world history: the earth and its peoples
DESCRIPTION
World History: The Earth and its Peoples. Chapter 12 Western Eurasia, 1200 - 1500 C.E. Objectives. Be able to account for the magnitude and speed of the Mongol conquests. Be able to describe the benefits that resulted from the integration of Eurasia in the Mongol Empire. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
World History:The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 12Western Eurasia,1200 - 1500 C.E.
Objectives
• Be able to account for the magnitude and speed of the Mongol conquests.
• Be able to describe the benefits that resulted from the integration of Eurasia in the Mongol Empire.
• Be able to compare and contrast the effects of Mongol rule on Russia and the lands of Islam with the effects on East Asia.
• Be able to identify points of continuity and discontinuity in the transition from Mongol to Ming rule of China.
The Rise of the Mongols
Genghis Khan - 1206– supreme leader– Temujin
• early learnings– charisma of personal strength– religious tolerance– no mercy– versatility
Mongols– nomads from steppes of C.Asia– key to movement
• long-term trends• pressures
The Rise of the Mongols
Nomadism - 1000 CE– way of life forced by scarcity of
resources• pastures, water• slavery and tribute
– labor and currency– traits
• superb horsemen– shooting arrows– replacement of chariots
• centralized decision-making– decision ratification
• arranged marriages / alliances– women
» negotiation / management
• alliance building
The Rise of the Mongols
Trade and Communication– great cultural diversity– spread of religious ideas
• shamanism• politics / religious association
– universal rulership• legitimate conquests• claim superiority over religious
leaders– iron
• bridles, stirrups, wagons, bridges– settled agriculturalists
• mutual dependence• conflict vs. trade relations
Mongol Conquests
Genghis Khan - 1206-1227– C. Asia, Middle East, Russia
• tribute• Batu
– Russia• Ogodei
– Tanggut and Jin– 1241
Reasons for Success– horsemanship; superior bows
• Mamluk forces– flaming arrows; catapults– threat of slaughter– inclusive armies
Mongol Empire
Overland Trade
Textile Manufacture– silk
• westward expansion• Eastern motifs to West
– Mongol trade route control• merchants, missionaries• political ambassadors
– paisa– travel literature
• insights to Eurasia– Marco Polo– ambition for Asian routes
• image of inexhaustible wealth– plague
• great pandemic (1347-1352)
Fall and Rise of Islam, 1260-1500
Il’khan– Mesopotamia and Iran– little Muslim exposure
• Buddhist
Golden Horde– southern Russia– allied with Muslim Turks
• Batu conversion - 1260
Issues– Abbasid caliph - 1258– Caucasus
• Western alliance• Ghazan conversion - 1295
– forced conversion
Islam and the State
Il-khan Economic Goal– peaceful, maximum tax revenue– tax farming
• tax-collecting contracts• short-term
– good: minimum overhead• long-term
– bad:land bankruptcy– govt. land appropriation
» shrinking tax base
• Ghazan– new method of management
• paper money• no Middle East confidence• depression
• Rise of C. Asian Timurs
Art and Science in Islamic Eurasia
Ilkhans and Timurids– intellectual developments
• Iran to China• shared artistic trends; politics
– strong effects on Europeans• Juvaini
– 1st to write history of Mongols• Rashid al-Din
– Il-khan prime minister– attempt at world history
• Europe and China• Nasir al-Din
– algebra and trigonometry– astronomy; planetary revolution– Nicolas Copernicus
Maraga– world center for eclipse
prediction– amass astronomical data from
entire empire• Spain, Byzantine, India, China• European numeral transition
– adaptation of Indian numeral system
– fractions idea from China• precise pi calculation
Art and Science in Islamic Eurasia
Regional Definition In Response to the Mongols
Mongols Affected Regions– cities vs. countryside
Russia– Batu (1230 CE)
• rule from Crimea– successful winter campaigns– no united resistance
• Russian Orthodox Church– granted great privileges
• reconciliation– distance = church survival– church = Russian identity
• independence
• Russian Princes– tax collectors / census
takers– Alexander Nevskii
• better to submit
Moscow– dominant political center– destruction of Kievan
countryside• Ivan III
– prince of Moscow (1462-1505)
– tsar (1480)
Regional Definition In Response to the Mongols
Centralization in Europe and Anatolia
Papacy vs. Holy Roman Emperor• Western Europe
– Holy Land question– Frederick II (Hohenstaufen)
• 1212-1250• Eastern Europe
– Hungary / Poland defense– Teutonic Knights
• Christianization• colonization
– Lake Chud• end of northern Crusades
– multinational force• 1241 CE
Centralization in Europe and Anatolia
Trade Routes– replace terror with awe– inexhaustible wealth
• Technology– gunpowder; coal mining– metallurgy; bronze cannons– mathematics; diplomatic
passports
Negatives– plunder of the countryside– spread of the plague
Rise of the Ottoman Turks– conquest of Constantinople
(1453)