the earth and its peoples chapters 15-18 vocabulary

8/9/2019 The Earth And Its Peoples Chapters 15-18 Vocabulary

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Arawak

Amerindian peoples who

inhabited the Greater

Antilles of the Carribean

at the time of Columbus

AtahualpaLast ruling Inca emperor

of Peru, executed by the

Spanish

Atlantic Circuit

the network of trade routes

connecting Europe, Africa,

and the Americas; underlay

the Atlantic system

Atlantic system

network of trade links after

1500 that moved goods, wealth,

people and cultures around the

Atlantic Ocean basin

balance of power

policy in international relations

in which the major European

states acted together to prevent

any one of them from becoming

too powerful


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caravel

small, highly manuverable

ship used by the Spanish

and Portugese in the

exploration of the Atlantic

Catholic Reformation

religious reform movement in Latin

Christian Church, begun in response to

Protestant Reformation; clarified

Catholic theology and reformed clerical

training and discipline

chartered company

groups of private investors who

paid an annual fee to France

and England in exchange for a

trade monopoly over the West

Indies colonies

Christopher Columbus

Led expeditions across the

Atlantic, reestablishing

contact between the Old

World and the Americas

Columbian Exchange

the exchange of plants,

animals, diseases, and

technologies between the

Americas and the rest of the

world


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conquistadors

early 16th century Spanish

adventurers who

conquered Mexico, Central

America, and Peru

Council of the Indies

the institution responsible for

supervising Spain's colonies

in the Americas from 1524-

early 18th century

coureurs de bois

"runners of the woods"; French

fur traders who lived among

and often married with

Amerindian peoples of North

America

creolessomeone of European

descent born in the New

World

deforestationthe removal of trees faster

than forests can replace

themselves


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driver

a privileged male slave

whose job was to ensure

that a slave gang did its

work on a plantation

Dutch West India

Company

Trading company chartered

by the Dutch government to

conduct its merchants' trade

in the America's and Africa

encomienda

grant of authority over a population of

Amerindians in the Spanish colonies;

provided the grant holder with cheap labor

and periodic payments of goods from the

Amerindians, but obligated the grant

holder to Christianize the Amerindians

English Civil War

conflict over royal versus

Parliamentary rights; checked the

growth of royal absolutism and

ensured that England would be a

constitutional monarchy

Enlightenment

philosophical movement in eighteenth

century Europe that fostered the belief

that one could reform society by

discovering rational laws that governed

social behavior and were just as scientific

as the laws of physics


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Ferdinand MagellanPortugese navigator; first

to sail around the world

(1519-1522)

Francisco Pizzarro

Spanish explorer who led

the conquest of the Inca

Empire of Peru in 1531-

1533

gentryclass of landholding

families in England below

the aristocracy

Gold Coast

west-African region in

modern day Ghana named

for gold exports to Europe

from the 1470s onward

Habsburg

powerful European family that

provided many Holy Roman

Emperors; founded in the

Austrian Empire, and ruled

16th and 17th century Spain


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HausaAgricultural and trading

people of central Sudan in

west Africa

Henry the Navigator

Portugese prince who promoted

the study of navigation and

directed voyages of exploration

down the western coast of

Africa

Hernan CortesSpanish explorer and

conquistador who led the

conquest of Aztec Mexico

Holy Roman Empire

Loose confederation of

mostly German states,

headed by an emperor

elected by the princes

House of Burgesseselected assembly in

colonial Virginia, created

in 1618


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indentured servant

a migrant to British colonies in

the Americas who paid for

passage by agreeing to work

for a set term

indulgence

forgiveness of the punishment

due for past sins, granted by

the Catholic Church authorities

as a reward for a pious act

Iroquois Confederacy

alliance of northeastern Amerindian

peoples that made military and

diplomatic decisions through a council of

representatives; allied first with the

Dutch, and later with the English

joint-stock company

a business that sold shares to

individuals to raise money for

its trading enterprises (often

backed by a government

charter)

Little Ice Age

century-long period of cool

climate that began in the

1590s; notable ill-effects on

agriculture in northern Europe


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manumission a grant of legal freedom to

an individual slave

maroon a slave who ran away

from his or her master

mercantilism

Eurpean government policies designed to

promote overseas trade between a

country and its colonies; the British

system was the Navigation Acts, the

French was the Exclusif

mestizosomeone of mixed

Amerindian and

European descent

Middle Passage

part of the Atlantic Circuit

involving the transportation of

enslaved Africans across the

Atlantic to the Americas


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MoctezumaLast Aztec emperor,

overthrown by Hernan

Cortes

mulatto someone of mixed African

and European descent

New France

French colony in North

America, with a capital in

Quebec, founded in 1608;

fell to the British in 1763

papacy

central administration of

the Roman Catholic

Church, of which the pope

is head

Pilgrims

English Protestants who

established Plymouth Colony

in Massachusetts in 1620 to

seek religious freedom


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plantocracythe rich men who owned

most of the slaves and

most of the land

Potosi

in Bolivia, one of the richest

silver mining centers and

most populous cities in

colonial Spanish America

Protestant Reformation

religious reform movement in Latin

Christian Church (beginning in

1519); resulted in several new

Christian denominations

(Lutherans, Church of England)

Puritans

English Protestants who

believed that God predestined

souls to heaven or hell before

birth; founded Massachusetts

Bay Colony in 1629

Renaissance (European)

"rebirth" of Greco-Roman

culture; period of intense

artistic and intellectual

activity


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Royal African Company

a trading company chartered

by the English government in

1672 to conduct trade on the

Atlantic coast of Africa

Scientific Revolution

intellectual movement in Europe;

initially associated with planetary

motion and other aspects of physics

(Copernican theory, gravity); laid

the groundwork for modern science

seasoning

a period of adjustment to new

climates, disease enviroments,

and work routines experienced

by slaves newly arrived in the

Americas

Songhai

A people, language, and empire in

western Sudan; at its height, it

stretched from the Atlantic to the

Hausa lands, and was a major

player in the trans-Saharan trade

stock exchange

a place where shares in a

company or business

enterprise are bought and

sold


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Tupac Amaru II

Member of the Inca aristocracy

who led a rebellion against

Spanish authorities in Peru in

1780-81; later captured and

executed with his family

Vasco da Gama

Portugese explorer; led

the first naval expedition

from Europe to sail to

India

Versailles

huge palace built for

French King Louis XIV

south of Paris in the town

of the same name

witch-hunt

pursuit of people suspected of

witch-craft; especially in

northern Europe in late

sixteenth and seventeenth

centuries

Zheng HeMuslim imperial eunuch

who traveled through the

Indian Ocean (1371-1435)

the earth and its peoples chapters 15-18 vocabulary

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