00 352.00Poet Cagso (1%) US$ 3.8 2.85 3.52Facue CAF nuelt USS 401.48 287.85 355.52Denskeen lm per tomne metue Ltr 1300.00 1200.00 1250.00Factur CAF par lre US$ 0.31 0.24 0.28Tamxdecha gslbig) FGAiJS$ 675.00 675.00 675.00 '>

CommfIion de chag (.5) FG 3.38 3.38 3.38 :Taixdechang.e bOc FGJUS$ 678.38 678.38 678.38 C:Fachure al per like FG 209.50 162.73 192.94 , XFnPs fi wpnuicir0.S%s) FG 0.73 0.57 0.68 O tTax9sdouanw9ldestTC0A(25%) FG 52.38 40.68 48.24 t 4Frals potauliesVerits, passage dpot FG 9.73 7S5 10.15Transpod per Mm FG 55.41 55.33 90.87Ma2de2dronONAHet.Ptn FG 2225 183.14 1S7.131Prix de vente a la pompe FG 560 450 _ QO

-so -

Annex II.4Page 2 of 2

PRIX COMPARATIF DES DIFFERENTS COMBUSTIBLES DOMESTIQUESDISPONIBLES SUR LE MARCHE A CONAKRY

PRIX VENTE AU DETAI POUVOIR EFFICACITE PRIX REEL_CALORIFI-THERMIQUE UTILE FGMJ UTILE

PRIX I UNITE IMJ/KG MIN MAX I MIN MAXSOiS DE F£U 31 KG 18,50 0,12 0,25 14 7CHARBON DE 8018 108 KG 29,00 0,25 0,35 15 11GAZOIL 700 LITRE 4s,70 0,30 0,40 51 38PETROLE 700 LiTRE 43,50 0,30 0,40 84 40GZ BUTANE 925 KG 46,20 0,45 0,5S 44 36ELECTRICITE III _ _

STRUCTURE DU PRIX DE VENTE DU KEROSENE ET DU GAZOILA CONAKRY (Septembre-Octobre 1990), FG

I KEROSENE i3AZOILI SEPTEM8.1 OCTOBRE I SEPTSM98.1 OCTOSRE I

VENTE POMPEprix d'achat/lltre 350 450 3S0 500VENTE QUARTIER

prix vents semi-grossiste 475 620 450 600frais transport 35 45 25 25marge 90 125 75 75Pix venra detaiiiant" 575 700 $50 700

| marpe detaillant 100 80 100 iool

* les semi-orossistes so ravtaillent a Ia pompe**Ies detaillants so ravitaillent chez les semi-grossistes

PRiX ET VOLUME DES UNITES DE MESURE DU KEROSENE ET DU GAZOLE ICONAKRY, OCTOBRE 1990

COMBUSTBLES UNITES DE MESURE

I LITRE I POT CIGARETTE 1 POT TOMATE !KEROSENE

Prix staton (FG) 450 -

Prix grossiste detaillantmoyen (FG) 620 130

Prix moyen detaillmnt 700 175 60Volume moyen (*) 1 0.250 | 0.072

(en litre) I__GAZOLE

Prix station 5001Prix grossiste detaillant I I

moyen 600 125 -

Prix moyen detaillant 700 150 60Volume moyen (t) 1 0.250 0.072

(en litre)

| .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

N.B. (*) quatre (4) pots de cigarette vaent un (1) litreLes prix sont exprimes en Franc guineen (FG)

-.51-

Annex 11.5Page 1 of 5

PRICE STRUCTURE OF FUELWOOD AND FOR CHARCOAL, 1990

STRUCTURE DES PRIX DU CHARBON DE BOIS A CONAKRY (Septembre * Octobre 1990)

F.G./KG % DEVIATIONPRODUCTEUR

COUT DE PRODUCTION

TAXES FORESTIERES (1) 0.125 0.1 0.1(Permis de coupe)AUTRES DEPENSES (2)Drolt coutumier 3.25 3.0 3.0Salaire 10 9.3 9.3Outillage 0.06 0.1 0.1Divers (gadiennage etc.) 1.2S 1.2 1.2COUT TOTAL PRODUCTION (4) 14.685 13.6MARGE BENEFICIAIRE (3) 10.315 9.6 9.6

TRANSPORTEUR ET COMMERCANTGROSSISTE

PRIX D'ACHAT (5) 25 23.1(Ueu de producton)FRAIS DIVERS (6)' 1(ensachage, chargement 0.88 0.8 0.8dechargement...)TAXES DE CIRCULATION (7 1.88 1.7 1.?FRAIS DE TRANSPORT (8)* 18.75 17.4 17.4TAXES D'ENTREPOT (9)* 1.39 1.3 1.3AUTRESOEPENSES (1 0)(Sac d'emballage) 0.5 0.5 0.8PRIX DE REVIENT (11) 48.4 44.8MARGE BENEEICIAIRE (12) 11.6 10.7 10.7PRIX DE VENTE (13) 60 55.6

DETAILLANTPRIX DACHAT (14) 60 55.6TAXES (15) 1.05 1.0 1.0AUTRESDEPENSES (16)* 13.9 12.9 12.9PRIX DE REVIENT (17) 74.95 69.4MARGE DE BENEFICE (18) 33.05 30.6 30.6PRIX DE VENTE DETAIL (19) 108 100.0 . 100

FRAIS DIVERS (6)*CHARGEMENT LIEU DE PRODUCTION 3000FG PAR CHARGEMENT (MOY. 8000 KG)DECHARGEMENT A CONAKRY 4000FG PAR CHARGEMENT (MOY. 8000 KG)

FRAIS DE TRANSPORT (8)*INCLUS: LOCATION, SALAIRE CHAFFEUR, GAZ OIL, LUBRICANT,MAINrENANCE ET AMORTISSEMENT

TAXES DENTREPOT (9)* 'RESULTAT ENQETE VENTE CHARSON DE BOIS

AUTRES DEPENSES (16)*LOCATION, TRANSPORT ETC.RESULTAT ENOETE VENTE CHARSON DE BOIS

-52 - Annex II.5Page 2 of 5

(1) Les artisans producteurs du charbon de bois produisent,en general, le contenu de deux meules par an. Les meulesutilisees ont une capacite variant de 50-120 a 200 gros sacs. Ilspayent une taxe forestiere "permis de coupe" de 2500 francsguineens (F.G.) a la Directio4n des Forets et chasse. Le charbonproduit est transporte dans des camion. Un chargement compte 120a 200 gros sacs de charbon.

Selon les enquetes de pesee/prix, un gros sac de charbon debois pese en moyenne 50 Kilogrammes. Ainsi, un chargement moyende 160 sacs pese 8000 Kg.

La taxe forestiere payee pour produire un kilogramme decharbon de bois s'eleve en moyenne a 1,88 F.G.

(2) Sue les lieux de production du charbon de bois, lescarboniseurs sont soumis au payement d'une autre categorie dedepenses qu'ils doivent payer, selon la coutume, aux notablesproprietaires ou responsables du domaine de leur activite. C'estle droit coutumier dont la valeur s'eleve en moyenne a 52000.Soit 3,15 F.G. que le producteur depense au plan traditionnel parkilogramme de charbon produit. Ce n'est cependant pas unereglementation definie.

Hormis ce droit coutumier, le producteur de charbon ad'autres charges dont:

- Le saile des empyoyes qui est paye a raison de 60000 a 100000F.G. par meule selon la capacite de la meule, oi a raison le150000 a 20000 F.G. par an (cas tres rare).

ri faut preciser que ces salaires sont fixes suivant uncontrat entre producteurs et emplc-s.

En considerant le cas de la productionpar meule, lekilogramme de charbon produit revient a 10 P.G. en moyene, auplan salaire.

- la charge du petit outillage qui est generalement compose dehache, coupe-coupe, brouette, pelle, houe, rateau, lime... estestime a 0,06 F.G./Kg.

- La production du charbon de bois exige d'autres depenses nonnegligeables tels que le gardiennage, la surveillance etc. aucours et apres la production. selon les enquetes offectuees surles lieux de production, ces depenses s'elevent en moyenne a10000 F.G./production. Ces frais valent 1,25 F.G./Kg de charbon.

(3) La filiere de production detaillee est la plus pratiqueesur lee lieux de poroduction. Elle met en relief les effortsfournis par leas artisans producteurs contre un gain de 10,315F.G./Kg de charbon de bois. .

(4) le cout moyen de la production du charbon de bois revienten moyenne a 14,685 F.G. par kilogramme.

(5) Le prix d'achat d'un sac de charbon (gros sac) estfonction du systeme de production

Les producteurs peuvent passer un contrat avec un cozimercant.Dans ce cas, generalement, ils percoivent une avance en argentou en nature. Dans un tel systeme, le carboniseur vendobligatoirement sa production au commercant ou au transporteura un prix n'exedant pas 1000 F.G./sac.

Dans un autre systeme de production, les producteurs sontassocies en groupe de 4 a 8 personnes. Ici, la corporation ventslibrement sa production. le prix du gros sac varie entre 100 et

- 53 -

Annex II.5Page 3 of 5

1500 F.G. selon l'eloignement du lieu de production de la villede Conakry (50 a 150 kilometres).

Le prix d'achat moyen d'un gros sac de charbon, Sur les lieuxde production est de 1250 F.G. Ainsi, les transporteurs etcommercants achetent le kilogramme de charbon a raison de 25 F.G.en moyenne.

(6) Le conditionnement du charbon de bois produit par lescarboniseurs eat a la chax.e de l'acheteur sur leas lieux deproduction. Les frais y affirant portent sur l'ensachage et lechargement. Le dechargement ayant lieu a Conakry. Les depensessont comprises entre 400 et 500 F.G./sac.

(7) Parmi les charges du commercant, il y a aussi la taxe decirculation. Elle vaut 15 000 F.G. par chargement, et est payablea la rentree de la ville de Conakry, aux barrages de controlesitues lVun dans le village de Sanoyah a 36 kilometres (axekindia) et l'autre a la sortie du meme village sur l'axe Dubreka.

(8) Le transport s'ef fectue dans des camions en grande partie.La location d'un camion, y compris toutes les depenses(personnel, maintenance, amortissement, carburant, lubrifiantetc.) varie entre 150 000 F.G. et 200 000 F.G./chargement.

.54 -

Annex II.5Page 4 of 5

STRUCTURE DES PRIX DU BOIS DE FEU A CONAKRY (Septembre - Octobre 1990)

FILIERE CAMION FILIERE PIROGUE(bois de savane) (bos de manorove)F.G.lKG %I DEVIA- F.G./Kd % DEVIA-

PRODUCTEUR TON TION

REDEVANCE FORESTIERE(permis de coupe) 0.50 1.43 1.43 0.01 0.05 0.05SALAIRE 3.08 8.79 8.79 6.15 19.85 19.85DROIT COUTUMIER 0.19 0.55 0.55 0.01 0.05 0.05AUTRES DEPENSES(Out llage) 0.17 0.48 0.48 0.06 0.19 0.19COLT TOTAL DE PRODUCTION 3.94 11.25 6.24 20.14MAFG E 2.22 6.34 6.34 .99 9.64 9.64

TRA'4SPORTEUR ETCOIMERCANT GROSSISTE

PRIX D'ACHAT 6.15 17.58 17.58 9.23 29.78 29.78FRAIS TRANSPORT 5.00 14.29 14.29 6.15 19.85 19.85TAXE CIRCULATION (camion, pirogue) 0.23 0.66 0.66 0.09 0.30 0.30TAXI- D'ENTREPOSAGE 0.40 1.14 1.14 0.08 0.24 0.24AUTRES DEPENSES:a) C iargement lieu production 0.38 1.10 1.10 0.77 2.48 2.48b) Dachargement 0.46 1.32 1.32 0.92 2.98 2.98TRONCONNAGE 0.31 0.99 0.99FEN OAGE 0.38 1.10 1.10 0.77 2.48 2.48PRI) DE REVIENT 13.02 37.19 17.55 S6.63MAFGE BENEFICIAIRE 13.98 39.96 39.96 2.45 7.89 7.89PRIN DE VENTE 27.00 77.14 20.00 64.52

COMIMERCANT DETAILLANTPRIX D'ACHAT 27.00 77.14 20.00 64.52TAXEI FORESTIERE 0.31 0.99 0.99FRAIS DI TRANSPORT 4.00 12.90 12.90TAXES D'ENTREPOSAGE . 0.17 0.54 0.54FRAIS DIVERS(chargement. dechargement..) . 0.60 1.94 1.94AUTtES DEPENSES .... 0.01 0.03 0.03PRIX DE REVIENT QUARTIER 27.00 77.14 25.08 80.92MAFGE BENEFICIAIRE VENTE QUARTIER 8.00 22.86 22.86 5.92 19.08 19.08PRI) VENTE DETAIL QUARTIER 35.00 100.00 31.00 100.00PRI) DE REVIENT DEBARCADERE - 20.00MAFGE BENEFICIAIRE VENTE DEBARCADER .- 4.00PR!X VENTE DETAIL DEBARCADERE I .. 24.00k

-55 -

Annex 11.5Page 5 of 5

EXPLICITATION DES TERMES DrJ TABEAU DE LA STRUCTURE DES PRIXDU BOIS DE FEU VENDU A CONAKRY (Septembre, Octobre 1990).,

(*) Pour le bois de mangrove, le poids moyen d'un chargement adt6 6valu6 & 3,25 tornes. Celui d'une buche & 17 kilogrammes.

La production annuelle moyenne est de 3250 Kg x 52 semaines.Soit 169 tonnes de bois de feu.

(1) La production du bois de feu est soumise au payement d'uneredevance forestibre "Taxe forestibre". Elle est pay6e auxServices des Fordts et Chasse. La valeur de cette taxe est fix6eA 15000 PG et & 2500 FG par an pour le bois de savane et le boisde mangrove respectivement.

(2) Le salaire des coupeurs de bois de feu est fonction desclauses des contrats qui les lient & leurs partenairesCommercants ou transporteurs. Aussi, observe-t-on une largediff6rence entre lea tarifC. Les bucherons de savane ont unsalaire moyen de 40000 PG pour un chargement de 13000 Kg contre20000 FG/chargement de 3250 Kg pour le bucherons op6rant dana lamangrove. On estime que cet ecart est du au fait que la coupe dubois de feu dans la mangrove eat beaucoup plus p6nible solon quele lieu est plus ou moins accessible, 6loign6 et/ou envasd.

(3) Avant la coupe du bois de fuu, les bucherons rencontrent enpremier chef lea notables ou les anciens du village, en vued'obtenir d'eux une "autorisation de coupe, dans la for&t surlaquelle ila ont droit de propriftd ou de regard. A cetteoccasion les bucherons payent, en plus des traditionnelles noixde colas dans certains cas, une sorme variant entre 2000 PG et2500 PG.

(4) Dans l'6valuation du coft de production, les frais diverslids au petit outillage (hache, coupe-coupe, lime..) ont 6t6 prisen compte pour une moyenne de 5000 PG.

(5) Le transport du bois de feu s'effectue suivant deuxprincipales filibrez: la filibre camion et la filitre pirogue.xl saop&re, en g6n6ral, selon le principe de location.L'estimation faite eat bas6e sur une valeur moyenne englobant lesd6penses portant sur le personnel, l'amortissement, le carburantetc. La location varie de 15000 PG A 25000 PG et de 100000 PG &200000 PG respectivement pour le bois de mangrove et de savane.

RELATIVE COSIS OF COOKING

COUT RELATIF ANNUEL DE LA CUISINE POUR UN MENAGE A 9 PERSONNES (MOYENNE CONAKRY)Taux dinteret 15 %

…-… ------------ --- -- --- - …- -…

Charbon de bhos Bois de oeu G.P.L KEROZENEtoy, Ioy. foyer toy. Foy. 2.75 Kg Foy. 12 kg Foyer Foyermalga-he amellore 3 plerre ameliore Boutaille Bouteilte Whetl Brand Tula

… ------ … -------- ---------------- ---------------- ------ - -- -

1. Besoh annual an energie uttle 20500 MJ 20500 MJ 20500 MJ 20500 MJ 20500 MJ 20500 MJ 20500 MJ 20500 MJ2. MJ par Kg de combustible 30 MJ 30 MJ l8 MJ 18i M 45 MJ 45 MJ 37 MJ 37 MJ3. Rendement du Foyer 25% 35% 12 % 25 54 % 54 % 56 % 56%4. MJ utIl par g de combustlble 8 1 1 2 5 24 24 21 215. Cout en Gt par Kg de combustlble 108 FG 108 fG 31 FG 31 FG 90 FG 550 FG^ s60 FG 360 FG**

…-- ---- - --- --- …-----

6. 8esoin annuel en Kg n de combustible 2733 Kg 1864 Kg 9491 i;g 4556 Kg 844 Kg 844 Kg 989 Kg 989 Kg7. Cot annuel des combusUbles 295200 FG 201273 FG 294213 FG 141222 FG 759259 FG 463992 FG 5540S4 FG 3S6178 FP

8. Cout du loyer , 3.000 FG 6000 FG 0 FG 6000 FG 28500 FG 28500 FG 20000 FG 20000 FG9. Durse de vle du toyer 2 ans 2a 2aa 2ns 2 ans 2 ans 5 ans 5 ansto. Amortissement annuel du foyer 1.845 FG 3691 FG 0 FG 3691 FG 8S02 FG 8602 FG S966 FG 6966 FG

II. Cout annuel total de la cuisi (7+10) 297045FG 204963FG 294213FG 144913FG 767761 FG 472494FG 560020FlG 362144FGW3_"u_"_i_nmi_ _n____mmm_m_mm___" "CC"C=BB"_C"

STATISTICS ON THE SUPPLY OF WOODFUELS BY ORGINAND MEANS OF TRANSPORT

TOTALTAPPPOASIOMNBOIS ETCKARON DE B)1S.&AISON PLUE,4.5 MOIS

APPROM ONNEMEW EN 0SW ET CHARON DE so0SA)E KINDItA-BUEKA

VOWUME bn3I NOM(8018 CH N _ BOIS CHARbON

AXE FtRA A T BU)CFIE R PE1iT C PANER vC- FAGOT 13 IH`E GROS SAC PEiiT SAd PANIERKINIA 20498 10574 3642 - 70510 18684 0 0 10625 0 7939 s492 2DUBREKA Z7000 14355 1985 14167 1454 479 375 6245 l _ 0 3508 1882 19TOTAL -- 47497 --- 249 -- 55 84877 20138 -- 479 37-B 16870- 0 _11447 7 374 2

EMBARCA7ON EN 901 ET CHARsON DE BOISDANS LES DEBAMCADERES DE CONAKRY

VoLUME _ _ _ NOMBREDEBARCE- _ -S 0_ CHWRBON BOIS , CRBONDERES FC FAGOT BUCHE GROS SAC, PEIWSAC PANiEf R FAGOT BUCHE GROSSAC PEtIT SAC PANIERDABOMPA123NF 9996 0 2109 0 0 0 0 0 0 __ 0 _ DASOMPA123MEN 11734 0 2476 0 0 0 0 0 0 6210DIINPORTJNF 6273 803 331 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ODWNPORT,MEN 7364 942 388 274 68 0 0 0 0 4278 4021GBESSIA,IWF 126 0 559 0 0 0 0 826 0 0 0GSESSIAEN 148 0 668 0 0 0 0 970 00 0KAPORO, IN 496 0 763 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0KAPORO.MEN 582 01 896 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0SONFONA,INF 4659 338 512 0 0 0 0 31 0 0 0SONFONIAMEN 5470 397 601 0 0 0 0 37 0 1454 0YOMAYASW s9657 307 1629 0 0 0 °l 01 0 0 0Y1MBAyA,J1EN 11337 360 1913 154 462 O 00_ 01 0 0 342_TO_TAL - 67841 3148 128 428 530 0 01 1865| 0 12234 6433 =

r~~~~~~~~34 128 I 48:S

DEBARCE- 8oi8 s CHA__ON I _DERES -DE5T sT10IOTPWS -DE5T 5-1OT 10TPWSL SQ IDA80MPA 4449 7871 0 342 0DIMNPORT 43 1882 3465 0 0 4281GBESSIA 0 1489 0 0 0 0 0 KAPORO 642 1668 0 0 0 0SONFONIA 11190 0 0 34 0 0

YIMBAYA ~~6502 17971 0 68 0 0YAL - | -@W228 147061 3465 4451 0 428

TOTAL 40996 TOTAL 873

POURCENTAGE DE$ UEUX DE PRODUCTI_II POURCENTAGE DES UEUX DE PROOUCTIONAXE KNDOIADUBREKA I DEBARCADERE

UEU DE A X E a UEU DE D E BAkRCADEE R E 8PRODUCTION _DUREKA KINDIA PRODUCTI DABOMPA DIXIN OBESSIA KAPORO SONFONIA YIMSAYAKIfNDIA 0 10.98 COYAH too 0 0 0 0 0

DUSREKA 03.69 0 DU8R£KA 0 5.88 100 100 30.3 0FOREKARIA 0 31.85 BOFFA 0 94.12 0 0 0 0

COYAM 0 48.39 CONAKRY 0 0 0 0 0 0FRIA 3.6 0 SONFONIA 0 O 0 0 69.7 0

BOFFA 2.t 0 SAMBAKE 0 O 0_ 0 0 1 0MAMOU 0 0.8

TONNAGE APPROVISIONNEMENT8018 DE CHAUFFE YILLE DE CONAKRYAXE KINDIA ET DUBREKA

PARAMETREAXE TONNAGE VOLUME BIls (T) PARAMETRE/AXE TONNAGE NOMBRE 81 I _S

VOLUME KINDIA VRAC VRAC VRAC VRAC FAGOT BUCHEVOLUIIIE KINDIA 20498 10574 3542 NOMBRE KINDIA 0 10625 0

VOLUME DU8REKA 27000 14355 1985 NOMBRE DUBREKA 376 6245 0 00

TOTAL VOLUME 47497 24929 5527 TOTAL NOMBRE 376 16870 0

CAMION MOYEN 36 36 36 POIDS)UNITE (KG) - 10 25

N. MOYEN CAMION 1321 693 154 TONNAGE (T) O. 6- I 0KGIm3 0.6 0.6 0.6 TOTAL TONNE 169

FACTEUR DE STOCK 0.6 0.6 0.8TONNAGE M 17099 8975 1t900TOTAL TONN 26_ 06E3M MRE) 28231

8018 DE SAVANE 8018 DE SAVANE

TONNAGE APPROVISIONNEMENTCHARSON DE 9018 VILE DE CONAKRYAXE KINDIA ET DUBREKA

PARAMETREIAXE TONNAGE VOLUME CHAR8ON fTl PARAMETREiAXE TONNAGE NOMBRE CHAR8ON jTI >

GROS SAC PET SAC PANIER _ ROS SAC PETIT SAC PANIER IVOLUME KtNDIA 70510 18684 0 NOMBRE KINDIA 7939.04 5492.3 273.76 D

VOLUME OUBREKA 14187 1454 479 NOMBRE DUBREKA 3507.55 1882.1 1950.54

TOTAL VOLUME 84677 20138 479 TOTAL NOMBRE 11446.59 7374.41 2 22 4.3j 0 _

CAMION MOYEN 38 38 36 POIDSI0NNTE (KG) 50 2S 8

N. MOYEN CAMION 2354 560 13 TONNAGE n 5721 184 119 0

PAR CAMION ISO 300 600 TOTALTONNE m-T 77i

NORE TOTAL UNITE 376700 187979 7992P0ID8NUNITE tKG) 50 25 aITONNAGE 1 t8635 4199 64iTOTALTONNE - 23098 TOTALTONNE CHAR. (VOLUME+NOMBRE) i A 2387S|

TONNAGE EMBARCATIONBOIS DE CHAUFFE VILLE DE CONAKRYLES DEBARCADERES

PARAMETRE/DEB. TONNAGE VOLUME BC OIST)* PARAMETRE/DEB. TONNAGE NOMBRE BOIS (T)*secteur informel VRAC FAGOT BUCHE secteur informel VRAC FAGOT 8UCHEVOLUME DABOMPA 37204 0 8783 NOMORE DABOMPPA 0 0 0VOLUME DIXINPORT 24098 1402 559 NOMBRE DIXINPORT 0 3280 0VOLUME GBESSIA 440 0 1814 NOMBRE GBESSIA 0 2737 0VOLUME KAPORO 1637 0 2503 NOMBRE KAPORO 0 0 0VOLUME SONFONIA 5429 338 541 NOMBRE SONFONIA 0 31 0VOLUME YIMBAYA 25742 307 9814 NOMBRE YIMBAYA 0 0 0TOTAL VOLUME $4550 2047 24014 TOTAL NOMBRE 0 6049 __ 0CAMION MOYEN 36 36 36 POIDS/UNITE (KG) - 15 30N. MOYEN CAMION 2629 57 668 TONNAGE 0 3 0 31 0T/m3 0.74 0.74 0.74 TOTAL TONNE f _ 91 _ _FACTEUR DE STOCK 0.6 0.6 0.8TONNAGE (T) 41838 906 10626 ____ _ _. UTOTAL TONNE (T3 53370 PF TTA TONNE BOIS (VOLUML+ OMBRE) __ 53461 I

BOIS DE MANGROVE * BOIS DE MANGROVE

PARAMETRE/DEB. TONNAGE VOLUME BOIS (T)* PARAMETREIDEB. TONNAGE NOMBRE BOIS (T1*Secteur Menager VRAC FAGOT BUCHE Secteur Menager VRAC FAGOT BUCHEVOLUME DABOMPA 35349 0 9207 NOMBRE DABOMPPA 0 0 0VOLUME DIXINPORT 15891 942 331 NOMBRE DIXINPORT 0 0 0VOLUME GBESSIA 490 0 2111 NOMBRE G8ESSIA 0 3032 0VOLUME KAPORO 1837 0 2835 NOMBRE KAPORO 0 0 0VOLUME SONFONIA 25691 882 601 NOMBRE SONFONIA 0 37 0VOLUME YIMBAYA 38716 617 1913 NOMBRE YIMBAYA 0 0 0TOTAL VOLUME 117974 2441 16998 TOTAL NOMBRE 0 3069 0CAMION MOYEN 36 36 36 POIDS/UNITE (KG) 15 30 >N. MOYEN CAMION 3280 68 473 TONNAGE X 0_ 46 0 OTIm3 0.74 0.74 0.74 TOTAL TONNE T_ _46 __ _

FACTEUR DE STOCK 0.6 0.6 0.6 o

ITONNAGE (T) 62203 _ 100 7522 _____________

TOTAL TONNE (T) 60805 .TOTALTONNE BOIS (VOLUMNMBRE+B01S DE MANGROVE * B01S DE MANGROVE

-60 -

Annex 11.7Page 4 of 8

BOgS D CHAPFfE VIUDE I Y CONAKRYLES DESA1CADEFES

iARAMETREIDE8. TONNAGE VOLUME 8 S PARAMETREDB. G E MOflsotdurbWotmu _ __ V1PAC !fAGf B8UGlB FOuIrkoMnlOm FC VAGOT -8UCHEVOWME DABOMPA 96 0 2109 NOMBRE UAl8MPPA 0 0 0VOLUME DaNPORT 6273 803 331 NOM8RE DIaNPORr 0 0 0VOWME G8ESSIA 126 0 559 NOM8RE GESSIA 0 o2 0VOLUME KAPORO 496 0 763 NOMBRE KAPORD 0 0 0VOLUME SONFONIA 4659 338 512 NOM8RE SONFONIA 0 31 0VOLUME YIMBAYA 9867 307 1629 NOMBRE YIMBAYA 0 0TOTAL VOLUME 31207 1448 5903 TOTALNOMBRE 0 858 0CCZAMION MOYEN 86 36 36 POIDSIUNITE (KG) '15 s0N. MOYEN CAMION 868 40 164 TONNAGE _!) 0 13 0KG/8n 0.8 0.8 0.8 t6dTYONNE m 13FACTEUR DE STOCK 0.6 0.8 o.eTONNA GEE m14979 696 2633

TOTAL TONNE M _ 1850E NOM ETNummM 81E MANGROVE U E

.ARAMWETRETO. oNNAGE VOLUME 1S mPARAMETREDE. TONNAGE 6M8RE 8 mSqtLur MentaOr __ VPC FAGS)T ICHE -. F VRC FAGOT BUCHEVOWME DABOMPA 11734 0 2476 NOM EDAOMPPA 0 0VOLUME ODIXINPORT 7364 942 3886 NOMBRE DIXINFORT 0 0 0VOLUME GBESSIA 148 6 656 :NOMBRE GBESIA 0 970 0VOLUME KAPORO 662 0 896 NOMBRE KAPORO 0 0 0VOWUME SONFONIA 5470 397 601 NOMORE SONFONIA 0 37 0VOLUME YIMBAYA 11337 360 1913 NMRYMBYAYA 0 0 0TOTALVOWME 36634 1700 6930 TNOM8IRE 0 1007 0CAMION M6YEN 30 3B 36 MMIDGl 15- 30N. MOYEN CAMION 1019 47 193 TONNAGE (T) 1S 0KGIW 0.8 0.6 0.8 t[LALQ T .N M m_._1FACTEUR DE STOCK 0.8 0.6 o.6TONNAGE C _17564 616 3326TOTALTONNE m 21727 +gAU N

8 0 E18 MANGROVE D ̂ p- MANROVE

TONNAGE EMBAR8ATIONCKABON DE 018 VILE DE CONAKRYLES IEWARCAOERES

PARAMETREIDEB. TSNNAGE VOWLME CHARSON PARAMETRE I ONNAGE OM 111____ _PET 8A ST SAC PANIER i SAC PETfrSA R I

VOLUME DABOMPA 0 0 0 NOMBRE DAIOMPA 0l0 0VOWME DDINPORT 274 68 0 NOME MDIINPORT 4278 4021 0VOLUME OBESSU 0 0 0 NOMBRE GBESSIA 0 0 0VOLUE KAPORO 0 0 0 NOM°R KAPORO 0 0 0VOLUME SONFONIA 0 0 0 NOME $OE OA 1454 0 0VOLUME YIMBAYA 154 462 0 NOMRE VIUBAYA 0 342 0TOTAL VOLUME 426 a3 0 8iTALNOMBRE 122341 4363i 0

~~MioN M0Y84 ~~38 36 36 PISMT i 501 251 aN. MOVENCAMION 12 15 0 m 612 .10 0PAR CAMON 16S 300 1200 .9XA. L 9ONNJD 721NOIRE TOTAL UNfTE 1903 4424 0fuOXJNITE ( 10 25 0TTALNNAGE _ -- __ 1 1110

TOTAfYNEC

TOTALAPPROVIS#ONNEMENT 80S ETCHARBON DE BOIS,SASON SECHE.7A; M01S

APPRIONNEMENT EN BOIS ET CHARBON DE BOISAXE KIND WBUBFEKA

_____ ____ __ _ ____ ____ ____ ____ NOM B RtE___ ......... ..CHRBOIS BOIS_ 8 CHAON _

AXE VRAC FAGOT 8UCHE GRO SAC Pr SAC PANER VRAC FAG1) BUCHE GROS SAC PETIT SAC PANIERKtINDIA 38473 19365 6759 44691 35023 143 0 18395 0 21333 12121 _DUBREKA 33910 28064 4307 5105 1939 0 200 37304 1141 8185 13691

TAt 72384 47429 11066 49796 369 143 200 55700 1141 518 _1.34 0

EMBARCAION EN BOIS Er CHARBON DE 08ISDANS LES DEBARCADERES DE CONAKRY

_ ________________ VOLUME .M _E . . _

8 BOIS _ _ CHARBON BOS _ CHAONDERES __ VRAC FAGOT BUCHE ROS ac- tTiSAPANlER VRAC FAGOT B GROS SAC ETiT SAC PANER -DABOMPA123SI 272D8 0 6674 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0DABOMPA123MEN 23615 0 6731 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0DDaNPOlr,INF 17825 599 228 0 0 0 0 3280 0 0 0 0DIXIPORT,MEN 8527 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0' 0 0 0GBESSIA,INF 314 0 1255 0 0 0 0 1911 Oi 0 0 0(BESS1AMEN 342 0 1455 0 0 0 0 2062 o: 0 0 0KAPORO. INF 1141 0 1740 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0KAPORO,MEN 1255 0 1939 0 0 0 0 0 Oj 0 0 0SOWFONIA,NF 770 0 29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0SONFONLkMEN 20221 485 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3223 0 0YMBAYA,lW 16085 0 8185 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0YIM8AYA,MN 27379 257 0 0 0 0 0 0 O __ 0 0 0 0TOTAL 1 446 1340 28235 0 0 O 0 7253 0 0 _ 0 0

-'-' I TOTAL TONNE DEBARCATONI IDEBARCE- BOIS H_ AON >DEFE8 _ DE sT 5-IT 10 T PLUS -DEST 5-lOT IOTPLUSDABOMPA 11918 2281"6 0l O2 0 0 0 DDaNPORT 371 6075 4563 0 0 0GOESSIA 1084 1911 0 0 0 0 oKAPORO 162m 3993 0 0 0 0SOONFA 11950 0 0 .0 0 0 xYIIYA I1023 3422 A 01 0 0ROAL 46031 381 217 Z§0 0 0

FKOTA - 881TA

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Annex 11.7Page 6 of 8

POURCENTAGE DES LIEUX DE PRODUCTI:11 POURCENTAGE DES UEUX OE PRODUCTIONAXE KINDIA-OUSREKA "E OEBARCADERE

LIEU DE A X E UEU E _ E 8 A RCA D E R E 8PRODUCTION OUBREKA KINOIA PROOUCTI' DAOMPA DIXIN G8ESSIA KAPORO SONfONIA YIM8AYAKINDIA 0 24.10 COYAH 32 0 0DU8REKA 99.18 0 OU8REKA 7 3.85 100 100 30.85 0FOREKARIA 0 24.83 SOFFA 0 98.15 0 0 5.52 0COYAN 0 43.96 FOREKARI 61 0 0 0 1.08 0FtRIA 0 0 SOONFONIA 0 0 0 0 62.77 GBOFFA 0.82 1 CONAKRY 0 0 O O 0 100MAMOU 0 _ _ 7.05

TONNA(GE APPROVISJONNEMENTBOIS DE CHAUfFE VILLE DE CONAKRYAXE KINDIA ET OU8REKA

|PARAMETRE/AXE | TONNAGE VOLUME 8018 PARAMETREIAXE 'TONNAGE NOMBRE 8 .Is. VRAC FAGOT ISUCHE ,VRAC FAGOT BUCHE

VOLUME KINOIA 3i473 19365 6759. NOMBRE KINDIA 0 18395 0VOLUME DUBREKA 33910 28064 4307 NOMBRE DUBREKA 200 37304 1141TOTAL VOLUME 72384 47429 11086 TOTAL NOMBRE 200 55700 1141CAMION MOYEN 36 36 36 POI8IUNITE (KG) . 10 25'N. MOYEN CAMION 2013 1319 308 TONNAGE ) 0 557 291KGlm3 0.60 0.60 0.60 TOTAL TONNE M 586FACTEUR DE STOCK 0.60 0.60 0.60TONNAGE (Tl 26058 17074 39641TOTAL TONNE fL ____ 47110 EOTAL TON . IVola NOMSREtii. 47702|

B* 801SE SAVANE * 8018 DE SAVANE

TONNAGE APPROVISIONNEAENTCHARSON DE 9018 VILLE DE CONAKRYAXE KINDIA ET OUBREKA

PARAMETRE/AXE TONNAGE VOLUME CHARBON in PARAMETRE/AXE TONNAGE NOM8RE C ARBON IT. GROS SAC PETIT SAC PANIER _GROS SAC PETIT SAC PANIER

VOLUME KINDIA 44691 35023 143 NOMBRE KINDIA 21333 12121 0VOLUME OUBREKA 5106 1939 0 NOM8RE DUBREKA 8185 1369 0TOTAL VOLUME 497Q8 36962 14 TOTAL NOMORE 29518 13490 0CAMION MOYEN .38 30 36 POIDSIUNITE (KG) 50 25 aN. MOYEN CAMION 1385 -1028 4 TONNAGE mT) 1478 337 0PAR CAMION 180 300 800 TOTAL TONNE (T) 1813N8RE TOTAL UNITE 221524 308307 2379POIDS/UNITE (KG) 50 25 ,8TONNAGE m 11076 77081 1S9____________________n ____

I TOTAL TONN E r 16003 CO ~ATONN CAE)U(1 20616

TONNAGE EMBARCATIONBOIS DE CHAUFFE VILLE DE CONAKRYLES DEBARCADERES

PARAMETRE/DEB. TONNAGE VOLUME B0IS MT)* PARAMETRE/DEB. TONNAGE NOMLRE BOtSTmsecteur Informel VRAC FAGOT BUCHE secteur Informel VRAC FAGOT BUCH-EVOLUME DABOMPA 27208 0 6674 NOMBRE DABOMPPA 0 0 0VOLUME DIXINPORT 17825 599 228 NOMBRE DIXINPORT 0 3280 0VOLUME GOESSIA 314 0 1255 NOMBRE GBESSIA 0 1911 0VOLUME KAPORO 1141 0 1740 NOMBRE KAPORO 0 0 0VOLUME SONFONIA 770 0 29 NOMBRE SONFONIA 0 0 0VOLUME YIMBAYA 16085 0 8185 NOMBRE YIMBAYA 0 a 0TOTALVOLUME 63343 599 18110 TOTAL NOMBRE 0 5191 0CAMION MOYEN 36 36 36 POIDS/UNITE (KG) . 15 30N. MOYEN CAMION 1761 17 504 TONNAGE (T) 0 78 0KG/m3 0.7 0.7 0.7 TOTAL T6NNE _T_ 78ACTEUR DE STOCK 0.6 0.6 0.6

NNAGE(T 266041 252 7606 350TOTAL TONNE M1 34462 34540) _

_ BOIS DE MANGROVE BOIS DE MANGROVE

PARAMETRE/DEB. TONNAGE VOLUME BOIS cT)* PARAMETRE/DEB. TONNAGE NOMBRE BOIS (T)*_Secteur Menaper VRAC FAGOT SUCHE Secteur Manager _ VRAC FAGOT BUCHEVOLUME DABOMPA 23615 0 6731 NOMBRE DABOMPPA 0 O 0:VOLUME DIXINPORT 8527 0 0 NOMBRE DIXINPORT 0 0 0VOLUME OBESSIA 342 0 1455 NOMBRE GBESSIA 0 2062 0OVOLUME KAPORO 1255 0 1939 NOMBRE KAPORO 0 0 OjVOLUME SONFONIA 20221 485 0 NOMBRE SONFONIA 0 0 o lVOLUME YIMBAYA 27379 257 a NOMBRE YIMBAYA a 0 0TOTAL VOLUME 81339 742 10125 TOTAL NOMBRE 0 2062 0CAMION MOYEN 36 36 36 POIDS0UNITE (KG) I s5 30N. MOYEN CAMION 2262 21 282 TONNAGE Q____ 0 31 0KG/m3 0.7 0.7 0.7 TOTAL TONNgATL 31 _31 __

FACTEUR DE STOCK 0.6 0.6 0.6 3 >TONNAGE m 34162 311 4252 ______ __ OIS_______________________ITOTAL TONNE M 38726 hTOEA BNNBOILUMtE N Q4MLRE Th?1CD

* B018 DE MANGROVE * BOIS DE MANGROVE- _o _

TONNAGE EMBARCAnONCHARBON DE 801S VILLE DE CONAKRYLES DEBARCADEFES

PARAMETRE/DEB. TONNAGE VOLUME CHARBON M PARAMETRE/DEB. TONNAGE NOMBRE CHARBON {_f.. __ GROS 8AC PETIT SAC PANIER GROS SAC PET;T SAC PANIER

VOLUME DABOMPA 0 0 0 NOMBRE DABOMPA o O o

VOLUME DDtXNPORT 274 68 0 NOMBRE DWINPORT 4278 4021 0

VOLUME GBESSIA 0 0 0 NOMBRE GBESSIA 0 0 0

VOLUME KAPORO 0 a 0 NOMBRE KAPORO 0 0 0

VOLUME SONFONIA 0 0 0 NOMBRE SONFONIA 4677 0 0

VOLUME YIMBAYA 154 462 0 NOMBRE YIMBAYA 0 342 0

TOTAL VOLUME 428 530 0 TOTAL NOMBR,E __15457 4363 0

CAMION MOYEN 36 36 36 P0sDo/UNTE (KG) 50 25 8

N. MOYEN CAMION 12 15 0 TONNAGE m 773 _ 109 0

PAR CAMION 160 300 1200 TOTAL TONNE 882

NBRE TOTAL UNITE 1903 4424 oPOIDS/UNIT S) 50 25 8TONNAGE (_ 95- 111_ OTOTAL TONNE (T) 206 TAL TONNE CH+NM 088

VARIATION APPROVIONNEMENT EN 0015 ET CHARBON DE BOISOUNVANT LA SASOON SECHE ET LA SAISON DES PLUIESSUR LES AXES ROUTIERS et MARINS

BOIS . ......... CHARSON.AXE _DEBAR- AXE DEBAR-IKINDJDUB IDERES KIND/DUB DERES

SAI8ON SECHE 50.34 56.52 SAISON SECHE 3413 0.00SAISON PLUIE 49.66 43.48 SAISON PLUIE 65.87 100.00

VARIATION APPROVIONNEMENT EN BOIS ET CHARBON DE BOISSUIVANT LA SASOON SECHE ET LA SAISON DES PLUESSECTEURS MENAGERS ET INFOPRMELS

801S CHARBON , 1- x

IAXE SECTEUR SECTEUR AXE SECTEUR SECTEUR *hr

SAI80N KINDIDUB INFORMEL MENAGER SAISON KIND/DUB INFORMEL MENAGER 00

SECHE 50.34 62.81 51.68 SECHE 34.13 0.00 0.00

PLUIE 49.66 47.19 48.32 PLUIE 65.87 100.00 100.00

Joint UNDP/World BankENERGY SECTOR MANAGEMENT ASSISTANCE PROGRAMME (ESMAP)

LIST OF REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES

Reglon/Counhy Actviy/Reporl Thle Date Number

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR)

Africa Regional Anglophone Africa Household Energy Workshop (English) 07/88 08S/88Regional Power Seminar on Reducing Electric Power System

Losses in Africa (English) 08/88 087/88Institutional Evaluation of EOL (English) 02/89 098/89Biomass Mapping Regional Workshops (English - Out of Print) 05/89 -Francophone Household Energy Workshop (French) 08/89 103/89Interafrican Electrical Engineering College: Proposals for Short-and Long-Term Development (English) 03/90 112/90

Biomass Assessment and Mapping (English - Out of Print) 03/90 -

Angola Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 05/89 4708-ANGPower Rehabilitation and Technical Assistance (English) 10/91 142/91

Benin Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/85 5222-BENBotswana Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 4998-BT

Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study (English) 01/86 047/86Review of Electricity Service Connection Policy (English) 07/87 071/87Tuli Block Farms Electrification Study (English) 07/87 072/87Household Energy Issues Study (English - Out of Print) 02/88 -

Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 05191 132/91Burlkna Faso Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/86 5730-BUR

Technical Assistance Program (English) 03/86 052/86Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 06/91 134/91

Burundi Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3778-BUPetroleum Supply Management (English) 01/84 012/84Status Report (English and French) 02/84 011/84Presentation of Energy Projects for the Fourth Five-Year Plan

(1983-1987) (English and French) 05/85 036/85Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 09/85 042/85Peat Utilization Project (English) 11/85 046/85Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/92 9215-BU

Cape Verde Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5073-CVHousehold Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 110/90

Central AfiicanRepublic Energy Assesment (French) 08/92 9898-CAR

Chad Elements of Strategy for Urban Household EnergyThe Case of N'djamena (French) 12/93 160/94

Comoros Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/88 7104-COMCongo Energy Assessment (English) 01/88 6420-COB

Power Development Plan (English and French) 03/90 106/90C6te d'Ivoire Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 S250-IVC

Improved Biomass Utilization (English and French) 04/87 069/87Power System Efficiency Study (Out of Print) 12187 -

Power Sector Efficiency Study (French) 02/92 140/91

-2-

Region/Country Acibtly/Report 7lt Date Number

Ethiopia Energy Assessment (English) 07/84 4741-ETPower System Efficiency Study (English) 10/85 045/85Agricultural Residue Briquetting Pilot Project (English) 12/86 062/86Bagasse Study (English) 12/86 063/86Cooking Efficiency Project (English) 12/87 -

Gabon Energy Assessment (English) 07/88 6915-GAThe Gambia Energy Assessment (English) 11/83 4743-GM

Solar Water Heating Retrofit Project (English) 02/85 030/85Solar Photovoltaic Applications (English) 03/85 032/85Petroleum Supply Management Assistance (English) 04/85 035/85

Ghana Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6234-OHEnergy Rationalization in the Industrial Sector (English) 06/88 084/88Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 11/88 074/87Industrial Energy Efficiency (English) 11/92 148/92

Guinea Energy Assessment (Out of Print) 11/86 6137-GUIHousehold Energy Strategy (English and French) 01/94 163/94

Guinea-Bissau Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08184 5083-GUBRecommended Technical Assistance Projects (English &

Portuguese) 04/85 033/85Management Options for the Electric Power and Water Supply

Subsectors (English) 02/90 100/90Power and Water Institutional Restructuring (French) 04/91 118/91

Kenya Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3800-KEPower System Efficiency Study (English) 03/84 014/84Status Report (English) 05/84 016/84Coal Conversion Action Plan (English - Out of Print) 02/87 -

Solar Water Heating Study (English) 02/87 066/87Pen-Urban Woodfuel Development (English) 10/87 076/87Power Master Plan (English - Out of Print) 11/87 -

Lesotho Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4676-LSOLiberia Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 5279-LBR

Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 06/85 038/85Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 081/87

Madagascar Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 5700-MAGPower System Efficiency Study (English and French) 12187 075/87

Malawi Energy Assessment (English) 08/82 3903-MALTechnical Assistance to Improve the Efficiency of Fuelwood

Use in the Tobacco Industry (English) 11/83 009/83Status Report (English) 01/84 013/84

Mali Energy Assessment (English and French) 11/91 8423-MLIHousehold Energy Strategy (English and French) 03/92 147/92

Islamic Republicof Mauritania Energy Assesment (English and French) 04/85 5224-MAU

Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 07/90 123/90Mauritius Energy Assement (English) 12/81 3510-MAS

Status Report (English) 10/83 008/83Power System Efficiency Au'it (English) 05/87 070/87Bagasse Power Potential (English) 10/87 077/87

-3 -

Region/Counhy Acdvty/Repoii llt( Date Number

Mozambique Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 6128-MOZHousehold Electricity Utilization Study (English) u3/90 113/90

Namibia Energy Assessment (English) 03/93 11320-NAMNiger Energy Assessment (French) 05/84 4642-NIR

Status Report (English and French) 02/86 OS1/86Improved Stoves Project (English and French) 12/87 080/87Household Energy Conservation and Substitution (English

and French) 01/88 082/88Nigeria Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4440-UNI

Energy Assessment (English) 07/93 11672-UNIRwanda Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3779-RW

Energy Assessment (English and French) 07/91 8017-RWStatus Report (English and French) 05/84 017/84Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English anu French) 08/86 059/86Improved Charcoal Production Techniques (English and French) 02/87 065/87Commercialization of Irmproved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization

Techniques Mid-Term Progress Report (English and French) 12/91 141/91SADCC SADCC Regional Sector: Regioal Capacity-Building Program .

for Energy Surveys and Policy Analysis (English) 11/91 -

Sao Tomeand Principe Energy Assssment (English) 10/85 5803-STP

Senegal Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4182-SEStatus Report (English and French) 10/84 025/84Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 05/85 037/85Preparatory Assistance for Donor Meeting (English and French) 04/86 056/86Urban Household Energy Strategy (English) 02/89 096/89

Seychelles Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4693-SEYElectric Power System Efficiency Study (English) 08/84 021/84

Sierra Leonr Energy Aesment (English) 10/87 6597-SLSomalia Energy Asseent (English) 12/85 5796-S0Sudan Management Assistance to the Ministry of Energy and Mining 05/83 003/83

Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4511-SUPower System Efficiency Study (English) 06/84 018/84Status Report (English) 11/84 026/84Wood Energy/Forestry Feasibility (English - Out of Print) 07/87 073/87

Swaziland Energy Assessment (English) 02/87 6262-SWVTanzania Energy Assessment (English) 11/84 4969-TA

Peti-Urban Woodfuels Feasibility Study (English) 08/88 086/88Tobacco Curing Efficiency Stuidy (English) 05/89 102/89Remote Sensing and Mapping of Woodlands (English) 06/90 -

Industrial Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance(English - Out of Print) 08/90 122/90

Togo Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5221-TOWood Rewovery in the Nangbeto Lake (English and French) 04/86 055/86Power Efficiency Improvement (English and French) 12/87 078/87

Uganda Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4453-UGStatus Report (English) 08/84 020/84Institutional Review of the Energy Sector (English) 01/85 029/85Energy Efficiency in Tobacco Curing Industry (English) 02/86 049/86

-4-

Region/County Ac4itly/ReporN 2Te Date Number

Uganda Fuelwood/Forestry Feasibility Study (English) 03/86 053/86Power System Efficiency Study (English) '2/88 092/88Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick and

Tile Industry (English) 02/89 097/89Tobacco Curing Pilot Project (English - Out of Print) 03/89 UNDP Terminal

ReportZaire Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5837-ZRZambia Energy Assessment (English) 01/83 4110-ZA

Status Report (English) 08/85 039/85Energy Sector Institutional Review (English) 11/86 060/86Power Subsector Efficiency Study (English) 02/89 093/88Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/89 094/88Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 08/90 121/90

Zimbabwe Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3765-ZIMPower System Efficiency Study kEnglish) 06/83 005/83Status Report (English) 08/84 019/84Power Sector Management Assistance Project (English) 04/85 034/85Petroleum Management Assistance (English) 12/89 109/89Power Sector Management Institution Building(English - Out of Print) 09/89 -

Charcoal Utilization Prefeasibility Study (English) 06/90 119/90Integrated Energy Strategy Evaluation (English) 01/92 8768-ZIM

EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP)

Asia Regional Pacific Household and Rural Energy Seminar (English) 11/90 -

China County-Level Rural Energy Assessments (English) 05/89 101/89Fuelwood Forestry Preinvestment Study (English) 12/89 105/89

Fiji Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4462-FUIndonesia Energy Assessment (English) 11/81 3543-IND

Status Report (English) 09/84 022/84Power Generation Efficiency Study (English) 02/86 050/86Energy Efficiency in the Brick, Tile and

Lime Industries (English) 04/87 067/87Diesel Generating Plant Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 095/88Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 107/90Biomass Gasifier Prein'estment Study Vols. I & II (English) 12/90 124/90

Lao PDR Urban Electricity Demand Assessment Study (English) 03/93 154/93Malaysia Sabah Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/87 068/87

Gas Utilization Study (English) 09/91 9645-MAMyanmar Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5416-BAPapua New

Guinea Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3882-PNGStatus Report (Englisl) 07/83 006/83Energy Strategy Paper (English - Out of Print) - -

Institutioual Review in the Energy Sector (English) 10/84 023/84Power Tariff Study (English) 10/84 024/84

.5 -

Regionl/County Acdvky/Report Tltl Date Number

Vietna. Rural and Household Energy - Issues and Options (English) 01/94 161/94Phil pines Commercial Potential for Power Production from

Agricultural Residues (English) 12/93 157/93Solomcn Islands Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4404-SOL

Energy Assessment (English) 01/92 979/SOLSouth Pacific Petroleum Transport in the South Pacific (English-Out of Print) 05/86 -Thailand Energy Assessment (English) 09/85 5793-TH

Rural Energy Issues and Options (English - Out of Print) 09/85 044/85Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves and

Charcoal Kilns (English - Out of Print) 09/87 079/87Northeast Region Village Forestry and Woodfuels

Preinvestment Study (English) 02/88 083/88Impact of Lower Oil Prices (English) 08/88 -

Coal Development and Utilization Study (F:-lish) 10/89 -

Tonga Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5498-TONVanuatu Energy Assessment (English) C 35 5577-VAWestern Samoa Energy Assessment (English) (v5 5497-WSO

SOUTH ASIA (SAS)

Bangladesh Energy Assessment (English) 10/82 3873-BDPriority Investment Program 05/83 002/83Status Report (English) 04/84 015/84Power System Efficiency Study (English) 02/85 031/85Small Scale Uses of Gas Prefeasibility Study (English -

(Out of Print) 12/88 -

India Opportunities for Commer,cialization of NonconventionalEnergy Systems (English) 11/88 091/88

Maharashtra Bagasse Energy Efficiency Project (English) 05/91 120/91Mini-Hydro Development on Irrigation Dams and

Canal . :ops Vols. Is II and III (English) 07/91 139/91WindFarm Pre-Investment Study (English) 12/92 150/92

Nepal Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4474-NEPStatus Report (English) 01/85 028/84Energy Efficiency & Fuel Substitution in Industries (English) 06/93 158/93

Pakistan Household Energy Assessment (English - Out of Print) 05/88 -

Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs, Applications, andMarkets (English) 10/89 103/89

Sri Lanka Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3792-CEPower System Loss Reduction Study (English) 07/83 007/83Status Report (English) 01/84 010/84Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 03/86 054/86

Region/Country Acdvty/Report Ile Date Number

EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA)

Eastern Europe The Future of Natural Gas in Eastern Europe (English) 08/92 149/92Poland Energy Sector Restructuring Program Vols. I-V (English) 01/93 153/93Portugal Energy Assessment (English) 04184 4824-POTurkey Energy Assessment (English) 03/83 3877-TU

MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA)

Morocco Energy Assessment (English and French) 03/84 4157-MORStatus Report (English and French) 01/86 048/86

Syria Energy Assssment (English) 05/86 5822-SYRElectric Power Efficiency Study (English) 09/88 089/88Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Sector (English) 04/89 099/89Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Fertilizer Sector(English) 06/90 115/90

Tunisia Fu.sl Substitution (English and French) 03/90 -

Power Efficiency Study (English and French) 02/92 136/91Energy Management Strategy in the Residential and

Tertiary Sectora (Englis) 04/92 146/92Yemen Energy Assessmet (English) 12/84 4892-YAR

Energy Investmnt Priorities (English - Out of Print) 02/87 6376-YARHousehold Energy Strategy Study Phase I (English) 03/91 126/91

LATIN AMERICA AND) THE CARIBBEAN (LAC)

L iC Regional Regional Seminar on Electric Power System Loss Reductionin the Caribbean (English) 07/89 -

Bolivia Energy Assesment (English) 04/83 4213-BONational Energy Plan (English) 12187 -

National Energy Plan (Spanish) 08/91 131/91La Paz Prvate Power Technical Assistance (English) 11/90 111/90Natural Gas Distribution: Economics and Regulation (English) 03/92 125/92Prefeasibility Evaluation Rural Electrification and Demand

Assessment (English and Spanish) 04/91 129/91Private Power Generation and Transmission (English) 01/92 137/91Houshold Rural Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 01/94 162/94

Chile Energy Sector Review (English - Out of Print) 08/88 7129-CColombia Energy Strategy Paper (English) 12/86 -

Costa Rica Energy Assessment (English and Spanish) 01/84 4655-CRRecommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 11/84 027/84Forest Residues Utilization Study (English and Spanish) 02/90 108/90

DominicanRepublic Energy Asment (English) 05/91 8234-DOEcuador Energy Assssment (Spanish) 12/85 5865-EC

Energy Strategy Phase I (Spanish) 07/88 -

Energy Strategy (English) 04/91 -

Ecuador Private Minihydropower Development Study (English) 11/92 -

- 7 -

Region(Country Actviy/Repoil Thte Date Number

Guatemala Issues and Options in the Energy Sector (English) 09/93 12160-GUHaiti Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/82 3672-HA

Status Report (English and French) 08/85 041185Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 12/91 143/91

Honduras Energy Assessment (English) 08/87 6476-HOPetroleum Supply Management (English) 03/91 128/91

Jamaica Energy Assessment (English) 04/85 5466-3MPetroleum Procurement, Refining, and

Distribution Study (English) 11/86 061/86Energy Efficiency Building Code Phase I (English-Out of Print) 03/88 -

Energy Efficiency Standards andLabels Phwse I (English - Out of Print) 03/88 -

Management Information System Phase I (English - Out of Print) 03/88 -

Charcoal Production Project (English) 09/88 090/88FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 09/88 088!88Energy Sector Strategy and Investment Planning Study (English) 07/92 135/92

Mexico Improved Charcoal Production Within Forest Management forthe State of Veracruz (English and Spanish) 08/91 138/91

Panama Power System Efficiency Study (English - Out of Print) 06183 004/83Paraguay Energy Assessment (English) 10/84 5145-PA

Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English-(Out of Print) 09/85 -

Status Report (Enghsh and Spanish) 09/85 043/85Peru Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4677-PE

States Report (English - Out of Print) 08/85 040/85Proposal for a Stove Dissemination Program in

the Sierra (English and Spanish) 02/87 064/87Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 12/90 -

Saint Lucia Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5111-SLUSt. Vincent andthe Genadines Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5103-STV

Trinidad andTobago Energy Assessment (English - Out of Print) 12/85 5930-TR

GLOBAL

Energy End Use Efficiency: Research and Strategy(English - Out of Print) 11/89 -

Guidelines for Utility Customer Management andMetering (English and Spanish) 07/91 -

Women and Energy-A Resource GuideThe International Network Policies and Experience (English) 04/90 -

Assessment of Personal Computer Models for EnergyPlanning in Developing Countries (English) 10/91 -

Long-Term Gas Contracts Principles and Applications (Engish) 02/93 152/93Comparative Behavior of Firms Under Public and Ptivate

Ownership (English) 05/93 155/93020994

ESMAPc/o Industry and Energy DepartmentThe World Bank1818 H Street, N. W.Washington, D. C. 20433U. S. A.