world history: the earth and its peoples chapter 22 the early industrial revolution, 1760-1851

10
World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Upload: tamsin-mosley

Post on 11-Jan-2016

217 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

World History:The Earth and its Peoples

Chapter 22

The Early Industrial Revolution,

1760-1851

Page 2: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Objectives

• Understand the causes of the Industrial Revolution in England, Europe, and the United States.

• Be able to describe the technological innovations that spurred industrialization.

• Be able to describe the social, economic, and environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution and to make connections between the impact of the Industrial Revolution and the ideological and political responses.

• Understand the relationship between the industrialized world and the nonindustrialized world as demonstrated in the cases of Russia, Egypt, and India.

Page 3: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Early Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution– dramatic innovations

• manufacturing, mining transportation, communication

– changes in society and commerceCauses• population growth

– reliable food source, disease resistance

– urban migration• agricultural revolution

– potato and maize– “enclosure movement”

• trade and invention– “putting-out system”– Diderot, Eli Whitney

• openness to innovation– Why the British?

Page 4: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Early Industrial Revolution

Great Britain• had all three requirements

– implementation of ideas• embracing of capitalism

– world’s largest merchant marine• international commerce • cost of transport

– political atmosphere• less centralized• low tariffs

– societal structure• less classism• weak guilds

• Europe– 1799-1815

• European instability– post 1815

• ‘imported’ English expertise• British economic model

Page 5: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Early Industrial Revolution

Technological Revolution– mass production

• division of labor• Josiah Wedgwood – 1759

– lower costs, improve quality– mechanization

• cotton industry– import of raw fiber

• Richard Arkwright – 1769– water frame

• productivity and price– iron supply

• limited wood supply• Abraham Darby – 1709

– coke replaces charcoal– cheaper, plentiful

• Crystal Palace - 1851• interchangeable parts – 1850s

Page 6: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Early Industrial Revolution

Technological Revolution– steam engine

• most revolutionary invention– James Watt – 1769– C:\Documents and Settings\tfredri

ckson\Desktop• deep mines• transportation link

– boats» canal building

– railroads» towns, industry

– electric telegraph• Samuel Morse – 1837• submarine telegraph - 1851• communications link

– smaller world• Impact

• Europeans and Americans– empowerment

Page 7: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Early Industrial Revolution

Impact• urban population growth

– 1850 London: 2.5M– overcrowding

• disease– rickets– C:\Documents and Settings\tfredrickson\

Desktop\rickets.htm

– inadequate municipal service• lack of zoning

• rural issues– deforestation– soil depletion– transportation systems

• roads, canals, railroads

Page 8: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Early Industrial Revolution

Working Conditions– industrial jobs

• long, repetitive, boring• little sense of achievement• no control

– women• removed from home

– textile or domestic• 1/3 – 1/2 income• Lowell Textile Mills

– dormitory living

– children• no public schools• same long hours

– hard to make ends meet

Page 9: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Early Industrial Revolution

Society• Changes

– obsolete industries– effect of business cycles

• wild swings• supply and demand

– 1850s: rise in standard of living• manufacturing entrepreneurs• rise of the middle class• ‘cult of domesticity’

• Continuity– poor remain the same

• drunkenness, violence

Page 10: World History: The Earth and its Peoples Chapter 22 The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760-1851

Early Industrial Revolution

Politics / Economics– laissez faire – “let them do”

• Adam Smith - 1776– “The Wealth of Nations”– govt. / guild restrictions

• Thomas Malthus– population boom problem

– utilitarianism• “dismal science”• government economic legislation

– socialism• positivism

– communes of the poor• utopian socialism

– Charles Fourier– worker communes– C:\Documents and Settings\tfredrickso

n\Desktop– reform

• 1830-40s: legacy of labor organizing• Factory Act of 1833 – child labor laws